Chapter 2: Computers in our Daily

Life
Living in the I.T. Era / MST 101d*
Engr. Michael R. Balagtas
WHAT IS
ASCII?
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes
represent text in computers, telecommunications and equipment, and other
devices.
• “ASS KEE” “AS KEY”
• developed from telegraph code.
• Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of textual messages where the
sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical
exchange of an object bearing the message.
Brief History of ASCII CODE
• created in 1963, "American Standards Association" or "ASA“.
• the agency changed its name in 1969 by "American National Standards Institute" or
"ANSI" as it is known since.
• ASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code
for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network.
• ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web.
Brief History of ASCII
CODE
• Bob Bemer or (Robert William Bemer) - “Father of ASCII”
• computer scientist.
• He helped invent the ASCII coding system that is used in computers
to represent text, and also contributed the escape key and the
backslash to the computer language.
• Bemer played an major role in how the world's computers operate.
• Born on February 8, 1920.
• Died on June 22, 2004 (aged 84)
• based on the English Alphabet, ASCII encodes 128
specified characters into seven-bit integers, Ninety-five of
the encoded characters are printable.
• In addition, the original ASCII specification included 33 non-
printing control codes which originated with Teletypes
Machine.
• The fact that almost everyone agrees on ASCII makes it
relatively easy to exchange information between different
programs, different operating systems, and even different
computers.
 How computer works with ASCII
Code
All data inside a computer is transmitted as a series of electrical signals that
are either on or off. Therefore, in order for a computer to be able to process
any kind of data, including text, images and sound, they must be converted
into binary form. If the data is not converted into binary – a series of 1s and
0s – the computer will simply not understand it or be able to process it.
Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding,
representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing
systems

UNIX and DOS-based operating systems use ASCII for text files.

Unix is an operating system.

DOS (Disk Operating System) is an operating system that runs from a hard
disk drive.
 How computer works with ASCII
Code
• A code where each number represents a character can be used
to convert text into binary. The ASCII code takes each character
on the keyboard and assigns it a binary number. For example:
• the letter ‘a’ has the binary number 0110 0001 (this is the
denary number 97)
• the letter ‘b’ has the binary number 0110 0010 (this is the
denary number 98)
• the letter ‘c’ has the binary number 0110 0011 (this is the denary
number 99)
 WHAT IS ASCII CODE USE FOR?
AND WHY IT IS IMPORTANT.
• This code is basically used for identifying characters,
numerals and special characters in a keyboard.
• used as a method to give all computers the same language,
allowing them to share documents and files.
• ASCII is important because the development gave
computers a common language.
 TWO SETS OF ASCII CODE
- ASCII CODE ranges from 0 to 255 in Decimal or 00 to FF in Hexadecimal.
Standards ASCII Codes Extended ASCII Codes
• Standard ASCII codes range from 0 to • Extended ASCII codes range from
127 in Decimal or 00 to 7F in 128 to 255 in Decimal or 80 to FF in
Hexadecimal. Hexadecimal.
• mainly used for representing • They meet the demand for more
characters, such as characters "a" to characters and symbols that are used
"z" and number "0" to "9”. for many languages.
• called printable characters. • Together with the control codes (0 to
• code 0 to 31 (Decimal) in Standard ASCII 31) in Standard ASCII table, Extended
are not printable. ASCII codes are also widely used in
communication protocol, such as RS-
232, RS-485, RS-422 and TTL
systems.
ASCII Table - Standard and Extended ASCII Chart, ASCII
Codes
Standard ASCII Chart / ASCII Table - Hex to Extended ASCII Chart / ASCII Table - Hex to
Decimal Code Conversion Decimal Code Conversion
HOW TO USE ASCII CODE
• Ensure that the Num Lock key has been pressed, to activate
the numeric key section of the keyboard.
• Press the Alt key, and hold it down.
• While the Alt key is pressed, type the sequence of numbers (on
the numeric keypad) from the Alt code in the above table.
• Release the Alt key, and the character will appear.
Note: You must use the numeric keypad to type the numbers, and
not the keyboard. Make sure that the NUM LOCK key is on if your
keyboard requires it to type numbers on the numeric keypad.
Examples of ascii codes
1) Press the "Alt" key on your keyboard, and do not let go.

