NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

Chapter-8

(A) Main Concepts and Results

Sides, Angles and diagonals of a quadrilateral;

Different types of quadrilaterals:

Trapezium, parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus and

square.

• Sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360º,

• A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two

congruent triangles,

• In a parallelogram

(i) opposite angles are equal

(ii) opposite sides are equal

(iii) diagonals bisect each other.

• A quadrilateral is a parallelogram, if

(i) its opposite angles are equal

(ii) its opposite sides are equal

(iii) its diagonals bisect each other

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

(iv) a pair of opposite sides is equal and parallel.

• Diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other and are

equal and vice-versa

• Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right

angles and vice-versa

• Diagonals of a square bisect each other at right

angles and are equal and vice-versa

• The line-segment joining the mid-points of any two

sides of a triangle is parallel to

the third side and is half of it.

QUADRILATERALS

• A line drawn through the mid-point of a side of a

triangle parallel to another side bisects

the third side,

• The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-points of

the sides of a quadrilateral,

taken in order, is a parallelogram.

(B) Multiple Choice Questions

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

Write the correct answer :

Sample Question 1 : Diagonals of a parallelogram

ABCD intersect at O. If

ÐBOC = 90º and ÐBDC = 50º, then ÐOAB is

(A) 90º (B) 50º (C) 40º (D) 10º

Solution : Answer (C)

EXERCISE 8.1

Write the correct answer in each of the following:

1. Three angles of a quadrilateral are 75º, 90º and

75º. The fourth angle is

(A) 90º (B) 95º (C) 105º (D) 120º

Solution- fourth angle of

= 3600-(75+90+75)

=360-240 1200(D)

2. A diagonal of a rectangle is inclined to one side of

the rectangle at 25º. The acute

angle between the diagonals is

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

(A) 55º (B) 50º (C) 40º (D) 25º

Solution-

AC= BD (diagonals of a rect.)

½ AC = ½ BD

OA= OB [diagonal of a rect. Bisect each other)

Ð1 = Ð2 (esos Dprop) = 25

Ð3 = Ð1 + Ð2
= 25 + 25 = 500 (B)

3. ABCD is a rhombus such that ÐACB = 40º. Then

ÐADB is

(A) 40º (B) 45º (C) 50º (D) 60º

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

Solution-

AD ! BC
Þ Ð3 = Ð1 = 400 ( alternate enter. Ðs)
Ð4=900 (diagonal of a rhombas are ^ to each other)
ÐADB= 1800 - (Ð3 + Ð4)
= 1800 - (40 + 90)
= 180 - 130
= 500 ans.

4. The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-points of

the sides of a quadrilateral

PQRS, taken in order, is a rectangle, if

(A) PQRS is a rectangle

(B) PQRS is a parallelogram

(C) diagonals of PQRS are perpendicular

(D) diagonals of PQRS are equal.

Solution-

Diagonal of PQRS are Perpendicular (C)

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5. The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-points of

the sides of a quadrilateral

PQRS, taken in order, is a rhombus, if

(A) PQRS is a rhombus

(B) PQRS is a parallelogram

(C) diagonals of PQRS are perpendicular

(D) diagonals of PQRS are equal.

Solution- diagonal of PQRS are equal (D)

ÐA = 1260 , ÐB = 540 , ÐC = 1020 , ÐD = 720

ÐA + ÐB = 126 + 54 = 1800
but these are co in ÐS
\ AD ! BC
ÐA+ÐD ¹ 1800

SO, AB not Parallel to DC

ABCD is a trapezium.

