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    G5 Earthquake Reviewer

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    muhamsumandres
    An earthquake occurs when two blocks of the earth's crust slip past one another along a fault. Energy builds up along faults due to pressure and is released during earthquakes. The location below the earth's surface where rock first breaks is called the focus or hypocenter, while the point above it on the surface is the epicenter. Various seismic waves travel out from the hypocenter, including P waves, S waves, and surface waves. Earthquakes are measured by both magnitude, which indicates energy released, and intensity, which describes shaking effects at a particular location. Intensity scales like the Modified Mercalli measure earthquake impacts on people and structures.

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    G5 Earthquake Reviewer

    Uploaded by

    muhamsumandres
    9 views6 pages
    An earthquake occurs when two blocks of the earth's crust slip past one another along a fault. Energy builds up along faults due to pressure and is released during earthquakes. The location below the earth's surface where rock first breaks is called the focus or hypocenter, while the point above it on the surface is the epicenter. Various seismic waves travel out from the hypocenter, including P waves, S waves, and surface waves. Earthquakes are measured by both magnitude, which indicates energy released, and intensity, which describes shaking effects at a particular location. Intensity scales like the Modified Mercalli measure earthquake impacts on people and structures.

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    G5-Earthquake-Reviewer

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    An earthquake occurs when two blocks of the earth's crust slip past one another along a fault. Energy builds up along faults due to pressure and is released during earthquakes. The location below the earth's surface where rock first breaks is called the focus or hypocenter, while the point above it on the surface is the epicenter. Various seismic waves travel out from the hypocenter, including P waves, S waves, and surface waves. Earthquakes are measured by both magnitude, which indicates energy released, and intensity, which describes shaking effects at a particular location. Intensity scales like the Modified Mercalli measure earthquake impacts on people and structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views6 pages

    G5 Earthquake Reviewer

    Uploaded by

    muhamsumandres
    An earthquake occurs when two blocks of the earth's crust slip past one another along a fault. Energy builds up along faults due to pressure and is released during earthquakes. The location below the earth's surface where rock first breaks is called the focus or hypocenter, while the point above it on the surface is the epicenter. Various seismic waves travel out from the hypocenter, including P waves, S waves, and surface waves. Earthquakes are measured by both magnitude, which indicates energy released, and intensity, which describes shaking effects at a particular location. Intensity scales like the Modified Mercalli measure earthquake impacts on people and structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    EARTHQUAKE

    An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one
    another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane.

    ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY


    Elastic rebound refers to what happens to the rocks on both sides of a fault during an
    earthquake as they accumulate potential energy and deform under pressure. The built-
    up energy is released when an earthquake occurs and the tectonic plates exhibit their
    elastic properties and they snap back to their original form.

    FAULT
    Faults are cracks in the earth's crust along which there is movement. These can be
    massive (the boundaries between the tectonic plates themselves) or very small. If
    tension builds up along a fault and then is suddenly released, it creates an earthquake.

    Faults are classified according to the direction of relative movement along the fault.

    Normal faulting occurs when two plates


    move away from each other, causing one to
    slide down relative to the other.

    Reverse /thrust falling is when the plates


    are compressed, or pushed together,
    reverse or thrust faulting occurs. This
    means that one plate was pushed up onto
    another plate.

    In strike-slip faulting, the two plates are


    moving horizontally past one another like
    cars going in opposite directions on a
    highway.
    FOCUS OR HYPOCENTER
    The focus or hypocenter is the location below the
    earth’s surface where the rock first breaks creating
    an earthquake.

    EPICENTER
    The point on the surface of the earth directly above
    the focus is called the epicenter.

    SEISMIC WAVES
    The energy released from the hypocenter of an earthquake travels as seismic waves.
    There are different kinds of seismic waves distinguished on where and how they move.

