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Chapter 3 Problems

1. The document contains solutions to 5 problems regarding Hermitian operators and their properties. 2. Problem 3.1 provides the solution to finding the range of an integral involving a real function. 3. Problem 3.2 proves that for any two functions f and g in a Hilbert space, the inner product 〈f|Q^g〉 equals the inner product 〈Q^f|g〉, showing that the operator Q^ is Hermitian. 4. Problem 3.3 discusses various properties of Hermitian operators, including that the sum and product of Hermitian operators can be Hermitian under certain conditions. 5. Problem 3.5 finds the Her

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views

Chapter 3 Problems

1. The document contains solutions to 5 problems regarding Hermitian operators and their properties. 2. Problem 3.1 provides the solution to finding the range of an integral involving a real function. 3. Problem 3.2 proves that for any two functions f and g in a Hilbert space, the inner product 〈f|Q^g〉 equals the inner product 〈Q^f|g〉, showing that the operator Q^ is Hermitian. 4. Problem 3.3 discusses various properties of Hermitian operators, including that the sum and product of Hermitian operators can be Hermitian under certain conditions. 5. Problem 3.5 finds the Her

Uploaded by

arsovamaya1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem 3.

1
Solution:

Problem 3.2
Solution:
Given that v is real and not necessarily positive, to find the range, use the following equation:
b
¿ f ∨f >¿∫ |f ( x )| dx
2

We get:
b
¿ f ∨f >¿∫ x dx
2v

1 2 v+1 1
¿ x |0
2 v +1
1
¿ ( 12 v+1 −02 v+1 )
2 v +1
1
¿ ( 1−02 v+1 )
2 v +1
Now, 02 v+1 is finite (in fact, zero), only when 2 v +1>0 .

If ( 2 v +1 ) <0 , then the integral, definitely blows up, that is tends to (−∞ ).

Problem 3.3
Solution:
It is given that, for all functions in Hilbert space, that is:
^ h>¿< Q
¿ h∨Q ^ h∨h>¿
^ g >¿< Q
We should show that ¿ f ∨Q ^ f ∨g>¿

To prove this, consider h as a function of x , that is:

h ( x )=f ( x ) + cg(x )
here, c is any arbitrary constant.
Now:
^ h>¿<(f + cg)∨Q(f
¿ h∨Q ^ +cg)>¿

¿< f |Q
^ f >+ c< f |Q
^ g >+c ¿ < g∨Q
^ f >+|c| < g∨Q
^ g>¿
2

Similarly:
^ h∨h>¿< Q(f
¿Q ^ +cg )∨(f +cg)>¿

^ f |f >+ c< Q
¿< Q ^ f |g >+c ¿ < Q
^ g∨f >+|c| < Q
^ g∨g>¿
2

We know the following equations:


^ f > ¿< Q
¿ f ∨Q ^ f ∨f >¿

And:
^ g>¿ < Q
¿ g∨Q ^ g∨g>¿

We equate the 2 equations, and we get:

c < f |Q
^ g>+ c ¿ < g|Q
^ f >¿ c< Q
^ f ∨g>+ c¿ < Q
^ g∨f >¿

If we choose c=1 , then:

¿ f |Q
^ g>+¿ g|Q
^ f >¿< Q
^ f ∨g>+¿ Q
^ g∨f >¿

If we choose any complex number, that is c=i , then:

¿ f |Q
^ (i)g >+¿(i)g|Q
^ f >¿< Q
^ f ∨g(i)>+ ¿ Q
^ (i) g∨f >¿

i <f |Q
^ g>−i < g|Q
^ f > ¿i < Q
^ f ∨g>−i< Q
^ g∨f >¿

¿ f |Q
^ g>−¿ g|Q
^ f >¿< Q
^ f ∨g>−¿ Q
^ g∨f >¿

Thus:

¿ f |Q
^ g>+¿ g|Q
^ f >+¿ f |Q
^ g>−¿ g|Q
^ f > ¿< Q
^ f ∨g >+¿ Q
^ g∨f >+¿ Q
^ f ∨g >−¿ Q
^ g∨f > ¿

^ g>¿ 2< Q
2< f ∨Q ^ f ∨g>¿
^ g >¿< Q
¿ f ∨Q ^ f ∨g>¿

Thus, it is proved that ¿ f |Q ^ f | g>¿ .


^ g>¿ < Q

Problem 3.4
Solution:
a)
The condition of the Hermitian operator is given by:
^ g >¿< Q
¿ f ∨Q ^ f ∨g>¿
^ is the operator.
Here, f and g are wavefunctions and Q

The sum of the 2 Hermitian operators is given by:


^ ^
C= H +^
K
Here, ^
H and ^
K are Hermitian operators.
Consider:
^ g> ¿<f ∨( H
¿ f ∨C ^+K
^ ) g>¿
^ g>+¿ f ∨ K
¿< f ∨ H ^ g>¿
^ f ∨g>+¿ K
¿< H ^ f ∨g>¿

¿< ( ^
H+ ^
K ) f ∨g> ¿

^ g> ¿< C
¿ f ∨C ^ f ∨g>¿
^ is the Hermitian operator.
From the definition of the Hermitian operator, C

Thus, the sum of the 2 Hermitian operators is also a Hermitian operator.

b)
From the properties of the operator:
^ g>¿ α < f ∨Q
¿ f ∨α Q ^ g>¿
^
¿ α Q∨g>¿ ^ f ∨g>¿
α ¿<Q
¿
Here, α is the complex number and α is the complex conjugate of α .
^ to be a Hermitian operator is:
The condition for α Q
^ g>¿< α Q
¿ f ∨α Q ^ f ∨g>¿

Thus:
^ g >¿ α ¿ < Q
α <f ∨Q ^ f ∨g>¿

The number is equal to its complex conjugate of that number only when the number is real.
^ is a Hermitian operator only if α is real.
Thus, α Q

c)
The product of the 2 Hermitian operators is given by:
^ ^
C= H^
K
Consider:
^ g> ¿<f ∨ ^
¿ f ∨C H^K g> ¿
^ f ∨^
¿< H K g>¿
^H
¿< K ^ f ∨g>¿
^ f ∨g >¿
¿< C
The above condition is satisfied only when ^
H^ ^^
K= K H.
Thus, the product of 2 Hermitian operators is Hermitian when they commute each other.
d)
The position vector is ^x . Consider:

¿ f ∨^x g> ¿∫ f ( xg ) dx
¿

¿ ∫ ( xf ) gdx
¿

¿ f ∨^x g> ¿< ^x f ∨g> ¿


Thus, the position vector ^x is Hermitian.

The Hamiltonian operator ^


H is given by:

( )
2 2
^ −ℏ d
H= +V
2m d x 2

Now consider:

( )
∞ 2 2
¿ −ℏ d
H g >¿ ∫ f
¿ f ∨^ ∙ 2 +V gdx
−∞ 2m d x
2 ∞ 2 +∞
−ℏ
¿ f ∨^
H g >¿
2m
∫ f dd xg2 dx +∫ f ¿ V gdx
¿

−∞ +∞

Take the integral part on the first term on the right-hand side of equation 1:
+∞ +∞

( )
2 ∞ ¿
∫ f dd xg2 dx= f ¿ dg
¿
dx
−∫
d f dg
∙ dx
dx dx
+∞ −∞ −∞

[ ] [ ]
∞ ¿ ∞ +∞ 2 ¿
dg df d f
+∫
¿
¿ f − g 2
g dx
dx −∞ dx −∞ −∞ dx
Boundary terms vanish for functions f (x) and g(x ) in Hilbert space:

Therefore, the first and second terms in the above equation vanish, hence:
+∞ 2 +∞ 2 ¿
∫ f dd xg2 dx=∫ dd xf2 g dx
¿

−∞ −∞

2 +∞ 2 ¿ +∞
−ℏ d f
¿ f ∨^
H g >¿
2m
∫ dx
2
g dx + ∫ f Vg dx
¿

−∞ −∞
( )
∞ 2 2 ¿
−ℏ d f
¿∫
¿
∙ 2
+V f g dx
−∞ 2m d x

¿ f ∨^ ^ f ∨g>¿
H g >¿< H
Thus, the Hamiltonian operator ^
H is also Hermitian.

Problem 3.5
Solution:
a)
d
Now we have to find the Hermitian conjugates of x , i , and . Consider:
dx

¿ f ∨xg> ¿ ∫ f ( xg ) dx
¿

−∞


¿ ∫ ( xf ) g dx
−∞

¿ f ∨xg> ¿< xf ∨g> ¿


Thus, the conjugate of x is x , i.e., x † =x.