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QUADRILATERALS 73

6. If angles A, B, C and D of the quadrilateral ABCD,

taken in order, are in the ratio

3:7:6:4, then ABCD is a

(A) rhombus (B) parallelogram

(C) trapezium (D) kite

Solution-

7. If bisectors of ÐA and ÐB of a quadrilateral ABCD

intersect each other at P, of ÐB and ÐC at Q, of ÐC

and ÐD at R and of ÐD and ÐA at S, then PQRS is a

(A) rectangle (B) rhombus

(C) parallelogram

(D) quadrilateral whose opposite angles are

supplementary

Solution-

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PQRS is whose opp. Angles are Suppl. (D)

8. If APB and CQD are two parallel lines, then the

bisectors of the angles APQ, BPQ, CQP and PQD form

(A) a square (B) a rhombus

(C) a rectangle (D) any other parallelogram

Solution-

PNQM is a a rectangle (C)

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9. The figure obtained by joining the mid-points of the

sides of a rhombus, taken in order, is

(A) a rhombus (B) a rectangle

(C) a square (D) any parallelogram

Solution-

A rectangle (B)

10. D and E are the mid-points of the sides AB and AC

of DABC and O is any point on side BC. O is joined to
A. If P and Q are the mid-points of OB and OC
respectively, then DEQP is

(A) a square (B) a rectangle

(C) a rhombus (D) a parallelogram

Solution-

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DE joins midpoints of sides AB and AC respectively.

\ DE ! BC ......(i) (Mid. pt. theoram)

1
DE = BC ....(ii)
2
BC = BO+OC
= 2(OP) + 2(OQ)
= 2 PQ
1
\ PQ = BC .....(iii)
2

From (ii) and (iii)

DE= PQ

DE ! PQ (DE ! BC)

DEQP is a Parallelogram (D)

11. The figure formed by joining the mid-points of the

sides of a quadrilateral ABCD,

taken in order, is a square only if,

(A) ABCD is a rhombus

(B) diagonals of ABCD are equal

(C) diagonals of ABCD are equal and perpendicular

(D) diagonals of ABCD are perpendicular.

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Solution-

Diagonal of ABCD are equal and perpendicular (C)

12. The diagonals AC and BD of a parallelogram ABCD

intersect each other at the point O. If ÐDAC = 32º and
ÐAOB = 70º, then ÐDBC is equal to

(A) 24º (B) 86º (C) 38º (D) 32º

Solution-

Ð2 = Ð1 + Ð3 (exterior angle prop of D )

700 = 32 + Ð3
Þ Ð3 = 700 - 32 = 380
AD ! BC
\ÐDBC=Ð3=380
(C) ( alternate interior ÐS)

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13. Which of the following is not true for a

parallelogram?

(A) opposite sides are equal

(B) opposite angles are equal

(C) opposite angles are bisected by the diagonals

(D) diagonals bisect each other.

Solution-

Opp. Angles are bisected by diagonals (C)

14. D and E are the mid-points of the sides AB and AC

respectively of DABC. DE is produced to F. To prove
that CF is equal and parallel to DA, we need an
additional information which is

(A) Ð DAE = Ð EFC

(B) AE = EF

(C) DE = EF

(D) Ð ADE = Ð ECF.

Solution-

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DE= EF

(C) Short Answer Questions with Reasoning

Sample Question 1 : ABCD is a parallelogram. If its

diagonals are equal, then find the value of ÐABC.

Solution : As diagonals of the parallelogram ABCD are

equal, it is a rectangle. Therefore, Ð ABC = 90º

Sample Question 2 : Diagonals of a rhombus are equal

and perpendicular to each other. Is this statement
true? Give reason for your answer.

Solution : This statement is false, because diagonals of

a rhombus are perpendicular

but not equal to each other.

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Sample Question 3 : Three angles of a quadrilateral

ABCD are equal. Is it a

parallelogram? Why or why not?

Solution: It need not be a parallelogram, because we

may have ÐA = ÐB = ÐC = 80º

and ÐD = 120º. Here, ÐB ¹ Ð D.

Sample Question 4 : Diagonals AC and BD of a

quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other at O such that
OA : OC = 3: 2. Is ABCD a parallelogram? Why or why
not?

