Reinforced Concrete with Worked Examples

Franco Angotti · Matteo Guiglia · Piero Marro ·

Maurizio Orlando

Reinforced Concrete
with Worked Examples
Franco Angotti Matteo Guiglia
DICEA Studio AITEC
University of Florence Turin, Italy
Florence, Italy
Maurizio Orlando
Piero Marro DICEA
DISEG University of Florence
Politecnico di Torino Florence, Italy
Turin, Italy

ISBN 978-3-030-92838-4 ISBN 978-3-030-92839-1 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92839-1

Translation from the Italian language edition: Progetto delle Strutture in Calcestruzzo Armato by Franco
Angotti, Matteo Guiglia, Piero Marro and Maurizio Orlando, © Hoepli 2019. Published by Hoepli. All
Rights Reserved.
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
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Preface

This volume deals with the design of normal and prestressed reinforced concrete
structures in the light of the most recent developments both in the field of concrete and
steel materials and in the field of structural modelling. The consolidated part of this
evolution has been implemented by the most modern and advanced codes. Eurocode
2 “Design of concrete structures” (EC2), which is under revision, is certainly among
these.
The arguments are presented starting from their theoretical approach and then
moving on to the regulatory feedback represented by EC2.
The text is accompanied by numerous numerical examples chosen from profes-
sional practice. Through this approach, the text will be of interest to both structural
engineers and students of engineering and architecture.
The text is developed in 12 chapters, where topics are dealt with according to the
same order of EC2. Only Chap. 6, dedicated to prestressed concrete structures, does
not have a corresponding section in EC2, where prestressed concrete is considered
as a particular case of reinforced concrete and dealt with in various sections of the
code.
It will be noted that a lot of space has been given to the most innovative parts such
as second-order effects, punching shear and strut-and-tie models.
Eurocode 2, like all other Eurocodes, is applicable in the European Union (EU)
countries only if it is accompanied by the “National Annexes”, which must be
approved by the competent national authorities. They provide values of national
determined parameters (NDP), the choice of which is left to the responsibility of
each EU country.
In the text, references to paragraphs and formulas taken from EC2 are indicated
in square brackets; for example, [(3.1)] indicates the formula (3.1) of EC2.
Chapters 1, 3, 6, 9, 10 and 12 were authored by Franco Angotti and Maurizio
Orlando.
Chapters 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 11 were authored by Piero Marro and Matteo Guiglia.

v
vi Preface

Information for Students and Instructors

The book stands as an ideal learning resource for students of structural design and
analysis courses in civil engineering, building construction and architecture, as well
as a valuable reference for concrete structural design professionals in practice.
All topics are presented starting from their theoretical bases and passing to corre-
sponding EC2 formulations. The textbook contains twelve chapters, matching the
same structure of EC2; only Chap. 6, dealing with prestressed concrete structures,
does not match any chapter of EC2, as prestressed concrete is presented in EC2 as a
particular case of reinforced concrete, and corresponding formulations are shed over
different chapters.
Each chapter presents an organic topic, which is eventually illustrated by worked
examples useful for the student who is not familiar with the design of reinforced and
prestressed concrete structures by the limit state method. Examples have been chosen
among the most frequent cases of the professional practice, so they are also useful for
concrete structural design professionals. Moreover, all chapters contain tables, which
allow the reader to develop his calculations not only in dimensional form but also in
nondimensional form using tabulated values; some tables for punching verification
are contained in a specific appendix at the end of Chap. 9.
The appendix at the end of the book provides tables and diagrams for the adimen-
sional calculation at both ULS and SLS of rectangular, T and circular sections
subjected to simple bending or to bending combined with axial force.

Florence, Italy Franco Angotti

Turin, Italy Matteo Guiglia
Turin, Italy Piero Marro
Florence, Italy Maurizio Orlando
Structural Eurocodes and Product Standards

In addition to Structural Eurocodes, the following product standards are mentioned

in the text:
EN 206:2021—Concrete. Specification, performance, production and conformity
EN 197-1:2011—Cement—Composition, specifications and conformity criteria
for common cements

Units of Measurement

The following units of measurement were used in the examples:

• Length: m, cm, mm
• Area: m2 , cm2 , mm2
• Force: N, kN
• Stress: N/mm2 , MPa
• Elastic modulus: N/mm2 , kN/mm2 , GPa

vii
Contents

1 General Structural Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Design Principles for Limit States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1 Permanent Actions (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Variable Actions (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Properties of Materials and Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.1 Partial Factors for Concrete and Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5 Combinations of Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.5.1 Combinations of Actions for ULS Verification . . . . . . 19
1.5.2 Combinations of Actions for SLS Verifications . . . . . . 20
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.1 Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1.2 Shrinkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1.3 Stress-Deformation Diagram for Structural
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1.4 Compressive and Tensile Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.5 Flexural Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.6 Triaxial Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2 Ordinary Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3 Prestressing Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3 Durability and Cover to Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 Concrete Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3 Minimum Concrete Cover cmin,b for Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.4 Minimum Concrete Cover cmin,dur Due to Environmental
Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

ix
x Contents

3.4.1 Environmental Conditions (Exposure Classes

Related to Environmental Conditions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.4.2 Indicative Strength Classes for Durability . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.4.3 Strength Class for Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.4.4 Values of cmin,dur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5 Special Cases for the Choice of cmin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5.1 In-Situ Concrete Placed Against Other Concrete
Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5.2 Unbonded Tendons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5.3 Uneven Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5.4 Exposure Classes XF and XA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.6 Allowance in Design for Deviation Δcdev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.6.1 Reduced Values Δcdev for Some Situations . . . . . . . . . 52
3.6.2 Uneven Surfaces for Concrete Cast Against
Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.7 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.7.1 Example 1. Floor Beam in a Building with Low
Relative Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.7.2 Example 2. Bridge Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.7.3 Example 3. Platform Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.7.4 Example 4. Beam Inside a Building with Low
Relative Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.7.5 Example 5. Exposed External Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.7.6 Example 6. Exposed External Beam Close
to or on the Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.7.7 Example 7. Foundation T-Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.7.8 Example 8. Retaining Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.7.9 Example 9. Retaining Wall in Contact
with Chemical Highly Aggressive Ground Soil . . . . . . 64
3.7.10 Example 10. New Jersey Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.7.11 Example 11. Drilled Pile in a Slightly
Aggressive Ground Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.7.12 Example 12. Prestressed Roofing Beam
for a Precast Building Near to or on the Coast . . . . . . . 67
4 Structural Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.1 The Structural Behaviour at Failure of a Beam in Bending . . . . 69
4.2 General Discussion on the Nonlinear Behaviour
of the Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.3 Structural Analysis: General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.1 Linear Elastic Analysis (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.2 Linear Elastic Analysis with Limited
Redistribution (LR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.3 Plastic Analysis (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3.4 Nonlinear Analysis (NL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Contents xi

4.3.5 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.3.6 Effective Width of Flanges of T-section Beams . . . . . . 100
4.3.7 Continuous Beam with Infinite Spans 10 m
at ULS-SLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5 Analysis of Second Order Effects with Axial Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.2 Geometric Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.3 Isolated Members and Bracing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.4 Simplified Criteria for Second Order Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.4.1 Slenderness Criterion for Isolated Members . . . . . . . . 125
5.4.2 Global Second-Order Effects in Buildings . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.5 Methods of Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.5.1 The General Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.5.2 The Method Based on Nominal Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.5.3 The Method Based on Nominal Curvature . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.5.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.5.5 Synthesis of Developed Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
6 Prestressed Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.2 Stress–Strain Diagram σ − ε for Prestressing Steel . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.3 Maximum Prestress Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.3.1 Maximum Prestress Force Applied to a Tendon
During Tensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.3.2 Maximum Prestress Force After the Transfer
of Prestress to Concrete (After Initial Losses) . . . . . . . 200
6.3.3 Mean Prestress Force in Prestressing Steel
at Service Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.4 Limitation of Concrete Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
6.4.1 Concrete Stress at the Transfer of Prestress . . . . . . . . . 201
6.4.2 Limitation of Stresses in Anchorage Zones . . . . . . . . . 201
6.4.3 Maximum Concrete Stresses at Serviceability
Limit State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.4.4 Design Prestress Force and Concrete Strength
in Anchorage Zones of Post-tensioned Tendons . . . . . 209
6.5 Local Effects at Anchorage Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.6 Minimum Distance of Pre-tensioned Strands or Ducts
of Post-tensioned Tendons from Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.7 Minimum Clear Spacing for Pre-tensioned Strands
and Ducts of Post-tensioned Tendons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.7.1 Minimum Clear Spacing of Pre-tensioned
Strands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
xii Contents

