Problem 1

Solutions:
a)

The canonical commutation relation of [ x , y ] is:

[ x , y ] ψ=xy (ψ )− yx (ψ )
¿ xy− yx
¿0
Since y ( ψ )= y and x (ψ )=x .

Thus, the generalization gives [ x , y ] is 0 .

The canonical commutation relation of [ p y , p z ] is:

[ py , pz ] f = [ ℏ ∂ ℏ ∂
,
i ∂ y i ∂z
f
]
¿
ℏ ∂ ℏ ∂f
i ∂ y i ∂z
− (
ℏ ∂ ℏ ∂f
i ∂z i ∂ y ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
ℏ ∂ f ∂ f
¿ −
i ∂ y∂z ∂z∂y

( )
2 2
∂ f ∂ f
Since = .
∂ x∂ y ∂ y ∂x
¿0
Thus, the generalization gives [ pi , p j ] is 0 .

Thus, from the equations 1 and 2 the generalize to:

[ r i , r j ]= [ p i , p j ]=0
The canonical commutation relation of [ x , P y ] is:

[ x , P y ]= [ x,
ℏ ∂
i ∂y
f
]
¿ (
ℏ ∂f
i
x −
∂
∂ y ∂y )
( xf )

¿ (x
∂ y)
ℏ ∂f ∂f ∂x
−x −y
i ∂y ∂y

¿(
i ∂y )
−ℏ ∂
x f

¿−[ P y , x ] f
Thus, the generalization gives [ x , P y ] is −[ P y , x ].

The canonical commutation relation of [ x , p x ] is:

[ x , px ] f = [ x,
ℏ ∂
i ∂x ]
f

¿ x ( ℏ ∂
i ∂x
(f )−)ℏ ∂
i ∂x
( xf )

¿ ( x −x
∂x)
ℏ ∂f ∂f ∂x
−f
i ∂x ∂x
ℏ
¿ (−f )
i
[ x , px ] f =if

¿i
Thus, the generalization gives [ x , p x ] is i .

Thus, from the equations 3 and 4 this generalizes to:

[ r i , p j ]− [ pi , r j ]=iδ ij
b)
Ehrenfest’s theorem for the x−¿ component is:

i
d < x > ¿ = < [ H , x ] >¿ ¿
dt ℏ
And:

[ ]
2
[ H , x ] = p +V , x
2m
1
¿ [ p 2 + p2 + p2 , x ] +[ V , x ]
2m x y z
1
¿
2m
[ p x + p y + p z , x ] +0
2 2 2

Since V is V (r ).

1
¿
2m
{[ p x , x ] + [ p y , x ]+ [ p z , x ] }
2 2 2

1
¿ [ p2 , x ]
2m x
From (a ), the remaining terms are zero:

1
[ H , x ]= { p [ p , x ]+ [ p x , x ] p x }
2m x x
From (a ), we got [ r i , p i ] =i:

[ pi , r i ]=−i
Thus:

[ H , x ] = 1 [ p x (−i )+ (−i ) p x ]
2m
−2i p x
¿
2m
−i p x
¿
m
Thus:
i
d<x> ¿ = ¿¿
dt ℏ
1
¿ < p >¿
m x
Similarly:
d
< y >¿ ¿ p y > ¿ ¿
dt m
d
< z >¿ ¿ p z> ¿ ¿
dt m
Combining these 3 results, we get:
d 1
<r > ¿ < p> ¿
dt m
d
We need to prove < p>¿ (−∇ V ).
dt
For p x:

d i
< p x > ¿ < [ H , p x ] >¿
dt ℏ

[ ]
2
p
[ H , p x ]= 2 m +V , px

[ ]
2
p
¿ , p x +[ V , p x ]
2m
1
¿
2m
{[ p x , p x ] + [ p y , p y ] + [ p z , p z ] }+ [V , p x ]
2 2 2

¿ 0+ [ V , p x ]
 [
¿ V ,−i
∂
∂x ]
∂V
¿i
∂x
Using this, equation 5 becomes:

d
dt
i ∂V
< p x> ¿ i
ℏ ∂x ( )
∂V
¿−i
∂x
Similarly, for y and z , this gives:

d ∂V
< p y >¿−
dt ∂y
d ∂V
< p z >¿−
dt ∂z
d
These 3 equations together give < p>¿ (−∇ V ).
dt
c)
The generalized uncertainty principle:
2 2
σ A σB ≥ ¿ ¿
From this, we get:
σ A σB ≥ ¿

1
σx σp ≥ < [ x , p x ]> ¿
x
2i
1
≥ (i)
2i
From part (a ).

ℏ
σx σp ≥ x
2
The same follows for the other 2 components:
ℏ
σ yσ p ≥ y
2
And:
ℏ
σzσp ≥ z
2
This can be generalized in the following equation:
 ℏ
σr σp ≥
i j
2
There is no restriction on σ x σ p because [ x , p y ] =0.
y

ℏ
Thus, from the above equations this generalizes to σ r σ p ≥ s .
i j
2 ij

Problem 2
Solutions:
a)
The time-independent Schrödinger equation is:
2
−ℏ 2
∇ ψ +Vψ=Eψ
2m
For the particle in a box, it is given that:
0 , if x , y , z are all between 0∧a
V ( x , y , z ) ={
∞ , otherwise
For x , y , z, between 0 and a , equation 1 becomes:
2
−ℏ 2
∇ ψ =Eψ
2m

( )
2 2 2 2
−ℏ ∂ ψ ∂ ψ ∂ ψ
+ + =Eψ
2 m ∂ x 2 ∂ y 2 ∂ z2

Take the wave function in the form:

ψ ( x , y , z ) =X ( x ) Y ( y ) Z (z)
Substituting into equation 2 and dividing by ψ ( x , y , z ) gives:
2 2 2
1 d X 1 d Y 1 d Z −2 mE
+ + =
X d x2 Y d y2 Z d z2 ℏ
2

The 3 terms on the left-hand side of the above equation are functions of x , y and z , respectively. So,
each must be a constant.
Thus, they can be separated as:
2
1 d X 2
2
+ K x =0
X dx
2
1 d Y 2
2
+ K y =0
Y dy
 2
1d Z 2
+ K z =0
Z d z2

2 2 2 2m
Where K x + K y + K z = 2
E.
ℏ
Equations 4,5, and 6 are the standard differential equations.
The solutions are as follows:

X ( x )= A x sin K x x + B x cos K x x

Y ( y )= A y sin K y y + B y cos K y y

Z ( z )= A z sin K z z + Bz cos K z z

Applying the boundary conditions at x=0 gives:

Bx =0, B y =0 , and Bz =0.

So, the above equations become:

X ( x )= A x sin K x x

Y ( y )= A y sin K y y

Z ( z )= A z sin K z z

At x=a , we have:

X ( a )=0
sin ( K x a )=0

nx π
K x= (n x =1 , 2, 3 , …)
a
The same thing follows for Y and Z . This makes the above equations:

X ( x )= A x sin( naπ x)x

Y ( y )= A sin (
a )
n π y
y x

Z ( z )= A sin (
a )
n π z
z z

Substituting these expression into equation 3 gives:

ψ ( x , y , z ) =X ( x ) Y ( y ) Z (z)

ψ ( x , y , z ) =A x A y A z sin ( naπ x) sin ( naπ y ) sin ( naπ z )

x y z
Where A x, A y, and A z are normalization constants.

Applying the normalization condition for X :

∫ ψ ¿ ( x ) ψ ( x ) dx=1
We get:

A x=
√ 2
a
Doing the for Y and Z , gives:

A y =A z=
√ 2
a
Hence:

() ( ) ( ) ( )
2 32 n π n π n π
ψ ( x , y , z )= sin x x sin y y sin z z
a a a a
Energy eigenvalues are given by:
ℏ
E=
2m
( K x + K y + K z)
2 2 2

2 2
π ℏ 2 2 2
2( x
¿ n + n y +n z ) (n x , n y , n z=1 , 2 ,3 , …)
2m a
b)

Possible values of n x , n y , n z, and their corresponding degeneracy is tabulated as follows:

c)

The combinations for the energy eigenvalues after E6 are:

E7 ( 3 22 ) , E8 ( 4 11 ) , E9 ( 33 1 ) , E10 ( 4 2 1 ) , E 11 ( 3 3 2 ) , E 12 ( 4 22 ) , E13 ( 4 3 1 ) , and E13 ¿ and 5 11 ¿

With E14 (333) we get one level and with E14 (5 1 1) we get 3. They are (511), (151), and (115).

