First law for control volume (CV)

Control volume

• Control volume (CV) is defined as the fixed volume on which attention is

focused.
• Apart from energy interactions it also allows in-flow and out-flow (of mass)
through entry and exit ports respectively
• Practical devices that involve flow of fluid such as turbine, pump,
compressor, nozzle, valve, boiler, condenser, gas cylinder, etc. can be
modeled as CV.

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Work interaction for CV
• For CV the work interaction does not include
displacement work.
• Includes other forms of work, ‘external work’: shaft
work, electrical work, magnetic work, etc.
• ‘Internal work’
Fin  p1 A1 W flow,in  Fdx  p1 A1dx

dx W flow,in p1 A1dx p 1
   p1v1
p2,A2,V2 min 1 A1dx 1
Control Volume
W flow, out p2 A2 dx p 2
   p2v2
mout  2 A2 dx  2
p1,A1,V1
Flow Work (specific value): pv
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 Derivation of first law for CV
• For sake of simplicity let us consider single inlet and single
outlet situation.
• The basic concept involved is to write first law for a
system from time ‘t’ to time ‘t+dt’ and then express it in
rate form.
• For system based approach, focus is on the same mass at
the two instants of time. Then change in total energy of
this system is considered that is caused by the boundary
interactions of heat and work.

2/6/2024 States of system at time instants t and (t + Δt) 4

Mass conservation

• Fluid mass (MCV(t) + dmi) is identified as system at time t

• Fluid mass (MCV(t+ t) + dme) is identified as system at time (t +t)
• MCV(t) and MCV(t+t): fluid masses that occupy the control volume at time t
and (t+t) respectively
• dmi and dme are the masses that enter into and exit from the CV respectively
over a time interval t

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 M CV (t )  dmi  M CV (t  t )  dme

M CV (t  t )  M CV (t ) dmi dme
lim  
t 0 t dt dt
d dmi dme
 CV 
M  
dt dt dt
 mi  me
For steady state, no time dependence
d
 M CV   0
dt
dm dm
 i  e  0,  mi  me
dt dt

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Energy Conservation

• Q is the heat added to the system over a time interval t

• W is the work done by the system over a time interval t
First law applied to the considered system
Heat added to the system – Work done by the system
= Change in total energy of the system

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Energy conservation

 Vi 2 
Total energy of the system at time t = ECV (t )  dmi  ui   gzi 
 2 
 Ve2 
Total energy of the system at time (t+t) = ECV (t  t )  dme  ue  2  gze 
 

Net flow work done over a time interval t = W flow  dmi  pi vi   dme  peve 

• Flow work at inlet is negative: surrounding pushes the fluid in.

• Flow work at exit is positive: exiting fluid pushes the surrounding outward.

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Energy conservation

First law applied to the considered system

 Q   W  dE
  Ve2    Vi 2 
 Q   Wext  dme  peve   dmi  pi vi     ECV (t  t )  dme  ue   gze     ECV (t )  dmi  ui   gzi  
  2    2 
After rearrangement of the terms we get,
𝑉𝑖2 𝑉𝑒2
𝛿𝑄 − 𝛿𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 + 𝑑𝑚𝑖 𝑝𝑖 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑢𝑖 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑖 − 𝑑𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒 𝑣𝑒 + 𝑢𝑒 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑒 = 𝐸𝐶𝑉 (𝑡 + Δ𝑡) − 𝐸𝐶𝑉 (𝑡)
2 2

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hi he

9
 Dividing both sides by t and taking limit as t  0, we get
𝐸𝐶𝑉 (𝑡 + Δ𝑡) − 𝐸𝐶𝑉 (𝑡) 𝑑𝐸𝐶𝑉 𝑉𝑖2 𝑉𝑒2
lim = = 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 + 𝑚𝑖 ℎ𝑖 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑖 − 𝑚𝑒 ℎ𝑒 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑒
Δ𝑡→0 Δ𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 2

This is for single inlet and single outlet ports

For multi-inlet and multi-exit ports
𝑑𝐸𝐶𝑉 𝑉𝑖2 𝑉𝑒2
= 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 + 𝑚𝑖 ℎ𝑖 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑖 − 𝑚𝑒 ℎ𝑒 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑒
𝑑𝑡 2 2

Here, ECV=UCV+KECV+PECV
For a stationary control volume, KE and PE changes are negligible
ECV  U CV   mu  CV  mCV uCV
d
For steady state, no time dependence  ECV   0
dt

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 Steady flow devices
d
d
 M CV   0  mi  me  m  ECV   0
dt dt

𝑉𝑒2 𝑉𝑖2 Steady Flow Energy Equation/

𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑚 ℎ𝑒 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑒 − 𝑚 ℎ𝑖 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑖
2 2
Steady state steady flow

These relations are for steady flow devices with single inlet and outlet.
We may similarly write for multiple inlet/exit cases.