2) While keep press "Alt", on your keyboard type the number

"165", which is the number of the letter or symbol "Ñ" in ASCII
table.

3) Then stop pressing the "Alt" key.

To insert an ASCII character, press and hold down ALT while

typing the character code. For example, to insert the degree
(º) symbol, press and hold down ALT while typing 0176 on the
numeric keypad.
 Full list of ASCII Characters, Letters, Symbols and
Signs with Descriptions
ASCII control non printable characters ASCII control Printable characters
ASCII code 00 = NULL ( Null character )
ASCII code 01 = SOH ( Start of Header ) ASCII code 28 = FS ( File separator )
ASCII code 02 = STX ( Start of Text ) ASCII code 29 = GS ( Group separator )
ASCII code 03 = ETX ( End of Text, hearts card suit ) ASCII code 30 = RS ( Record separator )
ASCII code 04 = EOT ( End of Transmission, diamonds card suit ) ASCII code 31 = US ( Unit separator )
ASCII code 05 = ENQ ( Enquiry, clubs card suit ) ASCII code 32 = space ( Space )
ASCII code 06 = ACK ( Acknowledgement, spade card suit ) ASCII code 33 = ! ( Exclamation mark )
ASCII code 07 = BEL ( Bell ) ASCII code 34 = " ( Double quotes ; Quotation mark ; speech marks )
ASCII code 08 = BS ( Backspace ) ASCII code 35 = # ( Number sign )
ASCII code 09 = HT ( Horizontal Tab ) ASCII code 36 = $ ( Dollar sign )
ASCII code 10 = LF ( Line feed ) ASCII code 37 = % ( Percent sign )
ASCII code 11 = VT ( Vertical Tab, male symbol, symbol for Mars ) ASCII code 38 = & ( Ampersand )
ASCII code 12 = FF ( Form feed, female symbol, symbol for Venus ) ASCII code 39 = ' ( Single quote or Apostrophe )
ASCII code 13 = CR ( Carriage return ) ASCII code 40 = ( ( round brackets or parentheses, opening round bracket )
ASCII code 14 = SO ( Shift Out ) ASCII code 41 = ) ( parentheses or round brackets, closing parentheses )
ASCII code 15 = SI ( Shift In ) ASCII code 42 = * ( Asterisk )
ASCII code 16 = DLE ( Data link escape ) ASCII code 43 = + ( Plus sign )
ASCII code 17 = DC1 ( Device control 1 ) ASCII code 44 = , ( Comma )
ASCII code 18 = DC2 ( Device control 2 ) ASCII code 45 = - ( Hyphen , minus sign )
ASCII code 19 = DC3 ( Device control 3 ) ASCII code 46 = . ( Dot, full stop )
ASCII code 20 = DC4 ( Device control 4 ) ASCII code 47 = / ( Slash , forward slash , fraction bar , division slash )
ASCII code 21 = NAK ( NAK Negative-acknowledge ) ASCII code 48 = 0 ( number zero )
ASCII code 22 = SYN ( Synchronous idle ) ASCII code 49 = 1 ( number one )
ASCII code 23 = ETB ( End of trans. block ) ASCII code 50 = 2 ( number two )
ASCII code 24 = CAN ( Cancel ) ASCII code 51 = 3 ( number three )
ASCII code 25 = EM ( End of medium ) ASCII code 52 = 4 ( number four )
ASCII code 26 = SUB ( Substitute )
ASCII code 27 = ESC ( Escape )
 Full list of ASCII Characters, Letters, Symbols and Signs
with Descriptions
ASCII control Printable characters
ASCII code 53 = 5 ( number five ) ASCII code 79 = O ( Capital letter O )
ASCII code 54 = 6 ( number six ) ASCII code 80 = P ( Capital letter P )
ASCII code 55 = 7 ( number seven ) ASCII code 81 = Q ( Capital letter Q )
ASCII code 56 = 8 ( number eight ) ASCII code 82 = R ( Capital letter R )
ASCII code 57 = 9 ( number nine ) ASCII code 83 = S ( Capital letter S )
ASCII code 58 = : ( Colon ) ASCII code 84 = T ( Capital letter T )
ASCII code 59 = ; ( Semicolon ) ASCII code 85 = U ( Capital letter U )
ASCII code 60 = < ( Less-than sign ) ASCII code 86 = V ( Capital letter V )
ASCII code 61 = = ( Equals sign ) ASCII code 87 = W ( Capital letter W )
ASCII code 62 = > ( Greater-than sign ; Inequality ) ASCII code 88 = X ( Capital letter X )
ASCII code 63 = ? ( Question mark ) ASCII code 89 = Y ( Capital letter Y )
ASCII code 64 = @ ( At sign ) ASCII code 90 = Z ( Capital letter Z )
ASCII code 65 = A ( Capital letter A ) ASCII code 91 = [ ( square brackets or box brackets, opening bracket )
ASCII code 66 = B ( Capital letter B ) ASCII code 92 = \ ( Backslash , reverse slash )
ASCII code 67 = C ( Capital letter C ) ASCII code 93 = ] (box brackets or square brackets, closing bracket )
ASCII code 68 = D ( Capital letter D ) ASCII code 94 = ^ ( Circumflex accent or Caret )