    Primary waves or P-waves are body waves in which the particles of the material
    move back and forth parallel to the direction of wave motion. It is a compressional
    wave.
    Secondary waves or S-waves are body waves where the particles of the material
    move back and forth perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. They are also
    referred to as shear waves.
    Waves that travel along the Earth's surface are called surface waves.
    Rayleigh waves are surface waves that cause the ground to ripple up and down.
    Love waves are surface waves that cause the ground to move back and forth in a
    snake-like movement.
    Seismic waves have different velocities. P-waves travel the fastest, followed by S-
    waves. The surface waves are the slowest.
    SEISMOGRAPH
    The instrument that detects and records the ground motion from an earthquake is
    called a seismograph and the record is called a seismogram. Seismographs consist
    of a heavy mass suspended on a spring and a rotating drum that records the motion.
    When the earth shakes from an earthquake, the drum rotates, and the weighted pen
    moves back and forth due to the motion of seismic waves. The pen records the
    movement on the drum.

    MAGNITUDE
    The magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the energy released by the
    earthquake.
    An earthquake has a single magnitude. The shaking that it causes has many values
    that vary from place to place based on distance, type of surface material, and other
    factors.
    The time, location, and magnitude of an earthquake can be determined from the data
    recorded by the seismometer.
    Seismometers are instruments that measure the vibrations produced by earthquakes
    that travel through the Earth.
    INTENSITY
    The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity.
    Whereas the magnitude of an earthquake is one value that describes the size, there
    are many intensity values for each earthquake that are distributed across the
    geographic area around the earthquake epicenter. The intensity is the measure of
    shaking at each location, and this varies from place to place, depending mostly on the
    distance from the fault rupture area.
    It is measured on various intensity scales, including the Modified Mercalli Intensity
    Scale and the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale.
    Mercalli Intensity Scale
    The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is a twelve-point scale that measures the effects
    of an earthquake at a particular location. It is based on observations of damage and
    shaking intensity, rather than on instrumental measurements.
    It was developed in 1931 by the American seismologists Harry Wood and Frank
    Neumann.

    PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale


    The PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale is a ten-point scale developed by the
    Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) to measure the
    intensity of earthquakes in the Philippines. It is based on observations of shaking
    intensity and damage, and ranges from I (scarcely perceptible) to X (very destructive).
    Earthquake Occurrences

    Approximate Yearly Number


    Description Magnitude Maximum Intensity Effects of Events
    at Epicenter Worldwide

    Great >8.0 X to XII Major to total 1


    destruction

    Major 7.0-7.9 IX to X Great damage 17

    Strong 6.0-6.9 VII to VIII Moderate to 134


    serious damage

    Moderate 5.0-5.9 VI to VII Slight to moderate 1319


    damage

    Light 4.0-4.9 IV to V Felt by most; slight ~13000


    damage

    Minor <3.9 III or smaller Felt by some; ~130000


    hardly any
    damage

    Analysis | How earthquakes impact us as a country


    Earthquakes can have a devastating impact when they occur and cause significant damage,
    as reported by Jazeera (2020). In 2020, a 6.6 magnitude earthquake hit the central Philippines,
    causing one death and injuring 43 people. The earthquake, known as the Masbate
    Earthquake, struck southeast of Masbate Island in the Bicol region, causing widespread
    damage to buildings and roads. As a result, residents were forced to flee their homes. The
    earthquake highlight the serious impact even a moderate earthquake can have, causing
    physical pain, destroying homes, and causing mental trauma to those affected.
    Resources

    Wald, Lisa. “The Science of Earthquakes | U.S. Geological Survey.” USGS.gov,


    https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science-earthquakes.
    Accessed 17 October 2023.

    “Why Do Earthquakes Happen? | UPSeis | Michigan Tech.” Michigan Technological


    University, https://www.mtu.edu/geo/community/seismology/learn/earthquake-
    cause/. Accessed 17 October 2023.

    What is a seismograph and how does it work? | SAGE. (n.d.).


    https://www.iris.edu/hq/programs/epo/life_of_a_seismologist/its_instrumental/
    what_is_a_seismograph_and_how_does_it_work

    The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale | U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.).


    https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/modified-mercalli-
    intensity-scale

    PHIVOLCS. (n.d.). PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS). Philippine


    Institute of Volcanology and Seismology.
    https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/earthquake-intensity-
    scale

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