WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING CURFEW HOURS OF BARANGAY

TANOD IN BADIANGAN, ILOILO

A Research Proposal

Presented to

the faculty of the College of Criminal Justice Education

West Visayas State University – Lambunao Campus

Lambunao, Iloilo

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirement for the degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

by

Bryan C. Conejar

Jessa Marie Felimon

Khenshen C. Mosquera

Jerry C. Cordero
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

Chapter 1

Introduction to the Study

Chapter 1 consists of five parts; (1) Background and Conceptual Framework of the

Study, (2) Statement of the Problem, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of Terms,

and (5) Delimitation of the Study.

Part One, Background and Conceptual Framework of the Study, explain why this

study will be conducted.

Part Two, Statement of the Problem, gives the specific problems to be studied.

Part Three, Significance of the Study, deals with the importance of the study and its

beneficiaries.

Part Four, Definition of Terms, clarifies the meaning of certain terms conceptually

and operationally.

Part Five, Delimitation of the Study, lays down the delimitation of the study.
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

Background and Conceptual Framework

Barangay is the Philippines' basic unit of government. Each barangay is under the

administration and supervision of cities and municipalities as the lowest level of political and

governmental subdivision in the Philippines. In every barangay there is a Barangay Tanod

Brigade which plays an important part in the development and progress of the barangay.

Chapter 4 Section 391 No. 16 of the Local Government Code requires Sangguniang

Barangay to create Barangay Tanod Brigades or their equivalent, the number of which in

each barangay shall not exceed twenty (20), to provide insurance or other benefits during

their tenure, charged to the barangay of the town or municipal government to which the

barangay belongs.

Curfews have been observed in many places even when the pandemic has not

started yet. These are laws that limit the action of the people and when violated,

punishment follows. Curfews are observed in cities and municipalities as a simple method to

reduce crime opportunities and to lessen the instances where people may become crime

victims. Curfews are beneficial because it gives control to the officials over the behavior of

the residents especially the minors which supports parental supervision (Ruffle & Reynolds,

1999).

Curfews are promoted as beneficial to law enforcement; they give police additional

control over the presence and behavior of people on the street during curfew hours. They

are also endorsed as a valuable complement to parental supervision; they provide

community support to parents placing limits on the hours that their children may be out at

night (Ruffle & Reynolds, 1999).

 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

According to Galabin (2018), studies of curfews conducted by municipalities may

have severe methodological flaws of which does or may not necessarily prove that these

ordinances do not work. Analyzing such impacts are important because curfew policies can

be thought of as constituting treatments. Indeed, if, as basic economic models, crime is a

purposive activity, then curfew should only reduce delinquency if the technology used to

produce this behavior is imperfectly substitutable between curfew and non-curfew hours

(Becker, 1968).

This study is anchored on Social Control Theory developed by Walter Reckless (cited

in David et al., 2016) that posited a person’s inner and outer controls both work together to

negate deviant tendencies. According to Reckless, a person’s behavior depends on what he

or she wants most of the time. A person has to follow rules and norms which the inner and

outer controls discourages him or her from untypical instances. If he or she does not

comply, a punishment is further given. Curfew laws aim to reduce criminal acts as well as

victimization which can also be said as a general deterrence strategy. Wilson, et.al (2016)

said that curfews reduce committing and opportunity on crimes and when imposed, it

prevents someone from engaging crimes, McDowall (2000) added.

Hence, this study is conducted to determine the problems encountered during

curfew hours of Barangay Tanod in the Municipality of Bandiangan and what possible

remedy will be recommended based on the result of this study.

 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

Conceptual Framework

Independent variable Dependent variable

Age

Civil status Problems encountered of

barangay tanod during
curfew hour
Educational attainment

Years of experience as
Barangay tanod

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the problem encountered during curfew hours of

Barangay Tanod in Badiangan, Iloilo Specifically, it will be answered the following questions:

1. What are problems encountered of Barangay Tanod during curfew hours as an entire

group and when classified according to age, civil status, educational attainment and years of

experience as Barangay Tanod?