Solution : ABCD is not a parallelogram, because

diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. Here OA
¹ OC.

EXERCISE 8.2

1. Diagonals AC and BD of a parallelogram ABCD

intersect each other at O.

If OA = 3 cm and OD = 2 cm, determine the lengths of

AC and BD.

Solution-

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OA = 3cm

2(OA)= 6cm

OD= 2cm

2(OD)= 4 cm

(diagonals of NGM bisect each other)

2. Diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular to

each other. Is this statement true? Give reason for
your answer.

Solution-

No. diagonal of a parallelogram bisect each other.

[diagonal are ^ in

(a) rhombus (b) square (c) bite

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3. Can the angles 110º, 80º, 70º and 95º be the

angles of a quadrilateral? Why or why not?

Solution-

110+80+70+95=355

¹ 360

So, 1100, 800, 700, 950, cannot be angles of a

parallelogram.

4. In quadrilateral ABCD, ÐA + ÐD = 180º. What

special name can be given to this quadrilateral?

Solution-

ÐA + ÐD = 1800
Þ AB ! DC
\ ABCD can be called a trapezium

5. All the angles of a quadrilateral are equal. What

special name is given to this quadrilateral?

Solution-

Rectangle.

Each angle = 900

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6. Diagonals of a rectangle are equal and

perpendicular. Is this statement true? Give reason for
your answer.

Solution-

No. diagonal of a rectangle are not perpendicular.

7. Can all the four angles of a quadrilateral be obtuse

angles? Give reason for your answer.

Solution- no- ! sum of all 4 angles of

=3600

8. In DABC, AB = 5 cm, BC = 8 cm and CA = 7 cm. If

D and E are respectively the mid-points of AB and BC,
determine the length of DE.

Solution-

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DE joins midpoints of sides AB and BC respectively.

1
\ DE = AC ( mid. point theoram)
2
1
= ´ 7 = 3.5cm
2

9. In Fig.8.1, it is given that BDEF and FDCE are

parallelograms. Can you say that

BD = CD? Why or why not?

Solution-

BDEF is a parallelogram

\ BD = FE .....(i) (opp. side of ! gram)

" FDCE is ! gm
\ DC = FE ......(ii) (do)
From (i) or (ii)
BD = CD

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10. In Fig.8.2, ABCD and AEFG are two parallelograms.

If ÐC = 55º,determine Ð F.

Solution-

ABCD is a ! gm

\ÐA = ÐC = 550 (opp.Ð & of a ! gm)

AEFG is a ! gm (do)
ÐA=ÐF =550

11. Can all the angles of a quadrilateral be acute

angles? Give reason for your answer.

Solution-

No.

Then sum of all four angles is less then 3600.

12. Can all the angles of a quadrilateral be right

angles? Give reason for your answer.

Solution-

Yes.

! Then Sum of all four angles = 3600.

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13. Diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD bisect each

other. If ÐA = 35º, determine ÐB.

Solution-

! diagonal of "
bisect each other
\ " is a # gm
AD # BC (opp. sides of a # gm)
ÐA+ÐB=1800 (cocn Ð&)
35 + Ð B = 1800
Þ ÐB = 1800 - 350 = 1450

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14. Opposite angles of a quadrilateral ABCD are equal.

If AB = 4 cm, determine CD.

Solution-

! ÐA = ÐC , ÐB = ÐD
\" ABCD is a # gm
CD= AB = 4cm
[opp. sides of a # gm.]

(D) Short Answer Questions

Sample Question 1 : Angles of a quadrilateral are in

the ratio 3 : 4 : 4 : 7. Find all the

angles of the quadrilateral.

Solution : Let the angles of the quadrilateral be 3x, 4x,

4x and 7x.

So, 3x + 4x + 4x + 7x = 360º

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

or 18x = 360º, i.e., x = 20º

Thus, required angles are 60º, 80º, 80º and 140º.