ASCII code 69 = E ( Capital letter E ) ASCII code 95 = _ ( underscore , understrike , underbar or low line)
ASCII code 70 = F ( Capital letter F ) ASCII code 96 = ` ( Grave accent )
ASCII code 71 = G ( Capital letter G ) ASCII code 97 = a ( Lowercase letter a , minuscule a )
ASCII code 72 = H ( Capital letter H ) ASCII code 98 = b ( Lowercase letter b , minuscule b )
ASCII code 73 = I ( Capital letter I ) ASCII code 99 = c ( Lowercase letter c , minuscule c )
ASCII code 74 = J ( Capital letter J ) ASCII code 100 = d ( Lowercase letter d , minuscule d )
ASCII code 75 = K ( Capital letter K ) ASCII code 101 = e ( Lowercase letter e , minuscule e )
ASCII code 76 = L ( Capital letter L ) ASCII code 102 = f ( Lowercase letter f , minuscule f )
ASCII code 77 = M ( Capital letter M )
ASCII code 78 = N ( Capital letter N )
Full list of ASCII Characters, Letters, Symbols and Signs
with Descriptions
ASCII control Printable characters
ASCII code 103 = g ( Lowercase letter g , minuscule g )
ASCII code 104 = h ( Lowercase letter h , minuscule h )
ASCII code 105 = i ( Lowercase letter i , minuscule i )
ASCII code 106 = j ( Lowercase letter j , minuscule j )
ASCII code 107 = k ( Lowercase letter k , minuscule k )
ASCII code 108 = l ( Lowercase letter l , minuscule l )
ASCII code 109 = m ( Lowercase letter m , minuscule m )
ASCII code 110 = n ( Lowercase letter n , minuscule n )
ASCII code 111 = o ( Lowercase letter o , minuscule o )
ASCII code 112 = p ( Lowercase letter p , minuscule p )
ASCII code 113 = q ( Lowercase letter q , minuscule q )
ASCII code 114 = r ( Lowercase letter r , minuscule r )
ASCII code 115 = s ( Lowercase letter s , minuscule s )
ASCII code 116 = t ( Lowercase letter t , minuscule t )
ASCII code 117 = u ( Lowercase letter u , minuscule u )
ASCII code 118 = v ( Lowercase letter v , minuscule v )
ASCII code 119 = w ( Lowercase letter w , minuscule w )
ASCII code 120 = x ( Lowercase letter x , minuscule x )
ASCII code 121 = y ( Lowercase letter y , minuscule y )
ASCII code 122 = z ( Lowercase letter z , minuscule z )
ASCII code 123 = { ( braces or curly brackets, opening braces )
ASCII code 124 = | ( vertical bar, vertical line or vertical slash)
ASCII code 125 = } ( curly brackets or braces, closing curly brackets )
ASCII code 126 = ~ ( Tilde ; swung dash )
ASCII code 127 = DEL ( Delete )
 Full list of ASCII Characters, Letters, Symbols
and Signs with Descriptions
ASCII Extended Characters
ASCII code 128 = Ç ( Majuscule C-cedilla ) ASCII code 151 = ù ( letter u with grave accent )
ASCII code 129 = ü ( letter u with umlaut or diaeresis , u-umlaut ) ASCII code 152 = ÿ ( Lowercase letter y with diaeresis )
ASCII code 130 = é ( letter e with acute accent or e-acute ) ASCII code 153 = Ö ( Letter O with umlaut or diaeresis ; O-umlaut )
ASCII code 131 = â ( letter a with circumflex accent or a-circumflex ) ASCII code 154 = Ü ( Letter U with umlaut or diaeresis ; U-umlaut )
ASCII code 132 = ä ( letter a with umlaut or diaeresis , a-umlaut ) ASCII code 155 = ø ( Lowercase slashed zero or empty set )
ASCII code 133 = à ( letter a with grave accent ) ASCII code 156 = £ ( Pound sign ; symbol for the pound sterling )
ASCII code 134 = å ( letter a with a ring ) ASCII code 157 = Ø ( Uppercase slashed zero or empty set )
ASCII code 135 = ç ( Minuscule c-cedilla ) ASCII code 158 = × ( Multiplication sign )
ASCII code 136 = ê ( letter e with circumflex accent or e-circumflex ) ASCII code 159 = ƒ ( Function sign ; f with hook sign ; florin sign )
ASCII code 137 = ë ( letter e with umlaut or diaeresis ; e-umlauts ) ASCII code 160 = á ( Lowercase letter a with acute accent or a-acute )
ASCII code 138 = è ( letter e with grave accent ) ASCII code 161 = í ( Lowercase letter i with acute accent or i-acute )
ASCII code 139 = ï ( letter i with umlaut or diaeresis ; i-umlaut ) ASCII code 162 = ó ( Lowercase letter o with acute accent or o-acute )
ASCII code 140 = î ( letter i with circumflex accent or i-circumflex ) ASCII code 163 = ú ( Lowercase letter u with acute accent or u-acute )
ASCII code 141 = ì ( letter i with grave accent ) ASCII code 164 = ñ ( eñe, enie, spanish letter enye, lowercase n with tilde )