The Hermitian conjugate of i is as follows:

We consider:

¿ f ∨xg> ¿ ∫ f (ig )dx
¿

−∞


¿ ∫ f (−i ) gdx
¿ ¿

−∞


¿ ∫ (−if ) g dx
¿

−∞

¿ f ∨xg> ¿←if ∨g >¿


Thus, the conjugate of i is −i i.e., i † =i.

d
Find the Hermitian conjugate of as follows:
dx
We consider:

dg
¿ f ∨ >¿ ∫ f
dx −∞
¿ dg
dx
dx ( )
After integration, we get:

( )
¿
dg df
¿ f ∨ >¿ [ f g ]−∞− ∫
¿ ∞
g dx
dx −∞ dx

However, for functions f (x) and g(x ) in Hilbert space, the boundary terms will vanish, thus we get:

( )
¿
dg df
¿ f ∨ >¿−∫ g dx
dx −∞ dx

df
¿−¿ ∨g> ¿
dx
d −d
Therefore, the Hermitian conjugate of is i.e.,:
dx dx

( ) ( )

d d
=−
dx dx
b)

Find the Hermitian conjugate of the raising operator a +¿¿ as follows:

The raising operator of the harmonic oscillator is:


a 1
+¿= (−ip+mωx )¿
√ 2 ℏmω

Now apply conjugation on both sides:


¿¿
1
¿ (−ip+ mωx )
√2 ℏmω
¿¿
Thus, the Hermitian conjugate of raising operator a +¿¿ is lowering operator a−¿¿ with ¿ ¿.

c)
From the properties of operators:

(^
A ^B ) =B

^† ^
A

Now:

^ R)g
¿ f ∨( Q ^ >¿< ( Q
^^ †
R ) f ∨g> ¿
We get:

^^
(Q R) =^
† † ^†
R Q
Thus:
^^
(Q R) =^
† † ^†
R Q

Problem 3.6
Solution:
Let us consider operator is:
2
^ d
Q= 2

Here, φ is the anzimuthal angle in polar coordinates.

Now, we have to check out whether Q is Hermitian:


^ g >¿< Q
¿ f ∨Q ^ f ∨g>(eq . 3.17 iGriffiths )

Here, f ( φ ) and g(φ) are periodic functions in the interval [ 0 , 2 π ]. (when dealing with angular
variables like azimunthal angle in polar coordinates, typically we assume periodicity)

^ g >¿ ∫ f ¿ Q
¿ f ∨Q ^ g dφ
0

( )
2π 2
d g
¿∫ f
¿
2
g dφ
0 dφ

∫ u dv =uv−∫ v du
¿
u=f
¿
df
du= dφ

2
d g
dv = 2
g dφ

dq
v=

Thus:

[ ]
2π ¿ 2π 2 ¿
dg df d f
g | +∫
¿ 2π
¿ f − g dφ
dφ 0 d φ 0 0 d φ2

Since f (φ) and g(φ) are periodic, the boundary terms vanish. Thus:
2π 2 ¿
^ g >¿ ∫ d f g d φ
¿ f ∨Q 2
0 dφ

^ g >¿ ∫ ( Qf )¿ g d φ
¿ f ∨Q
0

^ g >¿< Q
¿ f ∨Q ^ f ∨g>¿
^ is Hermitian.
Thus, the operator Q

To get eigenfunctions and eigenvalues the eigenvalue equation is (general solution):


−iq φ
f ( φ )= A e
From the given operator:

^ =i d
Q

Now, the above operator is reduced as follows:

^ f ( φ )=i d ( A e−iqφ )
Q

−iq φ
¿ iA (−iq ) e
−iqφ
¿ qA e
^ f ( φ )=qf (φ)
Q
^.
Here, q is the eigenvalue of Q
2
d f
2
=qf

The solution for this equation is:

f ± ( φ ) =A e ± √ q φ

Since, here working with functions f ( φ ) on the finite interval 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2 π . So, the above expression,
f ± ( φ ) =A e ± √ qφ can write as:

f ( φ+2 nπ )=f (φ)

√ q ( 2 π )=2 nπi
√ q=¿
Here n=0 , 1, 2 , …

Squaring on both sides, then the above expression is reduced as follows:


2
q=−n
Hence, these are the eigenvalues.
The spectrum is doubly degenerate, that is the same q value for 2 different n values (one with a
positive sign and another with a negative sign) except for 0 .
Problem 3.7
Solution:
a)
^ with the same eigenvalue. Thus:
It is given that f ( x ) and g(x ) are 2 eigenfunctions of Q
^ f ( x )=gf ( x )
Q
^ g ( x ) =qg(x )
Q
Let h( x) be a linear combination of f (x) and g(x ):

h ( x )=af ( x ) +bg (x)


Where a and b are constants:
^ [ af ( x ) +bg (x) ]
^ h ( x )=Q
Q

¿ a [Q
^ f (x) ] +b [ Q
^ g(x ) ]

¿ aqf ( x ) +bqg(x )
^ h ( x )=q [ af ( x ) +bg ( x ) ]
Q

¿ qh ( x )
^.
Thus, h( x) is also an eigenfunction of Q

b)
x
f ( x )=e
−x
g ( x )=e
Now:
2 2
d d
f ( x ) = 2 (e )
x
2
dx dx
d x
¿ (e )
dx
x
¿e
2
d
2
f ( x ) =f ( x )
dx
Similarly:
2 2
d d
g ( x )= 2 ( e )
−x
2
dx dx
d
¿ (−e− x )
dx
−x
¿e
2
d
2
g ( x )=g(x )
dx
Thus, both f (x) and g(x ) are eigenfunctions of the given operator, with the eigenvalue 1 f (x) and
g(x ) are exponential functions.
sinh( x) and cosh (x ) are related to exponential functions.
Thus, the simplest orthogonal functions are:
1 x −x
sinh x= ( e −e )
2
1
¿
2
[ f ( x )−g( x)]
1 x −x
cosh x= ( e +e )
2
1
¿
2
[f ( x )+g ( x )]
We know that sinh x is odd, while cosh x is even. Thus, it is orthogonal.

Problem 3.8
Solution:
a)
The given function:
−iqφ
f ( φ )= A e
Operator:

^ f ( φ )=i d ( A e−iqφ )
Q

¿ iA (−iq ) e−iqφ
−iqφ
¿ qA e
Thus:
^ f ( φ )=gf (φ)
Q
From the periodic property of f , it is clear that q takes the values 0 , ± 1, ± 2 ,… which are real.
^ are real.
Thus, the eigenvalues of operator Q
Now we have to show that functions f and g are orthogonal, i.e., ¿ f ∨g>¿ 0 :
−iq φ
f ( φ )= A q e (0< φ<2 π )
'

g ( φ ) =A q e−i q φ ( 0< φ<2 π )


Now:

¿ f ∨g>¿ A A q ' ∫ e ∙ e
'
¿ iqφ −i q φ
q dφ
0

i(q−q ')φ
¿ e 2π
¿ Aq A q ' ' 0
|
i ( q−q )
A ¿q A q '
¿ [ e i(q−q ')2 π −1 ]
i ( q−q ' )
Because we know that q and q ' are integers:

For q ≠ q ' :

e i (q −q ) 2 π =1
'

Thus:
¿ f ∨g>¿ 0
Note: Here, the denominator is non-zero.

b)

For the operator, the eigenvalues q=−n 2, (n=0 , 1, 2 , …) are real. Take any 2 eigenfunctions:
±inφ
f = Aqe 0< φ<2 π
±∈' φ
g= A q ' e 0< φ<2 π
To prove that f and g are orthogonal, we need to show ¿ f ∨g>¿ 0 :

¿ f ∨g>¿ A q A q ∫ e
'
¿ ±inφ ±i n φ
' e dφ
0

¿
Aq Aq
[ e ±i ( n −n ) 2 π −1 ]
' '

¿
±i ( n −n )
'

Because we know n and n ' are integers:

For n ≠ n ' :

¿ f ∨g>¿ 0
Note: For each eigenvalue of n we have 2 eigenfunctions, one with a positive sign and one with a
negative sign. These are not orthogonal to each other.
Problem 3.9
Solution:
a)
The Hamiltonian other than harmonic oscillator that has only discrete spectrum is:
0 if 0 ≤ x ≤ a
V ( x )={
∞ otherwise
This potential yields a solution for ψ (x ) as:

nπx
ψ ( x )=A sin
a
With n=1 ,2 , 3 , …

This potential is for infinite square well. (equation 2.22)


b)
The Hamiltonian that has only a continuous spectrum for delta function barrier is:

ψ ( x , 0 ) =∑ c n ψ n (x )
n=1

For the finite rectangular barrier is:


∫ ψ m ( x ) f ( x ) dx=∑ c n∫ ψ m ( x )¿ ψ n ( x ) dx
¿

n=1


¿ ∑ c n δ mn
n=1

¿ cm

c)
The Hamiltonian that has both a discrete and a continuous part to its spectrum for delta function
barrier is:

V ( x )=−αδ (x )
For a finite square well is:
−V 0 if −a ≤ x ≤ a
V ( c )={
0 if |x|>a
Or:

[ x , p ] =i
Problem 3.10
Solution:
The solution for the infinite square well potential is:

ψ n ( x )=
√ 2
a
sin

a( )
x

The ground state wave function (n=1) is:

ψ1 (x )=
√ 2
a
sin
πx
a ( )
The momentum operator is:

^p= ℏ d
i dx [√ 2
a
sin ( )]
πx
a

¿

ℏ 2π
i aa
cos
πx
a ( )
Using the trigonometric property:

cos ( x )=cot ( x ) sin( x)


Thus:

^p ψ 1 ( x )=

i (√ 2a )( πa ) cot ( πxa )sin ( πxa )
¿ ( ℏiπ ) ∙cot ( πxa )[ √ 2a sin ( πxa )]
¿
[( ) ( )]
ℏπ
ia
∙ cot
πx
a
ψ1 ( x )

For the given state, ^p ψ 1 is not a constant multiple of ψ 1.

Thus, ψ 1 is not an eigenfunction of ^p even though we can determine the magnitude of momentum,
that is:

^p= √ 2 m E 1

πℏ
¿
a
Thus, the momentum is irrespective of the direction of motion of the particle, i.e., it may be in the
positive or the negative x−¿ direction.

Problem 3.11
Solution:
The ground state of the harmonic oscillator is:
−mω 2 −iωt

( )
1/ 4
mω πℏ
x
2
ψ 0 ( x , t )= e e
πℏ
The eigenfunction in momentum space is given by:
+∞ ipx
1
φ ( p , t )= ∫ ψe
√2 πℏ −∞

( x , t ) dx

+∞ ipx
1
¿ ∫
√2 πℏ −∞
e ℏ ψ 0 ( x ,t ) dx

Thus:
2
−iωt + ∞ −ipx −mω x

( )
1/ 4
1 mω
φ ( p , t )=
√2 πℏ πℏ
e 2
∫e ℏ
e 2ℏ
dx
−∞

−iωt +∞
[( ) ( ) ] dxmω 2 −ip

( )
1/ 4 − x+ x
1 mω
¿
√2 πℏ πℏ
e 2
∫e 2ℏ ℏ

−∞

We know that:


2
+∞ b
π 4a
∫e −( a x + bx )
2

dx = e
−∞ a
If we compare this with our integral above, then:

a=
2ℏ
And:
ip
b=

Hence:

[( ) ( ) ] dx=

+∞ mω 2 −ip −p2
− x+ x
2 π ℏ 2 mωℏ
∫e 2ℏ ℏ


e
−∞

Thus:


2
−iωt −p

( )
1/ 4
1 mω 2 πℏ 2 mωℏ
φ ( p , t )= e 2
e
√2 πℏ πℏ mω
2
−p −iωt
1
φ ( p , t )= 1 /4
e 2mωℏ e 2

( πmωℏ )
The distribution function of the simple harmonic in momentum space is:
| |
2 2
−p −iωt
2 1
|φ ( p , t )| = 1
e 2 mωℏ
e 2

4
( πmωℏ )

( )( )
−iωt ¿
2 2
−p −iωt −p
1 2 mωℏ 2 1 2 mωℏ 2
¿ 1
e e 1
e e
( πmωℏ ) 4
( πmωℏ ) 4

( )
p
2
p
2 ¿ p
2
−p
2
−iωt
Where e 2 mωℏ e 2 mωℏ =e 2 mωℏ e 2 mωℏ =1 . And since e 2 doesn’t have momentum part, it won’t
contribute. (No sure) Thus:
2
−p
|φ ( p , t )| = 1 e mω ℏ
2

√ πmω ℏ
2
p
Classically, the maximum value for momentum p= √ mωℏ (since E= ).
2m
Now, the probability of getting p outside the classical range is:
− √ mωℏ +∞

∫ ∫
2 2
P= |φ| dp+ |φ| dp
−∞ + √ mωℏ

+∞ √ mωℏ
¿ ∫ |φ| dp− ∫
2 2
|φ| dp
−∞ − √ mωℏ

+∞

∫ |φ| dp=1
2

−∞

Thus:
√ mωℏ

2
1− |φ| dp
− √ mωℏ

2
However, remember to apply symmetry. Since the function |φ ( p , t )| is even (symmetric about the
origin), we add the factor 2, so we get:
− √ mωℏ


2
¿ 1−2 |φ| dp
0
2
−p
Using the equation |φ ( p , t )| =
1 2
e mωℏ , the second term can be written as:
√ πmωℏ
√ mω ℏ √mω ℏ −p
2

1
∫ ∫
2
|φ| dp= e mω ℏ
dp
0 √ πmω ℏ 0

Use the substitution method to evaluate the above integral. Let:

z=
√ 2
mωℏ
p
Then:

p=
√ mωℏ
2
z

dp=
√ mωℏ
2
dz

Limits p →0 , z → 0 :

p → √ mωℏ, z → 0
Thus:
√ mω ℏ √2 −z
2

1
∫ ∫e
2
|φ| dp= 2
dz
0 √2 π 0
1
¿ F ( √ 2 )−
2
(CRC table notation)
Hence:

[
P=1−2 F ( √ 2 )−
1
2 ]
¿ 1−2 F ( √2 ) +1

¿ 2 [ 1−F ( √ 2 ) ]
¿ 0.157
P ≈ 0.16
Therefore, the probability of getting P outside the classical range is 0.16 .

Problem 3.12
Solution:

Problem 3.13
Solution:
The momentum space wave function is expressed as follows:
∞ ipx
1
ψ ( x , t )= ∫ e ℏ Φ ( p , t ) dp
√2 πℏ − ∞
Here, ψ ( x , t ) as momentum space integral (Fourier transform).
We need to find the expectation value of the position operator of momentum space to show:

¿ x >¿∫ Φ¿ ( p , t ) (−ℏi ∂∂p )Φ dp


The expectation value of the position operator is:

¿ x >¿∫ ψ x ψ dx
¿

Thus:

[ ][ ]
∞ −ipx ∞ ipx
1 1
¿ x >¿∫ ∫e ∫
ℏ ¿
Φ ( p , t ) dp ' x e ℏ Φ ( p , t ) dp dx
√2 πℏ −∞ √2 πℏ −∞
The position operator in momentum space is:

x=i ℏ
∂p
Multiply and divide the above expression with i :

x=i ℏ
∂ i
∂p i ()
(i)(i)ℏ ∂
¿
i ∂p
ℏ ∂
¿−
i ∂p
Hence:

[ ]( )[ ]
∞ −ipx ∞ ipx
1 −ℏ ∂ 1
¿ x >¿∫ ∫e ∫
ℏ ¿ '
Φ ( p , t) d p e ℏ Φ ( p , t ) dp dx
√2 πℏ −∞ i ∂p √2 πℏ −∞

[ ( −ℏi ) ∂ Φ(∂ pp , t) dp] dx


∞ −ip' x ipx
1
¿ x >¿
√2 πℏ
∫ ∫e ℏ
Φ (p,t)d p ∫e ℏ
¿ '

−∞

'
∞ −i p x ipx
¿
1
∭∫ e
√2 πℏ −∞

Φ¿ ( p , t ) e ℏ ( −ℏi ∂∂p Φ ( p , t )) d p dpdx '

First, do the x integral among the 3 integrals in the above expression for simplification.

x
Consider, y= and the differentiation of this consideration is:

dx
dy =

dx= ℏdy
Thus, get the x integral by substituting ℏdy for dx and y ℏ for x :
i ( p− p )
'
( ℏy )
( )( e ) dx= 2 ℏπ ℏ ∫ e
'
−i p x ipx
1
√2 π ℏ
∫e ℏ ℏ ℏ
dy

1
¿

∫ e
i (p− p ') x
dx=δ( p− p ')

( ) (e ) dx=δ( p−p ')


'
−i p x ipx
1
2π ℏ
∫e ℏ ℏ

Hence:

¿ x >¿∬ Φ ¿ ( p ,t ) δ ( p− p ' ) ( −ℏi ∂∂p Φ ( p ,t ) ) dp ' dp


From the delta dirac conditions:

∫ δ ( p− p' ) d p ' =1
−∞

As p' <∞ :

¿
( −ℏi ∂∂p Φ ( p , t )) dp
¿ x >¿∫ φ ( p , t ) ( 1 )
'

¿∫ Φ ( p , t ) ( Φ ( p , t ) ) dp
¿ −ℏ ∂
i ∂p

¿∫ Φ (
i ∂ p)
−ℏ ∂¿
Φ dp

Thus:

¿ x >¿∫ Φ¿ ( −ℏi ∂∂p ) Φ dp


Is proved.

