Cycle parking guidance

April 2013
 Cycle parking guide

This guidance document was jointly developed by Transport Initiatives and representatives of
Bedfordshire Borough Council, Central Bedfordshire Council, Cambridge City Council,
Cambridgeshire County Council, Lewisham Council, Southwark Council, Hillingdon Council,
Hackney Council, York City Council and the Safer York Partnership and represents the
consensus view of those involved. The views expressed are not necessarily those of Transport
Initiatives.
In partnership with:

© Transport Initiatives LLP 20012

All text, diagrams and photos © Transport Initiatives except where stated

Printed on 100% post consumer recycled paper where printed by Transport Initiatives

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Cycle parking guidance

Contents
1. Introduction and purpose of this document.......................... 4
2. Fundamental Principles .......................................................... 6
3. Best practice and cycle theft techniques .............................. 7
4. Basic dimensions .................................................................. 10
Sheffield type stands................................................................ 11
Sheffield stand dimensions ...................................................... 12
Spacing between stands.......................................................... 13
Aisle widths .............................................................................. 16
Turning space .......................................................................... 18
Door widths .............................................................................. 20
Consecutive doors ................................................................... 21
5. Cycle parking in different types of development ................ 23
BREEAM and Code for Sustainable Homes ............................ 23
Houses..................................................................................... 23
Private Garages ....................................................................... 23
Private dwellings without garages............................................ 25
Flats, Apartments and other Multi-occupancy dwellings .......... 27
Small blocks of flats ................................................................. 29
Medium and large blocks of flats.............................................. 29
Retro-fit .................................................................................... 31
Prioritisation within social housing estates............................... 34
6. Cycle parking in the public realm......................................... 36
7. Management of cycle parking areas .................................... 40
Private cycle parking................................................................ 40
Shared residential occupancy .................................................. 40
Acknowledgements ...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix A – Guide to cycle parking equipment............................. 43
Appendix B – Cycle Parking Standards............................................ 51
Appendix C – Swept Path Diagrams ................................................. 53

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1. Introduction and purpose of this document

Cycling is becoming increasingly recognised for the contribution it can
make as a sustainable and healthy form of transport for trips within our
towns and cities and between rural communities. To support this, local
authorities all over the country have been putting considerable effort into
providing measures that make the choice to cycle a more natural one.
However, whilst there is a growing understanding of what makes for
good cycle parking in the public realm, little thought has been given to
what should be done where most journeys begin and end i.e. in the
home and workplace. This document aims to meet this shortfall.

“Providing enough convenient and secure cycle parking at people’s homes

and other locations for both residents and visitors is critical to increasing
the use of bicycles. In residential developments, designers should aim to
make access to cycle storage at least as convenient as access to car
parking.”
Manual for Streets, Department for Transport, 2007 (8.2.1)

The purpose of this document is to give guidance on the nature and

layout of cycle parking, and other security measures. It is primarily aimed
at the delivery of parking to be provided as a consequence of new
development, including retro-fit solutions as part of re-development. It
also addresses issues of cycle parking in the public realm where
planning obligations are to be met through this means by agreement with
the local authority.

This guide is aimed at:

 Developers and their agents;

 Planning and highway engineering staff of the local
authority;
 Employers wishing to encourage and support cycling to
work
 Residents looking to find solutions to their own cycle
parking challenges
 Anyone else with an interest in this subject

This document cannot cover every potential parking situation or layout.

Designers should not, therefore, rely simply on the information
represented by the diagrams and summary tables etc. Instead, they
should seek to understand the principles involved in order to be able to
determine for themselves, from first principles, what solution best suits
the needs of those who will use the parking for many years to come.

To achieve the best solutions, cycle parking needs to be considered

early on in the design process. It is imperative that it forms an integral
part of any planning application submission and is not treated as a
secondary issue to be resolved by conditions.

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Guidance on cycle parking equipment is provided at Appendix A. This is

followed by this authority’s standards for the level of parking to be
provided for all classes of new development at Appendix B. Diagrams
showing the swept path of cyclists turning their bicycles trough a number
of turns are included at Appendix C.

Note: This policy document sets out the requirements of this authority
and takes precedence over other sources of guidance.

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2. Fundamental Principles
When drawing up this document the following fundamental principles
have been followed:
 In the case of new developments and re-developments, good quality
cycle parking should be designed in from the outset and not
introduced later as an afterthought;
 The parking provided must be easy to use and access by all
members of the community at all life stages and the need to lift or
drag the bicycle at any time should be designed out of all new parking
layouts;
 When provided as a consequence of new development of any kind,
every effort must be made to house cycle parking within the building
footprint. Only in cases in which it can be evidenced that to do so
would directly compromise another aspect of the development, will
separate cycle parking be considered
 Additional space will be required to accommodate trailers, child
buggies, tandems, adult tricycles etc in flats and other multi-
occupancy dwellings;
 Where dimensions are quoted within this document, these should be
considered to be the minimum acceptable and not compromised
further;
 Where developers or their agents wish to deviate from this guidance
the reasons for the deviation should be supported by clear evidence,
supported (if appropriate) by a robust travel plan. As a minimum this
evidence should consist of an analysis of location in relation to
existing and proposed cycle routes, potential users and their likely
numbers together with targets for and future measures to
accommodate growth before approval for the nature and level of
provision will be given by the authority.