ASCII code 143 = Å ( Capital letter A with a ring ) ASCII code 165 = Ñ ( Spanish letter enye, uppercase N with tilde, EÑE, enie )
ASCII code 144 = É ( Capital letter E with acute accent or E-acute ) ASCII code 166 = ª ( feminine ordinal indicator )
ASCII code 145 = æ ( Latin diphthong ae in lowercase ) ASCII code 167 = º ( masculine ordinal indicator )
ASCII code 146 = Æ ( Latin diphthong AE in uppercase ) ASCII code 168 = ¿ ( Inverted question marks )
ASCII code 147 = ô ( letter o with circumflex accent or o-circumflex ASCII code 169 = ® ( Registered trademark symbol )
ASCII code 148 = ö ( letter o with umlaut or diaeresis ; o-umlaut ) ASCII code 170 = ¬ ( Logical negation symbol )
ASCII code 149 = ò ( letter o with grave accent ) ASCII code 171 = ½ ( One half )
ASCII code 150 = û ( letter u with circumflex accent or u-circumflex )
 Full list of ASCII Characters, Letters, Symbols
and Signs with Descriptions
ASCII Extended Characters
ASCII code 172 = ¼ ( Quarter, one fourth ) ASCII code 191 = ┐ ( Box drawing character single line upper right corner )
ASCII code 173 = ¡ ( Inverted exclamation marks ) ASCII code 192 = └ ( Box drawing character single line lower left corner )
ASCII code 174 = « ( Angle quotes, guillemets, right-pointing quotation mark ) ASCII code 193 = ┴ ( Box drawing character single line horizontal and up )
ASCII code 175 = » ( Guillemets, angle quotes, left-pointing quotation marks ) ASCII code 194 = ┬ ( Box drawing character single line horizontal down )
ASCII code 176 = ░ ( Graphic character, low density dotted ) ASCII code 195 = ├ ( Box drawing character single line vertical and right )
ASCII code 177 = ▒ ( Graphic character, medium density dotted ) ASCII code 196 = ─ ( Box drawing character single horizontal line )
ASCII code 178 = ▓ ( Graphic character, high density dotted ) ASCII code 197 = ┼ ( Box drawing character single line horizontal vertical )
ASCII code 179 = │ ( Box drawing character single vertical line ) ASCII code 198 = ã ( Lowercase letter a with tilde or a-tilde )
ASCII code 180 = ┤ ( Box drawing character single vertical and left line ) ASCII code 199 = Ã ( Capital letter A with tilde or A-tilde )
ASCII code 181 = Á ( Capital letter A with acute accent or A-acute ) ASCII code 200 = ╚ ( Box drawing character double line lower left corner )
ASCII code 182 = Â ( Letter A with circumflex accent or A-circumflex ) ASCII code 201 = ╔ ( Box drawing character double line upper left corner )
ASCII code 183 = À ( Letter A with grave accent ) ASCII code 202 = ╩ ( Box drawing character double line horizontal and up )
ASCII code 184 = © ( Copyright symbol ) ASCII code 203 = ╦ ( Box drawing character double line horizontal down )
ASCII code 185 = ╣ ( Box drawing character double line vertical and left ) ASCII code 204 = ╠ ( Box drawing character double line vertical and right )
ASCII code 186 = ║ ( Box drawing character double vertical line ) ASCII code 205 = ═ ( Box drawing character double horizontal line
ASCII code 187 = ╗ ( Box drawing character double line upper right corner )
ASCII code 188 = ╝ ( Box drawing character double line lower right corner )
ASCII code 189 = ¢ ( Cent symbol )
ASCII code 190 = ¥ ( YEN and YUAN sign )
 Full list of ASCII Characters, Letters, Symbols
and Signs with Descriptions
ASCII Extended Characters
ASCII code 206 = ╬ ( Box drawing character double line horizontal vertical ) ASCII code 230 = µ ( Lowercase letter Mu ; micro sign or micron )
ASCII code 207 = ¤ ( Generic currency sign ) ASCII code 231 = þ ( Lowercase letter Thorn )
ASCII code 208 = ð ( Lowercase letter eth ) ASCII code 232 = Þ ( Capital letter Thorn )
ASCII code 209 = Ð ( Capital letter Eth ) ASCII code 233 = Ú ( Capital letter U with acute accent or U-acute )
ASCII code 210 = Ê ( Letter E with circumflex accent or E-circumflex ) ASCII code 234 = Û ( Letter U with circumflex accent or U-circumflex )
ASCII code 211 = Ë ( Letter E with umlaut or diaeresis, E-umlaut ) ASCII code 235 = Ù ( Capital letter U with grave accent )
ASCII code 212 = È ( Capital letter E with grave accent ) ASCII code 236 = ý ( Lowercase letter y with acute accent )