All have the same energy eigenvalue and is given by:

2 2
27 π ℏ
E14 = 2
2 ma
Thus, degeneracy of E14 level is 4 .

This interesting thing in the case of E14 , is there is a numerical “accident” (matching), because:
2 2 2
3 +3 +3 =27
2 2 2
5 +1 +1 =27
Thus, the degeneracy is greater than combinational reasoning alone would suggest.

Problem 3
Solutions:
s
Problem 4
Solutions:

Problem 5
Solutions:

Problem 6
Solutions:

Problem 7
Solutions:
Define the associated Legendre function as follows:
|m|

( )
|m|
d
P ( x )=( 1−x )
m 2 2
l Pl (x)
dx
Given l=m , thus write the following:
l

( )
l
d
Pl ( x )=( 1−x ) ∙
l 2 2
P (x )
dx l
Here, the Legendre polynomial Pl (x ) is given by the following:

( )
l
1 d ( 2 )l
Pl ( x )= '
x −1
2 l! dx
Thus:
l

( ) ( x −1)
2l
1
( 1−x2 ) 2 d
l
Pll ( x )= 2
l
2 l! dx
l
Now consider ( x 2−1 ) :
l
( x 2−1 ) =x2 l +…
Thus:
l

( ) ( x + …)
2l
1 d
P ( x )= l ( 1−x2 ) 2
l
l
2l

2 l! dx

In the above equation, differentiate the term (x 2 l+ …) for 2 l times.

Thus, all other terms whose powers are less than 2 l will vanish. Thus:
l
1
Pll ( x )= l
( 1−x2 ) 2 ( 2l ) !
2 l!
l
( 2l ) !
¿ l
( 1−x 2 ) 2
2 l!
l
We substitute this in equation Y l to get the following:

Y ll= (−1 )
l

√ ( 2l+1 ) ilφ l
4 π ( 2l ) !
e pl ¿

√
l
( 2 l+ 1 ) ilφ ( 2 l ) !
¿ (−1 )
l
e l
( 1−cos 2 θ ) 2
4 π (2 l)! 2 l!

¿ (−1 )
l

√ ( 2 l+ 1 ) ilφ ( 2 l ) !
4 π (2 l)!
e
2l l!
¿

√
1 ( 2l+1 ) −1 ilφ
( )
l
Y ll= e sin θ
l! 4π 2
2
Similarly, construct Y 3 (θ , φ). Here l=3 , m=2 :

Y 23= (−1 )
2

√ 7 1 2iφ 2
∙ e P3 ¿
4 π 5!
2
From equation 2, write the associated Legendre function P3 (x ) as follows:
 ( )
2
d
P3 ( x )=( 1−x )
2 2
P3 ( x)
dx

Write the legendre polynomial P3 (x ), form the equation 3 as follows:

( )
3
1 d ( 2 )3
P 3= 3 x −1
2 ∙3 ! dx
d 2 3
( x −1 ) =¿
dx
2
u=x −1
3
y=u
dy dy du
Chain rule: = ∙
dx du dx
dy 2 du
Using power rule =3 u and =2 x . So:
du dx
dy 2
=3 u ∙ 2 x
dx
2
¿ 3 ( x −1 ) ∙2 x
2

2
¿ 6 x ( x −1 )
2

Thus:

( ) [6 x ( x −1) ]
2
1 d 2 2
¿
8 ∙3 ∙ 2 dx
1 d
¿
8 dx
[ ( x 2−1 ) + 4 x 2 ( x 2−1 ) ]
2

1
¿
8
[ 4 x ( x −1 )+ 8 x ( x −1 ) + 4 x ∙ 2 x ]
2 2 2

1
¿ ( 5 x −3 x )
3
2

Problem 8
Solutions:

Problem 9
Solutions:

Problem 10
Solutions:

Problem 11
Solutions:

Problem 12
Solutions:

Problem 13
Solutions:

Problem 14
Solutions:

Problem 15
Solutions:
The ground state wavefunction of an hydrogen atom is given by the following expression:
−r
1 a
ψ 100 ( r , θ , φ )= e
√ π a3
Where a is Bohr radius.

a)

The expectation value ¿ r n >¿ for wavefunction ψ 100 ( r , θ , φ ) is given by following expression:

¿ r n >¿ ∫ ψ 100 ( r , θ , φ ) ( r n ) ψ ¿100 ( r , θ , φ ) ( r 2 sin θdrdθdφ )

−r −r
1 1
¿∫ e (r )
a n
e ( r 2 sin θdrdθdφ )
a

√π a 3
√πa 3

−2r
1
3∫
¿ rn e a
( r 2 sin θdrdθdφ )
πa
−2 r
1
¿ 3 ∫ r n+ 2 e a
sin θdrdθdφ
πa
Separate the above integration with respect to variables r , θ , φ:
∞ −2 r π 2π
1
3∫
dr ∫ sin θdθ ∫ dφ
n n +2 a
¿ r >¿ r e
πa 0 0 0

∞ −2 r
1
3∫
n+ 2 a π 2π
¿ r e dr (−cos θ )0 ( φ )0
πa 0
∞ −2 r
1
¿ 3∫ r e
n+ 2 a
dr (−cos π +cos 0 ° ) ( 2 π −0 )
πa 0
∞ −2 r
1
¿ 3∫ r e dr (−(−1 ) +1 ) ( 2 π )
n+ 2 a

πa 0
∞ −2 r
1
3∫
n+ 2 a
¿ r e dr ( 1+ 1 )( 2 π )
πa 0
∞ −2 r
1
¿ 3∫ r e
n+ 2 a
dr 2 ( 2 π )
πa 0
∞ −2 r
4
¿ 3 ∫r e
n+2 a
dr
a 0
Substitute 1 for n in the above expression to solve for ¿ r >¿ :
∞ −2r
4
3∫
1+2 a
¿ r >¿ r e dr
a 0
∞ −2 r
4
¿ 3 ∫r e
3 a
dr
a 0
∞
n!
Now using integral formula ∫ x e
n −ax
dx= n+1
to solve the above integration:
0 a
∞ −2 r
4
3∫
3 a
¿ r >¿ r e dr
a 0

(( ) )
4 3!
¿
a3 2 3 +1
a

( )
4
4 6a
¿ 3 4
a 2
24
¿ a
16
3
¿ a
2
 3
Thus, the expectation value ¿ r >¿ is a.
2
Hence:
∞ −2 r
4
¿ r >¿ 3 ∫ r e
2 2+2 a
dr
a 0
∞ −2r
4
3∫
4 a
¿ r e dr
a 0
Now using the integral formula to solve the above integration:
∞ −2 r
4
3∫
4 a
¿ r >¿ r e dr
a 0

(( ) )
4 4!
¿
a3 2 4+1
a

( )
5
4 24 a
¿ 3 5
a 2
96 2
¿ a
32
2
¿3a
Thus, the expectation value ¿ r 2 >¿ is 3 a2 .

b)
Calculate the expectation value ¿ x >¿ as follows:

¿ x >¿∫ ψ 100 ( r ,θ , φ ) ( x ) ψ 100 ( r ,θ , φ)(r sin θ drdθdφ)

¿ 2

−r −r
1 1
¿∫ e a (x) e a ( r 2 sin θ drdθdφ )
√π a 3
√π a 3

−2 r
1
3∫
¿ xe a
( r 2 sin θ drdθdφ )
πa
−2 r
1
3∫
¿ x r2 e a
sinθ drdθdφ
πa
Substitute x=r sin θ cos φ in the above equation:
−2r
1
3∫
¿ x >¿ ( r sin θ cos φ ) r 2 e a
sin θ drdθdφ
πa
−2 r
1
3∫
¿ ( r 3 sin θ2 cos φ ) e a
drdθdφ
πa
Separate the above integration with respect to variables r , θ , φ.
∞ −2 r π 2π
1
3∫
dr ∫ sin θ dθ ∫ cos φdφ
3 a 2
¿ x >¿ r e
πa 0 0 0

2π
Take the integral ∫ cos φ dφ and solve as follows:
0

2π

∫ cos φ dφ=( sin φ )20 π

0

¿ ( sin 2 π −sin 0 )
¿0
Substitute the integral in the above equation:
∞ −2 r π
1
3∫
dr ∫ sin θ dθ(0)
a 2
¿ x >¿ re
πa 0 0

¿0
Thus, the expectation value ¿ x >¿ is 0 .