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3. Best practice and cycle theft techniques

Best practice: Cycle parking should be:
Conveniently All cycle parking should be sited in a manner which
sited encourages the use of a bicycle as first choice for short trips
and preferably within the footprint of the building. It should
always be placed as close as possible to the main entry/exit
points both at the origins and destinations of all journeys.
Where cycle parking shares space with car parking the cycle
parking should be sited closer to the entrance/exit than any
non-disabled car parking.
Where parking for bicycles is provided within a private garage,
it is essential that they can be taken out easily and without the
need to first remove any cars or bicycles already parked
within the garage.
Cycle parking should not be sited where it will get in the way
of pedestrians or be struck by passing traffic.
Accessible All parking should be easy to get to, with no inconvenient
and easy to detours, steps, steep slopes or narrow access ways.
use
The facilities provided should be easy to use by all members
of the community at all life stages without the need to lift or
drag the bicycle to park it. Additional space for tandems,
trailers, ‘tag-alongs’ etc. should be considered on a case by
case basis and in reference to Hackney’s cycle parking
standards (Appendix A).
The spacing of stands should allow easy use without the
danger of bicycles becoming entangled with each other.
Consistently In places such as shopping areas, or large employment sites,
available small clusters of stands at frequent intervals are usually better
than larger concentrations at fewer sites.
Safe and Cycle parking should always give cyclists the confidence that
Secure their bicycle will still be there when they return (see ‘Cycle
theft techniques’ below). The location should help users feel
personally secure: those that make users feel at risk will not
be used.
Covered Long term parking, whether in the public or private domain
should always be covered and, where appropriate, this should
also apply to visitor parking.
Fit for The default choice is the ‘Sheffield’ type stand.
purpose
Where other racks or support systems are used, these should
provide good security and allow the bicycle frame and at least
one wheel (preferably both) to be secured.

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Well All parking should be the subject of a funded maintenance

managed, regime that ensures that the parking area is kept clean, free of
monitored graffiti, well lit and the parking equipment properly maintained.
and well
Except for individual private dwellings, the level of use of
maintained
parking should be monitored to decide when more is needed.
A process for the removal of abandoned bicycles should also
be implemented.
New users, i.e. new residents or employees, should be made
aware of the location, nature and function of the cycle parking
provided. The process of issuing of keys, smart card and
proximity devices etc. should be transparent to all users.
Attractive The design of cycle parking facilities should be in keeping with
the surrounding public realm, especially in conservation
areas, in the immediate vicinity of listed buildings and where
local regulations apply.

Cycle theft techniques

Fear of theft is a known deterrent to cycling. European research1 has

found that after their bicycle was stolen 22% of cyclists gave up cycling.
Understanding how bicycles are stolen is, therefore, an important part of
knowing what measures are needed to prevent theft2:

Techniques Response

1. Lifting
If a bicycle is locked to a post or Lock bicycle to a ’closed’ structure which
bollard it can often be lifted over prevents this
the top

2. Levering
When locks leave enough room Fit a lock that leaves little room for this
between them and the bicycle’s
Never lock the frame by the cross-bar
frame, jacks or wrecking bars
alone – lock at least the frame and rear
can be used to lever them apart.
wheel
Sometimes, even the bicycle
itself is rotated to break the lock

3. Striking
If the chain or the lock rest on Always make sure that the chain or lock
the ground then thieves can use cannot touch the ground (some stands
a hammer and chisel to break it achieve this by their design)
(see also freezing below)

4. Freezing
Freezing sprays of the kind used As above - make sure the lock does not
by plumbers are sometimes touch the ground to prevent striking and

1
Velo City Munich 2007
2
Based on Design Against Crime guidance www.designagainstcrime.com

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Techniques Response
used to freeze the plastic always choose the most robust lock
surround of locks. This makes available
them brittle and when struck
break they up exposing more
vulnerable connections between
the lock and cable

5. Cutting
Angle grinders, bolt cutters, tin Buy the most robust lock available – see
snips and hack saws can be www.soldsecure.com for guidance.
used to cut through locks and
Use two locks of differing types as
chains
thieves do not always go equipped for to
cut all types – thieves are also know to
target the best bicycle with the cheapest
lock so the longer it takes to steal a
bicycle the less likely it will be targeted

6. Unbolting
Thieves are often prepared to Always lock wheels and seat posts that
unbolt components have quick release mechanisms or
remove them and take them with you.
Alternatively replace such mechanisms
with bolts that are less easy to remove

7. Picking
Thieves are well aware of the Buy the most secure lock available as
techniques for picking locks and this will be more likely to resist this
defeating combinations technique – avoid barrel and
combination locks.

8. Theft from private or other locked

premises
The perception that if a bicycle is Always lock bicycles securely as though
stored in locked premises it does they were in the public realm. Where
not need to be locked or locked bicycles are locked to fixings on the wall
securely is a false one. If, for or floor ensure that they are robust and
example, thieves can gain use security bolts.
access to a private garage or
Secure compounds should have no
shed they may well find tools
openings that are large enough to allow
that enable them to break the
a thief to enter and pass a stolen bicycle
lock without being observed
through.

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4. Basic dimensions
The aim of cycle parking should be to encourage more cycling, more often. The
purpose of this section is to ensure that adequate room is provided for both
cyclists and bicycles when using the parking provided. This requires an
understanding of the space needed by a cyclist to get to the cycle parking and
to ensure that the cycle parking itself is adequately spaced; not just to
accommodate use but also to encourage its use. Cycle parking should also take
account of all life stages, abilities and recognise that utility cycling takes place
all year round.

A pedestrian
The width of average adult pedestrian wearing
normal winter clothing is taken to be 700mm.
This compares with the normally accepted width
of a mounted cyclist as 750mm.

A cyclist pushing a bicycle

Cyclists generally push their bicycles by holding
the handlebars. They also instinctively lean the
bicycle slightly towards themselves to avoid
hitting their shins with the pedals and so
1000mm - 1100mm is a general guide to the
width needed. These figures make no
allowance for clearance between fixed objects
such as walls or parked bicycles.

Design bicycle
Bicycle size may be affected by the addition of
such features as child seats, panniers and
baskets: all are regularly encountered where
cycling is common. These rarely add much to
the overall width but can have a significant
impact on the ease with which the bicycle can
be locked to a stand and the space needed
between stands

Two parked bicycles

In order to avoid a clash of handlebars and
pedals the second bicycle to be parked will be
parked slightly to the front or rear of the first.
This gives an overall length for 2 bicycles of
2000mm.
The effective overall width of two bicycles
parked on one stand may be taken as 750mm.
This figure makes a small allowance for the
width of a bicycle frame and the stand but does
not take into account the presence of panniers,
baskets or child seats. The amount by which a
bicycle sticks out from the centre line of a
Sheffield stand may be taken as 375mm.