ASCII code 213 = ı ( Lowercase dot less i ) ASCII code 237 = Ý ( Capital letter Y with acute accent )
ASCII code 214 = Í ( Capital letter I with acute accent or I-acute ) ASCII code 238 = ¯ ( Macron symbol )
ASCII code 215 = Î ( Letter I with circumflex accent or I-circumflex ) ASCII code 239 = ´ ( Acute accent )
ASCII code 216 = Ï ( Letter I with umlaut or diaeresis ; I-umlaut ) ASCII code 240 = ≡ ( Congruence relation symbol )
ASCII code 217 = ┘ ( Box drawing character single line lower right corner ) ASCII code 241 = ± ( Plus-minus sign )
ASCII code 218 = ┌ ( Box drawing character single line upper left corner ) ASCII code 242 = ‗ ( underline or underscore )
ASCII code 219 = █ ( Block, graphic character ) ASCII code 243 = ¾ ( three quarters, three-fourths )
ASCII code 220 = ▄ ( Bottom half block ) ASCII code 244 = ¶ ( Paragraph sign or pilcrow ; end paragraph mark )
ASCII code 221 = ¦ ( Vertical broken bar ) ASCII code 245 = § ( Section sign )
ASCII code 222 = Ì ( Capital letter I with grave accent ) ASCII code 246 = ÷ ( The division sign ; Obelus )
ASCII code 223 = ▀ ( Top half block ) ASCII code 247 = ¸ ( cedilla )
ASCII code 224 = Ó ( Capital letter O with acute accent or O-acute ) ASCII code 248 = ° ( Degree symbol )
ASCII code 225 = ß ( Letter Eszett ; scharfes S or sharp S ) ASCII code 249 = ¨ ( Diaresis )
ASCII code 226 = Ô ( Letter O with circumflex accent or O-circumflex ) ASCII code 250 = · ( Interpunct or space dot )
ASCII code 227 = Ò ( Capital letter O with grave accent ) ASCII code 252 = ³ ( Superscript three, exponent 3, cube, third power )
ASCII code 228 = õ ( Lowercase letter o with tilde or o-tilde ) ASCII code 253 = ² ( Superscript two, exponent 2, square, second power )
ASCII code 229 = Õ ( Capital letter O with tilde or O-tilde ) ASCII code 254 = ■ ( black square )
ASCII code 255 = nbsp ( Non-breaking space or no-break space )
 Sample Data or Information
• A computer is a programmable device that can store, retrieve,
and process data. The term “computer” was originally given to
humans (human computers) who performed numerical
calculations using mechanical calculators, such as
the abacus and slide rule. The term was later given to a
mechanical device as they began replacing the human computers.
Today‘s computers are electronic devices that accept data (input)
process that data, produce output and store (storage) the results.
NON –
PRINTABLE
Binary- is a number system in
which we represent the
numbers by using only two
symbols (1 and 0)
Octal- is a number
system in which we
can represent the
numbers using 8
different values or
digits (0-7)
 Hexadecimal- is a
number system in
which we use 16
different values to
Decimal- we represent the
number.
have 10 0123456789AB
digits- 0-9 to C D E F (A-F
represent the represents 10-15)
numbers.
 Computer System
Is a collection of entities ( hardware,
software and liveware ) that are designed
to receive, process, manage and present
information in a meaningful format.
Computer
Hardware
• Computer hardware - Are physical
parts/ intangible parts of a computer.
example Input devices, output
devices, central processing unit and
storage devices which provide
support for major functions such as
input, processing (internal storage,
computation and control), output,
secondary storage (for data and
programs), and communication.
 Computer Software
• Software is a program that enables a
computer to perform a specific task,
as opposed to the physical
components of the system
(hardware), Computer software -
also known as programs or
applications. They are classified into
two classes namely - system
software and application software.
 Liveware
• The people associated and
benefited from the computer
system or the user
commands the computer
system to execute on
instructions.
Ready!
Guess it!
go!
 Sun MicroSystems
• Sun Microsystems developed the System Bus in 1989
to support smaller expansion cards. The easiest way to
implement symmetric multiprocessing was to plug in
more than one CPU into the shared system bus, which
was used through the 1980s.
3 Important Parts
•CPU (central processing unit)

