Tape measure is a must when taking a body measurement. There are two parts; centimeter and an inch.

Taking Body Measurements

Rules in Taking Body Measurements:
1. Remove heavy clothing
2. Wear well-fitted garment.
3. Measure accurately.
4. Read the tape measure on the correct side.
5. Record measurement accurately

Ways in Taking Body Measurements

Horizontal measurement is taken from the left of the figure to the right.
Vertical measurement is taken from the top of the body figure to its base.
Circumferential measurement is taken around the body. Below are ways on how each part are to be done

Taking Body Measurements

 System of Measurement
is used when taking a measurement. This must also be analyzed; generally, there are 2 systems of measurement
that can be used.
The Metric System, which uses, millimeter, centimeter and meter, and the other measurement system that is
like, inches, foot or yard in which is called the English System.

Two System of Measurement

• English System
- the inch is divided into 16 graduations and the smallest graduation is read as 1/16.

Example:

• System International / Metric System

- the centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters

Example:

Yard
It is equivalent to 3 feet or 36 inches. Its symbol is yd. It is often used to measure the length of medium-sized
objects. For example, furniture, football field, etc.
A yard is equal to 36 inches. So, to convert the yard to inches, we multiply the given value by 36.

Example:
Given: 2 yd x 36 inches
Answer: 72 inches
CONVERSION GUIDE
From To Multiply by
Inch Centimeter 2.54
Centimeter Inch 0.393701
Yard Inch 36
Inch Yard 0.0277778
Note: (rounded to 2 decimal places)

Example:
1. Problem: How many centimeters are equal to 15 inches?
Given: 15 inches
Solution: From inches to centimeter, multiply the given by 2.54
Answer: 15 x 2.54 = 38.1 cm

2. Problem: How many inches are equal to 100 centimeters?

Given: 100 cm
Solution: From centimeter to inches, multiply the given by 0.393701
Answer: 100 x 0.393701 = 39.701 inch

3. Problem: How many inches are equal to 2 yards?

Given: 2 yards
Solution: From yards to inches, multiply the given by 36
Answer: 2 x 36 = 72 inch

4. Problem: How many yards are equal to 5 inches?

Given: 5 inches
Solution: From inches to yards, multiply the given by 36
Answer: 5 x 0.0277778 = 0.1388889 or 0.14

Principles and Elements of design

These are the concepts that is used to know what are the ways to be applied to affects the expressive content
or the message of the work

Principles of Design
Balance: From the centered of the dress, design should be identified on both sides.
Symmetrical or the formal balance – having equal "weight" on equal sides of a centrally placed like a
see saw. This is an easy way of balancing but lends monotony to the design.
Asymmetrical or the informal balance – the structure decoration and accessories are different both
sides from the center of the design.
Radial Balance - the design is at equal distance from a central point; a man wearing a sun design on the
front of his shirt may have this kind of design.
Rhythm these are smooth movement lines repeated again and again. It is created by repeated use of the
design. If there is rhythm in a design, the eye would move easily from one part to the other.
Emphasis every pleasing design has one part that is more interesting than any other. The center of interest.
Harmony It is the blending of all components of design. When the structural lines, decorative lines, colors and
accessories all relate to each other comfortably, harmony results.
The pleasing relationship of all parts of the object with one another.
Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements in a design. The issue is the relationship
between objects, or parts, of a whole.

Elements of Design
1. Line. Creates a visual dimension of length and width. When lines meet, space is enclosed and a shape is
defined. Lines direct the eyes to a certain path of vision, or it can draw the eyes away from an undesirable
area of the body.
There are two kinds of lines in garments:
A. Directional lines such as vertical, horizontal, diagonal, checkered, broken and curved. These affect the
height and size of an individual. Example, Vertical lines give height to small and stout person while, horizontal
lines add width to slim and tall person. Lines are serving as clothing designs like the art of printing flowers,
dots and others on fabric.
B. Structural lines are found on necklines, armholes, hemlines, darts, side seams, sleeves, collars, tucks and
pleats of garments.

2. Color is a radiant energy loosely termed light that produces sensation in our eyes.

Color Theory
The first thing you usually notice about clothes or anything is their color.
Before you start studying which colors look best together, you should learn the meaning of color terms and
the rules that apply to colors.