Sample Question 2 : In Fig.8.3, X and Y

are respectively the mid-points of the opposite

sides AD and BC of a parallelogram ABCD.

Also, BX and DY intersect AC at P and Q,

respectively. Show that AP = PQ = QC.

Solution : AD = BC (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)

Therefore, DX = BY ( 1 AD) = 1
BC)
2 2

Also, DX || BY (As AD || BC)

So, XBYD is a parallelogram (A pair of opposite sides

equal and parallel)

i.e., PX || QD

Therefore, AP = PQ (From DAQD where X is mid-point

of AD)

Similarly, from DCPB, CQ = PQ (1)

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Thus, AP = PQ = CQ [From (1) and (2)] (2)

Sample Question 3 : In Fig.8.4, AX and

CY are respectively the bisectors of the

opposite angles A and C of a parallelogram

ABCD.

Show that AX || CY.

Solution : ÐA = ÐC

(Opposite angles of parallelogram ABCD)

1
Therefore ÐA = 1 ÐC
2 2

i.e., ÐYAX = ÐYCX (1)

Also, ÐAYC + ÐYCX = 180º (Because YA || CX) (2)

Therefore, ÐAYC + ÐYAX = 180º [From (1) and (2)]

So, AX || CY (As interior angles on the same side of the

transversal are supplementary)

EXERCISE 8.3

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1. One angle of a quadrilateral is of 108º and the

remaining three angles are equal. Find each of the
three equal angles.

Solution-

Let three equal angles be x0, x0, x0.

x + x + x + 108 = 3600
[ angles sum prep. of D]

Þ 3 x = 360 - 108
Þ 3 x = 252
252
Þx=
3
= 84
\ each equal angle =840

2. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and ÐA = ÐB

= 45º. Find angles C and D of the trapezium.

Solution-

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DC ! AB
ÐA + ÐD = 1800 (CounÐ&)
450 + ÐD = 1800
Þ ÐD = 1800 - 450 = 1350
sum ÐC = 1350

3. The angle between two altitudes of a parallelogram

through the vertex of an obtuse angle of the
parallelogram is 60º. Find the angles of the
parallelogram.

Solution-

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

in! APBQ
Ð1 + Ð2 + ÐB + Ð3 = 3600
60 + 90 + ÐB + 900 = 360
Þ ÐB = 3600 - 2400 = 1200
ÐADC = ÐB = 1200 (opp > .)
AD " BC (opp. Ð & of a " gm.)
ÐA + ÐB = 1800 (coun Ð&)
Ð A + 1200 = 1800
Þ ÐA = 180 - 120 = 600
ÐC = ÐA = 600 (opp. Ð& of a " gm.)

4. ABCD is a rhombus in which altitude from D to side

AB bisects AB. Find the angles of the rhombus.

Solution-

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DAPD @ DBPD by SAS

é AP = BP ù
ê 0ú
Prop êÐ1 = Ð 2 = 90 ú
ê PD = PB ú
ë û

ÐA = Ð3( cpct)
édiagonal ù
but Ð3=Ð4 ê ú
ë biosect opp.û
\ÐA = Ð3 = Ð 4.........(i )
[angles of a rhombus]
AD ! BC
ÐA+ÐABC=1800
ÐA + Ð3 + Ð 4 = 1800
ÐA + ÐA + ÐA = 1800 (using i)
Þ 3ÐA=1800
180
Þ ÐA = = 600
3
ÐABC = Ð3 + Ð 4
= 60 + 60 = 1200

ÐC = ÐA = 600
ÐADC = ÐABC = 1200 [ opp. Ð & of a rhombus]

5. E and F are points on diagonal AC of a parallelogram

ABCD such that AE = CF. Show that BFDE is a
parallelogram.