Calculate the expectation value ¿ x 2> ¿ as follows:

¿ x 2> ¿∫ ψ 100 ( r ,θ , φ ) ( x 2 ) ψ ¿100 (r ,θ , φ)(r 2 sin θdrdθdφ)

−r −r
1 1
¿∫ e a ( x2 ) e a ( r 2 sin θdrdθdφ )
√π a 3
√π a3

−2 r
1
¿ ∫r 4
e a
sin3 θ cos 2 φ drdθdφ
√π a 3

Separate the above integration with respect to variables r , θ , φ:

∞ −2r π 2π
1
3∫
dr ∫ sin θ dθ ∫ cos φdφ
2 4 a 3 2
¿ x >¿ r e
πa 0 0 0

The above integral value is:

π

∫ sin 3 θ dθ=¿
0

Rewrite using trigonometric identity:

π
¿ ∫ ( 1−cos ( θ ) sin θ ) dθ
2

Apply u-substitution:
−1

∫ −1+u2 du
1
 1
¿−∫ −1+u du
2

−1

Apply the sum rule:

( )
1 1
¿− −∫ 1 du+∫ u du
2

−1 −1

∫ 1 du=2
−1

∫ u2 du= 23
−1

¿− −2+ ( 2
3 )
4
¿
3
Thus:
π

∫ sin 3 θ dθ= 43
0

And the above integral is:

2π

∫ cos 2 φdφ=¿
0

Rewrite using trigonometric identity:

2π
1+ cos(2 φ)
¿∫ dφ
0 2
2π
1
¿ ∙∫ 1+cos ( 2 φ ) dφ
2 0

(∫ )
2π 2π
1
¿ 1 dφ+ ∫ cos ( 2 φ ) dφ
2 0 0

2π

∫ 1 dφ=2 π
0

2π

∫ cos ( 2 φ ) dφ=0
0

(Because cosine is even function and integrating it to 2 π gives 0. But if you integrate from 0 to π ,
you’re only considering positive part of cosine curve and the result will be nonzero.)
So, remember!
 - Everytime you integrate cosine or sine function over one full period from 0 to 2 π , you will
get zero as result! This is because positive and negative areas under cosine curve cancel each
other out due to function’s symmetry.
1
¿ ( 2 π + 0)
2
¿π
Thus:
2π

∫ cos 2 φdφ=π
0

Hence:
∞ −2r π 2π
1
¿ x >¿ 3 ∫r e dr ∫ sin θ dθ ∫ cos φdφ
2 4 a 3 2

πa 0 0 0

∞ −2r
2
¿ x >¿
1
3∫
πa 0
4
r e a
dr ( 43 ) ( π )
∞ −2 r
4
3∫
4 a
¿ r e dr
2a 0

( )
∞ −2 r
1 4
¿ ∫ r4 e
3 a3 0
a
dr

Thus:

2 1 2
¿ x > ¿ <r >¿
3
1
¿ (3 a )
2
3
2
¿a
Thus, the expectation value ¿ x 2> ¿ is a 2.

c)
The wavefunction of a hydrogen atom for n=2, l=1, m=1 is given by the following expression:
−r
1 1
ψ 211= r e 2 a sin θ e iφ
√ πa 8 a2

Calculate the expectation value ¿ x 2> ¿ as follows:

¿ x 2> ¿∫ ψ 211 x 2 ψ ¿211 ( r 2 sin θ drdθdφ )

( ) ( )
−r −r
1 1 1 1
¿∫ r e 2 a sin θ e ( x ) r e 2 a sin θ e ( r sin θ drdθdφ )
iφ 2 −iφ 2

√ 8a
πa 2
√ 8a
πa 2
 −r
1 1
4∫
¿ r 4 e a sin3 θ ( x 2) drdθdφ
πa 64 a
Substitute x=r sin θ cos φ in the above equation:
−r
1 1
4∫
2
¿ x >¿ r 4 e a sin3 θ ( r sin θ cos φ )2 drdθdφ
πa 64 a
−r
1
5∫
¿ r 6 e a sin5 θ cos2 φ drdθdφ
64 π a
Now separate the above integral for the variables r , θ , φ and solve as follows:
∞ −r π 2π
1
5∫
r e a dr ∫ sin θ dθ ∫ cos φ dφ
2 6 5 2
¿ x >¿
64 π a 0 0 0

Thus:
∞ −r
(6 ! )
∫r 6 a
e dr =
0
()
1 6 +1
a
7
¿ ( 720 ) a
The integral value is:
π

∫ sin 5 θ dθ=2 ( 12∙3∙ 4∙ 5 )

0

16
¿
15
Thus:

2 1
¿ x >¿ 5
¿
64 π a
( 720 ) (16 ) 2
¿ a
(64)(15)
2
¿ 12 a
Thus, the expectation value ¿ x 2> ¿ is 12 a2.

Problem 16
Solutions:
The ground state wave function of the hydrogen atom is:
 −r
1 a
ψ= e
√ π a3
The probability that the electron would be found between r and r + dr is given by:
2
P=|ψ| 4 π r 2 dr
Thus:

(√ )(
−r
1
4 π r ) dr
a 2
P= 3
e
πa
−2 r
4π
¿ e a
r 2 dr
π a3
−2 r
4
¿ e a
r 2 dr
a3
The probability to find the electron between r and r + dr is given by:

P= p ( r ) dr
Compare equations as follows:
−2 r
4 2 a
p ( r )= r e
a3
Differentiate the equation as follows:

[ ( )]
−2 r −2r
dp 4 a 2 −2 a
= 2r e +r e
dr a3 a

Equate the equation to zero in order to get the most probable value for r as follows:

dp
=0
dr

[ ( )]
−2 r −2 r
4 a −2 2 a
3
2r e +r e =0
a a

( )
−2r −2 r
2
2r e a
=r 2 e a
a

r =a
Thus, the most probable value of r in the ground state of hydrogen atom is r =a.
Problem 17
Solutions:

Problem 18
Solutions:

Problem 19
Solutions:

Problem 20
Solutions:

Problem 21
Solutions:
The raising operator is given by:
L
+¿=ℏ e
iφ
(∂∂θ +i cot θ ∂∂φ )¿
The lowering operator is given by:
L
−¿=−ℏe
iφ
( ∂∂θ −i cot θ ∂∂φ )¿
Take the complex conjugate of L x operator as follows:

¿¿

(( ) ( ))
† †
−iφ ∂ † ∂
¿ℏe + ( i ) cotθ
∂θ ∂φ

The complex conjugate of the differential operator is given by:

( )
†
∂ −∂
=
∂θ ∂θ
And:

( )
†
∂ −∂
=
∂φ ∂φ
Hence:
¿¿
¿¿

¿−ℏ e
−iφ
( ∂
∂θ
−i cotθ( ))
−∂
∂φ

¿−ℏ e−iφ ( ∂∂θ −i cotθ ∂∂φ )

Hence:
¿¿
¿¿
The equation 4.112 is given by:
2
L =L x L−¿+ L −ℏ L ¿ 2
z z

2
L =L+¿ ( ( L ) )+ L −ℏ L ¿
x
† 2
z z

† −2
¿ ( L x ) + Lz −ℏ L z

Rearrange it as follows:
2
L =¿ ¿
¿¿
m
Apply the wave function f l to above equation as follows:

¿¿
The eigenvalue equation for the L2 operator is given by:

L2 ( f lm )=L2 ( f ml ) −L2z ( f ml ) + ℏ L z ( f ml )

The eigenvalue equation for the L2 operator is given by:

L2 ( f lm )=ℏl ( l+1 ) ( f ml )

The eigenvalue equation for L z operator is:

L z ( f ml ) =m ℏ ( f ml )

Hence:
¿¿

¿ ℏ2 ( l (l+1 ) −m ( m−1 ) ) ( f ml )

From the above equation, the eigenvalue equation for the raising operator is:
L+¿ f =ℏ √ l ( l +1) −m (m −1 )¿
m
l
( f ml )
L+¿ f =ℏ √ l ( l +1) −m (m +1)¿
m
l
( f ml )
m+1
Here, f l is in the next highest state.