6.7.2 Minimum Clear Spacing Between

Post-tensioned Tendons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
6.8 Initial Losses Occurring in Pre-tensioned Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.8.1 Losses Due to the Elastic Shortening
of Concrete (Pre-tensioned Strands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.9 Initial Losses of Prestress for Post-tensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.9.1 Losses Due to the Shortening of Concrete
(Post-tensioned Tendons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
6.9.2 Loss Due to Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
6.9.3 Loss Due to Wedge Draw-In of the Anchorage
Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.10 Time-Dependent Prestress Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
6.10.1 Loss Due to Shrinkage of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
6.10.2 Loss Due to the Relaxation of Prestressing Steel . . . . 263
6.10.3 Effects of the Heat Curing on the Prestress Loss
Due to Steel Relaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
6.10.4 Thermal Loss ΔPθ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
6.10.5 Loss Due to Concrete Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
6.10.6 Effects of a Thermal Cycle on the Concrete
Hardening Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
6.10.7 Long-Term Losses Due to Concrete Creep
and Shrinkage and Steel Relaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.11 ULS in Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
6.11.1 Dimensionless Calculation of the Failure Type
of a Pre-stressed Rectangular Cross-Section
Under the Hypothesis of Elastic-Perfectly
Plastic Stress–Strain Law for Prestressing Steel . . . . . 317
6.11.2 Dimensionless Calculation of the Failure Type
for a T or I Pre-stressed Cross-Section Under
the Hypothesis of an Elastic-Perfectly Plastic
Stress–Strain Law for Prestressing Steel . . . . . . . . . . . 318
6.11.3 Example 21. Calculation of the Failure
Type of a Pre-stressed Rectangular
Cross-Section (Fig. 6.62) Under the Hypothesis
of Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Stress–Strain Law
for Prestressing Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
6.11.4 Example 22. Calculation of the Resistant
Moment for a Prestressed T Cross-Section
(Under the Hypothesis of an Elastic-Perfectly
Plastic Stress–Strain Law for Prestressing Steel) . . . . 323
6.11.5 Example 23. Calculation of the Resistant
Moment for a Prestressed T Cross-Section
Under the Hypothesis of an Elastic/Strain
Hardening Stress–Strain Law for Prestressing
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Contents xiii

6.12 Anchorage Length for Pre-tensioned Tendons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

6.12.1 Transfer of Prestress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
6.12.2 Anchorage of Pre-tensioned Tendons at ULS . . . . . . . 335
6.12.3 Example 24. Calculation of Transmission
Length, Dispersion Length and Anchorage
Length for Pre-tensioned Tendons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
6.13 Anchorage Zones of Post-tensioned Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
6.13.1 “Bursting” Stresses and Anti-burst
Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
6.14 Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
6.14.1 Beneficial Effects of Prestressing on the Shear
Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
7 Ultimate Limit State for Bending with or Without Axial Force . . . . . 363
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
7.2 Main Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
7.3 Resultant Compressive Force in Case of Rectangular
Cross-Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
7.4 Equilibrium Configurations of a Rectangular
Cross-Section Under Axial Force Combined with Bending . . . . 368
7.5 Reinforcement Design for Uniaxial Bending and Axial
Force Combined with Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
7.6 Rectangular Cross-Section in Uniaxial Bending
and Axial Force Combined with Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
7.6.1 Rectangular Cross-Section: Generalized
Parabola-Rectangle Diagrams; Bilinear
Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
7.6.2 Rectangular Cross-Section: Rectangular Stress
Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
7.6.3 Examples of Application for Rectangular
Cross-Sections in Uniaxial Bending (7.6.1.1.1
and 7.6.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
7.6.4 Examples of Application for Rectangular
Cross-Section with Axial Force Combined
with Uniaxial Bending (7.6.1.1.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
7.7 T-shaped Cross-Section in Bending with or Without Axial
Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
7.7.1 T-shaped Cross-Section in Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
7.7.2 Examples of Application for T-shaped
Cross-Section in Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
7.7.3 T-shaped Cross-Section with Axial Force
and Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
xiv Contents