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‘Footprint’
The minimum ‘footprint’ of two bicycles parked
at a Sheffield stand should be taken as 2m x
1m. This may be used to calculate the space
required for a given number of stands. For aisle
widths, see p. 11.

Sheffield type stands

The use of Sheffield stands is the default option. The reasons behind this
decision are as follows:
 Liked by users (supports the bicycle well and provides
opportunities to lock back and front wheels as well as the
frame, easy to use and no lifting required)
 Parks two bicycles to one stand
 Accessible from both ends if aisles are provided on both
side of the stand
 Non-damaging to bicycles if plastic coated (or similar)
 Available in a range of styles, colours and finishes
 May be supplied as ‘toast racks’ i.e. a number of stands on
a common base which is easily bolted down
 Cheap to purchase and easy to maintain

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Sheffield stands in the public realm – note the tapping rail and reflective tape

A number of variations on the Sheffield stand have been produced.

Those that closely replicate the basic dimensions below and are
symmetrical, i.e. they may be accessed from either end, are preferred.

The M shaped ‘CaMden’ stand is intended to encourage cyclists to lock their wheels
and frame to the stand and resist the practice of using the bicycle to twist and break
the lock and to prevent the lock from reaching the ground.
The CaMden stand is not currently used on the public highway in Hackney but the
Council supports it’s installation on private premises and other locations.

Sheffield stand dimensions

Diagram 1: Based on London Cycling Design Standards TfL 2005

Sheffield stand
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The preferred size is 750mm high and 750mm long

The addition of a horizontal bar approximately 500mm above ground
level will make it easier to secure children’s bicycles and reduce the
likelihood of bicycles slipping down the stand if properly locked.
When used in the public realm, the first and last stands in a row should
be fitted with a tapping rail and reflective markings for the benefit of blind
and partially sighted people. Where stainless steel stands are provided to
enhance the public realm these must have a brushed finish and should
only be used where they will stand out against a contrasting background.
This will make them more easily detected by people whose vision is
impaired.
Note: Sheffield stands should always be fixed at right angles to any
slope. This overcomes any tendency for the parked bicycles to roll
downhill.

Diagram 2:
Stands on sloping
ground

Spacing between stands

Stands parallel to each other
Stands should always be sufficiently far apart to allow users to park and
lock their bicycles with ease. The minimum spacing between Sheffield
stands should be 1000mm. This distance is always measured from the
centre line and at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the stand, even
when stands are at an angle to a wall or kerb line. Where space is
limited, for example within a constrained existing site, and it is desirable
to place stands closer together, it must be demonstrated that they can
comfortably accommodate a bicycle on either side.

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Diagram 3: Stands at right angles to a wall

Diagram 4: Stands at 45 degrees to a wall

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Stands 1000mm apart allow Stands too close together only

cyclists room to lock their leave room for one bicycle per
frames in comfort stand

At least 1000mm is needed to … as well as baskets

accommodate bicycles with
child seats and panniers …

Spacing between rows of stands

Since two bicycles parked either side of a stand have an overall length of
2.0m the centres of stands in line with each other should be a minimum
of 2.0m apart (see Diagram 4).

Spacious parking layouts are an incentive to cycle

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Aisle widths
It is essential to provide aisles between every two rows of Sheffield
stands and at regular intervals between groups of stands. The aisles
should be a minimum of 1000mm (equivalent to 3000mm between the
centres of stands) to allow cyclists to get past parked bicycles and turn to
park (see diagram 4 below).

Where large numbers of stands are provided and two-way flows of

cyclists pushing their bicycles are likely at peak times (e.g. in large halls
of residence), aisle widths should be increased by at least 500mm.

Diagram 5: Aisle widths and clearances to walls

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Aisle widths for high-low stands and two-tier stands

The use of high-low stands and two-tier stands is generally not

acceptable for new residential developments but may be considered on a
case by case basis (e.g. large student accommodation or retro-fit).
Although common in mainland Europe they are not universally popular
with users in their home countries. Many of these styles are difficult to
use when bicycles are fitted with baskets and child seats and usually
require lifting. This can be difficult for the less able or those with heavy
bicycles. The need to provide a wider aisle in front of two-tier stands, in
order to provide space to turn and load the bicycle onto the higher level,
may also mean that apparent density advantages of such systems are
reduced.

High-low stands: Note that the easier lower level is usually the first to be taken.
Such stands will only be acceptable by agreement in retro-fit circumstances on
secure sites and where some means of locking the frame to the stand is provided

The aisle width for high-low stands should be a minimum of 1500mm

measured from the rearmost point of the parked bicycle (see individual
manufacturer’s specifications for details). The spacing between stands
should be a minimum of 500mm between centres.

Where two-tier stands are installed a minimum isle width of 2500mm

beyond the lowered frame is required. This is to enable the bicycle to be
turned and loaded in comfort. An overall aisle width of 3500mm should
be provided where frequent two-way movements are likely within an aisle
with stands on either side. The headroom required will vary with system
but generally, a ceiling height of 2800 – 3000mm will provide adequate
clearance above most parked bicycles.

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Diagram 6: Aisle width for two-tier parking

Two-tier stands should be provided with mechanisms that help lifting

such as springs or gas-struts. It is essential that side-bars or similar be
incorporated in the design on both the lower and upper tiers to allow the
frame and at least one wheel to be secured.

Turning space
It is necessary to check whether adequate space has been provided to
allow a cyclist conveniently to get to and from the cycle parking. The
following four diagrams illustrate the outer swept paths of common
manoeuvres. Four common manoeuvres are illustrated:

 pushing a bicycle through a right angle (to left and right)

 turning through 180° to reverse direction (to left and right).

These drawings appear in greater detail at Appendix C.

The diagrams may be reversed to represent a cyclist standing on the

right hand side of the bicycle. It should be noted that the outer edge of
the ‘envelope’ is generally created by the elbow/shoulders of the cyclist
on one side and either the handlebars or the front wheel on the other.
The latter occurs when the bicycle is leant over during the turning
manoeuvre.

