‫)‪Shallow Foundations (1‬‬

‫‪Introduction‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ‪1- Shallow foundations:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪Df  3B‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ‪2- Deep foundations:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﻘﻬﺎ )ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ( ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪Df  3B‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Shallow foundations‬ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Deep foundations‬ﺇﻻ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Shallow foundations‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺳﺌﺔ ‪.Semi-Rigid footing‬‬

‫‪Rigid footing‬‬ ‫‪Simi-Rigid footing‬‬ ‫‪Flexible footing‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ‪ Shallow foundation‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻦ‪-:‬‬
‫‪1- Geotechnical design:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Geotechnical design‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ )‪(B x L‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ )‪ (Settlement‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺃﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ‪.Bearing capacity of soil‬‬
‫) ‪Allowable contact stress (q all‬‬

‫‪Allowable bearing capacity‬‬

‫‪q all‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Allowable settlement‬‬
‫‪q all‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪B1‬‬ ‫‪B2‬‬
‫)‪Footing Breadth (B‬‬

‫‪2- Structural design:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻰ )… ‪ (P.C. footing, R.C. footing, Smells, Strap beams‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ )‪.(B.M., Shear and Punching‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫‪Settlement of Shallow foundations‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ‪Definitions:-‬‬

‫‪1- Settlement:-‬‬ ‫‪B.M.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪B.M.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺒﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪150 mm‬‬ ‫‪100 mm‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪100 mm‬‬ ‫‪70 mm‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺭﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ S‬‬

‫‪S‬‬
‫‪2- Differential settlement:-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﻮ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻵﺧﺮ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺄ‪.‬‬
‫‪3- Distortion angle (δ):-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﻰ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ‪ differential settlement‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ‪ differential settlement‬ﻟﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻭﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ S‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪.differential settlement‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪- Main types of Shallow foundations:-‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﻴﺔ ‪1-Strip footings:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﻁﻮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪Flat footing‬‬ ‫‪Inverted T fooring‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪2-Isolated footings:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ )ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ( ﻭﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪Flat fooring‬‬ ‫‪Stepped fooring‬‬ ‫‪Haunched fooring‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ‪3-Combined footings:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ‪ Combined footing‬ﻫﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‪-:‬‬

‫‪1- Rectangular footing‬‬ ‫‪2- Trapezoidal footing‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻧﻠﺠﺄ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪-:‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻭﻭﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻦ )‪ (qall‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪.Rectangular combined footing‬‬

‫‪Isolated footing For C2‬‬

‫‪L R.C.‬‬
‫‪Isolated footing For C1‬‬

‫‪C1‬‬ ‫‪C2‬‬
‫‪a1‬‬

‫‪a2‬‬
‫‪BR.C.‬‬

‫‪BR.C.‬‬

‫‪b1‬‬ ‫‪b2‬‬

‫‪L R.C.‬‬ ‫‪Combined footing‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
 -:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
Property ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ‬
‫ ﻭﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﺪﺕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻠﺠﺄ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬line
-:‫ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ‬Combined footing ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬Exterior column ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ‬-١
.Rectangular combined footing ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬Interior column
Property line

Isolated footing For C2

Isolated footing For C 1

C1 C2

Combined footing

‫ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ‬Exterior column ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ‬-٢
.Trapezoidal combined footing ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬Interior column
Isolated footing For C 1

Isolated footing For C2

Property line

C1 C2

Combined footing

6
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ‪4-Strap Beam footing system (Cantilever footing):-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻤﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ )ﺷﺪﺍﺩ ‪ (strap beam‬ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻦ)‪.(F1, F2‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬

‫‪Df‬‬
‫‪Strap beam‬‬
‫‪R.C. footing‬‬ ‫‪R.C. footing‬‬ ‫‪t R.C.‬‬
‫‪P.C. footing‬‬ ‫‪P.C. footing‬‬ ‫‪t P.C.‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪S-e‬‬
‫‪L R.C.1‬‬ ‫‪t P.C.‬‬ ‫‪L R.C.2‬‬ ‫‪t P.C.‬‬
‫‪L P.C.1‬‬ ‫‪L P.C.2‬‬