The eigenvalue equation for the raising operator is given by:

L+¿ f = Al (f l
m m m+ 1
)¿
l

Compare the equations as follows:

Al =ℏ √ l ( l+1 )−m(m+1)¿ ¿
m

Al =ℏ √ ( l +l−m −m+ ml−ml )

m 2 2

¿ ℏ √ ( l−m ) (l+ m+1 )

Take the complex conjugate of L−¿ ¿ operator as follows:

¿¿

(( ) ( ))
† †
−iφ ∂ † ∂
¿−ℏ e −( i ) cot θ
∂θ ∂φ

The complex conjugate of the differential operator is given by:

( )
†
∂ −∂
=
∂θ ∂θ
And:

( )
†
∂ −∂
=
∂φ ∂φ
Hence:
¿¿
¿¿

¿−ℏ e
−iφ
( ∂
∂θ
−(−i) cot θ
−∂
∂φ ( ))
¿ ℏ e−iφ ( ∂∂θ +icot θ ∂∂φ )
Hence:
¿¿
¿¿
The equation 4.112 is given by:
 2
L =L−¿ L 2
+¿+ Lz −ℏL z ¿
¿

¿¿¿
Rearrange it as follows:
2
L =¿ ¿
¿¿
m
Apply the wave function f l to above equation as follows:

¿¿

¿ L2 ( f lm )=ℏ 2 l ( l+1 ) ( f ml ) −( m ℏ ) ( f ml ) −ℏ ( m ℏ ) ( f ml )
2

¿ ℏ2 ( l (l+1 ) −m ( m+1 ) ) ( f ml )

From the above equation, the eigenvalue equation for the lowering operator is:

L−¿ f m
l =ℏ √l ( l+1 )− m (m+1)¿ ( f ml )
L−¿ f m
=ℏ √( l ( l+ 1) − ( m )( m−1) )( f l
m−1
)¿
l

m−1
Here, f l is in the lowest state.

The eigenvalue equation for the lowering operator is given by:

L−¿ f m
=Bl ( f l
m m −1
)¿
l

m
Here, Bl is the eigenvalue of the lowering operator.

Comparing the equations:

Bml =ℏ √ ( l ( l+ 1 )−m ( m−1 ) )

Rewrite it:

Bl =ℏ √ ( l +l−m +m−ml +ml )

m 2 2

¿ ℏ √ ( l+ m )( l−m+1 )
Thus, the eigenvalue of the raising and the lowering operators are:

Al =ℏ √ (l+1 ) −m ( m+1 ) and Bl =ℏ √( l+1 )−m ( m−1 )

m m

And:

Al =ℏ √ (l−1 )( l+m+1 ) and Bl =ℏ √ ( l+m ) (l−m+ 1 )

m m

t −t
When the raising operator is operated on f l and when the lowering operator operated on f l then the
m m
coefficients Al and Bl becomes zero.

Problem 22
Solutions:
Problem 23
Solutions:
a)

Consider the energy time uncertainty principle for the case of L x:

d i +∂
( Lx ) = < [ H , Lx ] > < L x >¿
dt ℏ ∂t
i
¿ < [ H , L x ]>+ 0
ℏ
i
¿ < [ H , L x ]>¿
ℏ
The Hermitian function is:

[ ]
2
p
[ H , Lx ] = 2m
+V , Lx

[ ]
2
p
¿ , L x +[ V , L ]
2m
1
¿
2m
[ p , Lx ] + [ V , y p z −z p y ]
2

1
¿ ( 0 ) + [ V , y p z ] −[ V , z p y ]
2m

[ H , Lx ]= y [ V , p z ] + [ V , y ] pz −z [ V , p y ]− [ V , z ] p y
¿ y [ V , p z ]−z [ V , p y ]

[
¿ y V ,−iℏ
∂
∂z ] [
−z V ,−iℏ
∂
∂y ]
∂V ∂V
¿ yiℏ −ziℏ
∂z ∂y

[ H , Lx ]=iℏ [ y
∂V
∂z
−z
∂V
∂y ]
The Hermitian function is:

[ H , Lx ]=iℏ ( r ∙ ∇ V )x
Substituting into equation 1, we get:
d i
< L x >¿ < iℏ ( r ∙ ∇ V ) x > ¿
dt ℏ
¿−¿ ( r ∙ ∇ V )x >¿
 d d
We get similar results for < L y >¿ and < L z >¿. Using these we can infer that:
dt dt
d
< L>¿−¿ r ∙ ∇ V >¿
dt
¿ r ∙ (−∇ V )
¿< N > ¿
b)
For spherically symmetric potential:

V ( r )=V (r )
∂V
∇V = r^ (in spherical coordinates)
∂r
d
And from < L>¿−r ∙ ∇ V :
dt
d ∂V
< L>¿−r ∙ (^r )
dt ∂r
∂V
¿− ( r ∙ r^ )
∂r
¿0
d
Thus, the value < L> ¿ is 0 .
dr

Problem 24
Solutions:

Problem 25
Solutions:

The eigenvalue of an eigenfunction L+¿Y m

l
¿ can be calculated using the following formula:

Eigenvalue=ℏ √ l ( l+1 )−m(m+1)

Where m=−l , l+ 1, … 0 , …+l−1 ,+l .

a)

The first part of the question is to find L+¿Y ¿. This is equal to its eigenvalue multiplied by Y l . In this
l
m
l

case, the maximum value of m is l . Here the raising operator L+¿¿ is operating at the top of the ladder
giving a zero eigenvalue by using the expression from above that is:
Eigenvalue=ℏ √ l ( l+1 )−m(m+1)
L+¿Y =0 ¿ l
l

b)

The given expression for L z Y ll is:

l l
L z Y l =ℏl Y l
ℏ ∂
Rearrange by using operator L z= as follows:
i ∂φ
ℏ ∂ l l
Y = ℏl Y l
i ∂φ l
l
∂Yl l
=il Y l
∂φ
m m
From the property of Y l , the value of Y l can be written as the product of 2 functions one of θ , and
another of φ :
m imφ
Y l =f ( θ ) e
The expression for raising operator L+¿¿ is given as follows:

L
+¿=ℏ e
iφ
(∂∂θ +i cot θ ∂∂φ )¿
Substitute L x in the above equation L+¿Y =0 ¿: l
l

ℏ e iφ ( ∂∂θ + icot θ ∂∂φ )=0

m imφ l
from the expression Y l =f ( θ ) e , the expression for Y l is given as follows:
l ilφ
Y l=f ( θ ) e
Hence:

ℏ e iφ( ∂∂θ + icot θ ∂∂φ )(f ( θ ) e )=0 ilφ

( ∂∂θ + icot θ ∂∂φ ) ( f (θ ) e )=0 ilφ

∂ f (θ )
e iφ +if (θ ) cotθ ( il eilφ ) =0
∂θ
∂ f (θ ) 2
e iφ +i f ( θ ) cot θ ( l eilφ ) =0
∂θ
∂ f (θ )
e iφ −f ( θ ) l cotθ ( eilφ ) =0
∂θ
∂ f (θ)
=f (θ ) l cot θ
∂θ
Integrate the above equation as follows:

∂ f (θ )
∫ ∂θ
=∫ f ( θ ) lcot θ

∂ f (θ ) cos θ
∫ ∂θ
=l ∫
sin θ
dθ

ln f (θ )=( l ) ln ( sin θ ) + K
ln f (θ )=ln ¿ ¿ ¿

ln ( )
f (θ)
sin l θ
=K

f (θ)
Assume that =A :
sinl θ
l
f ( θ )= A sin θ
Thus:
l l ilφ
Y l= A sin θ e
l
¿ A ( e sin θ )
iφ

Here, A is the normalization constant.

l
Thus, the value of Y ll ( θ , φ ) is A ( e iφ sin θ ) .

c)
m
The orthonormality condition for Y l is given by following expression:
2π π
¿
∫∫ [ Y ml ( θ , φ ) ] [ Y ml ( θ , φ ) ] sinθ dθdφ=δ l l δ m m
' '

0 0

2π π
¿
∫∫ [ Y ml ( θ , φ ) ] [ Y ml ( θ , φ ) ] sinθ dθdφ=1
0 0

Hence:
2π π
A
2
∫∫ sin2 l θ sin θ dθdφ=1
0 0

π
A ( 2 π )∫ sin θ sinθ dθdφ=1
2 2l

π
2π A
2
∫ ( sin θ )2 l+1 dθ=1
0
We use the formula:
π π
−cos ( x ) sinn−1 ( x ) n+1
∫ ( sin θ ) dθ= n

n
+
n 0
∫ sinn−2 ( θ ) dθ
0

The integration becomes as follows:

π

∫ ( sin θ )2l +1 dθ= 1∙2∙3 ∙54 ∙6 …2 l

… ( 2 l+1 )
0

Thus:
π
2π A
2
∫ ( sin θ )2 l+1 dθ=1
0

π
1=2 π A
2
∫ ( sin θ )2l +1 dθ
0

1=2 π A 2 2
[ 2∙ 4 ∙6 …2 l
1∙ 3 ∙5 … ( 2 l+1 ) ]
1=2 π A 2
[ 2 ∙ 4 ∙ 6 … 2l
][
2∙4∙6…2l
1 ∙3 ∙ 5 … ( 2l+1 ) 2 ∙ 4 ∙ 6 … 2 l ]
1=2 π A 2
[ ( 2∙ 4 ∙6 … 2 l )2
1 ∙3 ∙ 5 … ( 2l+1 ) ]
[ ]
2
2 ( 2l l ! )
1=2 π A
( 2 l+1 ) !

