REVIEWER IN PRACTICAL Characteristics of a Good Research

RESEARCH 1 1. Empirical - Uses facts and data that

are obtained through a thorough
Research Careful study that is done to investigation
find and report new knowledge about 2. Analytical - The researcher carefully
something (Merriam Webster) that is analyzes and interprets the gathered
systematic inquiry that is designed to data before arriving at a conclusion.
collect, analyze, and interpret data to 3. Systematic - Follows a certain method
understand, describe, or predict or procedure to obtain results.
phenomena. (Mertens, 2015) It is a 4. Cyclical - Begins with a problem and
formal and disciplined application of ends with a resolution/tentative answers
scientific inquiry to the study of to the problem to complete the cycle -
problems. (Navarro and Santos, 2011) Every step in the research process is
Research shapes a person‟s skills in vital to the success of the research 5.
decision-making, problem-solving, and Original - It is expected that any
in knowledge creation. (Avilla, 2016) research output is a product of a novel
Creation of new knowledge to be idea and shows originality. - Replication
imparted to your community. of a research is allowed, as long as the
results are different. You can also
Importance of Research change some variables Example:
1. Gather relevant information - In the Original research was about the Moral
event that the information you gathered Intelligence of Filipino Businessmen. You
was not aligned to your main topic, you can change the Filipino Businessmen to
can include it in the discussion, as long Filipino Politicians.
as you still give emphasis to the main
topic. Research Ethics
2. Improve quality of life - Technologies 1. Honesty - No room for manipulation
that were invented underwent thorough of data - Strive for honesty in all
research. (e.g. solar power, 3D printing, scientific communication. Honestly
artificial intelligence) report data, results, methods and
3. Understand History - Proper procedures, and publication status. Do
understanding of the past not fabricate, falsify, or misinterpret
4. Personal and Professional data.
Development - Personal development: 2. Objectivity - Strive to avoid biases in
researchers read a lot that contributes experimental design, data analysis, data
to their development - Professional interpretation, peer review, personnel
development: updating knowledge can decisions, grant writing, expert
increase the chances for promotion testimony, and other aspects of research
where objectivity is expected or

1
required. Avoid/minimize bias or policies. 11. Animal Care - Show respect
self-deception. and care for animals when using them
3. Integrity - Keep your promises and in research. Do not conduct unnecessary
agreements: act with sincerity, strive for or poorly designed methods in
consistency of thought experiments.
4. Carefulness - Avoid careless errors 12. Human Subjects Protection - When
and negligence - Carefully and critically conducting research on human subjects
examine your work. - Keep your good minimize harms and risks and maximize
records of research activities such as benefits; respect human dignity, privacy,
data collection, research design, and and autonomy; take special precautions
correspondence with agencies. with vulnerable populations; and strive
5. Openness - Share data, results, ideas, to distribute the benefits and burdens of
resources - Be open to suggestions and research fairly.
new ideas
6. Respect for Intellectual Property -
Cite your sources properly - Honor
patents, copyrights, and other forms of
intellectual property. Do not use
unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission. Give credit where
Triangulation: Doing lots of
credit is due. Give proper
justification in your study Can be used
acknowledgment or credit for all
when your research is both quantitative
contributions to research. Never
and qualitative Example:
plagiarize. 7. Confidentiality - Protect
a. Quantitative – percentage/statistics
confidential communications and
b. Qualitative – conduct an interview to
personal information of your
support or validate the statistics
respondents
Characteristics of Qualitative
8. Social Responsibility - If research is
Research
useful, impart it to the area/field
1. The researcher has an important role
concerned - Strive to promote good and
in qualitative research.
prevent or mitigate social harms
2. Qualitative data gathered and
through research, public education, and
presented in a form of words,
advocacy.
descriptions, pictures, or meanings, and
9. Competence - Maintain and improve
not in numbers.
your own professional competence and
3. Qualitative researcher is concerned
expertise through lifelong education and
with the process involved.
learning
4. Inductive reasoning is used in
10. Legality - Know and obey relevant
analyzing qualitative data.
laws and institutional and governmental

2
5. Qualitative researcher is concerned 2. Rigor is more difficult to maintain,
with meanings and interpretations. assess, and demonstrate.

Strengths of Qualitative Research 3. The volume of data makes analysis

1. In qualitative research, issues can be and interpretation time consuming.
examined in detail and in depth. 4. It is sometimes not as well
understood and accepted as quantitative
2. Interviews are not restricted to research within the scientific community.
specific questions and can be guided /
redirected by the researcher in real 5. The researcher‟s presence during the
time. data gathering, which is often
unavoidable in qualitative research, can
3. The research framework and direction affect the subjects’ responses.
can be quickly revised as new
information emerges. 6. Issues of anonymity and
confidentiality can present problems
4. The data based on human experience when presenting findings.
that is obtained is powerful and
sometimes more compelling than 7. Findings can be more difficult and
quantitative data. time consuming to characterize in a
visual way.
5. Subtleties and complexities about the
research subjects and / or topic are Research Variables
discovered that are often missed by 1. Dependent / Response – a variable
more positivistic enquiries. whose value depends on that of
another; it represents the outcome or
6. Data usually are collected from a few output which is subject for analysis and
cases or individuals so findings cannot studies
be generalized to a larger population.
Findings can however be transferable to 2. Independent / Explanatory –
another setting represents inputs, causes or any other
information that establishes link
Limitations of Qualitative Research between events and objects under study
1. Research quality is heavily dependent
on the individual skills of the researcher 3. Constant – it is the variable that
and more easily influenced by the researchers want to remain the same; it
researcher’s personal biases and is the one which controls in the study or
idiosyncrasies. experiment.