•Addressable Memory

•Input and Output devices

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• CPU (pronounced as separate letters) is the abbreviation for central
processing unit. Sometimes referred to simply as the central
processor, but more commonly called a processor, the CPU is the
brains of the computer where most calculations take place.

• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) The computer does its primary
work in a part of the machine we cannot see, a control center that
converts data input to information output. The CPU interacts closely
with primary storage, or main memory, referring to it for both
instructions and data.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Addressable Memory
• These are kind of like houses with physical addresses, where the
pieces of data live when they're not being processed by the CPU.

• Content-addressable memory is a special type of computer memory

used in certain very-high-speed searching applications. It is also
known as associative memory or associative storage and compares
input search data against a table of stored data, and returns the
address of matching data.
Addressable Memory
 Input and Output devices
• An input device sends information to a computer system for
processing, and an output device reproduces or displays the
results of that processing. Input devices only allow for input of
data to a computer and output devices only receive the
output of data from another device.
Input and Output devices
 What is System Bus?
• The system bus is a pathway composed of cables and
connectors used to carry data between a computer
microprocessor and the main memory.
• The bus provides a communication path for the data and
control signals moving between the major components of the
computer system.
It was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity, and
although popular in the 1970s and 1980s, it has two different
parts “Internal Bus“ and “External Bus”.
 Internal Bus
• Basically it supports 3 Types of Buses:

• Control Bus
• Address Bus
• Data Bus
 Role of Buses in Computer
System
• The system bus connects the CPU, memory, and the
input/output devices. It carries data, address, and
control information. The speed of the system bus is an
important part of the performance of a computer
system, just like the speed of the CPU and the size of
the memory.
 Types of Computer Buses
• Control Bus, Data Bus, Address Bus.