Rearrange:

A=
( 2l+1 ) !
l +1
2 l!
1
π √
Thus, the normalization constant is
1
l+1
2 l! √
( 2 l+ 1 ) !
π
.

Problem 26
Solutions:
The expression for the generalized spherical harmonics is as follows:

Y l ( θ , φ ) =∈ √ (2 l+1)¿ ¿ ¿
m

m
Here, Pl ¿ is the Legendre function, ∈=(−1 )m , and l and m are quantum numbers.
1
From the problem 4.3, the spherical harmonic Y 2 ( θ , φ ) is as follows:
Y 12 ( θ , φ )=−
√ 15
8π
sin θ cos θ e iφ

The raising operator will increase the value of m by one unit, that is:

L+¿ f m
l
= A ml f ml + 1¿

The normalization constant is given by:

Al =ℏ √ (l+1 ) −m ( m+1 )
m

From the equation 4.130 in textbook, the expression for the raising operator is as follows:
L
+¿=ℏ e
iφ
(∂∂θ +i cot ∂∂φ )¿
2
From the concept of raising operator the value of Y 2 ( θ , φ ) is as follows:

L+¿Y 1
( θ , φ ) = A12 Y 22 ( θ ,φ ) ¿
2

L+¿Y 1
(θ , φ )
Y 22 ( θ , φ )= 2

1
¿
A 2

1
From the equation 4.121 in the textbook, the normalization constant A2 is calculated as follows:

A2=ℏ √ 2 ( 2+1 )−1 ( 1+1 )

1

¿ ℏ √ 6−2
¿4 ℏ

Apply raising operator to equation Y 12 ( θ , φ )=−

√ 15
8π
sin θ cos θ e iφ as follows:

L
+¿Y 2 ( θ , φ ) =ℏe
1 iφ
( ∂θ∂ +i cot θ ∂∂φ )(−√ 815π sin θ cosθ e ) ¿
iφ

¿−
√ 15
8π
ℏ e iφ
∂ (
∂θ (
sinθ cos θ e iφ ) +icot θ
∂ (
∂φ
sin θ cos θ e iφ ) )
¿−
√ 15
8π
ℏ e iφ eiφ
∂
∂θ (
( sin θ cos θ eiφ ) +i cot θ sin θ cos θ ∂ ( eiφ )
∂φ )
¿−
√ 15
8π
ℏ e iφ ( e iφ ( cos 2 θ−sin2 θ ) +i cotθ sinθ cos θ ( ie iφ ) )

L
+¿Y 12 ( θ , φ ) =−
√ 15
8π
ℏ eiφ ( eiφ ( cos2θ −sin2 θ) +i 2 eiφ cos2 θ) ¿

¿−
√ 15
8π
ℏ e iφ ( e iφ ( cos 2 θ−sin2 θ−cos 2 θ ) )

¿
√ 15
8π
ℏ ( eiφ sin θ )
2
 2
Calculate the spherical harmonic Y 2 ( θ , φ ) as follows:

L+¿Y 1
(θ , φ )
Y 22 ( θ , φ )= 2

1
¿
A 2

2
Y 2 ( θ , φ )=
15
8π √
ℏ ( eiφ sin θ )
4ℏ
2

¿
√
1 15 iφ
4 8π
( e sin θ )
2

Thus, the spherical harmonic Y 22 ( θ , φ ) is Y 22 ( θ , φ )=

1
4 √ 15 iφ
8π
2
( e sin θ ) .

Problem 27
Solutions:

Problem 28
Solutions:
Assume that the electron is a classical solid sphere with its radius given as:
2
e
rc= 2
4 π ε 0 mc
Thus:
2
( 1.6 ∙10−19 C )
rc=
( ) ( )
2 2
C 8m
∙ m ( 9.1 ∙10 kg ) 3 ∙ 10
−12 2 −31
4 π 8.85 ∙10
N s
−15
¿ 2.81 ∙10 m
The relationship between the angular momentum of an electron, moment of inertia and angular
velocity is:
L=lω
The moment of inertia of solid sphere is:
2 2
I= m r
5
The relationship between angular velocity, linear velocity, and radius is:
v=rω
Thus:
L= ( 25 m r )( vr )
2

2
¿ mvr
5
The angular momentum is given by the equation:
ℏ
L=
2
From the 2 equations of angular momentum:
ℏ 2
= mrv
2 5
Rearrange for v :

5ℏ
v=
4 mr
Thus:
−34
5 (1.055 ∙10 J ∙ s)
v=
4 ( 9.1∙ 10 kg ) ( 2.81 ∙10 m)
−31 −15

10
¿ 5.15 ∙10 m/s
This result is absurd because this value is 100 times greater than the speed of light.

Thus, this model will not work for the spin.

Problem 29
Solutions:

Problem 30
Solutions:

Problem 31
Solutions:
The most generalized spinor is:

χ= (ba)
Compute the value of ¿ s x > ¿:
†
¿ sx> ¿ χ sx χ
 ¿
¿ (a b )
¿ ℏ
2
σx()
a
b

¿
2 ( )( )
ℏ ¿ ¿ 0 1 a
(a b )
1 0 b

¿ (a b )( )
ℏ a¿ ¿
2 b
ℏ ¿
¿ ( a b+b ¿ a )
2
¿ ℏ ℜ ( a b ¿)
¿
Thus, the value of ¿ s x > ¿ is ℏ ℜ ( a b ) .

Compute the value of ¿ s y >¿ :

†
¿ s y >¿ χ s y χ

¿
¿ (a b )
¿ ℏ
2
σy()
a
b

¿
2 ( )( )
ℏ ¿ ¿ 0 −i a
(a b )
i 0 b

¿ (a b )(
ia )
ℏ −ib
¿ ¿
2
ℏ
¿ (−a¿ b+iab ¿ )
2
¿−ℏ ℑ ( a b ¿ )
¿
Thus, the value of ¿ s y >¿ is −ℏ ℑ ( a b ).

The value of ¿ s z >¿ is:

†
¿ s z >¿ χ s z χ

¿
¿ (a b )
¿ ℏ
σ ()
a
2 z b

¿
2 ( )( )
ℏ ¿ ¿ 1 0 a
(a b )
0 −1 b

¿ (a b )( )
ℏ a
¿ ¿
2 −b
ℏ ¿
¿ ( a a−b¿ b )
2
ℏ ¿
¿ ( a a−b¿ b )
2
 ℏ ¿
Thus, the value of ¿ s z >¿ is ( a a−b¿ b ).
2
Then:
ℏ 2 2
¿ s z >¿ <|a| −|b| >¿
2
Now:

2
sx= ( ) ( )
ℏ 0 1 ℏ 0 1
2 1 0 2 1 0

( )( )
2
ℏ 0 1 0 1
¿
4 1 0 1 0

( )
2
ℏ 1 0
¿
4 0 1
2
2 ℏ
sx=
4
Similarly:
2 2
s y =s z
2
ℏ
¿
4
Now:
2 †
¿ sx> ¿ χ sx χ

Here, χ † χ =1, The above becomes as follows:

()
2
¿ ¿ ℏ a
¿ sx> ¿( a b )
2
4 b

()
2
ℏ ( ¿ ¿) a
¿ a b
4 b
2
ℏ
¿
4
2
2 2 2 3ℏ
¿ s x >+ ¿ s y > +¿ s z >¿
4
From:
2 2
¿ s >¿ s( s+1) ℏ

¿
1 1
2 2 ( )
+ 1 ℏ2
 3 2
¿ ℏ
4
Thus:
2 2 2 2
¿ s >¿< s x >+¿ s y >+¿ s z >¿

Problem 32
Solutions:
The eigenvalue equation for an operation A is given by the following expression:

| A−λI |=0
a)