The Color Wheel

Primary Colors – red, blue and yellow. The sources of all colors.
Secondary Colors – are produced when mixing two equal amounts of primary colors. Look at the color wheel
you will find these colors – orange, green, and violet. Mix two primary colors.
Intermediate (Tertiary Colors) – are produced by mixing two equal amounts of primary and secondary colors.
Pure Colors – are the primary, secondary and intermediate colors because they have no white, black and gray
in them. Pure colors are also called ― normal, true and basic colors.
Tints – when pure colors are mixed with white, they are made lighter.
Shades – when pure colors are mixed with black, they are made darker.
Grayed colors – most colors we used in clothes are grayed colors rather than bright, pure colors you see on
the color wheel.
Neutrals – are white, black and gray. They look well with another and with all other colors. The more grayed
colors become, the more different colors it will harmonize with. Yellow-green, while olives are dull yellow
green.

COLOR SCHEMES
1. One-color harmony (monochromatic color) – the easiest color scheme to follow is one that uses the same
color in different values and intensity.
Example, dark blue suit with very dark blue accessories and a light blue blouse.
2. Adjacent color harmony (analogous color harmony) -since they are near each other on the color wheel,
neighbor color harmony.
Example, yellow orange, orange and yellow green are next to each other on the color wheel.
3. Complementary Color Harmony – these are colors that are opposite in the color wheel.
a. Complementary colors – directly opposite in the color wheel. Example, red and green, blue and
orange.
 b. Split complementary colors – a variation of the complementary color scheme. In addition to the base
color, it uses the two colors adjacent to its complement.
c. Triad - A triadic color scheme uses colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel. Triadic
color harmonies tend to be quite vibrant, even if you use.

Body Shapes
Female Body Shape
Apple body shape traits:
• The hips and shoulders have the same width; waistline
has the same width or is wider.
• The weight gains mainly around the waist, at least in
proportion to the other parts of your body.
• The lower legs and arms are slender.
• The high hip is wider than the lower hip.
• The bust and/or midriff are larger than lower hip.
• The body is short-waisted.
• The thighs or hips are probably the narrowest part
of the body.

Pear body shape traits (Triangular):

• The hips are wider than the shoulders.
• The body is round and have sloping shoulders.
• The waistline is well-defined (and might even have killer abs).
• The buttocks and thighs are full and round.
• Pear body shapes gain weight on their thighs.

Hourglass Body Shape:

• The hips and shoulders have about the same width.
• The body is round and have sloping shoulders.
• The waistline is well-defined.
• The lower hips are wider than the high hips.
• The thighs are full but narrower than the lower hips.
• Hourglass body shapes gain weight through the hips and above
the waist.

Rectangle body shape traits:

• The hips, waistline, and shoulders have about the same width.
• The weight gains weight evenly, but may gain some more through
the upper back or neck.
• The shoulders are rather straight.
• The buttocks are flat and the body has an athletic build and
small.

Inverted body shape traits:

• The body shoulders are prominent and broad straight. Hips are
wider than the waistline.
• The body build is athletic.
• The chest is larger and fuller back than rectangles
 Proper Maintenance of Sewing Machine
Sewing machines require basic maintenance of cleaning, oiling, and lubricating.
You must be familiar with the following terms in taking care of sewing
machine.
Adjust – change present setting as in adjusting tensions.
Entangle - forming knots like thread entangled in the bobbin case.
Lift – moving upward as in a presser foot lifter.
Replace – putting something new in the place of an old or damaged part.
Pucker – wrinkling of fabric caused by very tight stitches.
Lubricant – a material capable of reducing friction when applied
between moving parts.
Lubricate– the act of applying lubricating agent between moving parts
to reduce friction and preventing from rust.

Proper Handling and Cleaning the Sewing Machine

For a machine to perform well, it should be well taken care of.
A. General Cleaning
As you clean the machine, it is best to clean one area at a time. Remove only the parts that are involved and
be sure to note where each part is from, and its correct position. Here are the steps:
1. Prepare the needed tools and supplies in cleaning the sewing machine.
Cleaning tools and materials includes: quality oil, lint brush dry paint brush screw drivers, pen and record
notebook, cotton buds (optional).
2. Remove the needle if there is any. This will prevent the cleaner from
pricking fingers during the cleaning process.

Parts needed to be cleaned

Face plate (presser bar, needle bar, thread take up lever, lifter).
• Unscrew face plate and keep it in the drawer while cleaning.
• Brush dust away then put a little amount of oil while rotating the balance wheel so inner parts can be
accessed.
• Put back the face plate in place.

Upper Tension (disc spring and dial).