• Control Bus – carries commands from the CPU and status

messages from other hardware devices. “Deals with
operation”.
• Data Bus - The data bus acts as a conduit for data from the
keyboard, memory and other devices. It passes information
at speeds up to billions of characters per second. “TRANSMIT
the Data”.
• Address Bus - is a bus that is used to specify a physical
address. It is a computer bus that “find’s the location” of
where the data will be transmitted.
 External Bus
• It is also called Expansion Bus
• It follows different type of Bus Architecture.
 External Bus
• ISA – International Standard Architecture.
Short for Industry Standard Architecture, ISA was introduced
by IBM and headed by Mark Dean.
 External Bus
• EISA – Extended Industry Standard Architecture
Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) is a bus
architecture that extends the Industry
Standard Architecture (ISA) from 16 bits to 32 bits. EISA was
introduced in 1988 by the Gang of Nine - a group of PC
manufacturers.
 External Bus
• Microchannel Architecture
- It is supported PS/2 series.
- It is also supported 16 and 32 bit processor
lines.
- Hardwired
- Used in Super Computer.
 Computer Network
• A computer network is a group of devices connected with each other
through a transmission medium such as wires, cables, etc. these
devices can be computers, printers, scanners, fax machines. Etc.
• Is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the computer
to communicate with another and share their resources, data and
applications.
• The purpose of having computer network is send and receive data
stores in other devices over the network.
HOW COMPUTER NETWORK CONNECT AND WORK
 Local Area Network
• Is a group of computers connected to each other in a
small area such as building, office.
• It used for connecting two or more personal computer
through a communication medium such as twisted
pair , coaxial cable, etc.
• Data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in LAN.
• Provides higher security.
 Personal area Network

• Is a network arranged within an individual

persons, typically within a range of 10 meters.
• Used to developed the PAN are the laptop , mobile
phones. Media player and play stations.

2 TYPE OF PAN:
Wired Personal area network
Wireless Personal area network
 Metropolitan Area Network
• is a network that covers a larger geographical
area by interconnecting a different LAN from a
larger network.
• Government agencies uses man to connect to the
citizens and private industries.

USE OF MAN:
For communication between the banks in a city.
For communication in the military.
Airline Reservation.
 Wide Area Network
• a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states and
countries.
• It is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical
are through a telephone line, fiber optic cable or satellite links.
• Widely used in the field od business, government and educations.
• The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.

Example WAN:
Mobile broadband
Last mile
Private network
TWO TYPES OF
CONNECTIONS
 Wired
Connections
• Wired network is a common type of wired configuration, most
wires network use ethernet cables to transfer data between
connected PCs.
• In a small network, a single router may be used to connect all the
computers.
• Wired may refer to peripheral devices as well used to describe
input devices that connect to USB port.
• Some users still prefer wired devices, since they have a few
benefits over their wireless counterparts. Wired network
connections are often faster than wireless ones, which allows for
faster data transfer rates and wired peripheral since there is no
need to replace batteries on a regular basis.
 Wireless Connections

• a method by which home, telecommunications network

and business installations avoid the costly process of
introducing cables into a building, or as a connections
between various equipment's locations.
TYPE OF WIRELESS NETWORK:
Wireless PAN
Wireless LAN
Wireless MAN
Wireless WAN
HOW TO SET UP A COMPUTER NETWORK
 Systems software!

System Software is the type of software

which is the interface between application
software and system. Low level languages are
used to write the system software. System
Software maintain the system resources and
give the path for application software to
run. An important things general purpose
software.
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE!

Application Software is he type of software

which runs as per user request. It runs on
the platform which is provide by system
software. High level languages are used to
write the application software It’s a
specific purpose software.
 Difference between system software
and application software!

System Software and Application Software is that

without system software, system can not run on the
other hand without application software, system always
runs.
 WHAT IS Communication's?
A process in which two or more
computers or devices transfer
data, and Information.

Sometimes called telecommunication.