The operator S y is given by following expression:

S y= (
ℏ 0 −i
2 i 0 )
The eigenvalue equation for the operator S y is given by the following expression:

|S y −λI|=0
Now determine the eigenvalues for the operator S y as follows:

| ( ) ( )|
ℏ 0 −i
2 i 0
−λ
1 0
0 1
=0

| |
−iℏ
−λ
2 =0
iℏ
−λ
2

λ 2−
iℏ −iℏ
2 2
=0( )
2 2
2 i ℏ
λ+ =0
4
2
2 (−1)ℏ
λ+ =0
4
2
2 ℏ
λ − =0
4
2
2 ℏ
λ=
4
ℏ
λ=±
2
 ℏ
Thus, the eigenvalues of S y are ± .
2
The eigenvalue equation to find the eigenspinors is given as follows:

Sy ( αβ)=λ (αβ )
(2 i 0 )( β )=± ℏ2 ( αβ)
ℏ 0 −i α

(0i −i0 )( αβ)=± (αβ)

(iα−0
0−iβ
)=± ( αβ )
(−iβ
iα ) ( β )
=±
α

From the above expression, −iβ =± α and iα=± β . Squaring on both sides of the equation −iβ =± α
:

(−i β )2= ( ± α )2
2 2 2
i β =± α
2 2
−β =± α
2 2
|β| =|α|
Applying the normalization condition ( χ † χ =1), we have the following relation:
2 2
|α| +|β| =1
Thus:
2 2
|α| +|α| =1
2
2 α =1
1
α=
√2
Hence:
1
−iβ=±
√2
2 i
−i β=±
√2
i
−(−1 ) β=±
√2
 i
β=±
√2
The eigenspinors for S y are given as follows:

χ ( y)
+¿ = (αβ ) ¿
χ ( y)
−¿ = (−αβ) ¿
χ

()
1
+¿( y)= √2 ¿
i
√2

()
1
−¿( y)= √2 ¿
−i
√2

χ ( y)
+¿ =
1 1
√2 i ( )¿
χ ( y)
−¿ =
1
√ 2 −i ( 1 )¿
χ χ
Thus, the eigenspinors for S y are +¿ ( y)
=
1 1
( ) ¿, ( y)
−¿ =
1
( 1 ) ¿.
√2 i √ 2 −i

b)
The general state χ is given as follows:

χ= (ba)
Calculate the measured values for S y on a particle in the general state χ as follows:

The measured values for the eigen spinor χ +¿ ¿, on a particle in the general state χ is:
( y)

c +¿=¿ ¿
Thus:
¿¿
c
+¿= ( √12 ( 1 −i ))(ba)¿
1
¿ ( a −ib )
√2
The measured values for eigenspinor χ −¿ ¿ , on a particle in the general state χ is:
( y)

c−¿=¿¿
Thus:
¿¿
c
−¿= ( √12 (1 i ))(ba)¿
1
¿ ( a + ib )
√2
1 1
Thus, the measurd values for S y on a particle in the general state χ are ( a −ib ) and ( a + ib )
√2 √2
.

+ℏ −ℏ c c
Calculate the probability for each and by using +¿= 1 (a −ib ) ¿ and −¿=
1
( a +ib ) ¿ as follows:
2 2 √2 √2

p+¿=¿¿¿ ¿
2
1 (
¿∨ a −ib ) |
√2
1 2
¿ |a−ib|
2
+ℏ 1 2
Thus, the probability for is |a−ib| .
2 2
−ℏ
The probability for is given as follows:
2
p−¿=¿¿¿ ¿
2
1 (
¿∨ a +ib ) |
√2
1 2
¿ |a+ ib|
2
−ℏ 1 2
Thus, the probability for is |a+ ib| .
2 2
c)

Calculate the square of the operator S y as follows:

S y=
2
(
ℏ 0 −i ℏ 0 −i
2 i 0 2 i 0 ) ( )
( )( )
2
ℏ 0 −i 0 −i
¿
4 i 0 i 0

( )
2 2
ℏ −i 0
¿ 2
4 0 −i
 ( )
2
ℏ −(−1) 0
¿
4 0 −(−1)

( )
2
ℏ 1 0
¿
4 0 1
2
2 ℏ
Thus, the measured value for S y is .
4
2
ℏ
Since there is only 1 measured value for S2y , the probability must be equal to 1.
4
Thus, the probability is 1.

Problem 33
Solutions:

Problem 34
Solutions:

Problem 35
Solutions:

Problem 36
Solutions:

Problem 37
Solutions:
b)

The value of s+¿∨0 0>¿¿ is:

s+¿∨0 0>¿¿ ¿

1
¿ ¿
√2
1
¿ ¿
√2
1
¿ [ 0+ℏ ↑↑−ℏ ↑↑−0 ]
√2
s 1
+¿∨0 0>¿ [0 ]¿
√2

¿0
The value of s−¿∨0 0>¿ ¿ is:

s−¿∨0 0>¿ ¿¿

1
¿ ¿
√2
1
¿ ¿
√2
1
¿ [ ℏ ↓ ↓+0+0−ℏ ↓↓ ]
√2
s 1
−¿∨0 0>¿ [0 ] ¿
√2

¿0
c)
Problem 38
Solutions:
a)
The quarks are in a zero orbital angular momentum state Baryons are composed of 3 quarks.
1
The spin of the quark ¿ .
2

The spin of the 2 quarks: ¿ ( ) (

1 1 1 1
+ to −
2 2 2 2 )
¿ 1 or 0 .
1 1 1 1
The spin of 3 quarks ¿ 1+ ∨¿ to ¿ 1− ∨¿ or ¿ 0+ ∨¿ to ¿ 0− ∨¿
2 2 2 2
3 1
¿ or .
2 2
3 1
Thus, the spin of 3 quarks together is or .
2 2
b)
Mesons consist of a quark-antiquark pair.
 1 1 1 1
The spin of the quark and anti-quark together is ¿∨ + ∨¿ or ¿ − ∨¿
2 2 2 2
¿ 1 or 0 .
Thus, the possible value for mesons is 0 , 1.

Problem 39
Solutions:

Problem 40
Solutions:
The probabilities of the output are given by the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, which are given by the
equation:
¿s ¿
The square of the coefficients C is the probability where ¿ s m>¿ is the composite state, and
¿ s1 m1 >¿ and ¿ s2 m2>¿ are the contributing states.
a)
When the particles of spin-2 and another of spin-1 are at rest, the total spin is given by:

s=|s 1 +s 2| ,|s 1+ s 2−1|, …∨s 1−s 2∨¿

It is given that, s=3 and m=1. So ¿ 3 1>¿ in the given state. Here m=m1 +m 2. So, the possible
combinations for m=m1 +m 2 are:

m=2−1=1
m=1+0=1
m=0+ 1=1
The possible combination with the m=m1 +m 2 condition is:

|3 1>¿ A|2 2>|1−1>+ B|2 1>|1 0>+C|2 0>¿ 11> ¿

From the 2 ×1 Clebsch-Gordan table:

A=
√ 1,
15
B=
8,
15√C=
6
15 √
Thus:

| √ | |
3 1>¿
1
15
2 2> 1−1>+
√| | √|
8
15
2 1> 1 0>+
6
15
2 0> ¿1 1>¿

1 1 6
The possible outcomes are (for the spin-2 particle) 2 ℏ, ℏ, 0 with probabilities , , and .
15 15 15
 b)

The given state is ψ 510. So, l=1 and m l=0 . For an electron with spin down:

1 1
¿ s , m> ¿∨ ,− >¿
2 2
Now:

j=( l+ s ) ,… ( l−s )
For spin down electron:
1 1 3 1 1 1
¿ 1 0>¿ ,− > ¿ A∨ ,− >+ B∨ ,− >¿
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1
Using the 1 × table, the probabilities are and .
2 3 3

1 1
2 2
2 3 1
3 2 2 √
1 1 1
¿ 1 0>¿ ,− > ¿ ∨ ,− >+ ∨ ,− > ¿
3 2 2 √
The output is ℏ2 ( l+ 1 ) l .