3
4. Random – a variable with a numerical 4. Data Gathering/Collection
value for each member of a group, 5. Data Analysis
especially one whose values occur 6. Interpretation/Conclusion
according to a frequency distribution.
Steps in Conducting Research
Research Frameworks 1. Formulating a Research Problem -
1. Conceptual Framework – visual The general problem provides the
representation of the variables used in overall picture and direction of the
research; through conceptual research. This is usually stated in
frameworks, deductive reasoning narrative form.
explains theories that support the study; - The specific problems give the details
it also represents the researcher’s of the research. These are generated
synthesis of literature that explains the from the general problem.
phenomenon; it also shows researchers’ - A set of specific problems need to be
understanding in how the key ideas formulated. These problems are usually
derived from the codes are related to stated in question form. - Reading a lot
one another of research articles in journals, books,
magazines, and other reading materials
2. Theoretical Framework – theories, can help you formulate good research
models or principles which guide the problems.
research process and determine what
variables to test and establish a causal 2. Writing a “Working Title” - It is called
relationship from a „working title‟ because it can be
revised or modified as the study
3. Input-Process-Output (IPO) – basic progresses. The research title sums up
research framework which explains and all the variables you want to study in
categorizes identified variables based on your research. Usually, the research title
the pertinent treatment and reflects the statement of the general
consideration from its causal relationship problem.

Steps in Conducting Qualitative or 3. Writing the Significance of the Study

Quantitative Research - The study should specify the role of
1. Phenomenon – produce a problem the research to different groups of
that makes a researcher want to study people such as curriculum developers,
it. The phenomenon would later on lead researchers, teachers, students.
to the creation of research objectives - Write the significance of the study in
and the hypothesis paragraph form. - Limit the number of
2. Participants paragraphs depending on the number of
3. Hypothesis/-es – academic guess beneficiaries of the study

4
 perceptions and find the common
4. Writing the Scope and Delimitation of ground to every experience. In this
the Study approach, the participants relive their
- Use only two to three paragraphs. - experiences in order to obtain the very
Write only the range of topics being essence of these thoughts and
studied. perceptions.
- You may include the time frame, - Examples: Experiences of athletes who
sample size, and the limitation of the played in the national and international
methods to be employed. events, student-artists who joined art
competitions, students who volunteer in
Methodology: Approaches in relief operations, teachers who teach in
Qualitative Research remote areas
1. Ethnography - “ethnic”/ethnicity
- a qualitative research method that 3. Narrative Research - It narrates the
aims to get a holistic picture of a life experiences of an individual told to
specific group, society or any institution. the researcher or from available
- After the culture Culture can refer to documents or material. It highlights
the way of living or traditions. special events in the individual‟s life.
- It is derived from anthropology. The - Gather information from
ethnographer studies the entire culture autobiographies or biographies of
of a popular group. It includes certain people and then tabulate the
geographic location, ethnicity and gathered data.
organization of the group. The most - Other sources of information:
common ethnographic approach is editorials, newspaper columns,
participant observation, in which the chats/text messages, letters (ex:
researcher becomes immersed in the pastoral letters), speeches,
culture under study as an active announcements
participant, taking extensive notes about - Sources of information in the business
observations and impressions. field: minutes of the meeting,
brochures/leaflets, newspaper articles
2. Phenomenology - “phenomenon” - about business, policies in the
From observations or interviews - government inclined to the business
Gather insights and opinion of persons
toward a specific topic 4. Grounded Theory - Original theory
- It explores the world of the from researcher which is created and
participants by gaining thoughts, developed from gathered data
insights, and perceptions of a particular - It aims to generate a theory from the
phenomenon. The researcher tries to data which are analyzed and interpreted
investigate an individual’s thoughts and inductively. The theory can be generated

5
does not start from the beginning but 2 phases: qualitative and quantitative
only surfaced after all the data have Easier with qualitative
been analyzed inductively. This is the - Compare and tabulate the
result of thorough interviews and research/studies “theme” Objective
observations. Participants Method Findings
Conclusion
- Examples: System of disciplines of - Create a theory afterwards by
skilled workers and how coaches comparing the findings and conclusions.
maintain discipline among his team Are there any similarities? Is it relevant
players to the main topic of your research?
8. Case Study - It presents a detailed
5. Art Inquiry analysis of a specific case. Usually, a
- Analyzing the artworks and producing case is individual, or one group of
a study from it people or one school. The researcher
focuses only on one particular case.
6. Conversational Analysis - Intention of focusing on the behavioral
- Analyze how the conversation goes aspect of a person and thinking of an
- It is an interdisciplinary method for the intervention to the problem. Wag
empirical investigation of the interaction pag-aralan lang yung tao, tulungan din
of human beings with each other and sila. - Practice confidentiality
with the objects in their environment. It - Examples: A student who excels both
requires naturally occurring data that in math and science; a student who is
has been recorded and transcribed. It poor in reading and yet a black belter in
refers to actual occurrences of talk not taekwondo
gathered from interviewing techniques,
observational methods, native intuitions, 9. Historical Approach - Study with the
or experimental methodologies. basis of history

7. Meta-analysis - It is a subset of
systematic reviews; a method for
systematically combining pertinent
qualitative and quantitative study data
from several selected studies to develop
a single conclusion that has greater
statistical power.

- Originally used in the field of medicine