‫‪y‬‬
‫‪L R.C.1/2‬‬
‫‪e‬‬

‫‪t P.C.‬‬
‫‪t P.C.‬‬

‫‪C1‬‬ ‫‪C2‬‬
‫‪BR.C.1‬‬

‫‪BR.C.1‬‬
‫‪BP.C.1‬‬

‫‪BP.C.1‬‬
‫‪a2‬‬
‫‪a1‬‬

‫‪b1‬‬ ‫‪b2‬‬
‫‪F1‬‬
‫‪F2‬‬
‫‪t P.C.‬‬

‫‪t P.C.‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬
‫‪L R.C.1‬‬ ‫‪t P.C.‬‬ ‫‪L R.C.2‬‬ ‫‪t P.C.‬‬
‫‪L P.C.1‬‬ ‫‪L P.C.2‬‬

‫ﻟﺒﺸﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪5-Raft Foundation:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﺒﺸﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ‪50 – 70 %‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬Raft foundation ‫ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟـ‬-

Flat plate Flat plate

type thickened
under
columns

Flat plate Two way

with pedestals beam and
slab type

Basement
wall and
Cellular rigid frame
construction

Common types of Raft foundation

8
‫‪- Main components of shallow foundations:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻯ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﻦ‪-:‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪1- Plain concrete footing.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪2- Reinforced concrete footing.‬‬

‫‪min. 25 cm‬‬

‫‪Df‬‬
‫‪R.C. Footing‬‬ ‫‪t R.C.‬‬

‫‪P.C. Footing‬‬ ‫‪t P.C.‬‬

‫‪t P.C.‬‬
‫‪BR.C.‬‬
‫‪BP.C.‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪b‬‬
‫‪t P.C.‬‬

‫‪t P.C.‬‬ ‫‪L R.C.‬‬ ‫‪t P.C.‬‬

‫‪L P.C.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻓﺮﺷﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﻹﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﺻﺪﺃ ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻤﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪.(20 cm‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ )‪ (BP.C., LP.C.‬ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫)‪ (BR.C., LR.C.‬ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ )‪ (0.5 tP.C. – tP.C.‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪.tP.C.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ tP.C.‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 20 cm‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ‪-:‬‬

‫‪- For tP.C. < 20 cm:-‬‬

‫‪Pcol‬‬
‫‪A R.C. ‬‬ ‫‪ BR.C.  L R.C.‬‬
‫‪q all‬‬
‫‪ BP.C.  BR.C.  2 t P.C.‬‬
‫‪& L P.C.  L R.C.  2 t P.C.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ tP.C.‬ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪ 20 cm‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ‪-:‬‬

‫‪- For tP.C. ≥ 20 cm:-‬‬

‫‪Pcol‬‬
‫‪A P.C. ‬‬ ‫‪ BP.C.  L P.C.‬‬
‫‪q all‬‬
‫‪ BR.C.  BP.C.  2 t P.C.‬‬
‫‪& L R.C.  L P.C.  2 t P.C.‬‬

‫‪- Design considerations of R.C. footing:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪1- Ultimate loads:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ultimate loads‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﻩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ‪ working loads‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪-:‬‬

‫)‪- Pu= 1.5 Pw = 1.5 (PD.L. + PL.L.‬‬ ‫‪For PL.L.< 75% PD.L.‬‬

‫‪- Pu= 1.4 PD.L. + 1.6 PL.L.‬‬ ‫‪For PL.L.> 75% PD.L.‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫‪2- Design of critical section in Bending Moment:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ‪ tR.C.‬ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ‪ B.M.‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ‪-:‬‬
‫‪M u  106‬‬
‫‪d  C1 ‬‬
‫‪f cu  B‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ً ﻟﺨﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟـ ‪ cover‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪7 cm‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ‪ 5 cm‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻤﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟـ ‪ d‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ‪ 30 mm‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪ 80 mm‬ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪Examples:-‬‬
‫‪If d = 813 mm‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪take d = 830 mm‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪t = 830+70 = 900 mm‬‬
‫‪If d = 548 mm‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪take d = 580 mm‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪t = 580+70 = 650 mm‬‬

‫‪3- Ultimate stresses in Shear:-‬‬

‫‪For R.C. footings:-‬‬

‫‪f cu‬‬
‫‪q scu = 0.16‬‬
‫‪γc‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ qscu‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪.‬‬
‫‪For R.C. beams:-‬‬
‫‪f cu‬‬
‫‪q scu = 0.24‬‬
‫‪γc‬‬
‫‪4- Ultimate stresses in Punching:-‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪f cu‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫) ‪q pcu  0.316 (0.5 ‬‬ ‫‪for‬‬ ‫‪ 0.5‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪γc‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪f cu‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪q pcu  0.316‬‬ ‫‪for‬‬ ‫‪ 0.5‬‬
‫‪γc‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪-Where:-‬‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ = ‪- a‬‬ ‫ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ = ‪- b‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
 - Minimum requirements for shallow foundations:-