Whilst the space required to turn a bicycle will vary with the size of the
cyclist and his or her ability to handle their bicycle without lifting or
dragging it, the drawings represent the amount of free space needed to
achieve the various manoeuvres in comfort. No allowance has been
made for the need to allow clearance between the swept paths and walls
and other fixed points. It is suggested that 150mm (100mm minimum) is
provided to avoid damaging paintwork, doorways etc.

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Diagram 7: Cyclist stood on left of bicycle turning right

(Positions A and B represent the start and finish positions of the turning movement –
the dotted outline represents the size of the area needed to complete the turn)

Diagram 8: Cyclist stood on left of bicycle turning left

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Diagram 9 & 10: Cyclist stood on left of bicycle turning right through 180°(left)
Cyclist stood on left of bicycle turning left through 180° (right)

In addition to demonstrating the amount of space need to turn a bicycle

to park it, the diagrams above also serve as indications of, say, the width
of a lobby needed to turn at right angles and pass through a door. The
illustration below allows a small margin between the cyclist and their
bicycle and any enclosing walls.

Diagram 11: Indicative lobby in front of a door

(derived from turning diagrams)

Door widths
Any door or gateway that cyclists have to pass through to gain access to
parking must be at least 900mm wide; preferably 1000mm. Communal
doorways should be a minimum of 1200mm.

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External doors should be at least 1500mm wide (made up of double

doors, one of which should be at least 1200mm wide), self-closing and
locking. Locks should meet British Standards with lock protection
measures fitted where appropriate. For larger facilities, automatic doors
should be considered and fitted with a mechanically damped closer
which will allow cyclists to pass in good time.

Communal (left – single door preferred unless automatically operated) and private
(right) access doors to cycle parking can be both wide and attractive

Consecutive doors
Consecutive doors should generally be avoided. Where they are
planned, they should be arranged to permit easy access. When faced
with any kind of door that is not automatically opened or mechanically
held open, a cyclist will have to stretch to first reach for the door handle
and then hold the door open whilst passing their bicycle through. This
means that the distance between consecutive doors must be at least the
sum of the width of the door being passed through plus the length of a
bicycle. In communal areas this should be a minimum of 3.5m. This
figure may be reduced by the use of double doors with workable layouts
derived by the use of the swept path diagrams (see below).

Cyclists need space to negotiate doors and gates

Over-wide doors can also create difficulties

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Corridor widths should be also be sufficiently wide to permit both easy

access and to accommodate any turning movements that may be
necessary. Push buttons to activate automated doors should be
conveniently sited to aid ease of use preferably 3m in advance of the
door.

Diagram 12: Good design derived with the aid of swept path diagrams
(assumes automatic double doors)

Diagram 13: Bad design resulting in inadequate space to turn and open
and hold doors with turn made worse by conflicting doors.

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5. Cycle parking in different types of

development

BREEAM and Code for Sustainable Homes

Compliance with the design guidance within this document, and the
standards set out as Appendix B of this document, is aimed at meeting or
exceeding those required by BREEAM New Construction - Non Domestic
Buildings - Technical manual SD5073 – 2.0:2011. The same also applies
to the Code for Sustainable Homes Category 1 – Energy/Co2 – Cycle
Storage, where full compliance will deliver the maximum points score.

Houses
Cycle parking for residents should be provided in a secure lockable
enclosure. It is preferable that this is within the footprint of the building or
within the ‘private space’ of individual dwellings. In both instances, it
should be in a fully enclosed solid structure with secure entrance lock
and secure fixings. This will need careful consideration in terms of urban
design. To promote ease of use and modal choice the parking should
preferably be at the front of the building either in specially constructed
storage or an easily accessible garage.
Private Garages (where exists)
There are very few properties with garages in urban areas like Hackney
however where they do exist they are often the most convenient and
secure place to park bicycles. If this is the only provision for bicycle and
car parking, the size of the garage must allow bicycles to be removed
from the garage easily without first driving out any car parked within it
(see Diagram 12 below). To accommodate this, a minimum clear space
of 1200mm should always be provided between the predicted position of
the car and any parked bicycle/other obstacle/wall etc. This will permit a
bicycle to be wheeled in or out without difficulty.
Where bicycles are to be parked at the rear of a garage an additional
door may be provided to facilitate bicycle parking if there is a separate
rear access to the property (see Diagram 14). If this is not the case, the
clearance in front of the car, i.e. at the end of the garage, should be
increased to 1500mm to provide space to turn the bicycle. Designers
should also create a clear space of at least 1200mm between the garage
door jamb and the closest point of a parked car. These requirements are
in addition to any storage space to be provided within the garage. Where
they cannot be met, consideration should be given to other arrangements
such as the provision of a secure shed (see below) or some other means
by agreement with the local authority.

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Diagram 14: Indicative garage layout

Visitor parking should be provided as close as possible to the front of the

house and take the form of a suitable stand or wall bar/ring: mounting
height 500mm (see Appendix B for guidance).

Secure parking for both bicycles and car Wide doors can be a design feature
provided by the use of two gates

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Private dwellings without garages

When provided within the footprint of the dwelling, the parking area
should be accessed by means of a door at least 900mm wide (preferably
1200mm) wide and be at least 2000mm deep.

Diagram 15: space required to park two bicycles and remove without lifting

Diagram 16: space required to store 3 bicycles

(Note: handlebars will overlap so a suitable stand should be provided to avoid the
need to lift)

The parking should be secure, covered, preferably constructed from the

same materials as the main structure and of a size derived from the
guidance given above. As a minimum requirement, doors should be
secured by mortice locks. Where more than two bicycle spaces are
required some form of stand should be provided (see Appendix A).

Cycle parking built into an extension of the porch: preferred approach

(Note: doors should be wider and mortice locks fitted)

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Picture: Ian Holloway

Bin stores used for cycle parking in preference to their intended use (Cambridge)
The cycle parking spaces provided in a shed in the back garden are being used to
store garden equipment rather than bicycles due to poor access. This has led in turn to
the bins being left outside to the detriment of the public realm.

