Lesson Two

Text: The Car That Was (after "The Citadel" by A. J. Cronin1)

Grammar: The Participle
THE CAR THAT WAS

Christine and Andrew went into the sitting room. Suddenly there came the loud braying 2 of a Klaxon
from outside. Only one motor horn in Aberalaw3 could sound like that. It belonged to Con Boland.4
Hearing the car slow down and pull up at the gate, Christine and Andrew came out to meet the
Bolands. The family had arrived in the reconstructed motor car — Con at the wheel in a bowler hat and
enormous new gauntlets, with Mary and Terence beside him; the three other children sat close around
Mrs. Boland, who had the infant in her arms, in the back, all packed like herrings in a tin.
Suddenly the horn began again: "Krr — krr — krr — krr —" Con had accidentally pushed the button
in switching off and now it was stuck. The Klaxon would not stop.
"In the name of God," Con cried, "I'm wastin'5 juice.6 What's happened?"
"It's the button, Father," Mary told him calmly. She took it out with her little fingernail. The racket
stopped.
"Ah, that's better," Con sighed. "How are ye, Mr. Manson, my boy? How d'you like the old car now?
I've had her lengthened a good two feet. Isn't she 7 grand? Mind you, there's still a little trouble with the
gearbox, but she never8 broke down. We didn't quite manage the hill, as ye might say!"
"We only stuck a few minutes, Father," said Mary.
"Ah! Never mind," said Con. "I'll soon put that right when I repair her again. How are ye,
Mrs. Manson? Here we all are to wish ye a merry Christmas9 and take our tea with ye!"
"Come in, Con," Christine smiled. "I like your gloves!"
"Christmas present from the wife," Con answered admiring the gauntlets. "Ah! What's gone wrong
with this door?"
Unable to open the door he threw his long legs over it, climbed out, helped the children and wife
from the back, looked over the car with care — fondly removing a lump of mud from the windscreen —
then tore himself away to follow the others to Vale View.10
They had a cheerful tea party. Con was in high spirits, proud of his car. "You'll not recognise her
when she has a coat of paint." Mrs. Boland, as was her habit, drank lots of strong black tea. The children
began upon the chocolate biscuits and ended with a fight for the last piece of bread. They cleared every plate
upon the table with lightning speed.
But Con and his family could not stay long. Outside the light was failing and Con, worried about his
"juice", had doubts which he did not care to express about the functioning of his lamps.
The Bolands were on the point of leaving when Con delivered the invitation: "Come out and see us
start."
Again Andrew and Christine stood at the gate while Con packed the car with the children. After a
couple of swings11 the engine obeyed and Con, with a triumphant nod towards them, pulled on his gauntlets.
Then he raised himself proudly into the driving seat.
At that very moment the car gave out a groan and sank to the ground. The wheels shot outwards,
there was the sound of pieces dropping off; then the body of the car came to rest on the street level. In the
front was Con clutching the wheel, in the back his wife, clutching the baby.
Andrew and Christine gave out a shriek of laughter. Once they began they could not stop. They
laughed till they were weak.
"In the name of God," Con said, rubbing his head and picking himself up, "she failed me." Seeing
that none of the children were hurt, that Mrs. Boland remained, pale but undisturbed, in her seat, he looked
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with sadness at the car lying in pieces. For a moment he seemed at a loss. Then his face brightened. He took
Andrew by the arm and pointed with melancholy pride to the bonnet, beneath which the engine still made a
few convulsive beats. "See that, Manson! She's still runnin'"
Somehow they dragged the remains into the back yard of Vale View. The Boland family went home
on foot.
"What a day!" Andrew exclaimed when they had calmed down at last. "I'll never forget that look on
Con's face as long as I live."

NOTES

1. Cronin, Archibald Johnson, born in 1896. An English physician and novelist, he was educated at
Glasgow University. He was in general practice in South Wales (1921—24), and in London (1926—30). He
is the author of "Hatter's Castle" (1931), 'The Stars Look Down" (1937), "The Keys of Kingdom" (1941),
"The Green Years" (1944), "Shannon's Way" (1948), "Adventures in Two Worlds" (1952), "The Crusader's
Tomb" (1956), "The Northern Light" (1958), "A Song of Sixpence” (1964) and other books.
2. The sound made by Con Boland's motor horn was loud and ugly, very much like the braying of an
ass (рев віслюка).
3. Aberalaw: an imaginary mining town in South Wales.
4. Con Boland, dentist, who was to become Andrew Manson's lifelong friend.
5. Along with a heavy Irish accent Con Boland had a carelessness of speech which the author gives
through the exact letter expression of the pronounced words: "ye", for "you", "wastin" for "wasting",
"runnin" for "running".
6. juice (sl): electric current; тут струм від аккумулятора
7. she: the pronoun will often be used when speaking of the moon, a ship, a car, etc.
8. never: used for the sake of emphasis, a stronger form of not, rather colloquial. E.g. 1) That will
never do! Це нікуди не годиться! 2) Never mind! He звертай уваги! 3) He never said a word against the
plan. Він ні слова не сказав проти плану.
9. Christmas: also Xmas, a religious holiday; Різдво Christmas Eve: Dec.24th; Christmas Day:
Dec.25th. There's a custom to make presents at Christmas as well as send Christmas cards wishing a person
"A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year".
10. In England it is a tradition for suburban houses to have names, not numbers. People of high social
position have country houses with names, that is why a house with a name seems "better" than a house with
a number.
11. The car didn't have a starter and Con Boland would start the engine running with the help of a
special handle (заводна ручка).