2. Is there a significant difference in the problems encountered of Barangay Tanod during

curfew hours as an entire group and when classified according to age, civil status,

educational attainment and years of experience as Barangay Tanod?

 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

Hypothesis

In view of the proceeding problems, the following hypothesis is formulated:

1. There is no significant difference in the problems encountered of Barangay

Tanod during curfew hours as an entire group and when classified according

to age, civil status, educational attainment and years of experience as

Barangay Tanod?

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study may be beneficial to the following group of people/entities:

Local Government Units. The result of this study will the local government units

benefits those successful performances of the barangay tanod during curfew hour and also

they gave what could be the solution on the problem facing of barangay tanod.

Barangay Official. The result of this study will be to seek and design new and

better program to be implemented that will suit to the barangay tanod need as well as their

interest and capabilities to meet the demand of our security system.

Barangay Tanod. The findings of this study serve as enlightement to their fellow

barangay tanod and for them to become aware during curfew hours. This study will enable

Barangay Tanod to observe and be aware of what could be possible problem that they are

encounter during curfew hours.

 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

Community. to the residence of the community was also be the one who will be to

benefit this study and investigation, they were aware what could be the reminders and

punishment if they are violate the curfew.

Future Researcher. The result of this study will serve as an inspiration for future

researcher to conduct further studies in relation to the variable, included in this study,

specifically to those who have interest to expand this study on Problem Encountered during

Curfew Hours of Barangay Tanod in Badiangan, Iloilo.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the discussion of this study, the following terms are

defined conceptually and operationally.

Barangay Tanod - also known as a barangay police officer and sometimes as

BPSO (which can stand for barangay public safety officer, barangay peacekeeping and

security officer, or barangay police safety officer) -- is the lowest level of law enforcement

officer in the Philippines. (Wikipedia)

In this study, it refers to the Barangay Tanods assigned in the Municipality of

Badiangan and who will serve as the respondents of the study.

Curfew Hours – means the hours between 10:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. for minors

under the age of sixteen years; or, the hours between 11:30 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. for minor

under the age of eighteen years. (Lawinsider)

In this study, it refers to the curfew hours implemented in the Municipality of

Badiangan.
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

Problems Encountered - anything, matter, person, etc., that is difficult to deal with solve

or overcome. A puzzle, question, etc., set for solution a statement requiring a solution

usually by means of one or more operation or geometric construction. (Collins English

Dictionary)

In this study, it refers to the problem encountered by the Barangay Tanod

in the Municipality of Badiangan.

Delimitation of the Study

This study aimed to determine the Problems Encountered during Curfew Hours of

Barangay Tanod in the Municipality of Badiangan, Iloilo.

The respondents of the study will be the thirty (30) Barangay Tanods in the

Municipality of Badiangan who will be categorize according to age, civil status, educational

attainment and years of experience as Barangay Tanod.

The name of two respondents barangays are Brgy. Sianon and Brgy. Odiongan

Badiangan Iloilo, fifteen person each who randomly the respondents on the study.
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter consists of four parts: (1) History of Curfew Hours, (2)

Challenges and Problems in Curfew Hours, (3) Responsibility and Role of Barangay Tanods,

(4) Summary.

Part One, History of Curfew Hours, discuses about the starting point of blended

learning in the Philippines

Part Two, Challenges and Problems Curfew Hours, presents the difficulty

encountered about blended learning.

Part Three, Responsibility and Role of Barangay Tanods, discuses certain benefits

and learnings towards blended learning.

Part Four, Summary, synthesizes the topics to be found in chapter 2.

 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

History of Curfew Ordinances

The origin of curfew ordinances is closely tied to the origin of the juvenile court itself

as with the probation practices. Requiring residents to be out in public by a certain time

maintained some people’s control over behavior. Curfews are highly variable between

jurisdictions, as well as differentially enforced, but some notions can be made about their

use through a test of time. Juvenile crime and curfew ordinances and their enforcement

goes together. If juvenile crime increases, so do curfew ordinances and their enforcement.