Solution-

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to show !BFDE is a " gm

prof ABCD is a " gm
\ OD=OB .....(i) [diagrams of " gm bisecet each other]
OA=OC .......(ii)

AE=CF ......(iii) (given) (ii) - (iii)

OA-AE= OC-CF
Þ OE=OF .......(iv)
éOD = OB ù
!BFDE is a " gm ê ú
ëOE = OF û

6. E is the mid-point of the side AD of the trapezium

ABCD with AB || DC. A line through E drawn parallel to
AB intersect BC at F. Show that F is the mid-point of
BC. [Hint: Join AC]

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

Solution-

Const.- From AC intersecting AC at O

Proof- In

DADC , E is midpt. of AD and EF ! DC

é EF ! AB ù
ê DC ! AB ú
ê ú
êëÞ AB ! EF ! DC úû
\ O is midpt. of AC
[converse of midpt. theorm]
in DCAB , O is midpt. AC, OF ! AB
Þ OF bisects CB (do) or F is midpt. of BC

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7. Through A, B and C, lines RQ, PR and QP have been

drawn, respectively parallel to sides BC, CA and AB of a
D ABC a shown in Fig.8.5. Show that BC = 1 QR.
2

Solution-

proof !RBCA is a " gm

é RA " BC ù
ê BR " CA ú
ë û
\ RA = BC.......(i )( opp. sides of a " gm.)
!BCQA is a " gm.
AQ=BC ......(ii) (do)
(i)+(ii)
RA
AQ= 2BC
1
Þ BC= QR
2

8. D, E and F are the mid-points of the sides BC, CA

and AB, respectively of an equilateral triangle ABC.
Show that D DEF is also an equilateral triangle.

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9. Points P and Q have been taken on opposite sides

AB and CD, respectively of a parallelogram ABCD such
that AP = CQ (Fig. 8.6). Show that AC and PQ bisect
each other.

10. In Fig. 8.7, P is the mid-point of side

BC of a parallelogram ABCD such that

ÐBAP = ÐDAP. Prove that AD = 2CD.

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(E) Long Answer Questions

Sample Question 1 : PQ and RS are two equal and

parallel line-segments. Any point

M not lying on PQ or RS is joined to Q and S and lines

through P parallel to QM and

through R parallel to SM meet at N. Prove that line

segments MN and PQ are equal

and parallel to each other.

Solution : We draw the figure as per the given

conditions (Fig.8.8).

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

It is given that PQ = RS and PQ || RS. Therefore, PQSR

is a parallelogram.

So, PR = QS and PR || QS (1)

Now, PR || QS

Therefore, ÐRPQ + ÐPQS = 180º

(Interior angles on the same side of the transversal)

i.e., ÐRPQ + ÐPQM + ÐMQS = 180º (2)

Also, PN || QM (By construction)

Therefore, ÐNPQ + ÐPQM = 180º

i.e., ÐNPR + ÐRPQ + ÐPQM = 180º (3)

So, ÐNPR = ÐMQS [From (2) and (3)] (4)

Similarly, ÐNRP = ÐMSQ (5)

Therefore, DPNR @ DQMS [ASA, using (1), (4) and (5)]

So, PN = QM and NR = MS (CPCT)

As, PN = QM and

PN || QM, we have PQMN is a parallelogram

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

So, MN = PQ and NM || PQ.

Sample Question 2 : Prove that a diagonal of a

parallelogram divides it into two

congruent triangles.

Solution : See proof of Theorem 8.1 in the textbook.

Sample Question 3 : Show that the quadrilateral

formed by joining the mid-points the

sides of a rhombus, taken in order, form a rectangle.

Solution : Let ABCD be a rhombus and P, Q, R and S be

the mid-points of sides AB,

BC, CD and DA, respectively (Fig. 8.9). Join AC and BD.