Problem 3.14
Solution:
a)
The commutator formula is:

[ A , B ] =AB−BA
The commutator [ AB , C ] is:

[ AB , C ] =ABC −CAB
¿ ABC− ACB+ ACB−CAB
¿ A ( BC−CB ) + ( AC −CA ) B
¿ A [ B , C ] +[ A ,C ]B
Thus, the commutator [ AB , C ] is A [ B , C ] +[ A ,C ]B .

b)

Consider [ xn , p]. Let us operate this on a function g, so that:

[ x n , p ] g= [ xn ,
ℏ d
i dx
g
]
(
¿ xn
ℏ d ℏ d n

i dx i dx
(x ) g )
Here, the derivative operates on everything to its right:

[ x n , p ] g=x n ℏ dg − ℏ g d n
( x )−x n ℏ dg
i dx i dx i dx
ℏ n−1
¿− n x g
i

[ x n , p ] g=( iℏ n x n−1 ) g
[ x n , p ]=( iℏ n x n−1 )
Thus, [ x n , p ] =( iℏn x n−1 ).

c)
Consider:

[
[ f ( x ) , p ] g= f ( x ) , ℏi dg
dx ] g

[
¿ f (x )
ℏ dg ℏ dg

i dx i dx
( f ( x )) g ]
ℏ dg ℏ dg
¿ f (x) − (f ( x ) g )
i dx i dx

¿ f (x)
ℏ dg ℏ df
− g +f ( x )
i dx i dx (
dg
dx )
ℏ dg ℏ df ( x ) ℏ dg
¿ f (x) − g − f (x )
i dx i dx i dx
df ( x)
[ f ( x ) , p ] g=−ℏ
i dx
g

df ( x )
[ f ( x ) , p ]= −ℏ
i dx
−ℏ df ( x )
Thus, [ f ( x ) , p ] = .
i dx

Problem 3.15
Solution:
We know the general uncertainty relation is:
1
σ A σB ≥ < [ A , B ] >¿
2i
Applying this to the position and energy, we get:
1
σ A σB ≥ < [ x , H ]> ¿
2i
Here, x is the position and H is the total energy.

The total energy is:


2
p
H= +V
2m
Applying commutator operator for position and momentum:

[ ]
2
[ x , H ]= x , p + V
2m
1
¿ [ x , p 2 ]+ [ x ,V ]
2m

[ x , H ] = 1 { [ x , p ] p+ p [ x , p ] } +0
2m
We know the commutator of position and momentum operator is:

[ x , p ] =i ℏ
Hence:

[ x , p ] = 1 { iℏ p+ piℏ }
2m
A21=¿ 2∨α > ¿ β∨1> ¿

iℏp
¿
m
We get:
1
σ A ρB > iℏ< p> ¿ ¿
2i m

Hence proved σ x σ H ≥ < p> ¿.
2m

For stationary states the momentum is zero. So, the equation σ x σ H ≥ < p> ¿ is not satisfied.
2m
σ H =0
And:
¿ p>¿ 0
So, it just says:
0≥0

Problem 3.16
Solution:

The operator ^
P is given by:
^
P f n =λn f n

Here, λ n is the eigenvalue and f n is the eigenfunction.


^ is given by:
The operator Q
^ f n=μn f n
Q

Here μn is the eigenvalue and f n is the eigenfunction.

As the function { f n } forms the complete set, any function f (x) can be expressed as a linear
combination of f n. That is:

f =∑ c n f n

Here, c n is the coefficient which is given by c n=¿ f n∨f >¿ .

Now:
^ ]∑ c f
[ ^P , Q^ ] f =[ ^P , Q n n

^Q
¿(P ^ ^P ) ∑ c n f n
^ −Q

¿^
PQ^ ∑ c n f n−Q
^^P ∑ cn f n

P ∑ c n f n− Q
¿^ ^ ∑ cn f n

Hence:

[ ^P , Q^ ] f = P^ ∑ c n ( μn f n ) −Q
^ ∑ c (μ f )
n n n

¿ ∑ c n μn λn f n −∑ c n λn μ n f n

¿0
Thus, [ ^ ^ ] =0 for any function f .
P ,Q
Problem 3.17
Solution:
Take the given equation and apply the laws of integration to determine the final value of wave
function.
Consider the following equation:
¿
Rearrange:
ℏ dψ
−¿ p>ψ=ia ¿
i dx
ℏ dψ
=ia ¿
i dx
dψ i
= ¿
dx ℏ
dψ a
= ¿
ψ ℏ
Integrate both sides as follows:
dψ a
∫ ψ
=∫ ¿

dψ 1
∫ = =ln ψ
ψ ψ
And:
a
∫ ℏ ¿¿
a
¿

∫¿¿
a

∫ −x dx=
ℏ 2
x(
a −1 2
)
a a

∫ ¿ x >dx= ( ¿ x > x )

a i i

ℏ a
< p>dx=¿ < p> x ¿

Thus:
a 2 a i
¿− x + < x> x+ < p> x +constant
2ℏ ℏ ℏ
Hence:
−a 2 a i
ln ψ= x + < x > x + < p> x +constant
2ℏ ℏ ℏ
−a
¿¿ ¿
|ψ|=e 2 ℏ
2
−¿ x ¿ a
Let constant + B ( B is a new constant). Then:
2ℏ
Hence, the value of wave function is:
−a
¿ ¿¿
2
ψ=e
Take the value e B to be equal to A .
−a
¿¿ ¿
Thus, the value of wave function is A e 2

Problem 3.18
Solution:

Problem 3.19
Solution:

Problem 3.20
Solution:
The given wavefunction is:

ψ ( x , 0 ) =A [ ψ 1 ( x ) +ψ 2 (x) ]

The normalization factor for the above function is:

ψ ( x , 0 ) =A [ ψ 1 ( x ) +ψ 2 (x) ]
∞ ∞

∫ ψ ψ dx= A ¿ 2
∫ ( ψ 1 ( x ) ψ ¿1 ( x ) +ψ 2 ( x ) ψ ¿2 ( x ) ) dx
−∞ −∞


A
2
∫ ( ψ 21+ ψ 22) dx=1
−∞

2
A ( 1+1 )=1
2 1
A=
2
1
A=
√2
Thus:

ψ ( x , 0 ) =A [ ψ 1 ( x ) +ψ 2 ( x ) ]

[ ]
− E1 t −E2 t
1
ψ ( x , t )= ψ1e ℏ
+ψ 2 e ℏ

√2
The energy-time uncertainty principle is:

σ H σ x ≥ ∨d < x> ¿ ∨¿ ¿
2 dt
Now, we need to test this uncertainty principle for the wave function in ψ (x ,t ):

σ H = √ ¿ H 2 >−¿ H ¿2

First, we get ¿ H 2 >¿ and then ¿ H ¿2, and from there σ H :

[ ]
−E1 t −E2 t
2 1 2 ℏ 2 ℏ
H ψ= H ψ1 e + H ψ2 e
√2

[ ]
−E 1t −E 2 t
2 1 2 ℏ 2 ℏ
H ψ= E1 ψ 1 e + E2 ψ 2 e
√2
2 2
¿ H >¿<ψ ∨H ∨ψ >¿
2
¿<ψ ∨H ψ >¿

( )∨( E ψ e )> ¿
− E1 t −E2 t − E1 t − E2 t
1 ℏ ℏ 2 ℏ 2 ℏ
¿ < ψ1e +ψ 2 e 1 1 + E ψ2e
2
2
− E1 t
1
¿ <ψ 1∨ψ 1 > e ℏ
E21
2

Problem 3.21
Solution:

Problem 3.22
Solution:
The energy-time uncertainty relation is:

σH σx≥ ¿
2
Now, we have to use observable x in place of Q :


σH σx≥ ¿
2
However:

¿ p>¿ m d < x> ¿ ¿


dt

σ H σ x ≥ ∨¿ p> ¿ ∨¿ ¿
2 m

σ H σ x ≥ ∨¿ p> ¿
2
Which is the uncertainty principle of Problem 3.15.