Marketos (1995) set the 1950s and 1990s as examples of this. The 1990s “get tough”

rationale was adopted as a strategy for increased number of offenders and to restrict the

access of the juveniles at the streets. Others created ordinances for the first time while

some jurisdictions revised the old ones (Ruffle & Reynolds, 1999). Curfew violations are

usually considered status offenses, which would indicate a less serious response from the

formal criminal justice system. The number of juveniles arrested for curfew, however, is a

substantial proportion of arrests. Considering the number of juveniles that come to the

attention of the police and the courts because of curfew violations, information regarding

the effectiveness of ordinances is essential (Maguire & Pastore, 1994).

Evaluation of Curfew

Contemporary general curfew ordinances are highly variable across the country and

receive a significant amount of both support and criticism. Supporters cite drops and

consider the youth as grounds while opponents look for discriminatory enforcement,

constitutional issue and resources for it to be abolished. As to jurisdiction, some police

officers support this, while others find it a burden (Watzman, 1994). Most support for curfew

enforcement comes from individual jurisdiction evaluations. In general, programs that are
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

collaborative and include multiple components obtain the best results. For example, New

Orleans, USA got the support from the government, religious groups, Police and Juvenile

Bureau Staff, and medical personnel to staff a Central Curfew Center (CCC) to provide

services and counseling to curfew violators. Summer employment and some recreation

programs were also given the youths to supply their prosocial activities. A comparison of

juvenile crime rates between 1993 and 1994 showed a 27% reduction in juvenile crime

overall, with a 33% decline in armed robbery and a 42% drop in auto theft during curfew

hours. These doesn’t only address the issue on curfew violation but it also strengthens

community ties and provides opportunities for juveniles in building their skills which shows

decreased juvenile involvement in crime. The subject of juvenile curfews is highly

controversial, however, and unwavering support is difficult to find (Bilchik, 1996).

Legal Challenges of Curfew

Curfews have received numerous legal challenges. Bast and Reynolds (2003) present

a detailed discussion of four legal cases brought against a curfew ordinance within the

locality. Two of these curfew ordinances were upheld and two were struck down. A common

basis for these challenges was that the curfew ordinance violated the civil rights of

adolescents (most of whom are not adjudicated delinquents) by restricting their freedom of

movement or other individual liberties. Watzman (1994) argues, however, that the more

exceptions for “acceptable activities” (for example, legitimate employment) a given policy

provide, the more likely it is to survive a challenge on constitutional grounds. Fried (2001)

argued that an important legal consideration in the debate over the constitutionality of

juvenile curfews is their effectiveness. The legal justification for restricting the rights of
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo
juvenile rests on the state’s interest in protecting juveniles from victimization and in

reducing juvenile crime. If juvenile curfews are found to be ineffective in furthering these

interests, then legal challenges may become more successful context. However, as argued

by Bast and Reynolds (2003), the certainty of the evidence on the effectiveness needed for

a legal justification is likely to be low, only needing to establish a reasonable expectation of

positive benefits.

Responsibility of Barangay Tanod

Barangay Tanod brigades were organized to assist the government in the

maintenance of peace and order in the country. Pursuant to such duty, they conduct rondas

or nightly patrols, necessarily exposing their lives and limbs to danger in the hands of

criminal elements and other wayward members of society.

A barangay tanod, also known as a barangay police officer – and sometimes as BPSO

(which can stand for barangay public safety officer,[1] barangay peacekeeping and security

officer, or barangay police safety officer) – is the lowest level of law enforcement officer in

the Philippines. He is a watchman for a barangay who is supervised by the barangay captain

and performs a variety of police functions. Tanods are "front liners in the preparation and

response to any type of atrocities, public disorders, emergencies and even disasters or man-

made calamities that threaten peace and order and public safety."[2] They may be unarmed

or armed with a baton or bolo knife (a type of machete).[3]