• Remove outer bolt, tension dial, discs and disc spring.
• Lay each part in your front table following its disassembling for easier assembling.
• Brush dust and wipe with absorbent cloth with oil. Assemble by following the laid parts in your table.

Lower Mechanism (rotary oscillating hook)

• Remove bobbin case.
• Fasten sides of oscillating hook.
• Remove dust with lint brush.
• Put a little amount of machine oil on the moving parts. Return spare parts in place.

Classifications of Sewing Machine Troubles

There are two classifications of sewing machine troubles, namely:
1. Minor sewing machine trouble. This refers to problems that arise
involving incorrectly attached accessories or supplies, unadjusted tensions,
or that requires a little dusting or oiling.
2. Major sewing machine trouble. This involves replacing or removing
damage spare parts that made the sewing machine not totally functioning.

Health and Safety Procedure in Sewing Machine Maintenance

Cleaning and lubricating a sewing machine is quite a messy task. Therefore,
personal care should be observed during this activity. The following health and
safety precautions should be practiced at the shop or at home.
1. Wear personal protective equipment. This prevents your clothing from
being tarnished by oil and dirt. Be sure to wear gloves to avoid
accumulation of oil and dirt in your nails and palms. (Wearing of
protective eye glasses is optional).
2. Remove the upper belt or turn power off (for powered sewing machine
before oiling the sewing machine.
3. When a chemical or small spare part get into your eyes, call the attention
of your guardian or supervisor at once.
4. Do not remove any safety device from any machine.
5. Be sure that all screws are well-tightened before starting the machine.
6. Make sure that no screws or tools are left on the floor to avoid slipping.
7. Wipe dry spilled oils on the floor to avoid accidents.
8. Assign colored tags for a newly maintained sewing machine. This will make
the user be aware of its present condition.
9. Provide a small bin for your garbage when performing this job.
10. Have a separate cabinet or storage for tools and supplies for sewing
machine maintenance.

Hazards and Risks in the Workplace

A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects
on something or someone under certain conditions at work.

Hazards in sewing
Hazards that may be encountered when conducting sewing activities include:
• Cut and injuries from sharp edges, knife blades, scissors and pins.
• Holding the wrist in awkward position while cutting with scissors cause injury to the wrist.
• Finger injuries while sewing.
• Low back injury from poor posture.
• Eye strain from poor lighting.
• Back injury from improper lifting procedures

Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experienced an adverse health effect if
exposed to a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss.

Risk Assessment:
• Identify the hazard that have the potential to cause harm
• Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard
• Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the risk when the hazard cannot be
eliminated.
Types of Hazard
Types of Hazard Description Examples Effects
Physical Hazard It can harm the body • Radiation, high exposure to • Confined spaces
without necessarily sunlight/ ultraviolet rays • Electricity
touching it • Hot and cold temperature • Heat
• Constant loud noise • Noise vibration
Electrical Hazard Improper wiring and • Using the wrong light bulb • Fire
frayed cords that go wattage • Decreased Efficiency
unnoticed. • Overloading power strips and • Annoyance
outlets • Falls
• Unprotected electrical outlets,
Poor wiring
• defective electrical wires
Biological hazard It is associated with • Blood and other body fluids • Infections
working with animals, fungi/mold • Skin irritations
people, or infectious • bacteria, viruses • Allergy
plant materials. • Plants, insect bites, animal, and • Tuberculosis
bird droppings • Aids
Ergonomic These occur when the • Improperly adjusted workstations • Pain in the shoulders
hazard type of work, body and chairs • Back injury
positions and working • Frequent lifting • Too much impact on
conditions put strain on • Poor posture wrist and hands
your body. • Repeating the same movements • Numbness in some
and having to use too much force parts of the body
• Muscle cramps
Chemical hazard These are present when • Chlorine • Lung diseases
a worker is exposed to • Ammonia • Difficulty in breathing
any chemical • Acid alkali • Allergy
preparation in the • Oxidizer
workplace in any form • Flammable liquid
(solid, liquid or gas).
Psychological They take place when a • Workload demands • Depression
Hazard care giver’s work • Workplace violence • Anxiety
environment becomes • Intensity and/or pace, respect (or • Loss of confidence
stressful or demanding. lack of) • Loss of concentration
• Social support/ relations at work
• Sexual harassment • Deterioration of
performance at work

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

- It is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in
work or employment.
- Relates to health, safety, and welfare issues in the workplace. It includes the laws, standards, and programs
that are aimed at making the workplace better for workers, along with co-workers, family members, customers,
and other stakeholders.