VOCABULARY

belong vi 1. належати (бути власністю) The book belongs to Dan. Who does this scarf belong to?
2. належати, бути членом (товариства, клубу, сім’ї і т.д.) What sport club do you belong to?
close a 1. близький a close friend (relative, contact, etc.) 2. пильний, ретельний a close look
(translation, etc.); close adv близько, поруч He sat close to the window. closely adv пильно, уважно,
ретельно to read (watch, examine, study, etc.) smth closely
accident n 1. нещасний випадок, катастрофа, аварія Не was badly hurt in a railway accident. Phr.
meet with (have) an accident потрапити в катастрофу, зазнати аварії 2. випадок, випадковість I met him
quite by accident. accidentally adv випадково, несподівано

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 stick (stuck) 1. vi (lit. & fig.) застрягати Their car got stuck in the mud. The words stuck in her throat.
2. vt наклеювати, приклеювати You must stick a stamp on the letter before you post it. Phr. stick to the
word (friends), one's principles, etc.) бути вірним слову (друзям), дотримуватися принципів і т.д.
waste vt витрачати (даремно, марно) to waste time (money, energy, words, etc.) on smb/smth waste
n марна витрата (часу, грошей і т.д.) It's (a) waste of time arguing (to argue) with him.
repair vt ремонтувати, лагодити to repair a car (a watch, a road, a house, etc.); The car is under
repair = The car is being repaired. The shop is closed for repairs.
wish vt 1. бажати, хотіти What do you wish to have for your birthday? 2. (по)бажати to wish smb
luck (a pleasant journey, a Happy New Year, etc.); wish n бажання, побажання
care n 1. увага, обережність You should do your work with care. Take care not to break the glass.
2. турбота, піклування, відповідальність The children were left in (under) our care when their parents
went away on a holiday. Phr. take care of smb/smth (по)піклуватися про; наглядати за кимось/чимось to
take care of one's family (one's children, one's parents, one's/smb's health; the tickets, one's luggage, etc.);
care vt/vi 1. виявляти зацікавленість, не бути байдужим; бути схильним, хотіти (частіше вживається в
запереч. і запит. контексті) I don't care what they say behind my back. She does not seem to care about
anything. I don't much care about going there now. Would you care to see the new film? 2. любити,
подобатися, захоплюватися (частіше вжив. у запереч. контексті) I don't think she really cares for him.
He does not care for meat.
cheer 1. vt вітати голосно; заохочувати схвальними вигуками Everybody cheered when the
firemen arrived. 2. vt/vi втішати(ся), підбадьорювати(ся) The good news cheered everybody. He cheered
up when he saw us. Phr. Cheer up! He журися! cheerful а веселий, бадьорий, життєрадісний a cheerful
person (face, voice, smile, word, etc.); cheerless а безрадісний, сумовитий a cheerless room (place, day…)
habit n звичка a good (bad, strange, old, harmful, etc.) habit; There are many things that you do from
habit. Phr. be in the habit of doing smth мати звичай щось робити; get into the habit of doing smth набути
звички
clear vt 1. очищати, чистити; прибирати In winter the streets have to be cleared of snow. Please
clear the table. 2. clear up з’ясовувати; розплутувати (справу) to clear up a matter with smb
speed n швидкість, прудкість Не drove the car at a speed of one hundred kilometres an hour. Phr. at
full speed повним ходом; на повній швидкості; with lightning speed з блискавичною швидкістю,
блискавично; speed-limit n дозволена швидкість; speed (sped) 1. vi поспішати, йти поспішно; мчати
(про машину) The car sped past. 2. speed up прискорювати (роботу, виробництво і т.д.) to speed up
work (production, etc.)
worry vt/vi непокоїти(ся), хвилювати(ся) What is worrying you? Don't worry about such little
things. Everything will be all right, don't worry.
doubt vt сумніватися (в чомусь, комусь) We never doubted his word (honesty, knowledge, etc.);
doubt n сумнів There is no doubt that he can manage the job alone. He is sure to come, there is no doubt
about it. doubtless adv == without doubt He will doubtless help us with the problem.
deliver vt 1. доставляти, вручати (пошту і т.д.) to deliver letters (parcels, goods, railway tickets…)
2. виголошувати (урочисто) to deliver a speech (an invitation, etc.); to deliver a lecture (a report, etc.)
прочитати лекцію (доповідь і т.д.) delivery n постачання, доставка
obey vt слухатися, коритися, підпорядковуватися to obey smb (smb's orders, smb's instructions…);
(dis)obedience n (не)слухняність, (не)покора, (dis)obedient а (не)слухняний, (не)покірний а
(dis)obedient child, etc.; to be (dis)obedient to smb
sink (sank, sunk) vi (lit. & fig-.) тонути, йти на дно; спускатися; падати; занурюватися. Wood
does not sink in water. The ship was sinking very slowly. She sank into an armchair. His voice sank to a
whisper. Her heart sank.
drop 1. vi падати The temperature has dropped. 2. vt упускати, упустити; кидати, опускати Be
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careful not to drop the box. You have dropped your handkerchief. Please drop these letters in a letter-box.
3. кидати, припиняти to drop smoking (a habit, a subject; one's friends, etc.) Phr. drop in (at some place)
заходити (кудись)
fail 1. vt не справдити сподівання, підводити He'll never fail you. The weather failed us. 2. vi
слабшати, втрачати сили His health (strength, etc.) is beginning to fail. The light was failing 3. vt не
виконати, не зробити, забути Не failed to come. Don't fail to write to us.
point vt показувати, вказувати to point at (to) smth/smb; to point out smb's mistakes (faults, etc.); He
pointed out that the task was very important; point n 1. головне, основне, суть; зміст the point of a story (a
speech, a joke, an argument, etc.); I missed the point of the story. His answer was not to the point. There is
no point in arguing. 2. пункт, питання We have got some points to discuss. Phr. point of view точка зору
be on the point of doing smth збиратися зробити щось
run (ran, run) 1. vi працювати (про механізм, машину) I dropped my watch and it does not run. 2. vi
ходити, курсувати (про транспорт) Bus 27 does not run here. 3. vt вести, керувати, очолювати to run a
factory (a farm, a picture gallery, etc.) Phr. run smb down збити когось (машиною); run smb over
переїхати когось (машиною); run into smb/ smth зіштовхнутися, наскочити, наїхати на когось/щось

WORD COMBINATIONS

slow down уповільнити ходу (темп і т.д.)

pull up (at the door, gate, etc.) зупинитися біля, під’їхати до (під’їзду і т.д.)
like herrings in a tin як оселедці в банці
in the name of (smb) від імені (когось)
break down зламатися, вийти з ладу (про машину, механізм)
put smth right виправити щось
go wrong стати несправним
tear oneself away (from) відірватися (від)
be in high (low) spirits бути в піднесеному (пригніченому) настрої
a coat of paint (dust, etc.) шар фарби (пилу і т.д.)
be at a loss не розуміти, розгубитися
on foot пішки

EXERCISES ON THE TEXT

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions:

1. How did Christine and Andrew know that the Boland family was coming to pay them a visit? 2. How did
the Bolands arrive? 3. What did the Mansons see when they came out to the gate to welcome their friends?
4. How did Con explain their visit? 5. What was the real reason for the visit? 6. What did Con have to say
about his car? 7. Why was he so proud of it? 8. Why didn't the Bolands use the doors to get out of the car?
9. How did the party go? 10. Why was Con eager to start home early? 11. Why did he think it best not to
express out loud his doubts about the functioning of the car lamps? 12. How did the family prepare for the
trip home? 13. What happened just as Con raised himself into the driving seat? 14. Why couldn't Christine
and Andrew help laughing when they saw the car falling to pieces before their very eyes? 15. Was anyone
hurt in the accident? 16. How were Con's efforts repaid? 17. How did the Bolands reach home that night?

