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Assignment 1

The document is a submission for an instrumentation and measurement assignment by Abaidullah Sajid to Dr. Salman Ahmed in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at NUST College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering. It includes the student's name, submission details, and department information in the header.

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Abaidullah Sajid
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22 views

Assignment 1

The document is a submission for an instrumentation and measurement assignment by Abaidullah Sajid to Dr. Salman Ahmed in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at NUST College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering. It includes the student's name, submission details, and department information in the header.

Uploaded by

Abaidullah Sajid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instrumentation and Measurement

Assignment 1

Submitted To: Dr. Salman Ahmed

Submitted By:

Abaidullah Sajid - 372266

ME - 43 – C

Submission Date:

7th March, 2024

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NUST COLLEGE OF ELECTRICL & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


Q. What is the difference between Verification and Validation?

Ans.

Verification Validation
Are we building the system right? Are we building the right system?

Verification is the process of Validation is the process of


evaluating products of a evaluating product at the end of the
development phase to find out development process to determine
whether they meet the specified whether the product meets the
requirements. customer expectations and
requirements.

Verification is carried out by Validation is carried out by Testing


Quality Control team team.

It is possible that a product passes It is possible that a product fails


when verified as the product is built when validated since the
as per specifications. specifications themselves fail to
address the user’s needs.

Techniques used are Informal Techniques used are Functional


Review, Inspection, Walkthrough, Testing, System Testing, Regression
Technical and Peer Review etc. Testing etc.

Example: A Shirt having two Example: Does the shirt fit well, is
sleeves, all buttons, correct size and it comfortable to wear, is it
color etc. affordable, is it of good quality etc.

Example: A car tire has all the Example: After how many miles,
wheel bolts tightened after do the car tire wheel bolts need to be
installation. tightened again and re-torqued.
Q. What is the difference between Replication and Repetition?

Ans.

Replication Repetition
Replication involves conducting Repetition involves taking
the same experiment under multiple measurements at the
identical factor settings in same factor settings during a
multiple, separate experimental single experimental run
runs

It is typically used to assess the It is often used to assess the


generalizability or external precision or consistency of
validity of experimental findings measurements within the same
experimental conditions

Helps researchers aim to Helps researchers determine


determine if the results hold true random variations or
across different trials or condition measurement errors that may
occur during a single experiment

Replication improves Accuracy Repetition improves Precision

Meaning: to COPY Meaning: to REPEAT

Example: In computer science Example: In music, repetition is a


and data management, replication compositional technique where
involves creating redundant specific musical phrases, motifs,
copies of data to ensure its or sections are repeated
availability and integrity in case throughout a piece to create
of failure or loss
structure, reinforce themes, or
engage the listener

Example: In experimental Example: In language learning or


sciences, replication involves public speaking, repetition
conducting the same experiment involves the deliberate practice of
multiple times under similar vocalizing words, phrases, or
conditions to validate the results speeches multiple times to
and ensure their reliability improve pronunciation, fluency,
or memorization
Q. Differentiate between Noise and Interference?

Ans.

Noise Interference
Noise can be characterized by any Interference is noise that tends to
disturbance that tends to obscure obscure the useful signal
a desired signal

Noise can be generated within It is usually generated by


the circuit or picked up from electrical resources but can be
external natural or artificial induced from other physical
resources resources such as mechanical
vibration, acoustical feedback, or
electrochemical resources

Types of Noise include Thermal Types of Interference include


Noise, Contact Noise, Shot Noise Conductive Coupling, Electric
etc. and Magnetic Fields, Power Line
Interference etc.

Noise affects the overall quality Interference can cause signal


of the signal by adding random distortion, loss of data integrity, or
fluctuations, reducing signal-to- complete signal failure if severe
noise ratio (SNR).

Examples: Thermal noise in Examples: Crosstalk between


electronic circuits, static on a adjacent wires, electromagnetic
radio transmission, background interference (EMI) from nearby
noise in audio recordings electronic devices etc.
Q. Differentiate between Active and Passive instruments?

Ans.

Active Instruments Passive Instruments


Supply power to a circuit. Thus, Use or store power in a circuit.
they are source of power.

Incapable of energy storage Capable of energy storage

Can give power gain in a similar They lack the ability for power
manner to an amplifier gain

Non-Linear Linear

They can amplify the signal as They have a signal gain of less
they have a larger output gain of than 1. Hence, they cannot
more than 1 amplify a signal

Able to regulate current Incapable to regulate current


flow/supply flow/supply

Examples: Transistors, Cells, Examples: Capacitors, Resistors,


Batteries, Diodes etc. Transducers, Transformers etc.

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