Problem 3.23
Solution:
The projection operator is defined as:
^
P=¿ α >¿ α∨¿
The projection operator acting on the state ¿ β >¿ is:
^
P ∨β >¿ ^
2
P¿
¿^
P¿
As ¿ α ∨β >¿ is a scalar, it can be written as:
^
P | β> ¿<α | β> ¿ ^p ∨α >¿
2

¿< α ∨β> ¿
Substitute 1 for ¿ α ∨α >¿:
^
P | β> ¿<α | β> ¿ α >(1)
2

¿∨α > ¿ α ∨β> ¿


¿^
P∨β >¿
^ 2
P =P^
Operate ^
P on its eigenstate ¿ λ> ¿:
^
P∨ λ>¿ α ∨λ >¿
^ 2 2
P ∨λ >¿ α ∨λ> ¿
Now:

P | λ>− P
^ ^| λ>¿ a2 ∨λ>−a∨λ >¿
2

Substitute ^
P for ^
P:
2

P|λ>−P
^ ^| λ>¿ α 2∨λ>−α ∨λ> ¿
2
0=α ∨λ>−α ∨λ>¿
a ( a−1 )=0
a=0
Or:
a=1
Thus, the eigenvalues of ^
P are 0 and 1.
Any state which is a complex multiple of ¿ λ> ¿ is an eigenvector of ^ P with eigenvalue 1, and any
state which is orthogonal to it is also an eigenstate, with an eigenvalue of zero.

Problem 3.24
Solution:

Problem 3.25
Solution:

The eigenvalues of energies for a given Hamiltonian ^


H and its eigenfunction ¿ Φ> ¿ is calculated as
follows:
^
H∨Φ >¿ En ∨Φ>¿

Here, En is the eigenvalue of energy.

Consider ¿ 1>¿, ¿ 2>¿ to be orthonormal basis of ¿ Φ> ¿ . Thus ¿ Φ> ¿ can be written in form given
below:

|Φ >¿ c 1| 2>+ c 2∨2>¿


Here, c 1 and c 2 are constants.

Hamiltonian is given as follows:


^
H=ε ¿
Thus, ^
H∨Φ >¿ En ∨Φ>¿ can be written as follows:
ε¿
Substitute ¿ for ¿ Φ> ¿ in the above-mentioned equation:

ε (|1> ¿ 1|−|2> ¿2|+|1>¿ 2|+|2> ¿1|) ¿

Since ¿ 1>¿ and ¿ 2>¿ is orthonormal basis, thus:

¿ 1∨1>¿ 0
¿ 2∨2> ¿ 0
¿ 1∨2> ¿ 0
¿ 2∨1> ¿ 0
Using above-mentioned conditions, equation 1 is transformed as following:

ε ()


Problem 3.26
Solution:

Problem 3.27
Solution:

Problem 3.28
Solution:

Problem 3.29
Solution:

Problem 3.30
Solution:
Problem 3.31
Solution:

Problem 3.32
Solution:

Problem 3.33
Solution:

The given eigenstates of ^


A are:

( 3 φ1 + 4 φ2 )
ψ 1=
5
And:

( 4 φ1−3 φ 2 )
ψ 2=
5
With eigenvalues a 1 and a 2, respectively, that is:
^
A ψ 1=a 1 ψ 1
^
A ψ 2=a 2 ψ 2

B are φ 1 and φ 2 such that ^B φ1=b 1 φ 1:


And the eigenstates of ^

^B φ2=b 2 φ2

a)
The wavefunction can be expressed as:

ψ ( x , t )=∑ c n ψ n (Linear combination)


n

And:
^
A ψ n=an ψ n

The expectation value of ^A should be the sum over all possible outcomes of the eigenvalues,
multiplied by the probability of getting that eigenvalue:

¿^
A>¿ <ψ∨ ^
A ψ >¿

¿<
(∑ c ψ )∨( ^A ∑ c ψ )>¿
n
n n
n
n n

¿ ∑ ∑ cn c n a n< ψ n ∨ψ n> ¿ ¿
' '

n' n
If n=n ' :

¿ ∑ a n|c n|
2

2
Where |cn| is the probability that a particle, which is now in the state ψ , will be in the state ψ n
subsequent to the measurement of ^
A.
It is given that the observable ^
A is measured, and the value a 1 is obtained, that is, n=1.
So, after measurement, the system continues to be in the same state ψ 1.

b)

Now, ^
B is measured as follows:
According to the result of part (a ), after measurement of ^
A the state of the system is ψ 1 that is:
3 4
ψ 1= φ 1+ φ2
5 5
Since φ 1 and φ 2 are eigenstates of ^
B.
The result can be b 1 or b 2.

Probability of b 1 is:

()
2
3
b 1=
5
9
¿
25
Probability of b 2 is:

()
2
4
b 2=
5
16
¿
25
9 16
Thus, the probability of b 1 is and the probability of b 2 is .
25 25
c)

After measurement of ^
B, the states present are φ 1 and φ 2.
Writing φ 1 and φ 2 in terms of ψ 1 and ψ 2:

( 3ψ 1 + 4 ψ 2 )
φ 1=
5
9
With probability (from the result in (b)).
25
And:

( 4 ψ 1−3 ψ 2 )
φ 2=
5
16
With probability (from the result in (b)).
25
To get a 1, we need to take the probability of ψ 1.

The total probability of getting is:

() ()
2 2
9 3 16 4
a 1= +
25 5 25 5

¿ ( ) +( )
2 2
9 16
25 25
337
¿
625
¿ 0.5392
¿ 0.54
Thus, the probability of getting is 0.54 .

Problem 3.34
Solution:

Problem 3.35
Solution:

Problem 3.36
Solution:
Given wave function:
A
ψ ( x , 0) = 2 2
(−∞< x< ∞ )
x +a
Here, A ,a → constants.

a)

Normalizing ψ (x , 0) :

∫ ψ ¿ ψ dx=1
−∞
( )
∞ 2
| A|
∫ x +a
2 2
dx =1
−∞

Thus:

1

2
| A| 2
dx=1
−∞ ( x + a2 )
2

1
As 2 is even function, thus:
( x + a2 )
2


1
| A| 2∫
2
2
dx=1
0 ( x2 +a 2 )
u=x /a
du=dx /a

1dx
| A| 2∫
2
=1 2
0 a ( u + 1) a
2 2

Type equation here .


[ ( )] =1

2 1 x 1 x
2| A| 2 2 2
+ tan−1
2a x +a 2 a 0

1 21
| A| tan−1 ( ∞ ) =1
a
2
a
2
| A| π
a
3 ( 2 )=1
A=a
√ 2a
π
b)

¿ x >¿∫ ψxψ dx

x

2
¿| A| 2
dx
−∞ ( x2 +a 2 )
As it is odd function with symmetric limits ¿ 0.

Thus:

¿ x > ¿ ∫ ψ x ψ dx
2 ¿ 2

−∞
∞ 2
x
¿2 A
2
∫ 2
dx
0 ( x 2 +a2 )
∞ 2
x
¿2 A
2
∫ dx

( )
2 2
0 x
4
a 2 +1
a
2
x
2 ∞ 2
2A a
¿ ∫ dx

( )
2 2
a 0 x
1+ 2
a
2
x
Let 2
= y . Thus:
a
x=a √ y
−1
1 2
dx=a ∙ y dy
2
a
¿ dy
2√ y
2 ∞
A a y
¿ x ¿ =2 2 ∫
2
dy
a 0 2 √ y ( 1+ y )
2

2 ∞
¿
2A
2a
∫ ( √ y )2 dy
0 1+ y

( )∫ ( 1+√ yy ) dy
2
2a 2a
¿ 2
2a π 0

2 ∞
¿
2a
π
∫ ( √ y )2 dy
0 1+ y
1

2 a2 y2
¿ ∫
π 0 ( 1+ y )2
dy

Let 1+ y=t 2. Thus:

dy =2t dt
1
2 ∞
2a ( t2−1 ) 2
¿ x¿ =
2
π
∫ t
2 t dt
0

2 ∞ 1
4a
¿
π
∫ ( t 2−1 ) 2 dt
0
Put t=secθ . Thus:

dt=sec θ tan θ dθ
Thus:
2 ∞ 1
4a
¿ x¿ =
2
π
∫ ( sec 2 θ−1 ) 2 secθ tan θ dθ
0

2
4a π
¿ ∙
π 4
2
¿a

σ x =√ ¿ x ¿ 2−¿ x ¿ 2

¿ √ a2−0
¿a
c)
A
Given ψ ( x , 0 ) = 22 , In momentum space:
x +a
∞ −ipx
1
φ ¿ p , 0 ¿= ∫e
√ 2 πℏ −∞