Ex. 2. Find in the text the English for:

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а) 1. вітальня; 2. з дитиною на руках; 3. як оселедці в банці; 4. побажати веселого різдва; 5. озирнути
оком; 6. веселе чаювання; 7. бути в піднесеному настрої; 8. вчинити бійку за останній шматок хліба;
9. з’їсти все до останньої крихти; 10. зі швидкістю блискавки; 11. сумніви, які він не побажав
висловити; 12. урочисто запросити; 13. переможно кивнути; 14. натягнути краги; 15. простогнати;
16. повільно опуститися на землю; 17. істерично зареготати; 18. потирати голову; 19. піднятися з
землі; 20. взяти під руку; 21. відправитися додому пішки;
б) 1. автомобільний сигнал; 2. уповільнити ходу; 3. під’їхати і зупинитися біля воріт; 4. сидіти за
кермом; 5. на задньому сидінні; 6. заклинити; 7. вимкнути мотор; 8. подовжити кузов машини на
добрих два фути; 9. дрібні несправності; 10. коробка передач; 11. вийти з ладу; 12. вилізти з машини;
13. вітрове скло; 14. шар фарби; 15. сидіння водія; 17. кузов машини; 18. капот (двигуна);
19. працювати (про двигун).

Ex. 3. Give the four forms of the following verbs:

sit, sink, stick, drag, drink, nod, rise, raise, tie, stop, throw, tear, obey, run, rub, hurt, put, pull

Ex. 4. Complete the following sentences according to the model.

Model: 1. There is something wrong with the door, it ... (to open). There is something wrong with the door,
it won't open.
2. There was something wrong with the door it ... (to open). There was something wrong with the
door it wouldn't open.

1. There is something the matter with the car engine, it ... (to run). 2. Give me your pen please, the one I
have ... (to write). 3. The child was told not to make a noise, but he ... (to obey). 4. We told him to drop
smoking as it was harmful to his health, but he ... (to listen). 5. He was trying hard to build up a fire, but the
wood ... (to burn). 6. She wanted to write down on paper what she thought and felt, but the right words ... (to
come).

Ex. 5. Use constructions with "won't" ("wouldn't") instead of words in bold type. Make other necessary
changes.

1. What's gone wrong with the suitcase? I can't open it. 2. We asked him to slow down, but he never
listened to us. 3. We used to be friends at school, but when we happened to meet ten years later he didn't
even recognize me. 4. She was tired and needed a rest, but she didn't even want to hear of it. 5. We wanted
to know the reason for his absence, but he refused to discuss it. 6. He gave the door another push, but it
didn't open.

Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences using "won't" ("wouldn't").

1. Йому слід би серйозно зайнятися своїм здоров’ям, але він і чути про це не хоче. 2. Знаючи, що
йому одному важко справитися з завданням, ми вирішили допомогти йому. Але він ні за що не хотів
прийняти нашу допомогу. 3. З нею було марно розмовляти на цю тему, вона вперто мовчала. 4. Ця
марка ніяк не приклеюється. Дай, будь ласка, іншу. 5. Я ні за що не заговорю з ним першим. 6. Його
явно щось хвилювало, але він ніяк не хотів говорити в чому справа. 7. Від метро до його будинку
всього лише п’ять хвилин ходу, але він ні за що не піде пішки. 8. Його декілька разів попереджали,
щоб він не їздив на такій швидкості, але він і слухати не хотів, поки не потрапив в аварію.

Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences using "once".

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1. Варто тільки розпочати розмову на цю тему, і вона буде продовжуватися нескінченно. 2. Вже якщо
він прийняв рішення, то ніщо не змусить його змінити його. 3. Варто вам тільки почати палити, і ви
пропали. 4. Якщо ви хоч раз не дотримаєтесь своєї обіцянки, вони більше не будуть вірити вам.
5. Варто вам тільки зрозуміти це правило, все інше буде легким. 6. Варто вам тільки почати читати
цю книгу, і ви вже не зможете відірватися, доки не прочитаєте її до кінця.

EXERCISES ON PREPOSITIONS AND ADVERBS

Ex. 8. Learn the following phrases and a) recall the sentences in which they are used in the text, b) use
them in sentences of your own.

belong to; slow down; pull up (at); arrive/come in a car; at the wheel; in smb's arms; in the back/front; have
trouble with; break down; go wrong with; climb out; with care; tear oneself away from; in high spirits; be
proud of; fight for; worry about; on the point of doing smth; with a nod; pull on gloves; give out a groan (a
shriek of laughter); sink to the ground; on street level; pick oneself up; at a loss; with sadness; take smb by
the arm; point to; with pride; on foot; calm down.

Ex. 9. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs:

