Scribd
Upload
17 views41 pages

First Order System

The document discusses poles and zeros of control systems and their effect on stability. It defines key terms like order, type, time constant, rise time, and settling time. It provides examples of first order and second order systems. First order systems are the simplest and their response to a step input is analyzed. Second order systems can be overdamped, underdamped, or critically damped depending on the system parameters. The location of poles determines the stability and response of control systems.

Uploaded by

Abhilasha Saksena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views41 pages

First Order System

The document discusses poles and zeros of control systems and their effect on stability. It defines key terms like order, type, time constant, rise time, and settling time. It provides examples of first order and second order systems. First order systems are the simplest and their response to a step input is analyzed. Second order systems can be overdamped, underdamped, or critically damped depending on the system parameters. The location of poles determines the stability and response of control systems.

Uploaded by

Abhilasha Saksena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 41

Control Systems

A. Saksena

1
Poles & Zeros

2
Poles

3
Zeros

4
Effect of Poles and Zeros
● As s approaches a zero, the numerator of the transfer function and therefore
the transfer function itself approaches the value 0.
● When s approaches a pole, the denominator of the transfer function
approaches zero, and the value of the transfer function approaches infinity.
● An output value of infinity should raise an alarm for system stability.
● Physically realizable control systems must have a number of poles greater
than the number of zeros. Systems that satisfy this relationship are called
Proper.
● In a transfer function representation, the order is the highest exponent in the
transfer function. In a proper system, the system order is defined as the
degree of the denominator polynomial.

5
Effect of Poles and Zeros
● The locations of the poles, and the values of the real and imaginary parts of
the pole determine the response of the system.
● Real parts correspond to exponentials, and imaginary parts correspond to
sinusoidal values.
● Addition of poles to the transfer function has the effect of making the system
less stable.
● Addition of zeros to the transfer function has the effect of making the system
more stable.
● Control systems, in the most simple sense, can be designed simply by
assigning specific values to the poles and zeros of the system.

6
Poles and Zeros of Transfer Function on S plane

7
Order of System
The order of control system is defined as the highest power of s present in
denominator of closed loop transfer function G(s) of unity feedback system

8
Order of System
Type of a system is defined to be the power of s (pole at origin).

9
Order & Type of System

10
First Order System
● First-order systems are the simplest systems, and they make a good place to
begin a study of system dynamics.
● First-order system concepts form the foundation for understanding more
complex systems.

11
Steady State Value and Time Constant
● Time constants are everywhere. Since (almost) nothing happens
instantaneously, but rather with a delay, processes are said to have time
constants associated with them.
● Time constant is defined as the time elapsed for a signal to reach its 63.2% of
steady state value.
● Steady state value is value of a system which is achieved by system after
considerable time has elapsed (t →∞).

12
Rise Time & Settling Time
● Rise time is defined as the time for the waveform to go from 10% to 90% of its
steady state value.
● Settling time is defined as the time for the response to reach, and stay within,
2% of its steady state value.

13
Example of First Order System

14
Time Response of First Order System: Step Input

15
Time Response of First Order System: Time Constant

16
Time Response of First Order System: Rise Time

17
Time Response of First Order System: Settling Time

18
Time Response of First Order System

19
First-Order Transfer Functions via Testing

20
Prolem

21
Prolem

22
Problem

23
Solution

24
Second Order System

25
Example of Second Order System

26
General Second-Order System

27
Second-Order System: Over Damped

28
Second-Order System: Over Damped

29
Second-Order System: Under Damped

30
Second-Order System: Under Damped

31
Second-Order System: Under Damped

32
Second-Order System: Critically Damped

33
Second-Order System: Critically Damped

34
Problems

35
Problems

36
Problems

37
Damping Status of a System

38
Time Response of Under Damped System

39
Problems

40
Problem

41

You might also like