∙ ψ ( x , 0 ) dx

∞ −ipx
¿
A
∫e
√2 πℏ −∞


( x 1+a )dx
2 2

{[ ]}

¿
A
√2 πℏ

−∞
2
1
x +a 2
cos
px

−i sin ( )
px 1
∙ 2 2
ℏ x +a ( )
sin ( pxℏ ) →odd
Thus:


sin ( pxℏ ) =0
2 2
−∞ x +a
Thus:

φ ( p , 0 )=
A

∞ cos ( pxℏ ) dx
√ 2 πℏ −∞ x2 + a2

¿
2A

∞ cos ( pxℏ ) dx
√2 πℏ −∞ x 2 +a2
( )
a
2A π −|p| ℏ
¿ e
√2 πℏ 2 a


a
A π −| p|ℏ
¿ e
a 2ℏ


a
a −|p| ℏ
¿ e

Normalization:
∞ ∞ −2|p|a
a
∫ |φ ( p ,0 )| dp= ∫ e
2 ℏ
dp
−∞
ℏ −∞

( )
−2|p|a ∞

2a e
¿
ℏ −2 a
ℏ 0

¿1
Properly normalized.
d)

¿ p>¿ ∫ p|φ ( p , 0 )| dp
2

−∞

∞ −2|p|a
a
¿ ∫ pe
ℏ −∞

dp

¿0

¿ p >¿ ∫ p |φ ( p , 0 )| dp
2 2 2

−∞

∞ −2|p|a
a
¿ ∫ p2 e
ℏ −∞

dp

2 a Γ (3)
¿
( )
ℏ 2a 3

∙ 2∙ ( )
3
2a ℏ
¿
ℏ 2a
2

¿ 2
2a

σ p=√ ¿ p 2>−¿ p ¿ 2

¿
a √2
e)

σ x σ p=a∙
a √2

¿
2
Follows Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

Problem 3.37
Solution:
We have the relation:

d i ^
<Q>¿ < ^ ^ ¿ ∂ Q >¿
H , Q>+
dt ℏ ∂t
Replace Q=xp , and then we get:

d i ∂(xp)
< xp> ¿ < [ ^
H , xp ] >+¿ >¿
dt ℏ ∂t
As there is no time dependence of x and p explicitly:

d i
< xp> ¿ < [ ^
H , xp ] >¿
dt ℏ
Now consider [ ^
H , x p ]:

[^
H , x p ] =[ H , x ] p + x [ H , p ]
−iℏ p
We have standard results [ H , x ] = :
m
dV
[ H , p ] =iℏ
dx
Using these values, we get:
2
[^ −iℏ p dV
H , xp ] = + xiℏ
m dx
Thus:
d i
< xp> ¿ ¿
dt ℏ
2
(p ) dV
¿ −¿ x >¿
m dx
2
(p ) dV
¿2 −¿ x >¿
2m dx
dV
¿ 2<T >−¿ x >¿
dx
For stationary states, all expectation values are time independent. So:

d < xp> ¿ =0 ¿
dt
Thus, we get:
dV
2<T >−¿ x >¿ 0
dx
dV
2<T >¿< x >¿
dx
This is called the viral theorem.
For a harmonic oscillator:
1 2 2
V ( c )= m ω x
2
dV 2
=m ω x
dx
V
¿2
x
Thus:
dV
¿x >¿ 2<V >¿
dx
Upon substitution in equation 2, we get:
2<T >¿ 2<V >¿
¿ T > ¿<V >¿
We know that:

¿T>¿
1
2( )1
n+ ℏ ω
2
While:

¿ x 2> ¿ n+ ( 12 ) mωℏ
Here:
1 2 2
¿ V >¿ m ω < x > ¿
2

¿
1
2 ( )
1
n+ ℏ ω
2
Thus, we proved that ¿ T > ¿<V >¿ for all stationary states.

Problem 3.38
Solution:
Given state:
1
ψ ( x , 0) = [ ψ 1 ( x )+ψ 2 ( x )]
√2
−iEt
From ψ ( x , t )=e ℏ
ψ (x , 0)
Now:

[ ]
−i E 1t −i E2 t
1
ψ ( x , t )= ψ1e ℏ
+ψ 2 e ℏ

√2
Given that ψ ( x , t ) is orthogonal to ψ ( x , 0 ) :

¿ ψ ( x , t )∨ψ ( x , 0 ) >¿ 0
Thus:
1
¿
2
Using the orthonormality of the states:
−i E 1 t −i E2 t
ℏ ℏ
e +e =0
Thus:
−i (E2−E 1)t

e =−1
−i (E2−E 1)t

e ℏ
=ei (2 n +1)π ; n=0 , 1, 2 , …
Let us take the simplest case n=0:

( E2−E 1) t


t ℏ
=
π E2 −E1

Which is ∆ t .
Thus:

∆ t=
E2−E 1

But ∆ E=σ H :

1
¿ (E 2−E1 )
2

∆ t=
∆ E∙2

∆ E ∆ t=
2
Which is uncertainty relation for energy-time.

Problem 3.39
Solution:

Problem 3.40
Solution:

Problem 3.41
Solution:
The formula for energy states of harmonic oscillator is:

( 12 )ℏ ω
En = n+

The given state of the harmonic oscillator has equal probability for the outcomes ( 12 ℏ ω) and
( 32 ℏ ω), which are the energy eigenvalues of the ground state ψ and the first excited state ψ .
0 1

So, the state of this harmonic oscillator is the linear combination of the ground state and the first
excited state is:

ψ ( x , 0 ) =C0 ψ 0 ( x , 0 ) +C 1 ψ 1 ( x ,0)

The wave function at time t is:


− E0 t −E 1t

ψ ( x , t )=C 0 ψ 0 ( x , 0 ) e ℏ
+C 1 ψ 1 ( x , 0 ) e ℏ
1
Total probability is always equal to 1. Then, the probability of each state is equal to :
2
2 2 1
|C 0| =|C 1| = 2
They can be written as:
1 iθ
C 0 ,1= e 0,1

√2
The above equation can be written as:
1 iθ
C 0= e 0

√2
And:
1 iθ
C 1= e 1

√2
Thus:
− E0 t −E 1t

ψ ( x , t )=C 0 ψ 0 ( x , 0 ) e ℏ
+C 1 ψ 1 ( x , 0 ) e ℏ

−E0 t − E1 t
1 iθ 1 iθ
ψ ( x , t )= e ψ 0 ( x , 0 ) e 0 ℏ
+ e ψ1 ( x , 0) e
1 ℏ

√2 √2
The general equation to find the probability is:
¿ A>¿ <ψ∨ A∨ψ >¿
The probability of momentum p is:

¿ p>¿<ψ ∨ p∨ψ >¿


Thus:
−E0 t −E1 t − E0 t − E1 t

¿ p>¿<C 0 ψ 0 ( x , 0 ) e ℏ
+C1 ψ 1 ( x , 0 ) e ℏ
∨p∨C 0 ψ 0 ( x ,0 ) e ℏ
+C 1 ψ 1 ( x , 0 ) e ℏ
>¿
−E 0t −E0 t −E 0 t −E1 t E1 t E0t E1 t E1 t
2 2
¿|C 0| <ψ 0|p|ψ 0> e +C C1 <ψ 0| p|ψ 1 >e +C C 0 <ψ 1|p|ψ 0> e ℏ e +|C 1| < ψ 1| p|ψ 1 >e
ℏ ℏ ¿ ℏ ℏ ¿ ℏ ℏ ℏ
e 0 e 1 e

( ) =e
−E1 t ¿ E1 t
Since e ℏ ℏ .

Thus:
i (E1−E 0)t
2 2
¿ p>¿|C 0| <ψ 0| p|ψ 0 >+|C 1| < ψ 1| p|ψ 1 >+C C 1 e ¿
0

<ψ 1| p|ψ 0 >¿
E0t E0 t
Since
e ℏ
e ℏ
=1.
To evaluate these scalar products, let us use the harmonic oscillator in energy basis using the operators
a^ +¿¿ and a^ −¿¿.
The raising operator is:
a^
+¿=
√ mω
2ℏ
^x −i
√ 1
2 mω ℏ
^p ¿

The lowering operator is:


a^
−¿=
√ mω
2ℏ
^ i
x+
√ 1
2 mω ℏ
^p ¿

If raising operator operates on a function, then state function will go up:


a^ +¿|ψ >¿ √ n +1|ψ >¿¿
n n+ 1

If lowering operator operates on a function, then the state function will go down:
a^ −¿|ψ >¿ √n|ψ >¿¿
n n−1

Subtract the 2 operators:


¿

¿−2i
√ 1
2 mω ℏ
^p

Rearrange the above equation for momentum operator:


^p=¿
Hence:

¿ ψ 0| pψ 0> ¿<ψ 0|i


√ mωℏ
2
¿

¿i
√ mω ℏ
2
<ψ 0∨¿

¿i
√ mω ℏ
2
¿

¿i
√ mω ℏ
2
¿

The value of ¿ ψ 0∨ψ 1 >¿ is zero and if lowering operator operates on 0 it becomes zero only it means
¿ ψ 0 ( 0 ) >¿ is equal to zero.