A. 1. We will continue our way ... foot as soon as the storm calms ... . The roads here are too bad for cars.
2. Say something to cheer her …, she's ... low spirits today. 3. I called the wrong number ... accident. 4. You
needn't worry ... little things, it's the big things that are important. 5. "You can use my telephone," the
secretary told me ... a nod … the telephone ... the desk. 6. Something went wrong ... my car the other day, I
couldn't get it started. 7. They cleared the road ... the remains ... the broken car so that traffic could move.
8. Pointing ... a comfortable chair he said: "Make yourself at home." 9. He still stuck ... his story which did
not change after many repetitions. 10. As she pulled ... the gloves she looked ... the room ... the last time to
see if she hadn't left anything ... . 11. The baby calmed ... as soon as he was ... his mother's arms. 12. The
doctors had a long and hard fight ... her life. 13. He took the blind man ... the arm and led him ... the street.
14. If you are ... doubt ... the route, have another look ... the map. 15. Of the two bags he usually took ...
him ... any trip, one was always packed ... books. 16. Before taking a decision we must clear the matter ... ...
them. 17. He no longer seems to care ... football as he once did. 18. She was ... the point ... saying
something, but changing her mind remained silent. 19. Standing there ... the middle ... the big hall he felt ... a
loss and for a moment did not know how to start his speech. 20. The car was going ... full speed.
B. Barry belonged ... a number ... clubs. He was proud ... his collection ... membership cards and often
took them ... ... his wallet ... the day to look ... them. Now after changing his job Barry had 25 pounds a
week to spend ... himself. He had left the garage ... Nick's care. He didn't see much point ... going on
working there. Why waste any more years ... a job that gave him nine pounds a week only?
Now ... the wheel ... his new car he was driving ... James' restaurant. He liked driving ... London late ...
night when the roads were clear ... traffic and he didn't have to be careful or afraid ... an accident.
He slowed ... and pulled ... ... the curb arriving ... the restaurant. James came hurrying ... to meet him.
Barry climbed ... ... the car. "Come ..., and have a drink," James invited. Barry followed him ... . It was a
warm, smoky place that smelt of rich cigars and perfume. One could run into all kinds of famous peo ple
there. Barry stared ... each of the women-diners as he walked ... a place ... the bar which James had
pointed....
(after "Jack Would Be a Gentleman" by G. Freeman)

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 Ex. 10. Give the English for the following phrases, using the preposition "to" in its different meanings.
Use the phrases in sentences of your own.
I. а) поїхати до Харкова (до Південної Америки, на північ, до моря, за місто); переїхати в інший
район; піти на пошту (в магазин); повернути праворуч (ліворуч); поспішити (кинутися) до когось;
відвести до лікаря; на шляху до міста; по дорозі в інститут; поїздка в гори; вхід до парку;
б) ходити в школу; лягти в лікарню; піти на ринок.
II. підвищитися до 20 градусів, упасти до нуля (про температуру); понизитися до шепоту (про
голос); рахувати до десяти; підійти до кінця розповіді; привести до перемоги.
III. за двадцать шоста; за чверть п’ята; донині; до кінця; від понеділка до суботи; з квітня до
вересня; від початку до кінця.
IV. а) розмовляти з кимось; написати лист другу; крикнути комусь; подзвонити комусь; послати
лист (повідомлення) друзям; слухати когось; звернутися до когось за допомогою;
б) викликати велику зацікавленість (багато значити, бути суттєвим, важливим) для когось;
трапитися з кимось.
V. бути гірким на смак (теплим на дотик, неприємним на слух); тішити око; бути до смаку
комусь.
VI. на чийсь подив (розчарування, захоплення, задоволення).
VII. а) бути ввічливим (добрим, уважним, байдужим, холодним, милим) до когось; бути
вдячним комусь;
б) описати чиюсь зовнішність комусь; продиктувати лист секретарю; пояснити правила
вуличного руху комусь; довести щось комусь.
VIII. а) бути двоюрідним братом комусь; бути вірним другом комусь; залишатися чужою
людиною для когось; бути одруженою з кимось; бути одруженим з кимось;
б) бути асистентом у професора (секретарем директора).

MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES

належати комусь; звертати увагу на деталі; приносити користь (шкоду) справі; говорити по суті;
дотримуватись принципів; покласти край суперечкам; привести до гарних результатів; очікувати з
нетерпінням запрошення (свята); показати на вивіску (картину); зайнятися справою (роботою);
розбитися на шматки; розірвати на шматки; костюм, зроблений на замовлення; право на освіту
(працю); пліч-о-пліч; віч-на-віч.

EXERCISES IN LEXICOLOGY

Ex. 11. Recast the following sentences, using nouns with "-ness" instead of the words in bold type. Make all
other necessary changes.

1. I was surprised to see how calmly he took the news. 2. She looked at the child fondly. 3. There was a sad
feeling in his heart. 4. The very fact that the situation was hopeless seemed to give her new strength. 5. He
had ruined his own chances by being foolish and thoughtless. 6. The accident had happened through his
being careless. 7. We strongly doubted that he would remain firm in his decision to make a fresh start.
8. They were kind and friendly, and it touched me greatly.

Ex. 12. In the following groups of sentences compare the meaning of the verbs in bold type. Translate the
sentences into Ukrainian. Give your own examples.

7
1. a) The children were too excited to be calmed at once. b) It took us some time to calm down after the
argument. 2. a) The shops are almost sure to be closed at this hour. b) The factory was closed down.
3. a) Leave that TV set alone, you'll be breaking it. b) The car broke down when we were half way
between the two cities. 4. a) Don't add any more wood into the fire. It's burning brightly enough. b) By the
time the fire brigade arrived, the house had burned down. 5. a) He died fighting for his country. b) He
fought down the anger rising in him and continued speaking in a calm even voice.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Ex. 13. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in the correct form. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

accident; to belong; to care (2); care (2); to doubt; doubt (2); to drop (2); to fail; habit (2); to obey;
to run; to sink; to speed; speed; speedy; to stick (2); to waste; to wish; to worry (2)

1. We all ... the newly-married couple the best of luck. 2. Orders are given to be .... 3. Five minutes from
the end, we were still in ... about the results of the match. 4. He would not ... his time on people who refused
to help themselves. 5. The train ... through the night, taking us farther and farther away from home. 6. She
didn't really ... what people said about her as long as she felt she was doing the right thing. 7. When she
heard that the plane was reported missing, her heart … . 8. He started up the engine to see if it was ...
properly. 9. We all had free use of the bicycle as it didn't seem to ... to anyone in parti cular. 10. I've always
known him to be a truthful person and have no reason to ... his words. 11. Bad ... die hard. 12. He chose his
words with … as he didn't feel quite safe on the subject. 13. Though unexpected questions were asked and ...
openly expressed, he ... to his story. 14. He had never ... for football or any other of the noisy outdoor
games. 15. He had been hoping for a ... decision and was disappointed to learn about another week's wait.
16. The car was picking up ... . 17. It was the runner's bad luck that he met with an ... almost having reached
the finish. 18. We hadn’t heard from our friend lately and were beginning to get … . 19. If there's no hope of
reaching agreement it's always better to ... a subject than waste time arguing. 20. The child had a most
upsetting ... of staring at people. 21. The young man was moved to hospital where he would be getting the
best of medical ... . 22. She ... over the least thing that goes wrong. 23. He had been given the name in fun,
but somehow it ... . 24. That night the temperature ... sharply to five below zero. 25. He believed in his
friends, they had never ... him.