1- Minimum concrete dimensions:-

- BR.C.min  800 mm
- t R.C.min  400 mm
 d R.C.min  330 mm
 Min. dimm. for R.C. footing is (800  800  400 mm)

2- Minimum reinforcement:-

- As min. = 1.5 x d(mm) mm2/m\

- Minimum No. of steel bars = 5 bars/m\

- Maximum No. of steel bars = 10 bars/m\

- Minimum steel bar diameter = 12 mm

-:‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻫﻰ‬ 

( 80 x 80 x 40 cm) with As = 5 12 / m\ in both directions

- Data required for design of shallow foundations:-

-:‫ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻯ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‬-

1- Column load (Pcol).

2- Column dimensions (a x b).

3- Allowable Bearing Capacity (qall).

4- fcu and fy.

5- tP.C..
-:‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬-

-:‫( ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‬a x b) ‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‬-١

Pcol(kN)  103
A col = a (mm) x b (mm) =
f co

12
 ‫‪Where:-‬‬

‫‪fco = allowable compressive strength in concrete = 6 - 7 N/mm2.‬‬

‫‪amin. = 250 mm.‬‬ ‫‪- bmax. = 5 a‬‬

‫‪i.e.‬‬
‫‪Assume a=250 mm and find b (If b > 5a increase a).‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ‪ fcu and fy.‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪-:‬‬

‫‪fcu = 25 N/mm2‬‬ ‫‪& fy = 360 N/mm2‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ‪ tP.C.‬ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪1- Shallow foundations systems:-‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻧﺘﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‪-:‬‬

‫‪a- Spread footing system‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻐﻄﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ )‪ (isolated footings‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫)‪ (combined footings‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﺒﺸﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ )‪ (local raft‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺷﺪﺍﺩﺕ )‪ (strap beams‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ )‪.(combined footings‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻼﺕ )‪(ground beams, tie beams or smells‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ deferential settlement‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺣﻤﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻰ )ﺃﻭ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺪﺭﻭﻡ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ )‪ (Horizontal loads‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺎ ً )ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ( ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻼﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﺑﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ‪differential‬‬
‫‪ settlement‬ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪R.C. footing‬‬ ‫)‪Tie beam (smell‬‬ ‫‪R.C. footing‬‬

‫‪P.C. footing‬‬ ‫‪P.C. footing‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻼﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﺑﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬

‫)‪Tie beam (smell‬‬

‫‪R.C. footing‬‬ ‫‪R.C. footing‬‬

‫‪P.C. footing‬‬ ‫‪P.C. footing‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ )ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻡ( ﻭﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻼﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﺑﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)‪Tie beam (smell‬‬

‫‪R.C. footing‬‬ ‫‪R.C. footing‬‬

‫‪P.C. footing‬‬ ‫‪P.C. footing‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Spread footing system‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻼﻁﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Uplift‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻼﺕ ﻋﻦ ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ )‪.(Raft foundation system‬‬

‫‪b- Raft foundation system‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Raft foundation system‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺳﻤﻼﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪Spread footings‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ‪ swelling soil‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪Raft foundation‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ )‪.deep foundations (piles‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺭﻭﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ )‪ (Raft‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ‪ Flat slab‬ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟـ ‪.SAP, STAAD, PLAXIS, ….‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Soft clay‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺟﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Floating raft‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻔﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
 Design of Strip footing
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﻴﺔ‬

Pwall (kN\m )
A

t P.C.
Masomry
or R.C. Wall
bwall

BR.C.
BP.C.
Df
R.C. t R.C.

P.C. t P.C.
t P.C. BR.C. t P.C.

t P.C.
BP.C.
1.00 m
Section A-A
A

‫ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﻮﻝ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬strip footing ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﻴﺔ‬-
‫( ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬B>>L)
.‫ﻁﻮﺏ‬
‫ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬1.00 m ‫ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬strip footing ‫ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﻴﺔ‬-
.‫ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬
Given:-
- Pw = wall load (kN/m\)
- qall = allowable bearing capacity (kN/m2)
- bwall = wall thickness
- tP.C. = plain concrete thickness
Steps of design:-
1- Calculate the area of footing:-
i- for tP.C.< 20 cm:-
Pwall
A R.C.   BR.C.  1 m.
q all
 BR.C. = S ‫ ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬٥ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﺏ ﻷﻗﺮﺏ‬
 BP.C.  BR.C. + 2 t P.C.