7.7.4 Examples of Application for a T-shaped

Cross-Section Under Axial Force Combined
with Uniaxial Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
7.8 Interaction Diagrams for Axial Force and Bending at ULS . . . . 418
7.8.1 Examples of Application of the Interaction
Diagrams v − μ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
7.9 “Rose” Shaped Diagrams for Axial Force Combined
with Uniaxial or Biaxial Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
7.9.1 Example 1: Axial Force Combined with Biaxial
Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
8 Shear and Torsion at Ultimate Limit State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
8.1 Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
8.1.1 Symbols and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
8.1.2 Members Without Transverse Reinforcements . . . . . . 426
8.1.3 Members with Transverse Reinforcements . . . . . . . . . 430
8.1.4 Examples of Verification of Beams Provided
with Transverse Reinforcements (Theme 1) . . . . . . . . 441
8.1.5 Examples of Reinforcement Design (Theme 2) . . . . . . 445
8.1.6 Shear Strength in Case of Loads Near
to Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
8.1.7 Shear Between Web and Flanges for T-beams . . . . . . . 450
8.2 Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
8.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
8.2.2 Calculation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
8.2.3 General and Practical Rules of EC2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
8.2.4 Verification and Design in Case of Pure Torsion . . . . . 456
8.2.5 Shear-Torsion Interaction Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
9 Punching Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
9.2 The Failure Mechanism Due to Punching Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
9.2.1 Contributions to Punching Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . 474
9.2.2 Size Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
9.2.3 Types of Punching Shear Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . 479
9.3 Phases of Punching Shear Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
9.4 Punching Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
9.5 Design Value of the Shear/Punching Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
9.6 Perimeters u0 and u1 for Rectangular Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
9.6.1 Internal Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
9.6.2 Edge Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
9.6.3 Corner Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
9.7 The Coefficient β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
9.7.1 Values of the Coefficient k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Contents xv

9.7.2 Calculation of the Coefficient β for Rectangular

or Circular Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
9.7.3 Example No. 1—Evaluation of the Coefficient
β for an Internal Rectangular Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
9.8 Punching Shear Calculation on the Perimeter
of the Column or Loaded Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
9.8.1 Maximum Punching Shear Resistance vRd,max . . . . . . . 503
9.8.2 Design Value of the Punching Shear Resistance . . . . . 504
9.8.3 Maximum Punching Shear Resistance for Slabs
on Circular Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
9.8.4 Maximum Punching Shear Force for Slabs
on Rectangular Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
9.8.5 Minimum Value of the Slab Effective Depth . . . . . . . . 508
9.9 Columns with Enlarged Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
9.9.1 Enlarged Column Head with lH ≤ 2hH . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
9.9.2 Enlarged Column Head with lH > 2hH . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
9.10 Punching Shear Verification Along the Control
Perimeter u1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
9.10.1 Punching Shear Resistance of Slabs Without
Shear Reinforcement vRd,c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
9.10.2 Verification Problem: Calculation of vRd,c Using
Tabulated Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
9.11 Comparison of the Shear Forces V Rd,max and V Rd,c . . . . . . . . . . . 528
9.11.1 Example No. 8—Maximum Value
of the Effective Depth to Have V Rd,c ≤ V Rd,max . . . . . . 529
9.12 Punching Shear Resistance of Slabs with Punching Shear
Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
9.13 Arrangement of the Punching Shear Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . 534
9.13.1 Studs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
9.13.2 Bent-Up Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
9.14 Maximum Area of Transverse Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
9.14.1 Case A: Studs on Two Perimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
9.14.2 Case B: Bent-Up Bars on One Perimeter . . . . . . . . . . . 542
9.15 Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
9.15.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Appendix 1: Tables for Rapid Calculation of vRd,c (N/mm2 )
with Varying Diameter and Spacing of Flexural Reinforcement . . . . . . . 568
Appendix 2: Tables with the Maximum Area of Studs Within
Each Perimeter for Slabs on Rectangular Columns Equipped
with Two Reinforcement Perimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
10 Strut-And-Tie Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
xvi Contents

10.1.1Strut and Tie Method as an Application

of the Lower Bound (Static) Theorem of Limit
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
10.2 Identification of the Geometry of the S&T Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
10.2.1 Position and Extension of “D” Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
10.2.2 Evaluation of the Stress Field and Design
of Reinforcement in “B” Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
10.2.3 Forces at the Boundary of “D” Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
10.3 Choice of the S&T Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
10.4 Kinematically Unstable S&T Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
10.5 Practical Rules for the Identification of the S&T Model . . . . . . . 600
10.6 Common S&T Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
10.6.1 Spread of a Concentrated Load Within
a Strut (D1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
10.6.2 Spread of a Concentrated Eccentric Load (D2) . . . . . . 612
10.6.3 Single-Span Deep Beam Uniformly Loaded
on the Top Edge (D3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
10.7 Verification of Members and Nodes of the S&T Model . . . . . . . 617
10.8 Reinforcement Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
10.9 Verification of Struts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
10.9.1 Transverse Reinforcing Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
10.10 Verification of Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
10.10.1 Types of Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
10.10.2 Strength of Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
10.10.3 Compression Nodes (CCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
10.10.4 Compression-Tension Nodes with Anchored
Ties Provided in One Direction (CCT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
10.10.5 Compression-Tension Nodes with Ties
Arranged in Two Directions (CTT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
10.10.6 Conditions for Increasing the Strength of Nodes
and Confined Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
10.11 Frame Corners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
10.11.1 Frame Corner with Closing Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
10.11.2 Frame Corners with Opening Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
10.12 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
10.12.1 Example No. 1—Simply Supported Deep Beam
Under a Uniformly Distributed Load of 280
kN/m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
10.12.2 Example No. 2—Simply Supported Deep Beam
Under a Uniformly Distributed Load of 420
kN/m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
10.12.3 Example No. 3—Rigid Spread Footing . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
10.12.4 Example No. 4—Isolated Footing on Four Piles . . . . . 661
10.12.5 Example No. 5—Gerber Hinge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Contents xvii