Ex. 14. Paraphrase the following using words and. word combinations given below. Make all necessary
changes.

to care (2); to drop; to drop in (at); to waste; to obey; to fail (2); to stick (to) (2); to cheer up; to put right;
to slow down; to take care of (2); from habit; without doubt (2); in low spirits; at a loss; in the habit (of);
no point (in); to go wrong (2).

1. He seemed to have little liking for modern jazz. 2. It was no use trying to change the arrangement.
Everything had been settled weeks ago. 3. Though there was no need to, she continued getting up early
because she had always got up early. 4. He went away leaving his affairs in terrible disorder; it would take
time to get them arranged satisfactorily. 5. I'd been watching him closely and noticed his eyes suddenly
widen with fright; clearly something unpleasant had happened. 6. Approaching the turn the car started
moving slower. 7. The difficulties were dealt with one by one. 8. It was all the same to him whether he won
or lost the game. 9. His kind words raised my spirits. 10. Not every habit is easy to get rid of. 11. All his
efforts to get them to make up their quarrel were useless. 12. He promised to let me know if things turned
8
out badly. 13. She said she would pay me a short visit some afternoon. 14. His son had disappointed him, he
had had such high hopes for the boy. 15. The woman was warned to keep to the facts of the accident. 16. He
said he would arrange matters with the tickets, luggage and all the rest of it. 17. It was most certainly the
funniest joke I'd ever heard. 18. She was used to taking a cup of tea in the afternoon. 19. He was uncertain
what to do or say. 20. She was so excited at the news that the right words wouldn't come. 21. He wouldn't
change a word in his story. 22. She was gloomy and depressed, not like her usual self at all. 23. Children are
expected to do as they are told.

Ex. 15 Speak on the following topics, using the words and expressions given below.

1. Con Boland Reconstructs the Car

to become too small for the family needs; a bright (wonderful, perfectly, splendid) idea; to come into one's
head; to cut the car body in two; to lengthen the car a good two feet; to work day and night; to be in a hurry
to finish the job; to hope to give the car a new coat of paint; to have no doubts that ...; to hold the whole
family; to run well; to one's own taste; to admire; to be proud of
2. On the Way to Vale View
to decide to pay smb a surprise visit; to pack the car with the children; like herrings in a tin; beside oneself
with excitement; to risk it; to be (get) stuck; to have a little trouble with the gearbox; (the engine) not to pull
properly; not to break down; to manage the hill; to push from behind; to arrive safely
3. The Bolands Arrive
the loud braying of the horn; to attract attention; to belong to smb; to make a terrible noise; to slow down; to
pull up at the gate; to switch off; to push in a button; to get stuck; an awful racket; to put smth right; to be
unable to tear oneself away from; would rather; to look over with care; to remove a lump of mud
4. The Tea Party
cheerful; in high spirits; to talk of nothing but ...; to enjoy oneself; to get lots of pleasure out of doing smth;
to push; to pull; with lightning speed; to clear every plate; to have a good time; tasty things; to be in the
habit of doing smth; to drink lots of strong black tea
5. The Accident
to have doubts; the functioning of the lamps; to have no time to waste; to use the handle to start the engine;
after a couple of swings; to obey; to raise oneself into the driving seat; to pull on one's gauntlets; to give a
triumphant nod; smth unexpected; to happen; to sink to the ground with a groan; to shoot outwards; to drop
off; to fall to pieces; to come to rest on street level; to come as a surprise to smb; to make a very funny
picture; in the front (back); to clutch
6. After the Accident
to pick oneself up; to rub one's head; to be at a loss; to fail to understand the reason for smth; to be worried
about; to be all right; to remain in one's seats; pale but undisturbed; to hold the baby in one's arms; to cheer
up; to brighten; to take smb by the arm; to believe that one's efforts have not been wasted; to point to smth
with melancholy pride; (the engine) to be still running; to make a few convulsive beats; to lie in pieces; to be
fit for nothing; to know how to deal with the remains; to remove from the road; to drag away; to go home on
foot
SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES

Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences using the verbs "to rise" or "to raise" according to the sense.

1. Закінчивши листа, він встав із-за столу й відніс його секретарю друкувати. 2. Як тільки сонце
зійшло, туристи одразу ж відправились в дорогу. 3. Машина промчала повз на великій швидкості,
здійнявши хмару пилу. 4. Під час перемовин були підняті серйозні питання. 5. Не слід підвишувати
голос, з дітьми потрібно розмовляти спокійно.

Ex. 17. Fill in the blanks with "little", "a little", "few", "a few".

9
1. It was to be only a family affair, so ... people were invited. 2. I have ... doubts but I'd rather not mention
them now. 3. I have ... money, I can't let you have any. 4. She got ... letters with New Year's wishes this
year, usually she gets many. 5. "Give the door another coat of paint." "I can't, I've too ... paint." 6. I must say
I am ... worried about his health. 7. He is a very obedient child, his parents have ... trouble with him. 8. He
hardly said more than ... words the whole evening.

Ex. 18. Translate the following using "little", "a little", "few", "a few".

1. У мене є трохи грошей, можу позичити (дати) тобі. 2. Їй подовжили пальто на декілька
сантиметрів, і воно тепер виглядає краще. 3. Вона мало змінилась, її легко впізнати. 4. Нам слід
обговорити ще декілька пунктів угоди. 5. Втомився? — Так, трохи. 6. Мало хто любить ризикувати.
7. Він говорить багато, а робить мало. 8. Мені в цьому будинку мало що належить. 9. Він трохи знає
французьку, зверніться до нього.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

The Participle

Participle I

Ex. 19. Study the forms of Participle I and the way they are rendered in Ukrainian.

1. He listened in lying on the sofa. 1. Він слухав радіо, лежачи на дивані.

non-perfect*

2. Arriving in Kyiv we went sightseeing at 2. Приїхавши до Києва, ми одразу ж

once. відправились оглядати місто.

3. She went out closing the door behind her. 3. Вона вийшла, зачинивши за собою двері.
4. They went along the path leading to the 4. Вони йшли по стежці, що веде до річки.
perfect

river.
non-

5. A crowd of children watched the house 5. Натовп дітей спостерігав, як фарбували

being painted. будинок.
6. Having packed my things I went to call a 6. Упакувавши речі, я пішов викликати таксі.
taxi.
perfect

7. Having been examined**** by the 7. Після того як їх оглянув лікар, їм

doctor, they were allowed to join the дозволили вступити до спортивного клубу.
sports club.