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Steady flow devices

Boiler or

Gas-turbine based power plant

Steam-based Power Plant

Each component can be treated as a control volume and steady-state device. Why?
Since the power plant operates in a continuous mode, except occasional shutdowns, it is
meaningful to analyze individual components as steady flow devices

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 Assumptions:
Compressor
1. Heat transfer is usually neglected
(adiabatic condition)
2. Changes in potential energy may be less
important
3. Many times changes in kinetic energy may
be neglected
Applying Steady Flow Energy Equation

𝑉𝑒2 𝑉𝑖2
𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑚 ℎ𝑒 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑒 − 𝑚 ℎ𝑖 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑖
2 2

Power needed by the compressor: 𝑾𝒄 = −𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝒎 𝒉𝒆 − 𝒉𝒊

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Heat Exchanger
Boiler or

Assumptions:

No external work is done in the device and KE as well as PE

changes are negligible
Rate of heat transfer:
Applying Steady Flow Energy Equation

𝑉𝑒2 𝑉𝑖2 𝑄 = 𝑚 ℎ𝑒 − ℎ𝑖
𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑚 ℎ𝑒 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑒 − 𝑚 ℎ𝑖 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑖
2 2

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Heat Exchanger
Boiler

Condenser
Assumptions:
1. No external work is done in the device and KE as well as PE
Water
changes are negligible
2. Multiple inlet and outlet (considering both fluids)
3. No exchange of heat between the control volume and the
surrounding
𝑉𝑒2 𝑉𝑖2
Applying Steady Flow Energy 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑚𝑒 ℎ𝑒 +
2
+ 𝑔𝑧𝑒 − 𝑚𝑖 ℎ𝑖 +
2
+ 𝑔𝑧𝑖

Equation
 me  he    mi  hi   0

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Flow Nozzles and Diffusers Conservation of mass: m  i AV
i i
 e AV
e e

Applying Steady Flow Energy Equation

Nozzle Diffuser 𝑉𝑒2 𝑉𝑖2
𝑄 − 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑚 ℎ𝑒 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑒 − 𝑚 ℎ𝑖 + + 𝑔𝑧𝑖
2 2

Assumptions: he 
Ve2
 hi 
Vi 2
2 2
1. There are no heat and work
interactions
h0 e  h0 i
2. PE changes are assumed to be
negligible h0=stagnation or total enthalpy

3. KE changes cannot be ignored

4. Many times,
a) In2/6/2024
nozzle, inlet velocity << outlet 16
velocity
 Summary: Steady state steady flow devices
Turbines and rotary compressors: Turbines are work producing devices, which use
the enthalpy of the working substance to produce mechanical work. Compressors are
devices, which increases the pressure of gases and vapors. These are generally
adiabatic. Therefore, q = Δz = 0 = ΔV2, thus, -wx = h2 - h1. For turbine, h1 > h2, thus, wt
is positive. For compressors, h2 > h1, thus wc is negative.
Adiabatic throttling process: An insulated valve called throttle valve is used
to create high pressure drop during the flow of a substance through it. Here, q
= wx = Δz = ΔV2 = 0, h1 = h2. In this case, the enthalpy remains constant
(isenthalpic process)

Nozzles and Diffusers: Nozzles are used to accelerate the flow of a fluid at
the expense of the enthalpy of the fluid. On contrast, diffusers are used to
decelerate the fluids. These are insulated non-work producing devices. Here,
Q = Wx = Δz = 0, thus, h1 - h2 = (V22-V12)/2.

Heat exchanger equipment: Heat is transferred from one fluid to another

fluid without mixing them. Generally, no external heat transfer is allowed:
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Thus, q = wx = Δz = ΔV = 0. Therefore, ∑ṁehe = ∑ṁihi.
2