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

From triangle ABD, we have SP = 1 1 BD and SP || BD

2

(Because S and P are mid-points)

Similarly, RQ = 1 BD and RQ || BD
2

Therefore, SP = RQ and SP || RQ

So, PQRS is a parallelogram. (1)

Also,AC ^ BD (Diagonals of a rhombus are

perpendicular)

Further PQ || AC (From DBAC)

As SP || BD, PQ || AC and AC ^ BD,

therefore, we have SP ^ PQ, i.e. ÐSPQ = 90º. (2)

Therefore, PQRS is a rectangle[From (1) and (2)]

Sample Question 4 : A diagonal of a parallelogram

bisects one of its angle. Prove

that it will bisect its opposite angle also.

Solution : Let us draw the figure as per given condition

(Fig.8.10). In it, AC is a

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

diagonal which bisects ÐBAD of the parallelogram

ABCD, i.e., it is given that ÐBAC

= ÐDAC. We need to prove that ÐBCA = ÐDCA.

AB || CD and AC is a transversal.

Therefore, ÐBAC = ÐDCA (Alternate angles) (1)

Similarly, ÐDAC = ÐBCA (From AD || BC) (2)

But it is given that ÐBAC = ÐDAC (3)

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3), we have

ÐBCA = ÐDCA

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EXERCISE 8.4

1. A square is inscribed in an isosceles right triangle so

that the square and the triangle

have one angle common. Show that the vertex of the

square opposite the vertex of

the common angle bisects the hypotenuse.

2. In a parallelogram ABCD, AB = 10 cm and AD = 6

cm. The bisector of ÐA meets

DC in E. AE and BC produced meet at F. Find the length

of CF.

3. P, Q, R and S are respectively the mid-points of the

sides AB, BC, CD and DA of

a quadrilateral ABCD in which AC = BD. Prove that

PQRS is a rhombus.

4. P, Q, R and S are respectively the mid-points of the

sides AB, BC, CD and DA of

a quadrilateral ABCD such that AC ^ BD. Prove that

PQRS is a rectangle.

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

5. P, Q, R and S are respectively the mid-points of

sides AB, BC, CD and DA of

quadrilateral ABCD in which AC = BD and AC ^ BD.

Prove that PQRS is a

square.

6. A diagonal of a parallelogram bisects one of its

angles. Show that it is a rhombus.

7. P and Q are the mid-points of the opposite sides AB

and CD of a parallelogram

ABCD. AQ intersects DP at S and BQ intersects CP at R.

Show that PRQS is a

parallelogram.

8. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB || DC and AD =

BC. Prove that ÐA = ÐB

and ÐC = ÐD.

9. In Fig. 8.11, AB || DE, AB = DE, AC || DF and AC =

DF. Prove that BC || EF and

BC = EF.

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10. E is the mid-point of a median AD of DABC and BE

is produced to meet AC at F.

Show that AF = 1 AC.

3

11. Show that the quadrilateral formed by joining the

mid-points of the consecutive

sides of a square is also a square.

12. E and F are respectively the mid-points of the non-

parallel sides AD and BC of a

1
trapezium ABCD. Prove that EF || AB and EF = (AB +
2

CD).

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 NCERT Exemplar Class 9 Maths

[Hint: Join BE and produce it to meet CD produced at

G.]

13. Prove that the quadrilateral formed by the bisectors

of the angles of a parallelogram

is a rectangle.

14. P and Q are points on opposite sides AD and BC of

a parallelogram ABCD such

that PQ passes through the point of intersection O of its

diagonals AC and BD.

Show that PQ is bisected at O.

15. ABCD is a rectangle in which diagonal BD bisects

ÐB. Show that ABCD is a

square.

16. D, E and F are respectively the mid-points of the

sides AB, BC and CA of a

triangle ABC. Prove that by joining these mid-points D,

E and F, the triangles ABC

is divided into four congruent triangles.

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17. Prove that the line joining the mid-points of the

diagonals of a trapezium is parallel

to the parallel sides of the trapezium.

18. P is the mid-point of the side CD of a parallelogram

ABCD. A line through C

parallel to PA intersects AB at Q and DA produced at R.

Prove that DA = AR and

CQ = QR.

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