Ex. 20. Give all the possible forms of Participle 1 to the following infinitives:

to put, to open, to strike, to push, to arrive, to hear, to stop, to enter, to finish, to live

Ex. 21. Give attributive phrases using Participle I and explain them according to the model. Translate the
phrases into Ukrainian.

Model: (a) a child; to sleep (b) a sleeping child

*
Participle I, non-perfect form, may denote an action simultaneous to that expressed by the finite form of the verb (No 1),
closely preceding it (No 2) and following it (No 3).
****
Participle I, perfect form, passive, is rather uncommon.
10
 a sleeping child a child that is sleeping
a fish; to fly a flying fish
a flying fish a fish that can fly (that flies)
1. a woman; to smile 2. children; to laugh 3. a look; to understand 4. a building; to burn 5. a lamp; to stand
6. a man; to know 7. a ship; to sink 8. indifference; to seem 9. a story; to touch 10. a thought; to disturb
11. interest; to grow 12. light; to blind 13. winter; to come 14. a crowd; to cheer 15. a machine; to add 16. a
page; to miss 17. a bus; to pass 18. eyes; to search 19. a remark; to cut 20. a look; to question

Ex. 22. Open the brackets, using the correct form of Participle I. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. She sat in a comfortable armchair (to smoke) a cigarette. 2. (to put) aside the newspaper, she raised her
eyes at me. 3. We watched the delegation (to show) into the hall. 4. (to visit) the museum before, I knew my
way easily. 5. (to rise), the secretary put down the newspaper. 6. (to stop) before the traffic lights, he saw to
his surprise it was almost eight o'clock. 7. (to work) as a taxi-driver for twenty years, he knew every little
corner of the town. 8. I felt the car pick up speed, (to look) over at the speedometer, I noticed we were
making a hundred. 9. The house (to build) at the corner of the street will be a library.

Ex. 23. Replace the parts in bold type with Participle I (non-perfect form, active) according to the model.

Model I She looked down at her son who was sleeping on the sofa.
(attribute) She looked down at her son sleeping on the sofa.

1. They passed a group of workers who were repairing the road. 2. He will leave at 10, just in time to meet
the train that will arrive at 10:30. 3. It always gives me pleasure to help students who work hard. 4. The
windows that face the garden were open. 5. We drove up to the front door of a tall house which stood a
little back from the road. 6. Near the dock he ran into a sailor who was returning from town. 7. I've
received a letter from him which says that he is coming next month. 8. He couldn't fall asleep because of the
noise that was coming from the street. 9. He threw aside the letter that was lying on top and picked up the
next. 10. She got on the train that was going to Lviv.

M o d e l II That night while he was walking down the avenue he wished

(adverbial modifier of most of all to meet her.
time) (While) Walking down the avenue, he wished most of all to meet her.

1. While she was clearing the table she thought of the uselessness of such parties. 2. When I saw that it
was useless to argue with him, I dropped the subject. 3. He got off at Great Square, and walked fast towards
the Theatre. 4. When he arrived at the station, he didn't find anyone to meet him. 5. The girl took a sheet
of paper and wrote the first words that came into her head. 6. Then she stopped suddenly, as she
remembered the presence of the children. 7. As he pulled up at the house, he was surprised to see no light
in the windows. 8. While grandfather was enjoying the smoke he thought over his present situation.
9. When he saw them, he stopped to let them catch up with him. 10. As she entered the garden, she saw
her father repairing the car.

M o d e l III (1) As he was busy, he refused the invitation.

(adverbial modifier of Being busy, he refused the invitation.
reason) (2) She turned to me for help because she did not know how to deal with
the problem. She turned to me for help, not knowing how to deal with
11
 the problem.

1. He saw his mistake and stopped arguing. 2. As she was very tired, she fell asleep the moment her head
touched the pillow. 3. As he was sure that he was right, he felt calm and undisturbed. 4. She stopped, she
didn't know which way to follow. 5. He decided to change his job, because he was not fit for it.

M о d e 1 IV He went out and closed the door behind him.

(adverbial modifier of He went out closing the door behind him.
manner or attending
circumstances)

1. "I would rather start for the station immediately," she said and looked up at the clock. 2. He sat by the
open window and watched the people passing by. 3. She answered all my questions calmly and tried to
look indifferent. 4. They stood on the doorstep and watched the car as it drove away. 5. He entered the
room, he whistled gaily. 6. He stood before the house where he grew as a child and thought of many
things. 7. She lay on the sofa and listened to the radio. 8. He smoked all the time and usually lighted a
fresh cigarette from the end of the last.

Ex. 24. Paraphrase the parts in bold type, using Participle I (perfect form, active*)

1. After they had repaired the car, they drove on, though it was past midnight. 2. When I packed all my
things, I still had enough time to write a few letters. 3. They were old friends, they had been at school
together. 4. For an hour or so he watched a lovely film that he knew by heart, as he had seen it at least ten
times. 5. When he was told that he would go there by plane, he felt excited, as he had never travelled by
air before. 6. When we had reached the top of the mountain, we sank to the ground, too tired to do
anything. 7. After he had worked at the university for five years, he decided to take a postgraduate course.

Ex. 25. Paraphrase the parts in bold type using Participle I (passive form).

1. The experiment which is being made in our laboratory will be very important for our future work. 2. The
letter was written in pencil, it was difficult to read. 3. They looked at the house which was being built on
the other side of the river. 4. As he was not allowed to read, he mostly spent his time listening to the radio.
5. He asked for additional explanation as he was not satisfied with the answer.

Ex. 26. Translate the following sentences using Participle I in the correct form.