 HOW TO COMMUNICATE?

* Most people think about speech

when they think about
communication but there are many
other way we can also use to
communicate with each other.
Writing / Drawing!
Text message or computer touch!
DESKTOP APPLICATION
vs.
MOBILE APPLICATION
 What is Application?

▪ Application is a software designed to fulfill a

particular task for the user.

▫ Operating system is needed to run an

application.

94
 What is Operating System?

▪ An operating system, or "OS," is software

that communicates with the hardware and
allows other program to run.

▫ Example: Microsoft Windows, MacOS,

iOS, Android, etc.

95
 Desktop App & Mobile App

▪ Desktop Application is any software that

can be installed on a single computer
(laptop or desktop).

▪ Mobile Application are software programs

developed for mobile devices such as smart
phones or tablet.
96
Desktop App vs. Mobile App

Desktop Application Mobile Application

o Larger Screen
o Incorporate its
Includes a smaller
SCREEN SIZE design with a wide
screen size.
range of digital
content.

97
Desktop App vs. Mobile App

Desktop Application Mobile Application

COMPATIBILITY o Windows o Android

(Most Common) o Mac OS o iOS

98
Desktop App vs. Mobile App

Desktop Application Mobile Application

DROPDOWN MENUS HAMBURGER MENU

NAVIGATION
(Most Common)

99
Desktop App vs. Mobile App

Desktop Application Mobile Application

Cursors Gestures

INTERACTION

100
Desktop App vs. Mobile App

Desktop Application Mobile Application

o Single Column
CONTENT
Multiple Columns o Portrait and
ORGANIZATION
landscape

101
Desktop App vs. Mobile App

Desktop Application Mobile Application

FUNCTIONALITY Big tasks Quick tasks

102
Examples : Content Organization

Desktop Application

11
Examples : Content Organization

Mobile Application

104
Examples : Menus

Desktop Application

13
Examples : Menus

Mobile Application

14
 What is Cross-platform?
▪ Cross-platform or Multiplatform are software that
can run on multiple types of computer systems.

▫ Platform refers to both hardware device and

operating software that an application or
program runs upon.
▫ ex: Desktop computer with Microsoft
Windows installed on it.
107
Simplified Cross-platform Video:

109
Popular Cross-platform Applications
Microsoft Words

17
Spotify

18
Adobe Lightroom

19
Do You Know This App?
You need to identify the name of the displayed logo,
whether it is desktop application or mobile application,
and its function.

114
For example

• NOTEPAD
• Desktop App
• For editing text.
115
Do You Know This App?

116
 Adobe Animate
▪ Used to design
vector graphics
and animation.

117
Do You Know This App?

118
 Snipping Tool
▪ Use to take
screenshots of an
open window,
rectangular areas,
a free-form area,
or the entire
screen.

119
Do You Know This App?

120
 Dubsmash
▪ For entertainment.
▪ Users choose an audio recording
from movies, shows, music, and
internet trends and record a video
of themselves dubbing over that
piece of audio.

121
IMPACT of
Computers on daily life
We are living in an era of advanced
technology, where every part of our daily
lives is dependent on it. There's no doubt
that over the years, technology has been
responsible for creating useful resources
which put all the information we need at
our fingertips.

The development of technology has led to

so many mind-blowing discoveries, better
facilities, and better luxuries, but at the
same has dramatically changed our daily
lives.

So the main question is :

 3. Major
1. Huge
Source of
Expenditure 2. Insufficient Distraction
Teaching Methods
 5. Creates Enough
Opportunities for
Cheating
4. Misguided due 6. Learners get
to Wrong Disconnected from
Information the Real World
7. Losing Assignment of the
Students

8. Partial to the Low

Income Group of People

9. Constant Computer
use can affect attention
span and focus
EVEN THOUGH COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY HAS
SOME NEGATIVE EFFECT ON EDUCATION, IT IS
UNDENIABLE THAT IT ALSO HAS MADE THE
EDUCATION SYSTEM SIMPLE AND FLEXIBLE.
WORKFORCE
INDUSTRY
WORKFORCE
INDUSTRY
THANK YOU FOR ATTENDING
THE CLASS…

Engr. MICHAEL R. BALAGTAS