10.12.6 Example No. 6—Abrupt Change of the Height

of a Slender Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
10.12.7 Example No. 7—Corbel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
10.12.8 Example No. 8—Design of the Corbel
Secondary Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
10.13 Corbel Subjected to a Concentrated Load at the Bottom . . . . . . . 689
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690
11 Serviceability Limit States (SLS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
11.2 Stress Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
11.2.1 Bending–Solving Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
11.2.2 Axial Force Combined with Bending–
Rectangular Cross-Section–Solving Formulas . . . . . . 698
11.2.3 Service Interaction Diagrams v − μ
for Rectangular Cross-Sections with Double
Symmetrical Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
11.2.4 Cases When SLS Stress Verifications Are
Implicitly Satisfied by ULS Verifications . . . . . . . . . . . 700
11.2.5 Application Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
11.3 Crack Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
11.3.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
11.3.2 Calculation of Crack Widths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
11.3.3 Minimum Reinforcement Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
11.3.4 Surface Reinforcements in High Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
11.4 Deflection Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
11.4.1 Application Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
11.4.2 Deflection Calculation Due to Shrinkage . . . . . . . . . . . 730
11.5 Further Verifications at SLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
12 Detailing of Reinforcement and Structural Members
for Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
12.1 Detailing of Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
12.1.1 Spacing of Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
12.1.2 Permissible Mandrel Diameters for Bent Bars . . . . . . . 737
12.1.3 Anchorage of Longitudinal Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . 740
12.1.4 Ultimate Bond Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
12.1.5 Anchorage Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
12.1.6 Anchorage of Links and Shear Reinforcement . . . . . . 756
12.1.7 Anchorage by Welded Transverse Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
12.1.8 Laps and Mechanical Couplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
12.1.9 Bundles of Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
12.1.10 Rules for Prestressing Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
12.2 Detailing of Beams, Columns, Slabs and Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
12.2.1 Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
xviii Contents

12.2.2 Solid Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786

12.2.3 Flat Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790
12.2.4 Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
12.2.5 Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795

Appendix: Tables and Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799

About the Authors

Franco Angotti is professor emeritus of Strength of Materials at the University of

Florence, Italy. He is President of the Italian Mirror Committee to the European
Committee CEN/TC250/SC2 “Concrete Structures”, member of the Committee for
Technical Standards of the Italian National Research Council (CNR) and the Task
Group of the Italian High Council of Public Works for the definition of National
Determined Parameters of Eurocodes. He is President of the Italian Association for
Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete (AICAP).

Matteo Guiglia has a PhD in Structural Engineering from the Turin Polytechnic,
Italy. He delivers both consultancy and structural design services at both national and
international level. He is member of the Task Group T2.1 “Serviceability models”
of the Fédération Internationale du Béton (fib).

Piero Marro is professor emeritus of Strength of Materials at the Turin Polytechnic,

Italy. As an affiliated to the Comité Euro-International du Béton (CEB) since 1975,
he participated in the drafting of Model Code 1978 and Model Code 1990 and in the
conversion of EC2 from provisional to definitive standard in 2004. He is a “fib Life
Member” and corresponding member of the Turin Academy of Sciences.

Maurizio Orlando is associate professor of Structural Analysis and Design at the

School of Engineering of the University of Florence, Italy. His research focuses
on theoretical and experimental analysis of reinforced concrete structures under
both static and seismic loading. He is member of the Working Group CEN/TC
250/SC 2/WG 104 “Shear, punching, torsion” dealing with the revision of section 6
of Eurocode 2, Vice President of the Italian Mirror Committee to the European
Committee CEN/TC250/SC2 “Concrete structures” and Secretary of the Italian
Association for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete (AICAP).

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