1. Давши йому обіцянку, я не міг не прийти. 2. Прослуживши в армії два роки, він повернувся
дорослим чоловіком. 3. «Я б хотіла, щоб мене зрозуміли правильно», сказала вона, посміхаючись.
4. Вона сиділа мовчки, невідривно дивлячись на вогонь. 5. Вікна, які виходили на міст, були
відчинені. 6. Впізнавши мене, вона крикнула, щоб я зупинився і почекав її. 7. Оскільки він сам був
веселою людиною, він умів підбадьорити й інших. 8. Щоб встигнути на поїзд, що прибуває о 8 ранку,
вона повинна була встати дуже рано. 9. Будиночок, який стояв біля дороги, належав учителю школи.
10. Він зрозумів свою помилку й припинив сперечатися. 11. Підходячи до будинку, він побачив, як
погасло світло на першому поверсі. 12. Дорога, яка зараз ремонтується, буде значно ширшою після
ремонту. 13. Увійшовши до кімнати, вона одразу помітила якусь зміну. 14. Закінчивши лекцію,
**
The perfect form of Participle I is used only in the function of an adverbial modifier. It’s never used as an attribute. It always
denotes an action preceding that of a finite verb.
12
професор оглянув аудиторію, чекаючи запитань. 15. Підходячи до будинку, я згадала, що забула
відправити листа. 16. Впізнавши мене, він підійшов до нашої групи й попросив дозволу приєднатися
до нас. 17. Будучи в гарному настрої, він був веселим і говірким.
Participle II

Ex. 27. Study the use of Participle II in the following sentences, state their functions.*

1. He seemed frightened.
2. The boys looked at the broken window with frightened faces.
3. Here is a letter addressed to you.

Ex. 28. (a) Compare Participle I and Participle II in the following attributive phrases;
(b) translate them into Ukrainian;
(c) explain them according to the model.

Model: (1) A burning cigarette: a cigarette that is burning;

a burnt letter: a letter that has been burnt.
(2) a promising student: a student that is talented and promises to become a good specialist.
a promised trip: a trip that has been promised.

1. disturbing silence — disturbed silence; 2. a hurting remark — a hurt look; 3. a sinking ship — a sunk
ship; 4. a pleasing smile — a pleased smile; 5. a stopping train — a stopped train; 6. a surprising expression
— a surprised expression; 7. a frightening look — a frightened look; 8. an exciting film — an excited child.

Ex. 29. Paraphrase the parts in bold type using Participle II according to pattern 3 in the chart.

1. There were a lot of foreign guests at the conference that was held in May. 2. The first thing that attracted
his attention was a big vase that was filled with beautiful roses. 3. We sat down on the ground that was
covered with dry leaves. 4. I reached for the glass that was held out to me. 5. He looked around the
coffee-shop that was packed with people and moved to the table that was marked "Reserved".
6. Entering the station I saw a hurrying man who was followed by a porter. 7. They all had to obey the
instructions that were given by the head clerk. 8. He acted on the plan that had been worked out a long
time ago. 9. She didn't want to see him for reasons that had already been mentioned.

Ex. 30. Translate the following sentences, using Participle II.

1. У нього був дуже зляканий вигляд. 2. Цей лист прийшов разом з поштою, доставленою вранці. 3. Я
ледве ніс валізу, наповнену книгами. 4. Він ні за що не хотів витрачати гроші, відкладені на поїздку.
5. Метод, що використовується цим робітником, був підхоплений усіма. 6. У неї був схвильований
вигляд. 7. Він оглянув сад із задоволеною посмішкою. 8. Підходячи до столу, він побачив на ньому
лист, адресований йому. 9. Коли я увійшов у кімнату, він збирав з підлоги шматочки разбитої чашки.
10. Добре одягнутий незнайомець одразу привернув нашу увагу. 11. Речі, які були вже упаковані,
лежали на підлозі біля дверей. 12. Зроблений на замовлення костюм сидів на ньому дуже добре.

**
Participle II may also be used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time, reason and concession, e.g.
(1) Pleased with himself, he left the office in high spirits.
(2) When asked, he answered that he didn’t know anything about it.
(3) Though frightened, he didn’t show it.
13
 A Complex Object With Participle II

Ex. 31. Study the following chart, translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. I usually have my hair cut once a month.

2. We will have our house painted in spring.
3. Where did you have your car repaired?
4. I want to have it done by tomorrow.
5. I've just had my watch repaired.
6. He won't have anything changed here.

Ex. 32. Answer the following questions using a complex object with Participle II.

1. How often do you have your hair cut? 2. When did you last have your hair cut? 3. Where did he have his
watch repaired? 4. How often do you have your teeth examined? 5. Where does she have her clothes made?
6. When will they have this job done? 7. When did he have his suit cleaned? 8. Where can I have my coat
shortened?

Ex. 33. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model, watch the difference in meaning.

Model: (a) I'll make somebody do this job. I'll have this job done.
(b) She wants to shorten her dress. She wants to have her dress shortened.

1. He wants his dinner to be served at 5. 2. They'll discuss this problem at the meeting. 3. When does he
want to send this letter? 4. We want to finish this work by the end of the month. 5. The print of the
manuscript is too small. He doesn't want to ruin his eyes. 6. I want to do my hair in a new style.

Ex. 34. Practise the following according to the model.

Model: My hair has grown long. (to cut)

I must have it cut.

1. He has a terrible toothache. The tooth has gone too far (to pull out). 2. My watch is five minutes slow (to
repair). 3. His suit is already dirty. He mustn't wear it like that (to send it to the cleaner's). 4. There is some
trouble with the gearbox (to put it right). 5. We are leaving tomorrow (to pack; all the things). 6. Her teeth
are uneven (to straighten). 7. Their house looks ugly (to repaint).

Ex. 35. Translate the following sentences using a complex object with Participle II.

1. Коли ми прийшли, всі її речі були упаковані. 2. Вам необхідно підстригтися. 3. Вам слід
відремонтувати свій годинник. Тоді ви, можливо, не будете спізнюватися. 4. Їй хочеться пошити нове
пальто. 5. Мені щойно вирвали зуб. 6. У вас щось серйозне з рукою. Вам потрібно показати її лікарю.
14
7. Ми повинні розглянути це питання в понеділок. 8. Мені б хотілося, щоб мої розпорядження
виконувались.

MIXED BAG

Ex. 36. Open the brackets using the correct form of Participle I or Participle II.

1. (to read) half the book, he fell asleep. 2. The wind (to come) from the North was bitterly cold. 3. She
didn't pay any attention to the (to ring) telephone. 4. (to reach) for the sugar, she upset a cup of coffee.
5. They sat around the fire (to stare) at it in silence. 6. I noticed him give her a (to surprise) look. 7. In the
middle of the night he woke up (to shake) with cold. 8. She opened the letter with (to shake) fingers. 9. He
wants to have his luggage (to pick up) on the way to the station. 10. I don't really see what can be done about
the (to ruin) picture. 11. The path (to lead) to the house was covered with yellow leaves. 12. He walked out
of the room, (to leave) the door open. 13. They were worrying about the child (to leave) alone in the house.
14. (to look) forward to that moment for a long time, he felt no pleasure now that it had arrived. 15. Why not
throw away the (to break) sunglasses, we are not likely to repair them. 16. While waiting for a flight at the
airport a passenger can have his hair (to cut), his suit (to press), shoes (to shine).