¿ ψ 0∨ p ψ 0 >¿ 0
Similarly, the function is equal to zero:
¿ ψ 1∨ p ψ 1> ¿ 0
Hence:

¿ ψ 0| pψ 1 >¿< ψ 0|i
√ mω ℏ
2
¿
¿i
√ mω ℏ
2
<ψ 0∨¿

¿i
√ mω ℏ
2
¿

¿i
√ mω ℏ
2
¿

The value of ¿ ψ 0∨ψ 2 >¿ is zero and ¿ ψ 0∨ψ 0 >¿ is equal to one, then the above equation becomes:

¿ ψ 0∨ p ψ 1 >¿ i
√ mωℏ
2
[ 0−1 ]

¿−i
√ mωℏ
2
Use the formula ¿ ψ 0| pψ 1 >¿< ψ 1| p ψ 0 ¿ then ¿ ψ 1∨ p ψ 0 >¿ is equal to:
¿

¿ ψ 1∨ p ψ 0 >¿ ¿ ¿

( √ )
¿
mωℏ
¿ −i
2

¿i
√ mω ℏ
2
Hence:
i(E 0−E1)t i(E 1−E0 )t
2
|
¿ p>¿|C 0| <ψ 0 p ψ 0>+|C1| <ψ 1 p ψ 1>+ C¿0 C1 e
2
| ℏ
<ψ 0∨ p ψ 1> +C¿1 C0 e ℏ
<ψ 1∨ p ψ 0 >¿

( √ ) ( i √ ℏ mω
2 )
i ( E0 − E 1) t i ( E 1− E 0) t
¿ ℏ ℏ mω ¿ ℏ
¿ p>¿ C C 1 e 0 −i +C 1 C 0 e
2

(−i √ ℏ mω ) ( √2)
−iθ 0 i θ1 i ( E0−E1 ) t −i θ1 i θ0 i ( E 1− E 0) t
e e ℏ e e ℏ mω ℏ
¿ e + e i
√2 √2 2 √2 √2
Since 1=e−i θ e iθ if θ0 =θ1. 0 1

3 1
Using E1−E 0= ℏ ω− ℏ ω=ℏ ω:
2 2

( √ ) (i √ ℏ mω
2 )
−iωℏ iωℏ
1 i θ −θ ] ℏ mω 1 i [ θ −θ ]
¿ p>¿ e [ e 1 0 ℏ
−i + e e 0 1 ℏ
2 2 2

1 ℏ mω
¿ i
2 2 √
[−e i [θ −θ −ωt ]+ ei (θ −θ −ω t ) ] 1 0 0 1

2 √
1 ℏ mω i [ θ −θ +ωt ] i(θ −θ +ωt )
2
[e −e ] 1 0 0 1
¿ p>¿−
√ ℏ mω
2
sin(θ0 −θ1 +ωt )

For the maximum value of ¿ p>¿ , the sine function should have the minimum value:

sin ( θ 0−θ1 +ωt ) =−1

Then:

¿ p ¿max =
√ ℏ mω
2
At t=0 :

sin ( θ 0−θ1 )=−1

sin ( θ 0−θ1 )=−sin( π2 )


sin ( θ −θ )=sin (
2 )
−π
0 1

−π
θ0 −θ1=
2
π
θ1=θ 0 +
2
One combination can be:
θ0 =0
And:
π
θ1=
2
i θ0 − E0 t i θ1 −E1 t
e e
Then the function ψ ( x , t )= ψ0 ( x ) e ℏ
+ ψ ( x)e ℏ
is:
√2 √2 1

[ ]
−i tℏ ω iπ 3 ℏω
1 i0 ℏ
−¿

ψ ( x , t )= e ψ0 (x ) e + e 2 ψ1( x ) e
√2

[ ]
−iωt iπ −3i ω t
1 2 2 2
ψ ( x , t )= ψ (x)e +ψ 1 ( x ) e e
√2 0
−iωt
1
¿
√2
e 2
[ ψ 0 ( x )+i ψ 1 ( x ) e−iωt ]

Since e 2 =cos
π π
+isin =i.
2 2
−iωt
1
Thus, the function ψ ( x , t ) is
√2
e 2
[ ψ 0 ( x )+ iψ 1 ( x ) e−iωt ].

Problem 3.42
Solution:

Problem 3.43
Solution:
a)

Let ^
A and ^B are 2 observables, then:
2
σ A=¿ ¿
And:
2
σ B=¿¿
Let:
f =¿
And:
g=¿
Thus:
2
σ A=¿ f ∨f >¿
And:
2
σ B=¿ g∨g>¿
From Schwartz inequality:
2 2
σ A σ B =¿ f ∨f > ¿ g∨g>¿
≥¿¿
For any complex number z :
2 2 2
|z| = [ ℜ ( z ) ] + [ ℑ ( z ) ]

[ ][ ]
2 2
1 1
¿ ( z + z¿) + ( z−z ¿ )
2 2i
Thus:

|¿ f |g >|2=¿ ¿
And as ¿ f ∨g>¿< ^
AB^ >−¿ A >¿ B >¿:
^^
¿ g∨f >¿< B A>−¿ A >¿ B >¿
Thus:

¿ ¿ f ∨g>|2=¿ ¿
¿¿¿
¿¿¿
1
¿ ( ¿ D ¿ +¿ C ¿ )
2 2
4
So, equation 1 becomes:
1
2
σ A σB ≥
2
( ¿ D ¿2 +¿ C ¿2 )
4
b)

B= ^
When ^ A:
^
C=−i [A, A]
¿0
And:

D= ^
^ A^A+ ^
A^A−2< A> ¿ A >¿
2 2
¿ A −2< A ¿
2
¿σ A
Putting these in equation 2:
1 22
2
σ A σB ≥
2
(σ )
4 A
Thus:
1 4
2
σ A≥ (σ )
4 A
Which is obvious.

Problem 3.44
Solution:
The expression for the spin matrix at time t is given by:
−iEt

¿ s ( t )> e ∨s (0)>¿
The given Hamiltonian is:
( )
a 0 b
H= 0 c 0
b 0 a

Here, a ,b ,c ϵR and a−c ≠+ b.

The eigenvalue equation is calculated using equation:

|H −λI|=0
The above equation can be solved as follows:

|( ) ( )|
a 0 b 1 0 0
0 c 0 −λ 0 1 0 =0
b 0 a 0 0 1

| |
a−λ 0 b
0 c− λ 0 =0
b 0 a− λ

( a−λ ) [ ( c− λ ) ( a−λ )−0 ] −0+ b ( 0−b ( c−λ ) )=0

( c− λ ) [ ( a−λ )2−b2 ]=0


After solving the above equation, the eigenvalues are given by:
λ=c ,a+ b, and a−b .
The eigenvalue equation is given by:
AX=λ X
For the eigenvalue λ=c , the eigenvector is calculated as follows:

H |s1 >¿ c|s 1 >¿

( )( ) ( )
a 0 b α α
0 c 0 β =c β
b 0 a γ γ

After solving the above equation:


a α +b γ=c α
β c=c β
β=1
β α + αγ=cγ
Use equation 1 and 2, that is:

( a−c ) α + bγ=0
And:

b α + ( a−c ) γ =0
Adding these equations, we get:

( a−c +b ) α + ( a−c +b ) γ =0
a−c=−b (this is excluded)
α =γ=0
The eigenvector for E1=c is:

()
0
¿ s1 >¿ 1
0

For λ=a+ b, the eigenvalue equation is given by:

( )( ) ( )
a 0 b α α
0 c 0 β =(a+b) β
b 0 a γ γ

After solving the above equation:

a α +bγ =(a+b)α
bγ =bα
γ =α
β c=(a+b) β
The excluded case:
β=0
And:

b α +a γ=(a+ b) γ
Therefore, the eigenstate is:

()
1
¿ s2 >¿ 0
1

After normalizing the above wave vector is given by:

()
1
1
¿ s2 >¿ 0
√2 1

For λ=a−b , the eigenvalue equation is given by:

( )( ) ()
a 0 b α α
0 c 0 β =(a−b) β
b 0 a γ γ

After solving the above equation:


a α +bγ =(a−b)α
bγ =−bα
γ =−α
βc=(a−b)β
The excluded case:
β=0
And:

b α +aγ =(a−b)γ
This gives the same result as for the first element.
Therefore, the eigenvector for λ=a−b is given by:

()
1
¿ s2 >¿ 0
−1

After normalizing the above vector:

()
1
1
¿ s3 >¿ 0
√2 −1

a)
The wave vector is:

()
1
¿ s(0)>¿ 1
0

Here, ¿ s(0)>¿∨s1 >¿.