Sheffield stands outside the front door make for a convenient location for visitors and
day time use but long-term parking should be protected from the weather
Picture: Ian Holloway

Rear Access
Where cycle parking is provided to the rear or sides of private dwellings
the access way should be 1.5m wide or a minimum of 1.2m over a
distance of no more than 10.0m.

Diagram 17: Access widths

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Wooden Sheds
Domestic wooden sheds are not recommended unless they have walls of
tongue and groove construction at least 18mm thick. They should be
securely fixed to a concrete foundation and ground anchors provided.
Walls and floors should also be stout enough to allow the attachment of
wall bars and stands fitted with anti-tamper fixings. Doors must be
secured by mortice locks and not padlocks. At least 1m2 storage space
must be provided within the shed, for garden equipment etc, in addition
to that provided for cycle parking.

Bad practice: Padlocks are only as Good practice: Mortice locks provide
strong as their fixings greater security

External hinges that rely on screws that can be removed

from outside should not be used or additional, secure
bolts provided

Flats, Apartments and other Multi-occupancy dwellings

General
Whether provided internally (preferable) or externally, cycle parking
should be sited within 20m of the relevant entrance of the building and in
all cases closer than the nearest non-disabled parking space. It should
be well lit, create a sense of personal safety and included in any wider
premises CCTV surveillance system. External parking should be
designed to be overlooked by the dwellings and not hidden by
landscaping or planting.

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 Cycle parking guide

Parking areas should preferably be housed internally on the ground floor.

As a general rule, it is not recommended that parking for bicycles should
be accommodated within individual apartments above ground floor level.
Where lifts are provided for the use of cyclists these should be
sufficiently large to accommodate their bicycles i.e. at least 2m deep and
preferably 2m wide with an overall door aperture of 1.2m. The lobbies
onto which the lift opens should be wide enough to accommodate
cyclists turning with their bicycles. The earlier diagrams will help to
decide how much space will be needed.

Visitor parking spaces should be provided at each public entrance of

blocks of flats. Space should be considered for the parking of such items
as tricycles, trailers etc. See the authority’s cycle parking standards at
Appendix B.

In all cases, secure compounds must not have apertures large enough
for anyone to climb in or parts of a bicycle to be passed through. Where
cycle storage is combined with bin storage, or similar, the two elements
should be wholly separate with no opportunity for climbing through.

Good quality design and location of Better coverage provides protection from
visitor parking marred by inadequate driving rain
protection from the elements

Bad practice – the siting of the door and the spacing of the stands means that those
on the right cannot be used – gap between roof sections allows rain to enter

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 Cycle parking guide

Small blocks of flats

The preferred solution is for the cycle parking to be within the building
footprint with an individual cage for each dwelling or a rack space for
each bicycle. Parking provided outside of the building should be within a
lit, covered enclosure, again with cages or racks. If the parking area is
open access the enclosure should be lockable. The parking should also
be connected to the general highway and cycle networks by an open, lit,
surfaced access path preferably 2000mm (1500mm minimum) wide.

Cages within communal area assigned to

individual dwellings

Medium and large blocks of flats

Cycle parking should be spread throughout the site within the ‘private
space’ of the buildings that they are designed to serve and within sight of
intended users. When located within an under-croft or underground car
parking area the bicycle parking should, again, be sited next to the
relevant access points (and closer than the nearest non-disabled car
parking space) and only located in an area covered by CCTV. When the
car parking area is not itself subject to some form of key-controlled entry
then the cycle parking should be provided in secure lockable compounds
relating to each floor or block. A maximum of 10 bicycles is generally
recommended for each enclosure. This figure may be varied subject to
agreement with the authority.

Ramps to underground parking areas should be well lit and wide enough
to permit access for cyclists unimpeded by other traffic. Consideration
may be given to separate ramped access for cyclists but these must be
no less convenient than the access provided for motor vehicles. Where
used by cyclists, ramps should not exceed a gradient of 7% (1:14) with a
rounded transition at the top and bottom of the ramp. Single lane ramps
shared with motor traffic with a width of between 2.75m and 3.25m
should be avoided.

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 Cycle parking guide

Good quality parking within a secure area - note the incursion of the car into cycle
parking space: this should be designed out from the beginning

Secure cycle parking compound outside flats (note: door should be wider)

The use of wire mesh or wooden slats can leave compounds vulnerable if these can
be cut or broken allowing thieves to reach in and open locks from the inside. The
same applies if the compound can be attacked unobserved from the rear.

Where access to the cycle parking area is derived by means of steps,

these should always be accompanied by a wheeling ramp, preferably on
both sides of the steps to allow users to pass when going in and out and
to wheel their bicycles on their natural side whether going up or down.
The slope of any ramp (and steps) should not exceed 50% (1 in 2) but
should always be as shallow as possible to promote ease of use.

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 Cycle parking guide

Steps and wheeling ramp giving access to communal cycle

parking area (two ramps would improve ease of use)

Retro-fit
Many residents in existing flats are put off owning a bicycle because they
worry about it being stolen if they do not have the room to store it safely
inside. Where there is no space or opportunity for off-street cycle parking
then it may be the case that on-street provision is appropriate. In such
circumstances, individuals or residents’ representatives should approach
the authority to explore what can be achieved (see 6.0 Parking in the
public realm below).

Guidance elsewhere in this document covering the use and security of

sheds for cycle parking also applies to retro-fit solutions. This will also be
of help to owners and tenants of dwellings who are seeking advice on
secure cycle parking in the home/garage.

Where cycle parking is to be provided as the consequence of the re-

development of an existing building, for example conversion of a large
house into separate flats, discretion in terms of the number and type of
cycle parking to be provided may be exercised by this authority. Each
application will be judged on its merits and solutions arrived at by the
application of the principles and guidance set out in this document.
In conservation areas additional consents may be required, especially if
cycle parking is to be provided at the front of the building. In such cases
the authority will be pleased to give guidance on the procedures to be
followed.

