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Problems303 1 Sol

(1) The document provides solutions to physics problems involving thermodynamic processes on ideal gases. (2) It calculates thermodynamic coefficients like compressibility and thermal expansivity for different processes defined by equations of state. (3) The solutions also determine work, heat, pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles for systems undergoing various thermodynamic changes and processes to remain in equilibrium.

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42 views2 pages

Problems303 1 Sol

(1) The document provides solutions to physics problems involving thermodynamic processes on ideal gases. (2) It calculates thermodynamic coefficients like compressibility and thermal expansivity for different processes defined by equations of state. (3) The solutions also determine work, heat, pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles for systems undergoing various thermodynamic changes and processes to remain in equilibrium.

Uploaded by

Elaine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Prof.

Anchordoqui

Problems set # 1 Physics 303 September 2, 2014

1. A process on an ideal gas is defined by P = AT b . (i) Express this process in terms of (P, V )
and (V, T ). (ii) Calculate compressibility and thermal expansivity in this process. (iii) What is
the limitation on b? (iv) For which values of b this process becomes a known process? (v) Find
adiabatic values of the two thermodynamic coeficients above.

Solution: (i) Use the equation of state of the ideal gas, P V = nRT , to obtain: P = A( PnRV b
) . This
can be represented in the simplified form P 1−1/b V = nR/A . Alternatively, write nRT /V = AT b ,
1/b

which can be simplified to T b−1 V = nR/A. (ii) The compresibility coeficient is given by κ = − V1 dV dP .
−(1−1/b) 1 P −(1−1/b)−1 1 1
Use V ∝ P , to find κ = (1 − b ) V = (1 − b ) P . The thermal expansion coeficient is
defined by β = V1 dV . Use V ∝ T −(b−1) , to find β = 1−b . (iii) Since mechanical stability requires
dT T
κT > 0, the condition on b is b > 1 or b < 0. (iv) For b → 0− , the process is isobaric; for b → 1,
isochoric; for b → ±∞ isothermic, and for b = γ/(γ − 1) > 1 adiabatic. (v) From the latter you
1 1
can obtain the adiabatic thermodynamic coeficients κS = γP and βS = − (γ−1)T , which can be
1 1
compared with κT = P and βP = T . Note that βS < 0 because in the adiabatic process the volume
decreases and the temperature increases.

2. A process on an ideal gas is defined by P = AT 2 , with A = constant. Calculate the received


work and heat upon changing the temperature from T1 to T2 . Assume CV = constant.

(nR)2
Solution: Use the equation of state of the ideal gas to express P in terms of V as P = AV 2
and
2 2
integrate W12 = 12 P dV = 12 (nR) dV = (nR) 1 1 nRT nR
R R
AV 2 A ( V1 − V2 ). Then express V via T : V = P = AT ,
and substitute it into the work, W12 = nR(T1 − T2 ). To calculate the heat, use the first law
of thermodynamics in the form U2 − U1 = Q12 − W12 . Using the internal energy for a perfect
gas, U = CV T + constant, and the result for the work obtained above, you straightforwardly find
Q12 = CV (T2 − T1 ) + W12 = (CV − nR)(T2 − T1 ).

3. System A is in equilibrium and has VA = 2 m3 and PA = 0.01 bar. System B is in equilibrium,


and has VB = 3 m3 and PB = 0.02 bar. Systems A and B are put in thermal contact with each
other, and it is found that they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. Suppose that the
densities of each system are very dilute. Moreover, suppose that the gas in each system happens
to be N2 0 (nitrous oxide). Throughout in what follows, suppose that the systems remain closed,
i.e. they do not leak or exchange gasses. (i) Compute the ratio MA /MB of the masses of the gas in
each container. (ii) System A is kept in contact with system B. The volume VA is slowly changed
to VA0 = 4 m3 , and the pressure PA is changed to PA0 = 0.03 bar. The volume VB is unchanged,
VB0 = 3 m3 . What should the new pressure PB0 be, in order for the systems A and B to remain
in thermal equilibrium? (iii) Is the temperature of the systems, in their final state of part (ii),
hotter or colder than they were in their initial state? Compute the ratio Tfinal /Tinitial , where the
temperatures are measured in Kelvin.
P i Vi
Solution: (i) Use the equation of state of the ideal gas to write ni = RTi , which implies
mA nA M nA PA VA /TA
mB = =
nB M =
nB = 13 . (ii) Use the equation of state of the ideal gas to write Ti = PniiVRi .
PB VB /TB
To be in thermal equilibrium, system A and system B must be at the same temperaure: TA0 = TB0 .
0 V0
PA 0 V0
PB 0 V0
PA PA0 V0 0 V0
PB
A nB Tfinal
Hence, na
B
= nB ,
B
yielding PB0 = nA VB0 = 0.12 bar. (iii) Tinitial = A
P A VA = B
PB VB = 6.

4. A tank of volume 10 m3 contains nitrous oxide at a pressure 1000 Pa and temperature of


20◦ C. Assume that it behaves like an ideal gas. (i) How many kilomoles of N2 O are in the tank?
(ii) How many kilograms? (iii) Find the pressure if the temperature is increased to 50◦ C. (iv) At
a temperature of 20◦ C, how many kilomoles should be withdrawn from the tank for the pressure
to become 100 Pa?

Solution: (i) Use the equation of state of the ideal gas to obtain n = PRTV = 0.0041 kilomole;
(ii) m = nM = 0.0041(14 × 2 + 16) = 0.81 kg; (iii) P = nRT 0 0
V = 1102 Pa; (iv) n /n = P /P , which
0
implies n = 0.1 n, yielding ∆n = 0.9n = 0.0037 kiomole.

5. A glass bottle of nominal capacity 250 cm3 is filled brim full of water at 20◦ C. If the bottle
and contents are heated to 50◦ C, how much water spills over? (For water, β = 0.21 × 10−3 K−1 .
Assume that the expansion of the glass is negligible.)

Solution: ∆V = βV0 ∆T = 1.6 cm3 .

6. (i) Calculate the heat capacity in the process P = AT b of an ideal gas, expressing it as a
function of T . (ii) Analyze different cases of b.

Solution: (i) Use the first law of thermodynamics,


  h dU  = δQi− P dV , to obtain the infinitesimal
∂U ∂U
heat received: δQ = dU + P dV = ∂T dT + ∂V + P dV . Next, use the isochoric heat
  V T  
∂U ∂U
capacity CV = ∂T and the fact that for the ideal gas ∂V = 0 to simplify the previous
V T
expression to δQ = CV dT +P dV . After that, expess dV through dT . To this end, use P = AT b and
the equation of state of the ideal gas to write V = nR 1−b , which leads to dV = nR (1 − b)T −b dT .
A T A
Since P = AT b , it follows that δQ = CV dT + nR(1 − b)dT and hence C = δQ dT = C V + nR(1 − b).
(ii) For the isobaric process, b = 0, it follows that C = CP = CV + nR (Mayer’s relation). For
the isochoric process, b = 1, it follows that C = CV . For the isothermic process, b → ±∞, it
follows that C → ∓∞. For the adiabatic process, b = γ/(γ − 1), where γ = CP /CV , it follows that
/CV −1)−nR
C = CV − γ−1nR
= CV (CP(γ−1) = CP −C V −nR
γ−1 , and taking into account Mayer’s relation C = 0.

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