Importance of Curfew Hours

The use of a curfew serves the same purpose it is to ensure the safety and control

for the people and also those in authority. A curfew assists in ensuring the safety of the
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo
people. When curfew is implemented, it can be said to be safer during riskier times

especially at night. Additionally, a person who is authorized or required to go out during the

implementation is recommended not to go to places he or she is not comfortable of. This

can prevent them from engaging in an unwanted situation. It also ensures the safety of

people from harm and behaviors such as drinking liquors, doing drugs, promiscuity, and

violence. In days where a person may face harm and threats, we need to be using curfew

as a tool as our disposal. It is obviously important to ensure that the curfew is reasonable,

manageable and indeed, that it is appropriate and valid. It is not to be used as part of an

autocratic style of parenting, but rather as a tool that benefits all members of the family.

Often negotiation between parent and child will allow for some interesting discussions.

Negotiating a curfew will also allow the child to feel his/her opinion is taken into

consideration. Ultimately, of course, the decision needs to be that of the parent. The

negotiation of a “curfew discretion” needs to be considered by parents too where the child is

perhaps participating in something out of the ordinary. There needs to be a degree of give

and take around curfew times (Pretorius, 2019).

Types of Curfew Laws

The initial type of curfew is the Juvenile Curfew Law, it was set by state and local

governments to restrict minors, specifically those who are 18 years old and below to be out

in public at a specific time unless they are being accompanied by their parent or guardian,

attending religious and school activities, instructed by an adult, experiences emergency, and

on their way or from their work. Its purpose is to prevent and protect the minors from

criminal activities, threat, and harm. If a juvenile happens to violate the curfew law, the

following may be given as reciprocal action: monetary fees, mandatory community service,
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo
revoking of driving privileges, and confinement to a juvenile detention center (usually for

repeat offenders). But are also instances where parents are accountable for their children’s

violations wherein, they can be fined. If crime rate increases on a local government, officers

activate curfew laws like issuing tickets or arresting violators, otherwise, officers escort the

violator’s home and give verbal warning. The second type is the Emergency Curfews, these

are being imposed during times of crisis, catastrophe or natural disaster such as to prevent

the spread of Covid-19, hurricanes, blizzards, wildfires, public riots, and other dangerous

fugitives. When emergency curfews are implemented, the local government typically

specifies certain conditions. For instance, on these days of pandemic, local governments

allow those who work in the medical field, BPOs, and other essential fields to go outside but

they are also encouraged to limit their movements. Lastly, the Business Curfews restrict the

operation of certain establishments at a certain time where people may gather especially in

places with high level of crime, loitering, and otherwise disorderly conduct (Law Firms,

2021).

Curfew Ordinance in the Philippines

It is an act imposing curfew hour from ten in the evening (10:00 pm) to five in the

morning (5:00 am) for persons below eighteen (18) years of age and prescribing penalties

for violations thereof. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the

Philippines in Congress assembled:

Section 1. Imposition of Curfew Hours; Covered Persons -There is hereby imposed

curfew hours from ten o'clock in the evening (10:00 pm) to five o'clock in the morning (5:00

am) for persons below eighteen (18) years 4 of age.

 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo
Section 2. Exceptions - During curfew hours, no minors shall be allowed in the

streets, commercial establishments, recreation centers, malls or any other areas outside the

immediate vicinity of their residence except: a) Those accompanied by their parents, family

members of legal age, or guardians upon proper verification; b) Those running lawful

errands such as buying of medicines, using of telecommunication facilities for emergency

purposes and the like upon proper verification; c) Students of night school and those who by

virtue of their employment are required to stay in the streets or outside their residence after

ten o'clock in the evening (1 0:00 pm); Provided, that minors falling under these categories

shall secure a certification from their Punong Barangay exempting them from the coverage

of this Act, or present a document or identification proving their qualification under such

category.

Section 3. Role of the Barangay - The Punong Barangay, Members of the Barangay

Council and the duly designated Barangay Tanods are hereby authorized to implement the

provisions of this Act.