Retro-fit solutions may require the use of equipment that would otherwise
not be accepted. For example, hanging racks may be acceptable for part
of the provision so long as stands for those unable or unwilling to lift their
bicycles are provided. Similarly, racks which require bicycles to be
pushed into position on channels may be permitted where access is
restricted and this is the most suitable option. Where such stands are
used they must permit the at least frame to be secured even if the
access door is fitted with a lock.

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 Cycle parking guide

Hanging rack with means of locking the Channelled racks with hoops to lock
frame (not normally recommended) wheels and frame

Wall (and floor) anchors can be used for … as well as folding bicycles
traditional frames…

Wall fixings with covers for screw-heads Secure fixing achieved by hammering
held in place by the chain ball-bearings into hex-key bolts

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 Cycle parking guide

Converting garages or other communal areas to cycle storage areas

through installation of racks and stands often represents the most
affordable option.

Retro-fit solution - hanging racks used in a Retro-fit solution – secure doors fitted to
confined space – note the Sheffield rack disused pram shed
under the window provided for those
unable to lift their bicycle

Pictures London Cycling Campaign Hackney

Before After

Landings of apartment blocks may also be used to install stands where no safety or
evacuation issues are present (in this instance the landings are secure – the stands are
also not normally recommended but illustrate how even those that would not normally be
acceptable may have a place in retro-fit).

Pictures Ben Kennedy

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Prioritisation within social housing estates

As a general guide, the following criteria have been developed for

prioritising social housing estates for the provision of cycle parking
facilities (these may also act as a reference for retro-fit solutions on
private estates though partnership working with residents associations
etc):
 Evidence of demand; direct requests to the authority or residents
association, fly-parking around estate, travel surveys
 Proportion of dwellings without gardens or private balconies
 Amount, level of use and quality of existing provision
 Whether the estate is low-rise or high-rise
 Issues of cycle theft on estate
 Availability of suitable site/space for cycle parking facility or
storage areas/communal garages available for conversion to
cycle parking or flexible storage space (cycle parking,
pram/buggy parking, etc)
 Active and enthusiastic partners willing to assist with process
 Commitment from partners to undertake a resident’s travel survey
before and after installation and engage with Smarter Travel
officers
 Propensity of residents to take up cycling
 Possible overlap with smarter travel neighbourhoods projects

There should be a diversity of cycle storage types in each development

to suit different needs (i.e. cages, compounds, lockers, Sheffield stands)
a proportion of which should be segregated / allocated to individual
dwellings with the remaining unallocated for communal parking.

The retrofitting of cycle parking into 20th Century housing estates can be
undertaken in a number of different ways depending upon the level of
demand from residents and type of storage required.

Cycle lockers are often very popular because of the ease of installation
and the level of security offered and may be good for families and
smaller estates. However, they can be relatively expensive compared to
other solutions and require ongoing management of keys and locker
ownership including an annual fee or deposit to ensure they are not
misused and remain sustainable.
 Cycle parking guide

Cycle lockers provided for local residents Secure cycle parking shelter

Secure communal cycle parking sheds or hangars for individual housing

blocks is also a cost effective method of providing cycle parking with the
caretaker or resident or tenants association managing the keys.

On estates that have parking garages and pram sheds that are unused
and empty either due to lack of demand or need for repairs a practicable
and potentially cost effective method is to refurbish and convert the pram
sheds or garages for cycle parking.

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 Cycle parking guide

6. Cycle parking in the public realm

As explained earlier, where there is no space or opportunity for off-street cycle
parking then it may be the case that on-street provision is appropriate. In such
circumstances, developers and their agents, individuals or residents’
representatives should approach the authority to explore what can be achieved.

Converting parking bays to cycle parking Parking on build–out

The following diagrams are indicative of what may be achieved by means of a

re-distribution of the carriageway by either footway build-outs or parking within
the carriageway itself. All aspects of the design of such features such as layout,
drainage, signing etc must be agreed with this authority.

Diagram 17: Cycle parking within the carriageway

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 Cycle parking guide

Diagram 17: Cycle parking within a footway build-out

In both instances, space may be saved by placing the stands at 45o to the kerb
line

Diagram 19: Stands at 45o to the kerb line

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Alternative on-street cycle parking options
Where space is limited on the footway or the presence of utilities in the footway
means that Sheffield stands cannot be installed and there is not enough funding
or demand for carriageway cycle parking then alternative options may be
appropriate dependent upon approval of Hackney’s Streetscene Service.

These include:

 Hoops secured to existing street furniture such as signage posts

These are particularly appropriate in residential streets where it is not

practicable to provide a Sheffield stand and in high density areas where there is
not enough space to install stands but cycles are regularly chained to existing
street furniture (South Shoreditch). They should only be installed in locations
where they will not result in the footway being obstructed or hinder loading or
those exiting parked vehicles. They will never be used on disabled parking bay
posts.

The benefits of this type of cycle parking is that it is relatively low cost and helps
secure cycles by enabling the user to lock both wheels and frame to the post
stopping the bicycle falling over or slipping down the post obstructing the
footway. It also means the bicycle cannot be lifted over the top of the post which
is a regular method of cycle theft.

 Car shaped bike port

Hackney has bought a number of these cycle parking racks in the shape of cars
(car bike ports) that are able to take ten bicycles in a single car parking space.
We place them in different locations in the borough for up to eight weeks at a
time where we have received requests for additional cycle parking. We are
moving them around the borough to see where they get the most use and
dependent upon the level of usage and demand we will make implement
permanent cycle parking.
 Cycle parking guide

Car shaped bike parking ports placed in parking bays

 Planter locks
This type of bicycle parking offers a flexible type of cycle parking that can be
easily relocated and also has the added benefit of ‘greening’ the public realm.
Hackney Council will consider requests for installing these in the public realm
dependent upon the location being suitable. Due to the maintenance
implications associated with the shrubs in the planter we will only consider them
at locations where they are adopted by a local shop or business whereby the
organisation signs an agreement committing them to funding and maintaining
the plants. If the planter locks are not being properly maintained or there are
complaints received then they will be removed by the Council. The planter locks
will not be authorised at any location where it will result in an obstruction of the
footway or creates a hazard for those with a visual impairment.
Secure residential on-street cycle parking hangers
Hackney is currently trialling the installation of secure on-street residential cycle
parking hangars for use by residents living in terraced properties with no access
to off street cycle storage. These hangars can store up to 6 bicycles each and
will be installed in the carriageway taking up half a car parking space per
hangar. They will be sited in locations where there is proven demand and
residents have committed to paying the annual maintenance and management
fee in advance. Implementation will be dependent upon the outcome of
consultation with local residents and will be in locations where there are clusters
of residents without access to off street cycle parking.

Secure on-street residential cycle hangar

Photo courtesy of Cyclehoop

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 Cycle parking guide

7. Management of cycle parking areas

Private cycle parking
The long-term management of private cycle parking will rest with the
owners or tenants of individual dwellings. No control can be exercised
over the subsequent maintenance of the facilities provided. It is essential,
therefore, that as far as possible cycle parking is low-maintenance, easy
to use and self-explanatory to future owners and tenants. Advice on the
use of cycle parking should be provided in welcome packs where these
are required as part of the development’s residential travel plan.

Shared residential occupancy

The future maintenance of the cycle parking equipment and surrounding
area should be agreed as part of the planning process. This should
include not only the day to day up-keep but also the issuing of keys or
other entry devices together with the introduction of the facilities and their
use to new residents. Doors to shared cycle parking facilities must be
self-closing and locking.

The use of smart card and proximity keys is recommended for secure access to
communal sites, however, this needs to be well managed to remain effective

Any site travel plan should also encourage the setting up of a cycle user
group which can work together to share specialist tools, quality pumps
and general help amongst its members.
Employment sites
On larger sites it may be appropriate to identify the owners of bicycles so
that they can be removed, for example for maintenance of the parking
area or if they have been left in a place that causes and obstruction. The
identification can take the form of weatherproof stickers or tags to identify
the owner. Should the site managers wish to remove abandoned
bicycles; owners can be notified to the users (giving a [recorded]
reasonable period of notice) by suitable stickers.

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 Cycle parking guide

This notice gives seven days notice of Bicycles, and their owners, can be
removal and 60 days storage before identified by simple tags
disposal

Measures which can encourage and support employees cycling to the

workplace (preferably included within the site’s travel plan) include:3
 Showers and changing rooms
 Drying facilities – towels, hair driers and irons
 Lockers
 Training for staff
 Assisted bike purchase schemes
 Bicycle User Group (BUG)
 Pumps and repair kits
 Incentive schemes
 Bike Doctor sessions
 Guaranteed ride home

Incentives can pay off

3
For more information see Workplace Cycle Parking Guide TfL and Cycling for Business TfL

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 Cycle parking guide

Number required

There is no universally agreed methodology for deciding how many

parking spaces to provide4. When developing a new cycle parking site as
part of a new commercial development, Hackney’s Streetscene officers
will advise how many spaces should be provided during the planning
application process, based on the standards set out in Appendix B.

Alternatively, on existing sites, a rough guide would be to provide parking

for everyone who already rides to work, plus another 50 per cent. Over-
provision seems to attract cyclists so organisations should be prepared
to monitor the levels that result. When looking at existing capacity, and
where space permits, a good rule of thumb is to add another 20 per cent
additional capacity every time occupancy levels of existing provision
reach 80 per cent. This approach will provide the comfort that a space
will always be available.

Purchasing

Suppliers of cycle parking equipment may be found on the internet.

Scrutiny of materials and finishes will allow comparison when choosing
which to buy. When purchasing large numbers of stands, especially two-
tier, it is advisable to seek, and follow up, references. This will ensure
that what is bought will be both fit for purpose and durable in the longer
term.

4
Transport Initiatives for Bedfordshire County Council

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 Cycle parking guide

Appendix A – Guide to cycle parking equipment

Recommended
Key:
 Default choice Recommended
 Some slight limitations ~ Limited application
 Site specific approval required  Avoid
 Site specific approval required
 Site specific approval required

1. Default choice – Sheffield stand

Parks two bicycles to one stand; cheap
to buy, install and easy to maintain
Allows front and rear wheels and frame
to be locked
Allows use from either end (where layout
permits)
HACKNEY WILL ONLY ALLOW THESE

 STANDS TO BE INSTALLED ON THE

PUBLIC HIGHWAY

General suitability:  Retro-fit: 

2. ‘CaMden’ stand
Shown by research to encourage better
locking practice (i.e. locks around both
frame and at least one wheel)
Reduces risk of locks being placed
around top tubes of both bike and rack
(thieves can use the bike to twist and
break the lock)
Note: this should not be confused with
 the ‘ribbon’ or ‘wave’ stand (see later)

General suitability:  Retro-fit: 

3. Wall bars or rings

Recommended mounting height 500-
550mm
Very useful where there is no space for
Sheffield stands
Note: Tamper-proof fixings must be used
(see Retro-fit above)

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 Cycle parking guide

General suitability:  Retro-fit: 

4. Additions to street furniture

Very useful where no other solution is
available

General suitability:  Retro-fit: 

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 Cycle parking guide

Specialist applications

Site-specific approval required

1. Two-tier systems
Can add capacity but should only be
considered for larger sites such as student
accommodation or public transport
interchanges: not universally liked by users
- should be seen as part-solution only

~
General suitability:  Retro-fit: 

2. Hangars
Suitable in locations where there are
clusters of residents without off-street cycle
parking provision and they are willing to
pay an annual maintenance and
management fee and there is support for
the loss of car parking.
~

Picture: Cyclehoop

3. Domestic lockers
Capacity limited
Self assembly required

~
Picture: Tri metals

General suitability:  Retro-fit: 

4. Lockers general (vertical and

horizontal)
Useful where no other form of covering can be
provided. Horizontal lockers are preferred:
vertical ones require lifting and some do not
accept larger bicycles – part solution only

~ BIKEAWAY LOCKERS

General suitability:  (horizontal) Retro-fit: 

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 Cycle parking guide

5. ‘Plant Lock’ stands

May be suitable for visitor parking or
retrofit. Suitable for public realm where
approved by Council.

~
General suitability:  Retro-fit: 

6. Small foot-print ramps

Useful retro-fit solution where parking for
those unwilling/unable to lift their bicycles is
also available

~
General suitability:  Retro-fit: 

7. Ramped ‘Wheel grabbers’

To be avoided in most instances, these
may, however, have a limited retro-fit role
in cages or individual domestic sheds
where security is provided by other means
and more than two bicycles are to be
 parked

General suitability: Retro-fit: 

8. Hanging systems
Not recommended for general use but may
have role as part-solution in retro-fit
applications – only acceptable where
capable of locking frame


General suitability: Retro-fit: 

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 Cycle parking guide

9. High-low stands
Not recommended for general use in new
build due to lifting necessary but may be
acceptable for retro-fit in larger,
constrained sites where other forms of
security are provided – only acceptable
 where central posts allow the frame of the
bicycle to be locked.

General suitability: Retro-fit: 

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 Cycle parking guide

Compounds and Shelters

Secure compounds


General suitability:  Retro-fit: 

Open shelters
Provides for visitors but does not provide
adequate security for residents


General suitability:  (visitors) Retro-fit:  (visitors)

Secure under-croft parking

Provides effective security when access is
restricted to residents


General suitability:  Retro-fit: 

Cages
Useful in smaller blocks of flats etc. (stand
type by agreement)


General suitability:  Retro-fit: 

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Solutions to be avoided

The following are not recommended because of general inadequacies

including lack of security or support.

1.  2. 
Poor support Poor support and poor security

3.
 4.

Not suitable for all users + poor security Poor support

5.  6. 
Poor support and poor security Poor support

7.
 8.

No lifting mechanism and poor security – Poor support and poor security
suitable only for staffed operation

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 Cycle parking guide

9.  10. 
Requires the bicycle to be lifted + poor Poor support and no security
security

11.  12. 
Complex and rarely used properly Poor support and poor security

13.
 14. 
Poor support and poor security Poor support and poor security

15.  16. 
Rarely used as intended – bicycle is to be Inadequate support, potential for damage to
placed within stand wheel and no security

17.
 18.

Poor support and security when used as Inadequate support, potential for damage to
intended (i.e. bicycle slotted in at right wheel and poor security
angles to stand)

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 Cycle parking guide

Appendix B – Cycle Parking Standards

All standards are minimum standards. A minimum of 2 spaces are required for
all developments.

Land Land Use Cycle Parking Standard

Use
Category
A1 Food Retail First 1,000 sqm - 1 space per 75 sqm for staff with minimum 2
spaces, 1 space per 100 sqm for visitors with minimum 2 spaces.
A1 Non-food retail
Thereafter - 1 space per 300 sqm for staff and 1 space per 300 sqm
A2 Financial / for visitors.
professional services
A3-A5 Cafes and
restaurants
A3-A5 Drinking
establishments
A3-A5 Take-aways
B1 Employment 1 space per 50 sqm for staff with minimum 2 spaces plus 1 space per
500 sqm for visitors with minimum 2 spaces

B2/B8 Storage or 1 space per 300 sqm for staff and visitors
distribution
C1 Hotels 1 space per 8 bedrooms for staff plus 1 space per 20 bedrooms for
visitors
C2 Hospitals 1 space per 3 staff (for staff and visitors)

C2 Care homes / secure 1 space per 3 staff with minimum 2 spaces for visitors
accommodation
C2 Student 2 spaces per 3 bedspaces for residents plus 1 space per 10
accommodation bedspaces for visitors
C3 Residential 2 spaces per 3 bedspaces for residents plus 1 space per 10
bedspaces for visitors with 1 space per 25 units for visitors (minimum
2 spaces)

D1 Nurseries / schools 1 space per 4 staff plus 1 space per 7 students

(primary and
secondary)
D1 Universities and 1 space per 4 staff plus 1 space per 3 peak time students
colleges

D1 Health centre / 1 space per 3 staff (for staff and visitors)

dentist

D1 Other (e.g. Library, 1 space per 4 staff plus 1 space per 10 staff for visitors
church, etc.)
D2 Other (e.g. Cinema, 1 space per 5 staff plus 1 space per 50 seats for visitors
bingo, etc.)

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D2 Sports (e.g. Sports 1 space per 3 staff plus 1 space per 3 peak time visitors
hall, swimming,
gymnasium, etc.)
Sui As per most relevant other standard
generis

Long-term cycle parking for staff, residents and other long-term visitors should
be provided in secure facilities, with controlled access. Facilities should be
protected from the elements, and access must be step-free.

Short-term cycle parking should be highly visible, easily accessible and

provided as close to the main site entrance as possible. Where it is not
practical or desirable to provide on-street visitor parking on the public highway,
the planning authority will instead look for contributions to provide cycle parking
in an appropriate location in the vicinity of the site.

All cycle parking should include a provision for mobility bicycles, tricycles
(including those designed for carrying children and freight) and cycles with
trailers. At least one accessible space should be provided in all developments.
In schemes where more than 25 cycle parking spaces are provided, an
additional accessible cycle parking space should be provided for every 25 cycle
parking spaces (or part thereof).

In all cases details of the proposed levels, location and the type of cycle parking
stands to be provided should be submitted to the Planning Authority for prior
approval, ideally supported by drawings showing that all spacing requirements
are met.

It is recommended that all cycle parking provision be review once occupancy

levels reach in excess of 80%. This is to allow room for future growth and to
prevent overcrowded cycle parking acting as a barrier to people cycling.

Where non-residential uses cannot accommodate visitor cycle parking on-site,

Hackney Council may seek contributions to providing cycle parking in the public
highway.

Hackney Council may also consider contributions towards secure on-street

residential parking in conventional terraced residential streets where internal
space constraints mitigate against providing on-site provision.

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 Cycle parking guide

Appendix C – Swept Path Diagrams

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