15 2 2
For ℏ , probability is .
4 3
3 2 1
For ℏ , probability is .
4 3

Problem 41
Solutions:

Problem 42
Solutions:

Problem 43
Solutions:

Problem 44
Solutions:

Problem 45
Solutions:
Problem 46
Solutions:
The Schrödinger equation for the given potential is:
2
−ℏ 2 1 2 2
∇ ψ + m ω r ψ=Eψ
2m 2
a)
In Cartesian coordinates:
2 2 2 2
r =x + y + z
And:
2 2 2
2 ∂ ∂ ∂
∇= 2
+ 2+ 2
∂ x ∂ y ∂z
So, equation 1 becomes:

( )
2 2 2 2
−ℏ ∂ ψ ∂ ψ ∂ ψ 1 2 2 2 2
2
+ 2 + 2 + m ω (x + y + z )ψ =Eψ
2m ∂x ∂ y ∂ z 2

Let ψ ( x , y , z ) =X ( x ) Y ( y ) Z (z) . Then the above equation becomes:

( )
2 2 2
−ℏ2 d ( XYZ) d ( XYZ ) d ( XYZ) 1
2
+ 2
+ 2
+ m ω2 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2)ψ=E
2m dx dy dz 2

( )
2 2 2 2
−ℏ d X d Y d Z 1 2 2 2 2
YZ 2
+ XZ 2
+ XY 2
+ m ω (x + y + z )ψ=E
2m dx dy dz 2

Dividing both sides of the equation by XYZ , we get:

( )( )( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
−ℏ 1 d X 1 2 2 −ℏ 1 d Y 1 2 2 −ℏ 1 d Z 1 2 2
2
+ mω x + 2
+ mω y + 2
+ m ω z =E
2m X d x 2 2m Y d y 2 2m Z d z 2

The first term in brackets is the function of only x , the second term is a function of only y , and the
third is a function of only z .

So, each term should be equal to some constant:

2 2
−ℏ 1 d X 1 2 2
2
+ mω x =E x
2m X d x 2
2 2
−ℏ 1 d Y 1 2 2
+ m ω y =E y
2 m Y d y2 2
2 2
−ℏ 1 d Z 1 2 2
+ mω z =E z
2 m Z d z2 2

Such that E=E x + E y + Ez .

Hence:
2 2
−ℏ d X 1 2 2
2
+ m ω x X =E x X
2m d x 2
2 2
−ℏ d Y 1 2 2
2
+ m ω y Y =E y Y
2m d y 2
2 2
−ℏ d Z 1 2 2
+ m ω z Z=E z Z
2 m d z2 2
These equations are simple differential equations for a 1D harmonic oscillator.
From the knowledge of a 1D harmonic oscillator, the energy eigenvalues are given by:

E x= n x+ ( 1
2 ) and n x =0 , 1 ,2 , 3 , …

Similarly, for y and z equations:

( 12 ) and n =0 , 1, 2 , 3 , …
E y= n y + y

E =(n + ) and n =0 ,1 , 2 ,3 , …
1
z z z
2

As E=E x + E y + Ez :

(
E= nx +n y + nz +
3
2 )
ℏω

For n=n x + n y +n z:

E= n+ ( 32 )ℏω
Thus, the allowed energy levels are n+ ( 32 )ℏω.
b)

The degeneracy of En is d (n) . That is, the number of ways in which n x, n y, n z can be added to give n
. The energy spectrum En has significant degeneracy because there are multiple combinations of n x,
n y, and n z add to the same n . Each combination has n+1 original pairs.

Consider 2 numbers n x and n y that add to n say:

n=n x + n y

Now add third number to n then:

n=n x + n y +n z
For 3 numbers, the degeneracy is written as follows:
 n +1
d ( n )=∑ i
i=1

Each combination has n+1 terms then it also contains n terms, so:
n +1

∑ i+( n+ 1−i )=n ( n+1 )

i=1

n +1
n ( n+1 )
∑ i= 2
i=1

In our problem there are (n+1) terms, the degeneracy is written as:

( n+1 )( n+ 2 )
d ( n )=
2
( n+1 ) ( n+2 )
Thus, the degeneracy is .
2

Problem 47
Solutions:

Problem 48
Solutions:
a)
We have to prove that 2<T >¿<r ∙ ∇ V >¿

Consider:

d ^ i ^
< Q >¿ < [ ^ ^ ] >+ ¿ ∂ Q > ¿
H ,Q
dt ℏ ∂t
^ here, we take r ∙ p :
In place of Q

d i ^ ∂ ( r ∙ p)
<r ∙ p >¿ < [ H , r ∙ p ] >+¿ >¿
dt ℏ ∂t
The second term of the right-hand side of the above equation is:

∂ (r ∙ p)
¿ >¿0
∂t
Thus:
d i ^
<r ∙ p >¿ < [ H , r ∙ p ] >¿
dt ℏ
Let us evaluate:
 3
H , r ∙ p ] =∑ [ H
[^ ^ ,r ∙ p]
i=1

3
¿ ∑ { [ H , r i ] p i+ r i [ H , pi ] }
i=1

{[ ] [ ]}
3 2 2
p p
¿∑ +V ,r i pi +r i +V , p i
i=1 2m 2m

∑ {[ ] [ ] }
3 2 2
p p
¿ +r i p i+ [ V ,r i ] pi +r i + p +r [V , pi ]
i=1 2m 2m i i

The second and third terms in the above equation vanish:

{21m [ p , r ] p + r [ V , p ] }
3
¿∑ 2
i i i i
i=1

Consider:
3
[ p2 , r i ]=∑ [ p j p j r i ]
i=1

3
¿ ∑ { p j [ p j , r j ] +[ p j , ri ] p j }
i=1

3
¿ ∑ { p j [ −iℏδ ij ] + [ −iℏ δ ij ] p j }
i=1

¿−2iℏ p i
And:

[V , p j] f = V [ (−i ℏ ∂r∂ )−( iℏ ∂∂r )V ] f

i i

[(
¿ V −iℏ
∂
∂ ri )(
− iℏ
∂
∂ ri
(Vf )
) ]
[
¿ −V ∙ iℏ
∂f
∂ ri
+f i ℏ
∂V
(
∂ ri
+V ∙ iℏ
)
∂f
∂ ri ]
∂V
¿ fiℏ
∂ ri
Hence:

[ )]
3
H , r ∙ p ] =∑
[^
i=1
1
2m
(−2 iℏ pi ) pi +r i iℏ
∂V
∂ ri (
 ( )
2
[^ −p
H , r ∙ p ] =i ℏ +r∙∇V
m

{( )}
2
d i −p
<r ∙ p >¿ < iℏ +r ∙ ∇ V > ¿
dt ℏ m
2
p
¿< −r ∙ ∇ V >¿
m
¿ 2<T >−¿ r ∙ ∇ V >¿
For stationary states:
d
<r ∙ ∇ V >¿ 0
dt
Thus:
2<T >−¿ r ∙ ∇ V >¿ 0
2<T >¿<r ∙ ∇ V >¿
b)
The potential function of the hydrogen atom is:
2
−e 1
V ( r )=
4 π ϵ0 r
2
e 1^
∇V = r
4 π ϵ 0 r2
2
e 1
¿r ∙∇V=
4 π ϵ0 r
r ∙ ∇ V =−V
From the viral theorem, we have:
2<T >¿ r ∙ ∇ V
2<T >¿−¿V > ¿
However:
¿ T > +¿ V >¿ En

¿ T >−2<T > ¿ En
Or:
¿ T > ¿−E n

¿ V >¿−2<T > ¿
¿ 2 En
 c)
The potential function of the 3D harmonic oscillator is:
1 2 2
V = mω r
2
1 2
∇ V = m ω ( 2r ) r^
2
2 2
r ∙ ∇ V =mω r
¿2V
Applying the viral theorem, we get:
2<T >¿ r ∙ ∇ V
2<T >¿ 2<V >¿
Thus:
¿ T > ¿<V >¿
However, we know that:
¿ T > +¿ V >¿ En

¿ T > +¿ T >¿ E n

2<T >¿ En

En
¿T>¿
2
Thus:
1
¿ T > ¿<V >¿ En
2

Problem 49
Solutions:
a)
We are given the probability current:
iℏ
J= ( ψ ∇ ψ ¿ −ψ ¿ ∇ ψ )
2m
We need to show that J satisfies the continuity equation:

iℏ
∇ ∙ J=
2m
[ ∇ ψ ∙ ∇ ψ + ψ ( ∇ ψ ) −∇ ψ ∙ ∇ ψ−ψ ( ∇ ψ ) ]
¿ 2 ¿ ¿ ¿ 2
 iℏ
¿
2m
[ ψ ( ∇ ψ )−ψ ( ∇ ψ ) ]
2 ¿ ¿ 2

From the Schrödinger equation, we have:

Type equation here .

