Unit 1: Programming

Unit code: D/615/1618

Unit level: 4

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School of Computing and Informatics 1

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Object Oriented paradigm contains features such as:
▪ Class
▪ Object
▪ Attributes
▪ Methods
▪ Constructors
▪ Encapsulation
➢ Getters
➢ Setters
▪ Polymorphism
➢ Override
➢ Overload
▪ Inheritance
▪ Abstraction

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 It is unusual for programmers to
A key problem with procedural
“start fresh” on each new project
programming is that the program
and write similar software “from
units do not effectively mirror real-
scratch”, this wastes time and money,
world entities, so these units are not
as people repeatedly “reinvent the
particularly reusable.
wheel.”

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Advantages of OOPs over Procedure programming
▪ It is easy to develop and maintain the code with
OOP, whereas it is not easy to manage the code in
Procedural programming if code grows with the size There are a lot
of the project. more advantages to
▪ OOP provides data hiding, whereas, in a Procedural mention
programming, we can access global data from
anywhere.
▪ OOP provides the ability to simulate real-world
events much effectively as compared to Procedural
programming. We can easily solve the real-world
problems if we are using the OOP.

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 The objective of OOP concepts is to save time, gain security and
ease of use. To achieve the primary goal of OOP we should follow
the OOP best practices.

The best practices while using OOPs concepts are:

▪ DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself): You should never try to have
two blocks of identical/same code in two different places of
the program or application. Instead, we should use one
method for various applications.
▪ Encapsulate methods and variables using private: If
you expect that your Java code can change in the future,
you should encapsulate it by making all variables and

OOP ADVANTAGES methods private. As there are some changes in the code,
you can increase the access to “protected” as needed, but
don't use public.
▪ Single Responsibility Principle: This is another best
practice for OOP concepts in Java. This principle says that a
class should always have only one functionality. That way,
we can call it or extend it on its own whenever new uses
arise without providing coupling between different
functionalities.
▪ Open Closed Design: We should try to make all the
methods and classes Closed for any modification but open
for an extension. That way, the tested code can remain
static, but we can modify it to perform new tasks as
required.

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 Class

OOP MAIN
ASPECTS

Object

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 We live in a world of objects. There are cars, planes, people, animals, buildings, traffic lights, elevators.

Everything in Java is associated with classes and objects

Classes are the core of the OOP where objects are created from classes.

Real world objects can be represented using classes then many objects can be created of a
particular class.

Class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a class.

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 A class is a blueprint for creating objects.

It contains the following items:

Properties (Attributes orVariables) Behavior (Methods or Functions)

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 Methods Attributes

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 Class Name
Car

model
Attributes
color
year

start
Methods stop
beep

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 Class identifier Class Name

You can create as

many classes as you
// Class body want in a project

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 Attributes

Class body contains

Attributes and methods

Methods

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 Objects are instances that are made from a particular class.

When an object is created, it inherit all the variables and

methods from the class.

Each Object has its own copy of the class’s attributes

and methods.

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 An object inherits all
the variables and methods
from the class.

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 Each Object has its own
copy of the class’s
attributes and methods.

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 https://medium.com/@techGrid/oops-concepts-in-java-with-real-time-examples-1e8110a76462

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 Objects are created in
the Main Class

Main Class

Car Class
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 An object Class
name Constructor
New
keyword
A Class you want
to create an object
from it 28
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 Three objects from
Car Class are created

Each object is
an independent
instance from the
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others
 ▪ Each object has its own version of
attributes

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 Modify Attribute:
ObjectName.AttributeName = AttributeValue

Retrieve Attribute:
ObjectName.AttributeName

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 Assigning values and retrieving values of object car1

Assigning values and retrieving values of object car2

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