16
 ii- for tP.C.> 20 cm:-
Pwall
A P.C.   BP.C.  1 m.
q all
 BP.C. = S ‫ ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬٥ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﺏ ﻷﻗﺮﺏ‬
 BR.C.  BP.C.  2 t P.C.

2- Design of critical section for Bending Moment:-

.‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬-
P  1.5
q u  wall Pwall u (kN\m )
BR.C.
BR.C.  b w
c 
2 R.C. Wall
b
( c ) 2 l c I wall
Mu  qu 
2
R.C. t R.C.
M u  106
d  C1  qu
f cu  1000 I
BR.C.
- Assume C1=5.0  d = √ mm ‫)ﺗﻘﺮﺏ‬
(‫ ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬٨ ‫ ﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ‬٣ ‫ﻷﻗﺮﺏ‬
 tR.C. = d+ 7 cm

3- Check shear:-
.‫( ﻣﻦ ﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻯ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬d\2) ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ‬-
d
z  c  Pwall u (kN\m )
2
f R.C. Wall
q scu  0.16 cu bwall
1.5 lc
Qsu = q u  z
t
Qsu  103 o o

q su  S 2 45 45
(N/mm ) qu
d  1000 z d\2

BR.C.

17
 if q su  q scu  safe
if q su  qscu  unsafe (increase d and recheck)
5- RFT:-
As min  1.5  d
M u  106
As   S mm 2 / m \  use A s = ? ? \ m\
f y  0.826  d

- check As > Asmin.

- if As < Asmin  use Asmin

-:‫ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻰ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻯ‬-
A s long = 0.2 As req. or As min
‫ﺃﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬
6- Details of RFT:-
- See next example

18
- Example 1:- 300kN/m`

1) For the shown wall, it is required to: 0.4

a) Design the suitable strip
footing, if the thickness of P.C.
is 40 cm, and qall = 125KN/m2.
(fcu = 22.5 N/mm2, fy = 360 N/mm2) 4.0m
b) Draw a plan and a sectional elevation
for the footing with scale 1:25 0.5
showing on them the reinforcement details.
?
- Answer:-

Pwall  300  0.4  4  25  340 kN/m\

1- Area of footing:-
340
A P.C.   2.72 m 2  BP.C.  1 m.
125
 BP.C.  2.75 m
 BR.C.  2.75  2  0.4  1.95 m

2- Design of critical section for Bending Moment:-

Pu  340  1.5  510 kN/m \ 510 (kN\m )

Pu 510
qu    261.5 kN/m 2
BR.C. 1.95
BR.C.  b w
c 
2 l c=0.775mI
40 cm

1.95  0.4
 c   0.775 m
2 d=33 cm
( c ) 2
Mu  qu 
2 q u =261.5 kN\m 2

I
(0.775) 2 1.95 m
 M u = 261.5   76.5 kN  m
2
M u  106 76.5  106
d  C1   5  277 mm
f cu  1000 25  1000
Use d  330 mm  t  400 mm

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3- Check shear:- 510 (kN\m )

d 0.33
z  c   0.775   0.61 m
2 2 l c=0.775m 40 cm

f
q scu  0.16 cu
1.5 d=33 cm
o o
45 45
25
 q scu  0.16  0.653 N/mm2 z=0.61 d\2 q u =261.5 kN\m 2

1.5
1.95 m
Qsu  q u  z  261.5  0.61  159.5 kN
Qsu  103 159.5  103
q su    0.483 N/mm 2  qscu safe
d  1000 330  1000

5- RFT:-

As min  1.5  330  495 mm 2

M u  106 50.625  106
As  =  515.9 mm 2
f y  0.826  d 360  0.826  330

use A s = 5 12 \ m\ =565 mm2

20
21
 ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‪-:‬‬
‫) ‪Pwall u (kN\m‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ ‪ Masonry wall‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬
‫‪bw‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Masonry Wall‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺟﺴﺎﺋﺔ ‪ Rigidity‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺎﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺵ‬
‫‪lc‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻭﻫﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ )‪ (bw/4‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫‪t R.C.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﻤﻰ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‪-:‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬
‫‪BR.C.   b w /2 ‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪d\2‬‬ ‫‪qu‬‬ ‫‪c ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪BR.C.‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪z  c ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﻡ ‪ B.M.‬ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ‪ Shear force‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪.‬‬

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