Problem 50
Solutions:
a)
The generalized momentum space wave function is given:
1 3
φ ( p) = 3
∫ ⅇ− ⅈ( p ⋅r ) ψ ( r ) ⅆ r
(2 π ) 2

The ground state-wave function of a hydrogen atom in coordinate space is given by:
−r
1
ψ ( r )= ⅇa
√π a 3

In momentum space, we have:

−r
1 1
φ ( p) = ∫ ⅇ− ⅈ( p ⋅r ) ⅇ a ⅆ3 r
(2 π )
3
2 √π a 3

−r
1
¿ 3
∫ ⅇ−ⅈ ( p ⋅ r ) ⅇ a r 2 sin θ dθ dφ dr
(2 π ) 2
√ π a3
Since the integral of d φ is 2 π hence:
∞ π −r
2π
φ ( p) = 3 ∫∫ ⅇ −ipr cosθ a 2
e r dr sin θ dθ
(2 π ) 2
√ π a3 0 0

[ ]
∞ −r π
2π
φ ( p) = 3 ∫ e r a 2
∫ ⅇ−iprcos θ sin θ dθ dr
(2 π ) 2
√π a 3 0 0

π
The integration ∫ ⅇ
−ipr cos θ
sin θ dθ can be calculated by substituting t=−ipr cos θand
0
Type equation here .
…
Problem 51
Solutions:

Problem 52
Solutions:
The general form of the hydrogen wavefunction is as follows:
m
ψ nlm ( r , θ , φ ) =R nl γ l ( θ , φ )
m
Here, γ l is the spherical harmonic wavefunction and Rnl is the radial function.

The radial wavefunction is written as follows:

−r

Rnl = A
( )
2 r l n a 2 l+1 2 r
n a0
e Ln−l−1 0

n a0 ( )
a)
The radial wavefunction is rewritten as follows:
m
ψ nlm =Rnl ( r ) γ l ( θ , φ )
1
ψ 321 =R32 ( r ) γ 2 ( θ ,φ )
Thus:
1
ψ 321 =R32 ( r ) γ 2 ( θ ,φ )
Now:
1 l +1 − ρ
Rnl ( r )= ρ e v ( ρ )
r
1 2+1 − ρ
R32 ( r )= ρ e v ( ρ )
r
1 3 −3
¿ ρ e v(ρ)
r
Thus:
1 3 −3
R32 ( r )= ρ e v ( ρ )
r
Here:
r
ρ=
an
r
¿
3a
Now, series expansion of v ( ρ ) is as follows:
 2 ( j+l+1−n )
C j+ 1= C
( j+ 1 )( j+ 2l+2 ) j
Thus:

v ( ρ ) =C0 +C 1 ρ +C 2 ρ 2

And the highest coefficient of C j is j max =n−l−1.

Thus:
j max =3−2−1

¿0
Thus:

v ( ρ ) =C0

r
Now, in equation 2 substitute C 0 for v (ρ) and for ρ :
3a

( )
3
1 r −3
R32 ( r )= e C0
r 3a
−r
C0 2 3a
¿ 3
r e
(3 a)
∞
Now, determine value of C 0 using the identity ∫|u ( r )| dr=1. Here:
2

u ( r )=rR(r )
Thus:
2 ∞ −r

( )∫ C
( 3 a )3 0
2
r e dr=1 3a

( ) C0
( ) Γ 7
=1
( )
3 7
27 a 2
3a

( )
2 7
C06 ! (3 a )
6 7
=1
729 a 2
Solving further:
4
¿
3 √ 30 a
?
Thus:
 −r
4
R32= 3
r2 e 3 a
3 √ 30 a ( 3 a )
¿
…………..
b)
−r
−1 1
Now, check the normalization of the wavefunction ψ 321 = r r e e iφ sinθ cos θ as follows:
2 2 3a

√π 7
2
81 a

∫|ψ|2 d 3 r=1
Thus:

( )
−2 r
1
2 7∫
¿ r4 e 3a
sin2 θ cos 2 θ r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ
π ( 81 ) a
∞ −2r π
1
2 π ∫ r e 3 a dr ∫ ( 1−cos θ ) cos θ sin θ dθ
6 2 2
¿ 2 7
π ( 81 ) a 0 0

1 ❑
¿
π ( 81 ) a ❑
2 7

Problem 53
Solutions:
a)
From Tables 4.3 and 4.7 :

() ( √ )
−r
3 1 1 r 3 4a 35
ψ 433 =R 43 Y = e − sin3 θ e 3iφ
768 √ 35 2 a
3 3
64 π
a
−r
1
¿− 9
r 3 e 4 a sin 3 θ e 3 iφ
6144 √ π a 2
b)
The expectation value of r is given by:

¿ r >¿ ∫ r |ψ| d 3 r
2

Expressing it in spherical coordinates:

1
9∫
r (r e sin θ ) r sin θ dr dθ dφ
6 −r /2 a 6 2
¿ 2
( 6144 ) π a
 ∞ π 2π
1
9∫
dr ∫ r sin θ dθ ∫ dφ
9 −r /2 a 6
¿ 2
r e
( 6144 ) π a 0 0 0

∞ π 2π
1
9∫
dr ∫ sin θ dθ ∫ dφ
9 −r /2 a 7
¿ 2
r e
( 6144 ) π a 0 0 0

∫ r 9 e−r / 2 a dr=¿ ¿
0

We can use the fact that the integral:

∞

∫ x n e−ax = ann+1!
0

Thus:
∞
9!
∫ r 9 e−r / 2 a dr=¿ ( 10
¿
0 2 a)
And:
π

∫ sin 7 θ dθ=¿ ¿
0

¿
And:
2π

∫ dφ=2 π
0

Thus:

¿
1
2
( 6144 ) π a9
[ 9 ! ( 2 a )10 ] 2 2∙
3 (
4 ∙6
∙5 ∙7 )
(2 π )

¿ 18 a
c)
Using Eq. 4.133 :
2 2 2 2
L x + L y =L −Lz
2 2
¿ l (l+1 ) ℏ − ( 3ℏ )
Where l=3 and m=3 :

¿ 3 ( 3+1 ) ℏ2−9 ℏ 2
2 2
¿ 12 ℏ −9 ℏ
2
¿3ℏ
With probability 1.

Problem 54
Solutions:
a)

P=∫|ψ| d3 r
2

The ground state of hydrogen atom is given by:

1 −r / a
ψ 100 ( r , θ , φ )= e
√πa 3

2a π b
1
3 ∫∫∫
−2 r /a 2
¿ e r sinθ dr dθ dφ
πa 0 0 0
b
Aπ
3∫
−2 r /a 2
¿ e r dr
πa 0

[ )]
−2 r −2 r
a3
(
b
A −a 2 −2 r
¿ r e a
+ e a
−1
a a r a
3
0

b −2 r
4π
3∫
a 2
¿ e r dr
πa 0
4
¿ 3
[]
a

Problem 55
Solutions
Given radial wave function:
n−1 −r / na
Rn (n−1 )=N n r e
However:
1 n −p
Rn (n−1 )= p e v ( ρ )( Eq. 4.75i Griffiths)
r
Where:
r
ρ=
na
2(n−n)
c 1= c =0 ( Eq . 4.76 i Griffiths )
(1 )( 2 n ) 0
So:

v ( ρ ) =c 0
Hence:
n−1 −r / na
Rn (n−1 )=N n r e
Where:
c0
N n=
( na )n
Thus:
∞
1=∫|R| r dr
2 2

∞
¿ ( Nn)
2
∫ r 2 n e−2r / na dr
0

∞
The integral ∫ u e
2n −u
du is known as Gamma function, denoted Γ ( 2 n+1 ), and its value is 2 n !.
0
Thus:

( )
2 n +1
2 na
¿ ( N n) ( 2 n) !
2

( ) √ na( 22 n ) !
n
2
N n=
na
b)
s

Problem 56
Solutions:
Problem 57
Solutions:

Problem 58
Solutions:

Problem 59
Solutions:

Problem 60
Solutions:

Problem 61
Solutions:

Problem 62
Solutions:

Problem 63
Solutions:

Problem 64
Solutions:

Problem 65
Solutions:

Problem 66
Solutions:

Problem 67
Solutions:

Problem 68
Solutions:

Problem 69
Solutions:

Problem 70
Solutions:

Problem 71
Solutions:

Problem 72
Solutions:

Problem 73
Solutions:

Problem 74
Solutions:

Problem 75
Solutions:

Problem 76
Solutions: