Notes LLB Part 2

ONE DEGREE- A WORLD OF OPPORTUNITIES
English LLB PART- I

Grammar
Conditionals:
If Clause Main Clause Use
Zero Present Simple Present simple For things that are true
(If I do work/ if I do (I Pass the exam) Facts / habits
not)
First Present simple Future Simple For things that are
(If you win) (We will celebrate) likely to happen in
present or future.
Second Past Simple Model Verb → Would Unlikely to happen in
(If I won) + Infinite. Past / Dream or
(I would Celebrate) Imagination
Third Past Perfect Would + Have + Past Either something
(If I had won) participle happened in past or
(I would have didn’t
celebrated)
Examples of zero Conditionals:
 If it rains, the ground gets wet.

 If I get sick, I go to doctor.
 If you heat water, it boils.
 If she calls, I go with her.
 If you play, you win.
Note: Comma is compulsory after its clause.

Examples of First conditionals:
 If you lend me money, I will buy books.

 If it doesn’t rain, we will go to on picnic.
 If he comes, you will take him upstairs.
 If I go, he will receive me happily.
Examples of Second Conditional,
 If I were you, I would be doctor.

 If I participated, you would lose.
 If I Understood, I would explain.
 If I played hard, I would win.
 If my father were alive, I would bring him to meeting.
Examples of Third conditionals:
 If I had known him, I would have warned him.

 If you had run, you would have caught bus.
 If my friend had helped me, I would have completed the presentation.
 If I had met him, I would have given the books.
Exercise:
Complete the Conditional Sentences by putting the verbs into the correct form.
1. If you (send) …………………….this letter now, she will receive It tomorrow.
2. If I (do)……………………… this test, I will improve my English.

3. Peggy (go ) …………………………… shopping if she has time in the afternoon.
4. Simon (go) ……………………………. to London next week if he gets a cheap flight.
5. If they (study / not) ………………………..harder, they will not pass the exam.
6. If it rains tomorrow, I (have to / not ) ………………………………water the plants.
7. If Mr. Brown------------ (sell) his car last year, he would have got more money for it.
8. If Susan takes her driving lessons regularly, she--------- (pass) her driving test.
9. If Mr. Jones--------- (watch) the news every evening, he would know more about politics.
10. If Charlie------------ (not stop) eating these green apples, he'll soon feel sick.
11. If you had told me the truth, I ------------- (help) you.
12. If old Mrs. White heard a strange noise, she----------- (call) the police.
13. If he had dropped the vase, it ------------- (break).
14. I -------------- (run) away if I saw a spider.
15. If you ---------- (had listen) to me, the accident wouldn't have happened.
Common Error:
Rules and Usage:
1. Present & Past Tense.
Present tense is used to describe events whatever is going on while past tense describes whatever is
finished.
2. Use of Adverbs:
Adverb of time, place and manner should be used correctly.
3. Your / You’re
“Your” indicates possession
“you’re” is short for “you are”
Ex: Can I have your coat?
You’re beautiful.
4. Misplacing Apostrophes.
Apostrophes indicates something which belongs to someone:
Ex: The girl’s sheep
The girls’ sheep (If owner is plural)
Apostrophes are used in short words.

Ex: can’t – cannot
Apostrophes are not to make plurals.
5. There / their / they’re
“Their” is used to refer a place
“Their” is used to show possession.
Ex: Their house is far.
“They’re” is short form of “they are”
6. Similar spellings and words.
“Two”, “too” and to
” here” and “hear”
“Weather” and “whether”
7. Incomplete comparisons.
Ex: It was much hotter today (x)
It was much hotter than yesterday.
First degree takes no comparison, comparative degree takes “article” (the)
Ex: I am good. / Ex: the flowers are prettier than yesterday.
I am better than yesterday

I am the best in health.
8. Getting Adjectives and Adverb confused.
Adverb usually take “ly” in the end.
Ex: It was really nice today. (√)
It was really nice today (X)
9. Misplacing your modifiers:
Modifier modify noun / verb, they make sentence interesting. They should be placed with a right word.
Ex: He almost walked for the entire day (x)
He walked for almost the entire day (√)
Ex: He ran to the market slowly (√)
Ex: The girl said on Wednesday she would call us (X)
10. Falling into pronoun disagreement.
If the pronoun or noun is singular / masculine then Verb should also agree to this.
Ex: Every boy must sign in when they arrive (X)
Every boy must sign in when he arrives. (√)
Ex: She is playing with his guitar (X)
She is playing with her guitar.

11. Using personal or reflexive pronoun.
Whatever the pronoun is, follow its kind. (√)
Ex: He is absent herself. (X)
He is absent himself. (√)
Exercise:
Read the following passage, identify the errors and correct them.
My little sister Lisa was practicing how to riding a bicycle yesterday. Suddenly I hear a loud crash and
ran to see what had happened. I saw that she was lying in the ground. I quickly pulled her up and bought
her home. She was crying out loud. I quickly go inside the house and brought the first aid box. After
cleaning the wound, I apply antiseptic to the wound. Lisa has scratches on her hand and knee. To calm
her down, I took her to the nearby shop and brought her a big chocolate. Seeing her favorite chocolate,
she immediately stop crying. Within two day, her wounds healed, and she went to play again.
Read the following sentences and identify and correct the errors.
1. Many peoples attended the funeral of the great man.

2. The shepherd took the cattles to the field.
3. Sita could not understands what the teacher was saying.
4. Do you know the importance for clean water?
5. Laugh is the best medicines.
6. The flock of sheeps blocked the road.
7. The children was playing in the Giant’s garden.
8. The children decided to surprise Miss Holmes on teacher’s day.
9. I saw Richard when I’m on the flight.

10. Man have depended on nature for a long time.
11. Ramus is a honest man.
12. Bread and butter are Sheldon’s favorite breakfast.
13. Birds of feathers flock together.
14. The teacher called me on 12 o’clock.
15. The sweets was distributed between all the children.
Connectives:
Connectives have three grammatical categories: conjunctions, prepositions and adverbs.
 Conjunction joins words, phrase clauses and sentences.

 Preposition describes place and time between two things.
 Adverb modifies verb, adjective and clause in how, when, where and why.
While connectives can be used for additions of ideas, time, order of sequence, space, place, example,
results, purpose, comparison, contrast and to summaries the report.
Addition of ideas: Place: Purpose: Summarize:

 And  Above,  To this end  to
 Besides  behind,  for this purpose summary
 Also  below there,  with this in  to sum up
 Furthermore  to right, mind  to repeat
 moreover  nearby,  briefly
 in additional  on the other side  in short
Times: Example: Comparison:  Finally

 Next •for example  like  on the
 Finally •to illustrate  in the some whole
 Now, •for instance  as so  therefore
 Subsequently •to be specific  similarly,  as I Have
 After a short •such as said
time •moreover  in
 therefore conclusion
Order: Result: Contrast Connectives:  as you can
 first  As a result  but see
 second  hence  in contrast
 finally  for this reason  however
 from here  according  still
 to begin  therefore  nevertheless
 lastly  consequence  on the other
Hand,
Exercise:
1. You cannot go to America ---------- (unless, without, whereas) you know a little English.
2. The film is long and boring------------ (whereas, unlike, likely) the book is thrilling and well-written.
3. I could not get a seat, _________ I came early. (As, though, when)
4. We are leaving Wednesday _________ or not it rains. (If, whether, though)
5. Pay attention to your work _________ you will not make mistakes. (So that, unless, or)
6. The musicians delivered a rousing performance _________ they had rehearsed often. (Though, as,
once)
7. She’s honest _________ everyone trusts her. (If, so, when)
8. Write this down _________ you forget. (Or, when, lest)
9. She has an incredible voice; _________, she will go far in her music career. (Otherwise, undoubtedly,
similarly)
10. Natalie wanted to make pie but didn’t have apples; _________, she decided to bake a cake.
(Therefore, namely, in contrast)
11. We had hoped to go to Spain; _________, we ended up in France. (Otherwise, instead, again)
12. I’m afraid of heights, _________ I appreciate the view from the top of this building. (And, yet, nor)
13. I have to be on time, _________ my boss will be annoyed if I’m late. (And, nor, for)
14._________ I have salad for dinner, _____________________I can have ice cream for dessert. (If
/then, when / than, whether / or)
15._________ Flowers _________ trees grow _________ during warm weather. (Not only / or, both /
and, not / but)
Punctuation:
Full stop (.) Ellipses (……) Questions Mark (?)
Used at the end of sentences It shows at the end to show Used at the end to ask
(.) information is continued question. (?)
(……)
Comma: Semi-colon (;) Colon (:)
To introduce list to separate It is used between two clauses It is placed to introduce a list.
Ideas, clause. to show closer relation. I Bought things: pen,
If used a comma, you added a No need to use conjunction; marker…,
period. use only semi-colon.
Dash (_) Exclamation (!) Hyphen (-)
Dash is used to separate To show feelings or The small dash between two
Words into statement. It can emphasis. independent words, or two
replace colon. I want to laugh! same letters.
He is afraid of two things: Ah! I got hurt. Co-operate, time- machine,
Spider and senior prom. What a joke! Red-Colored Shirt
He is afraid pf two things _
spider and senior prom.
“En dash”, “Em dash”
Both are different:
En dash is used b/w numbers
(2002-2003).
Parenthesis: Quotation Mark: Apostrophe (‘)
Used to show unnecessary Used to highlight spoken Used to show possession.
Information. words as they are. Jim’s car
My brothers (Affan & “We can’t go in there” Boy’s car (plural)
Hashir) came there. Can’t (to shorten)
Exercise:
Correct the paragraph by adding appropriate punctuation and capitalization.

winston is one of the most laid-back people i know he is tall and slim with black hair and he always wears
a t-shirt and black jeans his jeans have holes in them and his baseball boots are scruffy too he usually sits
at the back of the class and he often seems to be asleep however when the exam results are given out he
always gets an "A" i don't think hes as lazy as he appears to be
For each of the following, choose the correct sentence.
1.
(A) Go West three blocks and turn right.
(B) Go west three blocks and turn right.
(C) Go West three blocks, and turn right.
2.
(A) Yes, sir, I will do it immediately.
(B) Yes sir, I will do it immediately.
(C) Yes, Sir, I will do it immediately.
3.
(A) “How,” I asked, “Can you always be so forgetful?”
(B) “How,” I asked, “Can you always be so forgetful”.
(C) “How,” I asked, “can you always be so forgetful?”

4.
(A) I did not receive the order; therefore, I will not pay my bill.
(B) I did not receive the order; therefore; I will not pay my bill.
(C) I did not receive the order, therefore; I will not pay my bill.
5.
(A) We have much to do; for example, the carpets need vacuuming.
(B) We have much to do for example: the carpets need vacuuming.
(C) We have much to do, for example: the carpets need vacuuming.
Subject – Verb Agreement:

Rules & Examples:
Subject-Verb Agreement:
 Singular verb should have a singular subject:

Ex: She likes to have a dessert after meal.
Kurt and Naila play piano.
 Combined subjects take plural verb:

Ex: Krish and Radha are on their way.
 More than one subject with “or” conjunction take singular verb:
Ex: your mom or dad has to be here.
 Pronouns anybody, anyone, no one, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, are

singular.
Ex: Nobody has understood.
Everyone was happy.
 In “either – or”, “Neither – nor”, Verb agrees with last one.

Ex: Either teacher or students have to take the initiative.
 Nouns that are plural by default take plural verb.

Ex: Police have arrested thief.
The news are around the city.
 Negative and interrogative are according to their tense.

Ex: Do you read novels?
Do they come often?
Does he play cricket?
I do not recognize him.
 When sentences start with “here”, “there”, “these”, “those”, “this” “that”, takes
verb according to subject.
Ex: Here lies your book.
These movies are good.
 Abstract nouns and uncountable nouns are singular.

Ex: Honesty is the best policy.
Love makes people do crazy things.
 When subject refers to period of time, distance or sum of money, use singular verb.
Ex: 10 years is not an enough duration.
Do you think 1000 rupees is little?
1267 km is too long for us to travel.
 Collective nouns depend on context.

Ex: My family is settled in Austria.
All groups of participants have arrived.
 Adjective, “all”, “a lot”, “some” make a phrase, so the verb depends on noun in this
phrase.
Ex: A lot of food is left.
All of the dresses are tight.
 “Each” and “Every” are considered singular.

Ex: Each student is present.
Every teacher should follow it.
 When you request or wish, verb is used plural.

Ex: I wish, I were a bird.
We request that everyone keep quiet.
Exercise:
Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject.
1. Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school.
2. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.
3. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.
4. Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor.
5. George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.
6. Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer.
7. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France.

8. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street.
9. The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.
10. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.
11. Either answer (is, are) acceptable.
12. Every one of those books (is, are) fiction.
13. Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen.
14. (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?
15. Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite subject.
Transitive verb and Intransitive verb:

Transitive verb: Intransitive Verb
A verb which needs an object is transitive. A verb cannot have an object is intransitive.
Ex: Ex:
You buy something. We waited but nobody came.
I stopped the car. You cannot smile.
He runs a store. The car stopped.
Exercise:
In each of the following sentences, choose whether the bolded verb is transitive or
intransitive.
1. I worked in a restaurant in Wellington. (Transitive, intransitive)
2. He gave the book to the teacher. (Transitive, intransitive)
3. They laughed at the joke. (Transitive, intransitive)
4. She slept for eight hours. (Transitive, intransitive)
5. We lived in New Zealand for two years. (Transitive, intransitive)
6. I like her. (Transitive, intransitive)
7. We clean our room every day. (Transitive, intransitive)
8. My brother moved to Auckland. (Transitive, intransitive)
9. My brother moved his car. (Transitive, intransitive)

10. Those people painted their house blue. (Transitive, intransitive)
Difference between Summary and Preci:

Preci: Summary:
A small replica or a model of any passage or Shortened description of any passage or article.
article
Preci must have heading. Reference to original source is important.
It maintains the order of original piece and is Not specifically have to maintain the order and
always in written form. can be written as well as spoken.
It uses some tone and mood given in the writing It can be expressed in listener’s / Reader’s
to express the idea. words. It is an interpretation.
In preci, the order extracts the main idea. In summary, main points are to be expressed
It is replica of the original message with It does not need any conclusion.
conclusion.
It maintains the keywords data and concept It expresses the main idea with evidence in
from source. support.
Memo Writing.
 Be specific, measurable, Attainable, Relevant, time-bound (SMART)
 No informal language.
 Only main points.
Memo: A short, formal message.
Date:
Memo to: organization, department
From: Name of person.
Subjects: Purpose of memo
Introduction: summary in paragraph whatever is happening...
Background: why it is pursued due to what data, research and what are intended results.
Timeline: since when it is effective, who is responsible? And when they can give their comments.
Example:
MEMORANDUM
To: All Employees of the Accounting Department
From: Mr. XYZ, Head of Accounts
CC: Ms. ABC, HR Department
Date: 25 October 2018
Subject: Compulsory Training for the New Software
As you are all aware, we have recently adopted new accounting software at the company. The
decision was taken to improve our accounting procedure and make it more time and cost
efficient. A training seminar will be held on 5th November 2018 at 9 am to familiarize the staff
with the new software. This is done to make the transition between the software as easy as
possible. All employees of the department are required to attend.
MEMORANDUM
To: All Staff
From: The Manager
Date: May 27, 2021
Subject: Inappropriate use of time on Google Doodle games
Coworkers,
It has come to my attention that many in the office have been spending time on the Google home
page microgames. This memo is a reminder to use your work hours for work.
According to a recent article, the estimated daily cost of people collectively playing these games
instead of working is over $120 million—which is calculated based on the daily average
increased time spent on the Google home page (36 seconds).
If these estimates are applied to our 600 office employees, this results in a nearly $700 weekly
loss. This is a conservative estimate considering the extensive discussions that occur about
beating the office's current high score. The extra cost quickly adds up.
Of course, we don't want you to view our organization as a place of drudgery and draconian
rules. I encourage a fun and competitive environment, and I recognize that we certainly won't be
profitable if you are unhappy or dissatisfied with your jobs. This is just a reminder to be careful
with your use of company time.
Thank you,
The Manager
Application Writing:
Principal,
The sage law college.
Attari Darbar LHR.
Subject:
Respected sir,
(Body of application)
Thanking you in anticipation.
Sincerely,
Your name.
Date:
Book Review Writing:
A review is a critical evaluation of a text, event or an object. It has an arrangement about book or article.
Introduction:
 A brief description of title or starting of a book.
Plot / Summary:
 Plot of the book with concise summary.
Review:
 Your reaction towards book.

 Positive things about book.
 Negative things.
 Style of writer.
Conclusion:
 Final statement about book.

 What will be its effect on reader?
 What type of work it is?
 Audience would like it or not.
Subjective
Stories of Ourselves
1. The Moving Finger

(Edith Wharton)
Q1: Discuss the Summary of the Story “The Moving Finger”.
Ans: Mr. Ralph Grancy was married to first Mrs. Grancy who was aproud woman. She was a
harsh women who controlled her husband all the time. After her death, Mr. Grancy married for
the second time. The second Mrs. Grancy is beautiful and younger than him. She is innocent and
charming as well. Mr. Grancy loves her so much. She is much caring and lovely. She becomes
anessential part of his life. He is prone to her. He wants to spend all his life with her. He asks his
friend Claydon, a painter, to make her portrait. Now, Claydon and Mrs. Grancy fall in love with
each other. Mr. Grancy is unaware of this treachery. He keeps on loving his wife but the fate
plays its role and she dies. The death of Mrs. Grancy leaves deep effect on him and he leaves for
Europe. After his departure, his friend Claydon keeps on loving her painting. He thinks it one of
his best works. On the other hand, Mr. Grancy returns home and finds difference of ages between
him and the portrait of his second wife. He asks Claydon to change the portrait according to his
age. Unwillingly, Claydon does it. Mr. Grancy, time to time again asks his friend to change the
portrait. At last,he dies and Claydon takes the portrait and put in his studio among one of his best
portraits.
Q2: Write a note on the character of Mr. In the story “The Moving Finger”.
Ans: Mr. Ralph Grancy is the protagonist or the story. He is really a romantic person who even
loves the portrait of his dead wife.We come to know that his first wife was not so good. She was
arrogant and stupid. When he married second time to Mrs.Grancy he was so happy because she
is not only beautiful, loving and caring but also younger than him. She becomes a permanent life
partner of Mr. Grancy. Mr. Grancy thinks her as a part of his body. He takes much care of his
wife. He sees her as the part that completes him. He feels discomfort without her and seems
almost incapable of aging without her presence. He has a social circle and is highly-respected
and liked within his social group.When his second wife dies, he lives with her portrait. He thinks
she is alive even after her death. He is so absorbed in her portrait that he asks his friend Claydon
to change her portrait according to his advancing age. This shows that Mr. Grancy is a true lover
who believes in spiritual love.
Q3: Write a note on the character of Mrs. Grancy in the story,“The Moving Finger”.
Ans: Mrs. Grancy is a second wife of Mr. Grancy. She is young, beautiful and an ideal
personality who is not loved in her life but also after her death. She dies as the story starts. Her
character has a major influence on the development of the plot of the story. Grancy marries
second Mrs. Grancy after the death of his wife who was an arrogant woman. The second Mrs.
Grancy is so loving and caring. Thus, she becomes an ideal wife. But she dies soon. After her
death, his husband Mr. Grancy becomes desperate. He thinks her an essential part of his body. He
leaves his house but she is always with him. She moves like a figure with him. Grancy asks his
friend, Claydon, to make a portrait of second Mrs. Grancy. Claydon who is Grancy’s friend,
makes a good portrait of her. He falls in love with her. She lives like a living body even after her
death. Claydon remains in love with her. When Grancy returns from Europe, he stands with the
Mrs. Grancy’s portrait. He thinks there is alot of difference of ages. He asks Claydon to change
portrait according to the advancing age. Claydon does it unwillingly as he wants her body and
not he soul. Whereas, Grancy loves her spirituality. In the end of the story, Grancy dies and
Claydon takes Mrs. Grancy’s portrait with him and puts it in his gallery. Thus, Mr. Grancy
remains in custody of her another lover even after her death.
Q4: Which theme is prominent in the story “The Moving Finger”?
Ans: In the story, The Moving Finger by Edith Wharton, we find that we have the theme of
control. Mr. Grancy loves his wife so much. He wants to have her even after her death. So, he
asks his friend, Claydon, to make a portrait of her. Whenever, after the death of Mrs. Grancy, he
sees her portrait, he says she is his prisoner. Claydon also wants to take control over Mrs.
Grancy’s portrait. He argues that changes un portrait would result loss in its beauty. Actually, he
is in love with it and wants to get it forever. He takes the control of portrait after the death of Mr.
Grancy. Theme of loneliness is also apparent in the story. Mr. Grancy becomes alone after the
death of his first wife. He is afraid of being alone so he orders his friend Claydon to make a
portrait of his second wife Mrs. Grancy. He, actually wants to avoid loneliness after the death of
his wife. On the other hand, Claydon who is in love with this portrait, also feels alone without it.
After the death of Mr. Grancy, he takes the portrait in his studio and thus, end his loneliness.
There are some other themes like clash, passion,connectivity and dependency as well. Due to
portrait, two friends become rivals. Both have their own approach towards the portrait. Both
have passion with either physically or spiritually. Both want to get portrait as well. They want to
be in contact with in a way or other. In the same way, Mr. Grancy is dependent on his friend
Claydon when he wants changes in the portrait of her second wife Mrs. Grancy.
2. Sredni Vashter
(Saki)
Q1: Write the summary of the “Sredni Vashter”.
Ans: The story is about a ten year old boy name Conradin who is suffering from some mental
disease. The doctors are of the view that he is supposed to live only five years more. The boy is
in custody of his cousin and guardian, Mrs. De Ropp. But unfortunately, the guardian does not
take much care of him. Rather she is annoyed of him. The same feelings are on boy’s side.He
hates her to the core of his heart. So, he diverts his attention towards an abandoned tool-shed
where he keeps two pets: a Houdon hen and a ferret. He spends more of his time in their
company. He has great affection for the hen. But towards ferret, he goes so forward. He not only
fears it but also comes to worship as a God. He calls it Sredni Vashter and present flowers and
other things to it on certain occasions. When Mrs. De Ropp comes to know that Conradin spends
his more time in shed, she goes there and sells the hen. At this, boy’s hatred toward his cousin
increases. He wishes her dead. He repeats his request for the onewish from the ferret. Mrs. De
Ropp again notices that her cousin daily visits the shed. She thinks he must have something
hidden there. So, she goes there. In the meanwhile, the boy heard her shriek and sees ferret
coming out of the shed with blood stains around its mouth and throat. Soon, the maid cries at the
death of Mrs. De Ropp. At that time, Conradin enjoys his breakfast.
Q2: Write a note on the character of Conradin in the story.
Ans: The main character of the story is Conradin. He is a young boy of ten who suffers from s
mental disease. He lives with Mrs.De Ropp, who is his cousin and guardian. But the problem
with him is that his cousin never takes care of him. She tries to snatch everything that consoles
him. So he has to find means of entertainment. He take refuge in tool-shed where he keeps two
pets, a hen and a ferret. He thinks them his friends and spends his time with them. But
unfortunately, his cousin comes to know about his activities. So, one day, she goes to the shed
and deprives Conradin from his hen by selling it. The boys thinks ferret mote than a friend. He
thinks him God and prays to it for several times. Hegives it s specific name, Sredni Vashter. He
prays to him to get rid of his cruel cousin. At last, Conradin’s prayers become fruitful and Mrs.
De Ropp goes to shed to see with which her cousin passes his time. She thinks there must be
something other than hen she has already sold. On the other hand, the boy takes breakfast and is
sure to get his wish fulfilled. His joys knew on bounds when he hears the shriek of his cousin.
Then he sees ferret coming out of shed with bloody mouth. Soon the maid declares that his
cousin is killed by ferret.
Q3: Write a note on the character of Mrs. De Ropp.
Ans: Mrs. De Ropp is the main character of the story She is Conradin’s cousin. She shows much
but she never cares of her cousin. She knows that her cousin has only five Years to live still she
tries to tease him in certain ways She neglects him in ways. She abandons him on certain
occasion. She even deprives of him from a hen. For this, she is considered short-sighted. Mrs. De
Ropp seems short sighted as she is unable to look at Conradin’s facial expressions. She does not
know how her cousin looks toward her and how much he hates her. She thinks that she ignores
him that is all. She is short sighted when shesells Conradin’s beloved hen . She is well aware that
her cousin spends more time with it. She is unaware of sensitive feelings of childhood. After
selling Conradin’s hen, Mrs De Ropp does not stops. She find her cousin still going to the store
room. So she goes there to see with which her cousin passes his time. This is time when she is
killed by ferret, Sredini Vashtar. So she the pit she digs for her cousin, she herself falls into it . In
the end of the story, she proves herself short-sighted.
Q4: Define the theme of the story “Sredni Vashter”.
Ans: In Sredni Vashtar by Saki we have the theme of escape. The main characters of the story
want to escape from one another. Mrs De Ropp wants to escape from her cousin. On the other
hand Conradin also escapes from his cousin and spends his time in an abandoned store with a
hen and a ferret.The other theme of the story is selfishness. We see that Mrs. De Ropp is so
selfish. She know that her cousin has no more time to live in. She never takes care of him. Rather
she ignores him selfishly. On the other hand, Conradin also becomes selfish when he is
continuously ignored. When he hears her cousin’s shriek, he enjoys it rather than sympathizing.
Revenge is other theme we find in the story. Both cousins are full of revenge. Mrs De Ropp
deprives her cousin from his beloved hen. At this Conradin is full of revenge. He prays to ferret
to kill her. For that purpose, he consider ferret as his god. Finally, he succeeds in taking his
revenge. Control, independence and freedom are some other themes we find in the story. Mrs. De
Ropp wants her control over her cousin. She wants him to live as she desires. On the other hand,
her cousin wants freedom and to live a life of independence. He wants to get rid of her cousin
sooner or later. Mrs. De Ropp also wants to get rid of her cousin sooner. In the end of the story
we see that Conradin gets freedom and independence when His cousin killed by a ferret.
3. The Prison
(Bernard Malamud)
Q1: What are the main characters of the story?
Ans: Tommy Castelli is the only character which fully developed in the short story. Tommy is a
decent fellow in spite of his checkered early days. His incarceration stems from his early brush
with crime when he partakes in an attempt to hole up a liquor store. He escapes being caught by
law but he effectively loses his freedom when he marries Rosa, a match his father arranges to
keep him on the right side of law. Life in the small town with no escape in sight jars so he twice
plans to make a little money on the side but both ventures are failures. It is when he is thoroughly
bored with his life that he catches the little girl stealing chocolate from the counter. He is
confused about what to do but she is so young he has this strong urge to her break out of it. He
remembers his childhood when he would go out with his Uncle Dom who was adept at cheating.
But Uncle Dom is now in prison for his crimes. Before Tommy can carry out his plan to warn the
little girl she is caught by Rosa who thrashes her. Rosa’s fury angers Tommy and he slaps her.
Tommy tries to save the girl from Rosa’s fury by saying he had let her have the candy. The girl is
hardly thankful; she sticks her tongue out at him in disdain.
Rosa
Character of Rosa has a waspish tongue and a worse temper. She nags him when he does things
that she does not approve of.To her credit it must be said that she does not like him flirting with
law. When Rosa is angry, she screeches. She screeches at him so loudly when he brings in the
slot machine that her father goes at it with a plumber’s hammer. When she catches the little girl
stealing chocolate she flies off the handle, provoking Tommy to slap her.This shocks her as
Tommy has meekly taken her tantrums till now.
The Little Girl
Character of Little girl that she us thief in the story. She times her moves well and as Tommy
goes inside the back room to fetch the tissue paper, she dips her hand into the case and extracts
two chocolates. When Rosa catches her stealing, she thrashes her. When her mother comes in
hearing the commotion, the girl tries to wriggle out of the mess by claiming that one chocolate
was for the mother as though that exonerates her. Tommy tires to help her escape punishment by
declaring that he had let have the chocolates. But he girl is not grateful; while leaving with her
mother, she rudely sticks her tongue out at him.
Q2: Give a brief introduction of the story, “The Prison” by Bernard Malamud.
Ans: “The Prison” portrays the unadventurous and fatigued routine of a young man, Tommy , in
his grocery shop. One fine morning, he notices a young girl of about ten who is stealing two
bars. The girl feels fear after being discovered with her act of stealing, yet he doesn’t say
anything. One day, Rosa, Tommy’swife, catches the girl red-handed. He slaps Rosa and tells the
girl to go home. Her mother comes to take the girl home after scolding. The girl makes ab
ironical gesture at the end, which shatters Tommy’s sentimentalism. He has never ever expected
such an experience in his life which had left him disillusioned with his virtuous and righteous
approach towards the underprivileged youngsters.
Q3: Describe briefly the various themes of the story “The Prison”.
Ans: Tommy Castelli, the protagonist of the story, is imprisoned in the candy store in which he
had worked for a decade. Uncertain of a promising future, he indulges into immoral activities
like indulging into reveries. But he has a sympathetic heart that’s why he lets the young
shoplifter go from his shop even after he knows the reality that she comes into often for the
purpose of pilfering. He doesn’t even blame her for her acts of theft even after she is caught red-
handed. It shows that Tommy might also have passed through the same childhood of deprivation.
But this incident also leaves indelible marks on his life as he is sentimentally shattered and
spiritually rattled.
4. The Billenium
(J.G.Ballard)
Q1: The Billennium is a futuristic story where the writer has depicted the danger the
human race would face. Explain the answer.
Ans: The population of the world has been increased to 30 billion. It is about 21st century.
People have to live in room of 3.5 to 4 Square meters room. Historical buildings and old
Churches have been taken down to make way for new homes. City streets are narrow and
overcrowded with people. Most of the population of the world is living in the cities. And rural
areas are devoted for cultivation. The areas are specified to produce food so that the increasing
population may not have to face food shortage. John Ward and Henry Rossiter are two main
characters in the story that are kicked out of their houses. They try to find some spacious room to
live in. For that purpose, they scanned classified ads in the different newspapers. At last, they
discover a secret, larger than average room that was being used as a wardrobe. They Start living
happily in their paradise. They buy furniture for their room that they have discovered. They
choose heavy Victorian Furniture that no one wants as there is no space to fit it in. They are
especially fond of a mahogany wardrobe that had carved decorations. But soon they invite their
two close friends, Judith and Helen. Later, they, along their families move in, the wardrobe loses
its shine as it is found to be occupying too much space. In this way, the spacious wardrobe again
becomes congested. So, both characters have to live in environment like that they had to get rid
of. The story reveals the fact that if the population remains with the same pace, such conditions
may become true.
Q2: Discuss the main themes of the story.
Ans: The main theme of Billenium is Overpopulation. We see that overpopulation has deprived
of the inhabitant of the city from better and spacious accommodation. A specific land of the city
is specified for growing food for the population. So, there is no further place to build new
apartments. So the new population is being adjusted within apartments which are already
populated. The government has decided to provide four square meters space for a person to live
in. The other theme of the story is Loss of Privacy. Many people have to live with others in a
room. So they have lost their privacy. The main characters of the story John Ward and Henry
Rossiter want to get rid of such situation. They try to find a separate place to live in. They
succeed in finding such place but soon their privacy is affected. They invite their old pals who
shifted with their families. This end private life of Ward and Henry. The third theme of the story
is Power. When John and Henry Rossiter get extra space, they feel themselves powerful. They
become authority. So they invite other to live with them. They have power to allow or to abandon
other from their place along with earning money.
Q3: Write a note on the character of John Ward in the story Billenium.
Ans: John Ward is the Main character of the story. He along with his friend Henry Rossiter. Ward
lives in a narrow room. He is a middle aged person. He is librarian by profession. He loves
historical buildings. He is much dejected over demolishing the Victorian wardrobe to make more
space for living. He is not an active person. He hates landlords of his city who have changed
living rooms into cubical just to earn more money. He loves freedom. He wants to enjoy a
private life so he tries to find some place where there no would be to disturb his life. For that
purpose, he scanned classified ads in the newspaper. In this way, he succeeds in acquiring such
an accommodation. Ward’ character is also ironical. He hates landlord ad they have turned living
rooms into cells just to earn money. But when he himself gets a spacious room, he offers his
friends to live with him. He let them to live with him just to earn money. Here he not only
becomes a ward but also loses his privacy and free space for which he has already left the
previous accommodation.
Q4: Write a note on the character of Henry Rossiter in the story Billenium.
Ans: Henry Rossiter is one of the two main characters of the story who are in search of a free
space to live in. He is a close friend of Ward. He is government servant. He is an active person as
compare to Ward who is a passive figure. He had convincing power. He dominated Ward in
making decision to bring their friends to newly acquired accommodation. The decision becomes
drastic when their friends bring their families as well. These families not only consume extra
space but also end their privacy as well. Henry is not only romantic like John Ward but also a
realistic. He is an intelligent person who has the power to convince others. He is a man who
reads future well before. He knows that the government is going to cut the size of limit of
minimum space for a person to live down to three meter and a half. So he finds a spacious room
to live in. But at the same way, he spoils the fruit of enjoy, a spacious place to live in by bringing
their friends and their families there
5. The Elephant
(Raymond Carver)
Q1: Write the Summary of the Story “Elephant”.
Ans: The narrator of the story is a person who has so many dependents. He has abandoned
drinking and now earn for his siblings. He is fed up of earning for others. He wants to get a care
free life. He has to send money for his ex-wife every month. He has also to give cheque to his
greedy mother who lives in California. He sends money to his daughter and her two children
regularly. His college going son is also one of the dependants who receives money to meet his
college expenditures. He further comes to know that his brother and his wife need money as
well. So he had to help them as well. Though the narrator helps so many siblings, his own
condition is not ideal. He is deprived of entertainment like watching movies. He has to wear a
shoe which has a hole in it. His teeth also need to be fixed. But as his all money goes to his
dependants, there remains nothing to spend on himself. The irony of the fact is that, though he
considers his mother and ex-wife greedy, he still send them money. He does this all out of
sympathy. He gives his brother a huge amount of 1000$. He thinks himself a responsible person
who is there to fulfil his duties. He sees dream that his son is hit by a car. At this, he feels himself
guilt. He further regrets on it. He wishes to see his son happy. He wants him to go to Europe after
completing his education. He dreams that someone has given alcohol to his son. He is much
grieved over it. But the most important scene he sees in his dream is that his father is an elephant
and he rides on top of him. The dream gives him a message to continue what he is going in his
real life. It means that his father is with him and he need not worry. He should keep on his
struggle. In a way, he is playing the role of helping others that his father had already played. The
narrator of the story changes his mind and decides to continue helping his family. He knows that
his friend, George’s car is still unpaid as his circumstances are same like him. In the end, he is
ready to play his role willingly.
Q2: Discuss a few themes you find in the story Elephant.
Ans: The main theme of the story is Struggle. The protagonist of the story struggles day and
night. He earns a lot of money but he has nothing as a saving. Even he had no money to spend on
his basic needs like entertainment, good shoes and clothes and maintenance of health. We come
to know all money he earns is divided among his siblings. He had many dependents that include
his mother, brother, ex-wife, and children of his married daughter and of his son who goes to a
college. He seems a donkey who is lifting load more than his capacity. Dependence and Security
are other two themes we find in the story. The main character of the story has so many
dependants. He wants to get rid of them and wishes to enjoys his life according to his own will.
But at the same time, he is a responsible person. He knows that his dependants need security that
can only be provided through financial assistance. So, though he is fed up of his own services, he
decides to continue providing financial security to his dependants. The Theme of acceptance is
another theme we find in the story. The narrator of the story is about to stop helping his
dependants. He is too tired to work. He wants to enjoy life. But when he has a dream in which
his father come in the form of an elephant and advises him to keep on his services for his
relatives, he is convinced and gets ready to accept his role he is already playing. His acceptance
shows that his willing to work for others.
Q3: What is the symbolic significance of the title ‘Elephant’?
Ans: In the story, “The Elephant”, we come across elephant in a dream the narrator of the story
has. He sees that his father is an elephant and he is riding him. We know an elephant is
prodigious animal. In this story, the word ELEPHANT is useful symbolically. Author’s father
had supported a large family when he was alive. It was a Herculean task to support such a large
family of idlers. Only a person having power and body like an elephant can supportsuch a family.
An elephant like person can do so much hard work for such a family. So the protagonist of the
story works hard and supports a large number of relatives. The writer of the story focuses on the
literal meaning of the elephant. Elephants are animals that rely on their family links.They chose a
leader who leads the other members of the family. The leader is often a mother elephant. She
leads herd of elephants. In the same way, the narrator is an elephant and her of his family sees to
lead them in any way. He assumes that he is playing the role of matriarch, the leader of herd of
elephants. They all need his help to survive. They all are dependents like elephants. Narrator’s
brother needs 500$. He is unaware of difficulties of his brother. He continues to ask for money
throughout the whole story. As the elephant sacrifices for his family, so does the narrator. He,
even himself lived a life of misery, submits money to his family regularly. For the sake of his
family, he decides to live with difficult life once again. So, we see that the title or the story is
suitable to the characters as well as the condition

Notes LLB Part 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes LLB Part 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes LLB Part 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ONE DEGREE- A WORLD OF OPPORTUNITIES

English LLB PART- I

Examples of zero Conditionals:

 If it rains, the ground gets wet.

Note: Comma is compulsory after its clause.

Examples of First conditionals:

 If you lend me money, I will buy books.

Examples of Second Conditional,

 If I were you, I would be doctor.

 If my father were alive, I would bring him to meeting.

Examples of Third conditionals:

 If I had known him, I would have warned him.

1. If you (send) …………………….this letter now, she will receive It tomorrow.

2. If I (do)……………………… this test, I will improve my English.

3. Peggy (go ) …………………………… shopping if she has time in the afternoon.

4. Simon (go) ……………………………. to London next week if he gets a cheap flight.

6. If it rains tomorrow, I (have to / not ) ………………………………water the plants.

11. If you had told me the truth, I ------------- (help) you.

13. If he had dropped the vase, it ------------- (break).

14. I -------------- (run) away if I saw a spider.

1. Present & Past Tense.

Adverb of time, place and manner should be used correctly.

“Your” indicates possession

“you’re” is short for “you are”

Ex: Can I have your coat?

Apostrophes indicates something which belongs to someone:

Ex: The girl’s sheep

The girls’ sheep (If owner is plural)

Apostrophes are used in short words.

Ex: can’t – cannot

Apostrophes are not to make plurals.

5. There / their / they’re

“Their” is used to refer a place

“Their” is used to show possession.

Ex: Their house is far.

“They’re” is short form of “they are”

6. Similar spellings and words.

“Two”, “too” and to

” here” and “hear”

“Weather” and “whether”

Ex: It was much hotter today (x)

It was much hotter than yesterday.

First degree takes no comparison, comparative degree takes “article” (the)

Ex: I am good. / Ex: the flowers are prettier than yesterday.

I am better than yesterday

I am the best in health.

8. Getting Adjectives and Adverb confused.

Adverb usually take “ly” in the end.

Ex: It was really nice today. (√)

It was really nice today (X)

9. Misplacing your modifiers:

Ex: He almost walked for the entire day (x)

He walked for almost the entire day (√)

Ex: He ran to the market slowly (√)

Ex: The girl said on Wednesday she would call us (X)

10. Falling into pronoun disagreement.

Ex: Every boy must sign in when they arrive (X)

Every boy must sign in when he arrives. (√)