Section 4. Guidelines in Apprehension - Offenders of this Act shall be apprehended in

accordance with the following guidelines: The apprehending official or officer shall, without

unnecessary delay, notify the parents or guardians of the offender and release the offender

in recognizance to said parents or guardian with the understanding that the offender shall

be submitted to the Punong Barangay for the corresponding penalty under Section 5 of this

Act; In cases where the offender is not a resident of the Barangay where the apprehension

was made, during the determination of the identities and residence of the offender's parents

or guardian for purposes of their information and release of the offender to their custody,

the offender shall be held in the holding facility of the Barangay where the apprehension
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo
was made for not more than twenty-four (24) hours, and thereafter if the release of the

offender to his/her parents' or guardian's custody cannot be reasonably accomplished, the

Punong Barangay concerned shall turn over the offender to the Municipal or City Social

Welfare Office concerned for proper disposition; For an offender who is homeless,

abandoned, neglected or have no known parents and relatives.

Summary

A barangay tanod, also known as a barangay police officer – and sometimes as

BPSO (which can stand for barangay public safety officer,[1] barangay peacekeeping and

security officer, or barangay police safety officer) – is the lowest level of law enforcement

officer in the Philippines. He is a watchman for a barangay who is supervised by the

barangay captain and performs a variety of police functions.

The origin of curfew ordinances is closely tied to the origin of the juvenile court

itself as with the probation practices. Requiring residents to be out in public by a certain

time maintained some people’s control over behavior. Curfews are highly variable between

jurisdictions, as well as differentially enforced, but some notions can be made about their

use through a test of time. Juvenile crime and curfew ordinances and their enforcement

goes together. If juvenile crime increases, so do curfew ordinances and their enforcement.

Marketos (1995) set the 1950s and 1990s as examples of this.

Contemporary general curfew ordinances are highly variable across the country

and receive a significant amount of both support and criticism. Supporters cite drops and

consider the youth as grounds while opponents look for discriminatory enforcement,

constitutional issue and resources for it to be abolished. As to jurisdiction, some police

 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo
officers support this, while others find it a burden (Watzman, 1994). Most support for curfew

enforcement comes from individual jurisdiction evaluations.

Curfews have received numerous legal challenges. Bast and Reynolds (2003) present

a detailed discussion of four legal cases brought against a curfew ordinance within the

locality. Two of these curfew ordinances were upheld and two were struck down. A common

basis for these challenges was that the curfew ordinance violated the civil rights of

adolescents (most of whom are not adjudicated delinquents) by restricting their freedom of

movement or other individual liberties. Watzman (1994) argues, however, that the more

exceptions for “acceptable activities” (for example, legitimate employment) a given policy

provide, the more likely it is to survive a challenge on constitutional grounds.

The use of a curfew serves the same purpose it is to ensure the safety and control

for the people and also those in authority. A curfew assists in ensuring the safety of the

people. When curfew is implemented, it can be said to be safer during riskier times

especially at night. Additionally, a person who is authorized or required to go out during the

implementation is recommended not to go to places he or she is not comfortable of. This

can prevent them from engaging in an unwanted situation. It also ensures the safety of

people from harm and behaviors such as drinking liquors, doing drugs, promiscuity, and

violence. In days where a person may face harm and threats, we need to be using curfew

as a tool as our disposal.

The initial type of curfew is the Juvenile Curfew Law, it was set by state and local

governments to restrict minors, specifically those who are 18 years old and below to be out
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo
in public at a specific time unless they are being accompanied by their parent or guardian,

attending religious and school activities, instructed by an adult, experiences emergency, and

on their way or from their work. Its purpose is to prevent and protect the minors from

criminal activities, threat, and harm. If a juvenile happens to violate the curfew law, the

following may be given as reciprocal action: monetary fees, mandatory community service,

revoking of driving privileges, and confinement to a juvenile detention center (usually for

repeat offenders). But are also instances where parents are accountable for their children’s

violations wherein, they can be fined.

It is an act imposing curfew hour from ten in the evening (10:00 pm) to five in the

morning (5:00 am) for persons below eighteen (18) years of age and prescribing penalties

for violations thereof. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the

Philippines in Congress assembled:

Section 1. Imposition of Curfew Hours; Covered Persons -There is hereby imposed

curfew hours from ten o'clock in the evening (10:00 pm) to five o'clock in the morning (5:00

am) for persons below eighteen (18) years 4 of age.

 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

Chapter 3

Research Design and Methodology

Chapter 3 consists of two parts; (1) Research Design and (2) Methodology.

Part One, Research Design, includes the discussion of the research design which

guides the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.

Part Two, Methodology, presents the place or setting of the study, description of the

participants, research instruments to be used, complete procedures on how to gather data

and statistical treatment to be applied in the study.

 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

Research Design

This study will use descriptive design. According to Burns and Grove (2003),

descriptive research “is designed to provide a picture of a situation as it naturally happens”.

It may be used to justify current practice and make judgment and also to develop theories.

For the purpose of this study, descriptive research will be used to obtain a picture of

problems encountered during curfew hours of Barangay Tanods in the Municipality of

Badiangan, Iloilo.

Methodology

Respondents

The respondents of this study are the thirty (30) Barangay Tanods assign in the

Municipality of Badiangan, Iloilo. They will be categorized according to age, civil status,

educational attainment and years of experience as Barangay Tanods.

Data Gathering Instrument

The instrument used to determine the problems encountered during curfew hours of

Barangay Tanod in Badiangan, Iloilo will be a researcher - made questionnaire duly

validated and will undergo reliability testing. According to Bell (1999), a questionnaire is
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo
essentially a structured technique for collecting primary data. It is generally a series of

written questions for which the respondents have to provide the answers.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will ask a letter of permission from the Dean of the College of

Criminal Justice Education of West Visayas State University – Lambunao Campus to conduct

the study. Letter permission from the Barangay Captain in each barangay will be secured.

Then, another letter to the Barangay Tanods will be secured to request them as respondents

of the study to answer the questions in the given instrument honestly. Instruments will be

collected by the researchers and appropriate statistical tool will be utilized to get the result

of the study.

Statistical Data Analysis

The statistical tools in this study will be the descriptive and inferential statistics. For

descriptive statistic, mean and standard deviation will be utilized. For the inferential

statistics, the researchers will use One-Way ANOVA.

Mean. This descriptive statistic was used to examine the performance of criminology

students towards blended learning and were based on their scores in the Likert Scale

instrument, classified as Compromised Understanding =5, Extreme Understanding =4, Very

 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo
Strong Understanding =3, Strong Understanding =2, and Weak Understanding =1, as a

whole.

Standard Deviation. This descriptive statistic was used to identify the homogeneity

and heterogeneity of the scores in the Likert Scale instrument.

For inferential Statistics the following tools were utilized:

ANOVA. One-Way ANOVA will be used to determine the significant difference of

performance of third year criminology students towards blended learning as to sex, section

and as a whole.

The following five points with corresponding descriptions will be used:

Scale Description

4.20-5.00 Always

3.40-4.19 Often

2.60-3.39 Sometimes

1.80-2.59 Seldom

1.00-1.79 Never
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo

References

Andres, J.M., Estrada, M., James, A., James, J., Parragua, C., Ramos, R.J., Sotelo, R.,

Umayas, J.R. (2021). Curfew Hours In Ilocos Norte. International Journal of Innovative

Science and Research Technology. Retrieved

from https://www.ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT21MAY272.pdf

Bast, C.M. & Reynolds, M.K. (2003). A new look at juvenile curfews. Are they effective?

Criminal Law Bulletin, 39 (3), 353-368

Becker, H.S. (1968). Outsiders: studies in the sociology of deviance. New York Free Press.

Bilchik, Shay (1996). Curfew: an answer to juvenile delinquency and victimization. Juvenile

Justice Bulletin. 1-11

Collins English Dictionary. Problem Encountered. Retrieved from my

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/encounter-problems#:~:text=verb,or

%20difficulties%2C%20you%20experience%20them.
 WEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Lambunao Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Lambunao, Iloilo
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