The wave vector at time t is given by:

|s ( t )> ¿ e |s >¿
−iEt

1

|s ( t )> ¿ e |s (0)> ¿
−iEt

()
−ict 0

¿ s1 ( t ) >¿ e 1
0

()
−ict 0

Therefore, the wave vector at time t is ¿ s1 ( t ) >¿ e 1.
0

b)
The given wave vector is:

()
0
¿ s(0)>¿ 0
1

1
¿ s ( t )> ¿ ¿
√2
1
¿ ¿
√2

[ () ( )]
−i(a +b)t 1 −i(a−b)t 1
1 ℏ 1 ℏ 1
¿ e 0 −e 0
√2 √2 1 √2 −1

[ () ( )]
−i (a +b)t 1 −i (a−b)t 1
1 ℏ ℏ
¿ e 0 −e 0
2
1 −1

[ () ( )]
−iat −ib t 1 −iat ibt 1
1 ℏ ℏ ℏ ℏ
¿ e e 0 −e e 0
2
1 −1

[ () ( )]
−iat −ibt 1 ibt 1
1 ℏ ℏ ℏ
¿ e e 0 −e 0
2
1 −1

[( ) ( )]
−ibt ibt
ℏ ℏ
−iat
e e
1 ℏ 0 − 0
¿ e
2 −ibt ibt

e −e ℏ

[ ]
−ibt ibt
ℏ ℏ
−iat
e −e
1 ℏ 0
¿ e
2 −ibt
+e ℏ
ibt


e

[ ] ( btℏ )
−2i sin
−iat
1 ℏ
¿ e 0
2
2cos ( btℏ )
[ ] ( btℏ )
−isin
−iat

¿e 0
cos ( btℏ )

[ ] ( btℏ )
−i sin
−iat

Therefore, the eigenvector at time t is ¿ s ( t )> ¿ e 0 .

cos ( btℏ )
Problem 3.45
Solution:

Problem 3.46
Solution:

Problem 3.47
Solution:

Problem 3.48
Solution:

Problem 3.49
Solution:
a)

The time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a free particle (V ( c )=0 ) is:


2 2
∂ ψ −h ∂ ψ
iℏ =
∂ t 2 m ∂ x2
Using:
∞ ipx
1
ψ ( x , t )=
√ 2 πh
∫ e ℏ φ ( p , t ) dp
−∞

Where φ (p ,t ) is the wave function in momentum space:


∞ ipx
∂ψ 1 ∂φ
= ∫e
∂ t √ 2 πh −∞

∂t
dp

∞ ipx
∂ψ
=
1
∫ ip
∂ t √ 2 πh −∞ h
e ( ) ℏ
φ dp

Thus:
∞ ipx

( )( )
2
∂ψ 1 ip ip ℏ
= ∫
∂ x √ 2 πh −∞ h
2
h
e φdp

( )
∞ 2 ipx
1 ip
¿ ∫
√2 πh −∞ h2
e ℏ
φdp

Plugging these values into equation 1 gives:

( )∫
∞ ipx 2 2 ∞ ipx
1 ∂φ −h 1 −p
iℏ ∫e
√ 2 πh −∞

∂t
dp=
2m √2 πh h 2

e φdp
−∞

When the Forurier transform of 2 functions is equal, then those 2 functions are equal (Plancherel’s
theorem):
2
∂φ p
iℏ = φ
∂t 2m
This is a Schrödinger time-dependent equation in momentum space. Solving this:
2
∂ φ −i p
= dt
φ h 2m
2
∫ ∂φφ = −i
h2m
p
∫ dt
2
−o p
ln φ= t +ln φ ( p , 0 )
h 2m
2
−i p
ln φ−ln φ ( p , 0 ) = t
h2m

ln
( φ(p,0)
=
)
φ ( p , t ) −i p2 t
2 mh
2

φ ( p ,t ) −i2 mh
p t
=e
φ( p , 0)
Thus:
2
−i p t
φ ( p , t )=e 2 mh
φ ( p ,0 )
b)
The travelling Gaussian is given by:
2

ψ ( x , 0 ) =A e−a x eilx
Normalization gives:

∫|ψ|2 dx =1
A2∫ e−2 a x dx=1
2

A2
√ π
2a
=1

( )
1/4
2a
A=
π
Thus:

( )
1 /4
2a −a x
2
i/x
ψ ( x , 0) = e e
π
Finding the wave function in momentum space:
1 /4 ∞
φ ( p , 0 )=
1 2a
√ 2 πh π ( ) ∫ e−ipx /h ψ ( x , 0 ) dx
−∞

1/ 4 ∞
1 2a
( ) ∫ e−ipx / h e−a x eilx dx
2

¿
√2 πh π −∞

1/ 4 ∞
1 2a
( ) ∫ e−i (t− p /h) x e− a x dx
2

¿
√2 πh π −∞

1/ 4 ∞
1 2a
( ) ∫ e−a x +i (l− p / h)x dx
2

¿
√2 πh π −∞

Using the competition of squares method, we get:

( hp ) /4 a
2
− l−
1
φ ( p , 0 )= 1/ 4
e
( 2 πa h2 )
φ ( p , t )=e−iE t /h φ ( p , 0 )
2

¿ e−i p t /2 mh φ ( p , 0 )

( ph ) / 4 a
2
− l−
1 2
−i p t /2 mh
¿ 1/4
e e
( 2 πa h2 )
( hp ) /2 a
2
− l−
2 1
|φ ( p , t )| = 1 /2
e
( 2 πa h2 )
→ no time dependence
c)

¿ p>¿ ∫ φ ( p , t ) pφ ( p ,t ) dp
¿

−∞


¿ ∫ p|φ ( p ,t )| dp
2

−∞

−( l− ) /2 a
2
∞ p
1
¿ ∫
√2 πah −∞
pe
h
dp

p
Let y= −l :
h
dp
dy =
h
Thus:

h

2

¿ p>¿ ( y +l ) e− y / 2 a dy
√2 πa −∞

[ ]
∞ ∞
h
∫ dy+ l ∫ e
2 2
−y /2a −y /2a
¿ ye dy
√2 πa −∞ −∞

The first integral is odd, so it vanishes:

[ ]

h
0+l ∫ e
2
− y /2 a
¿ dy
√2 πa −∞


2h l

2
− y /2 a
¿ e dy
√2 πa 0

¿
2 hl πa
√2 πa 2 √
¿ hl
Hence:

¿ p >¿ ∫ |φ ( p , t )| p
2 2 2

−∞

−( l− ) /2 a
2
∞ p
1
¿ ∫
h √ 2 πa −∞
2
p e
h
dp

Following the same change of variable, as in the above case, gives:



h
∫ ( y 2 +2 yl+ l 2) e− y /2 a dy
2

¿
√2 πa −∞
[ ]
2 ∞ ∞
2h
∫y e ∫ e− y / 2 a dy
2 2
2 − y /2 a 2
¿ dy +0+l
√2 πa 0 0

[ √ (√ ) √ ]
2 2
2h a πa
¿ 2 π +l 2
√2 πa 2 2

¿ ( a+ l 2) h 2
d)
The Hamiltonian for the present case is given by:
2
p
H=
2m
1 2
¿ H >¿ < p >¿
2m
From the result in (c ), this becomes:

1
¿ H >¿ ( a+l 2 ) h2
2m
1 22 2
¿ [ h l +h a ]
2m
1
¿ [ ¿ p ¿2 +h 2 a ]
2m
2 2
¿ p¿ h a
¿ +
2 m 2m
However, for stationary Hamiltonian H 0:

1 2
¿ H ¿0= < p ¿0
2m
2
h a
¿
2m
Insert this into equation 2 to get:
2
¿ p¿
¿ H >¿ +¿ H ¿0
2m

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