Ex. 37. Fill in the blanks with Participle II or Participle I in the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. ... breakfast they called a taxi to take them to the station (to finish). 2. Everyone turned to the only woman
in the room ... on the sofa (to sit). 3. She rose and, ... me to follow her, walked on, ... and ... (to tell, to laugh,
to talk). 4. ... me in the postman left the parcel with my next-door neighbours (not to find). 5. "I don't know
if I see what you mean," he said with a ... expression (to hurt). 6. ... to the window she threw it open. In the
street a .... circus was passing (to cross; to travel). 7. ... the gate he sang an old song ... at times to admire his
work (to paint, to stop). 8. We stopped at the freshly ... gate (to paint). 9. ... the episode I couldn't help
laughing (to remember). 10. You needn't repeat the lesson so well ... by everybody (to remember). 11. "Do
you find this film interesting?" he asked ... to her (to turn). 12. We had the roof of our country house ...
green (to paint). 13. He walked along the street with his collar ... up, hands in pockets (to turn).

Ex. 38. Translate the following sentences, using Participle I or Participle II.

1. Прослухавши уважно його доповідь, я зрозумів, яку велику роботу він виконав. 2. Слухаючи
уважно все, що він розповідав, я одночасно спостерігав за аудиторією. 3. Хвилюючись про його
майбутнє, вона думала про те, як допомогти йому. 4. Вона відповідала на запитання неуважно, весь
час думаючи про те, що трапилося. 5. Будучи новою людиною, він поки що не ставив запитань,
боячись ускочити в клопіт (зробити помилку). 6. Він подивився на відремонтовану машину із
задоволенням і гордістю. 7. Побачивши, що машина уповільнила ходу, я зрозумів, що вони мене
підвезуть. 8. Заспокоївшись, вона почала розповідати нам про те, що трапилося. 9. Перше, що він
побачив, підходячи до будинку, — це розбите вікно. 10. Підкоряючись наказу інструктора, водій
уповільнив ходу. 11. Ми прислухались до тиші, зрідка порушуваної якоюсь птахою. 12. Почувши її
ім’я, він одразу ж згадав, де вони зустрілись вперше. 13. Його ображений вигляд розсмішив усіх.
14. Будучи засмученим, він випадково повернув не в той бік. 15. Мені б хотілося подовжити пальто.

Ex. 39. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of Participle I or Participle II. Retell the story.

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 BUGGING SHOWROOMS
It is reported in the press that certain car dealers have been bugging* their automobile showrooms so
that they can hear what people, who have come to buy a car, are saying while the salesman is in the back
office, (to make) it easier for the salesman to know what the intentions of the buyers are.
A couple (to leave) alone in the showrooms have been looking at a brown Panda for some time when
the salesman comes out of the back office (to say):
"Well, Fanny, how do you like our new Panda?" (to point) at the car.
(to look) at the salesman in great surprise the woman asks: "How did you know my name was Fanny?"
"Your husband McKinley told me."
The husband says: "I never told you her name. And how did you know my name was McKinley (never
to meet) me before?"
The salesman says: "Well, honestly, I did not know but I took a wild guess. You look like a Fanny and
a McKinley. Now let's talk about the car. You want to have a brown car with brown leather seats."
Fanny says (to look) at the salesman: "You must be a mind reader."
"(to be) in this business for many years I know that certain people like certain colours."
"Let's get out of here," says Fanny (to feel) nervous.
McKinley asks (to turn) to the salesman: "Can I talk to my wife alone?"
"Of course," the salesman answers (to walk) off to the back office and (to leave) the couple alone.
"Let's tell him we'll think it over and be back next Tuesday," McKinley starts (to whisper) to his wife.
(to rush) out of the back office the salesman shouts: "Could you make it Wednesday? I don't work on
Tuesday, and I'd hate to lose the sale."
(after "Bugging Showrooms" by Art Buchwald)

Ex. 40. Test translation.

1. На стадіонах, що належать спортивному товариству «Динамо», часто проводяться міжнародні

змагання. 2. Неуважність водія часто веде до аварії. 3. Хоча вони почали працювати разом зовсім
нещодавно, вони вже стали близькими друзями. 4. Вона зайшла до подруги на хвилинку і, як завжди,
застрягла там на цілу годину. 5. Якщо ви хочете відправити листа поштою, то потрібно наклеїти ще
одну марку. 6. Друзі прийшли на вокзал провести його й побажати щасливої дороги. 7. Йому було
прикро, що не послухався поради батька й не вступив одразу ж в лінгвістичний університет. Він
змарнував два роки. 8. Якщо він пообіцяв потурбуватися про багаж, то вам, на мою думку, нічого
хвилюватися. 9. Я б із задоволенням відвіз вас на своїй машині, але вона зараз у ремонті. Трапилось
так, що під час туману ми зазнали аварії. 10. Він мав звичай насвистувати, граючи в шахи. 11. Він
твердо обіцяв прийти допомогти нам упаковати речі, і ми ніяк не очікували, що він підведе нас.
12. Коли їй поставили запитання, вона спочатку розгубилась, не знаючи, що відповісти.
13. Журналіст люб’язно погодився прочитати нам лекцію про міжнародне становище. 14. Він
подзвонив на станцію й замовив квитки на поїзд з доставкою додому. 15. Важко сказати, чому він
відмовився підкоритися розпорядженню. 16. Не марнуючи жодної хвилини, він перейшов до суті
справи. 17. Наближаючись до станції, поїзд уповільнив ходу. 18. Він вирішив не висловлювати своєї
точки зору, доки справу не буде з’ясовано до кінця. 19. Він розповів нам про вжиті заходи загально,
не вдаючись до дрібниць. 20. Чому ви сумніваєтесь у його словах? Хіба у вас є підстави не вірити
йому? 21. Наклеївши марку й написавши адресу, вона зійшла вниз, щоб кинути листа в скриньку.

**
to bug – встановлювати пристрої для підслуховування
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