JATION QL Where a and y are independent variables ar dy (Votal differential equation) Consider the differential equations: xdy + ydx = 0 ydx — xd; rere y The left sides of these equation can respectively be written as; d Gry) and a( ‘) Such equations are called exact differential equation, A differential equation is said to be exnet if can be derived from its general solution directly by differentiation without any subsequent multiplication climination ete. Definiti A differential equations is said to be exact if it can be derived from ity general solution directly by differentiation without any subsequent multiplication, elimination ete. OR The expiession M(x, y)dx + N(x,y)dy is called an exact differential if there exists a differentiatic function F(x, y) such that M(x, y)dx + NQx y)dy = d(C). That is expression M(x, y)dx-+ N(x,y)dyis an exact differential if exists funtion F such that = M(x,y) and a N(x,y) If M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy is an exact differential, then the differential ‘equation N(x, y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0 is called an exact differential equation. Example: y*dx + 2xydy = 0 is an exact differential equation. Since ytdx + 2xydy = d(y*x) is an exact. Theorem: State and Prove a necessary and sufficient condition for the differential equation M(x, y)dx + NG@xy)dy = 0 to be exact is that or “7s = Me ‘The differential equation M(x, y)dx + N(x, y) = 0 is exact ifand only if s = a (1) Grouping method (2) Standard method (3) Short methodWorking rule for solving an exact differential equation fies the condition (1) If the equation M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 satisfies the condi aM tay) an then it is exact, (2) The solution of this equation is J Mdx + f (term in N not containing x)dy = ¢ Example Solve the differential equation (xy? — 1)dx + (x?y — 1)dy = 0 Solution The given differential equation is (xy? = dx + (ey - Ddy = 0 A) ‘Comparing the given equation with M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0, we get M(x,y) = xy? — 1 and N(x,y) = x?y-1 MS ce + SE = 2xy and $= 2xy aM _ oN : | Since >= gy + the equation (1) is exact. Hence the required solution is, J M(xy)dx + J (terms in NV not containing x)dy = for =1dx+ Jos =e x2y? = -x-ysc= x*y? -2x-2y = 2c = x?y? — 2x —2y = A [Where A = 2c] Hence, the general solution is xy? -2x-2y =A Grouping Method Regrouping the terms, we get xydx + x*ydy ~ dx —dy = 0 , = (xytdx + x*ydy) ~ dx ~ dy = 0 dz (x*y*) ~ dx ~dy = 0 Integrating both sides, we get dety?-x-yee 2 Where c is an arbitrary constant. = xty?-2x-2y=2c=A xty?—2x—2y=AStandard Method The given differential equation is (xy? — dx + @?y - Day = 0. Comparing it with M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0, we get MG. y) = xy? ~1and N@x,y) = x2y-1 aM, Since aM(x, i te, - mi, the equation (1) sexat Ox Thus a function F (x,y) such that OF (x,y) 0: = M(x,y) = xy?-1... ..(2) and SF Gay) = N(x,y) =x?y-1. oy Integrating (2) partially w.r.to x we get Fay = f Meardx +00) = fay? - Ndr + 90) =xt+ oy) (4) Differentiating (4) partially w. r to y, we get FON - x2y 49) ay 5) Comparing (3) and (5) we get, xy-1L=x*y+ 9) > 9) =-1 2 QQ) =-y Fey. Putting (6) in (4), we get 2 FQuy) =P a x-yte Hence, the general solution of (1) is F(x, y) = ce2 oP a x-y te se 2 xty 2x 2y $20 = Pee = xty? — 2x — 2y = 2-1) = x?y? — 2x — 2y =; Where c = 2(cz — ¢1) Hence the general solution is xty? — 2x - 2) c Problem Solve the differential equation (Gxy + 2y? — 5) dx + (3x? + xy — 6)dy = 0 Solution The given differential equation (6xy + 2y? — 5)dx + (3x? + 4xy — 6)dy x16) Comparing the given equation with M(x, y) + N(x,y)dy = 0, we get M(x,y) = 6xy + 2y? —5,and N(x,y) = 3x? + 4xy — 6 _ OM (x.y) aN(x.y) _ oe 6x + 4y and 2 = 6x + dy 4y) _ aN, Since “— . we» , the equation (1) is exact Hence the general solution of (1) is J M(x,y)dx + Jor in N not containing x)dy = ¢ = [ox + 2y* —5)dx + [rosy =e = 3x?y + 2xy? — 5x -6y=c Where c is an arbitrary constant, Hence the general solution of (1) is axty + 2xy? — 5x — 6y Grouping Method The given differential equation2 (6xy + 2y? — 5)dx 4 Gx? + 4xy — 6)dy a) Regrouping the term, we get Oxydx + 2y?dy — Sdx + 3x2dy + 4xydy — 6dy = 0 = (6xydx + 3x2dy) + (2y2dx 4 4xydy) — Sdx - 6dy = 0 = d(3x?y) + 2d(xy?) - 5dx - 6dy = 0 Integrating on both sides, we get 3x7y + 2xy? — 5x -6y = Where ¢ is an arbitrary constant. Hence, the general solution is Bxty + 2x) Sx -6y=¢ Standard method The given equation is (6xy + 2y? — S)dx + (Bx? + day - 6)dy = 0 @ Comparing it with M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0, we get M(x,y) = Gxy + 2y? — Sand N(x,y) = 3x? + 4xy — 6 aM ON 2s <= 6x44: on 6x + 4yand 5 = 6x + dy aM, INGe Since onG.y) ey) , the equation (1) is exact ay ax So there exist a function F(x, y) such that aF(x, M(x, y) = 6xy + 2y? ~ 5 (2) OF (x,y: N(x y) = Bx? + Axy ~ 6... (3) ay Integrating (2) partially w. r to x, we get Flay) = [ Moasdae + 069) [ory 4 294 = Side + 99 = Bx*y + dry? — 5x + py)... wn (4) Differentiating (4) partially w.r to y, then we getOF (x, a = Bx? + Ary + Q'(Y) sea se ee ee ee eee eet vet vee vee tte teens eee (5) Comparing (3) and (5), we get 3x? + 4xy — 6 = 3x? + 4xy+ Q(y) = 9) =-6 2 QC) = OY FC eae cesses sn sae ste sn at see tn at see tn vets at sts ta at sts sees (6) Hence the general solution (1) is F(x, y) = cz => 3x? + 2xy? —5x-6y +c = co => 3x? + 2xy? —5x-—6y =e. -Cy + 3x? + 2xy? —5x-—6y=c Where cz — c, = ¢ is an arbitary constant. . Hence, the general solution is 3x? + 2xy? — 5x —6y =cIntegrating Factor Ia non-exact differer then bes ‘nial equation is multiplied by a suitable functi ; ind the differential equation comes exact, then the : chosen function is called an inteprating. factor. Or A factor, which whe i rs i Meta, which when multiplied to a differential equation (Which is not exact) to make it exact, is called an integrating. fact aa i an integrating factor. A non-exact differential equation can always be made exact by mul g it by functi i ultiplying it by some fimetion of x and y, Such a function is called an integrating, factor. Example ydx +xdy=0—4 d(ixy) = 0 eayse ct differential equation. Example ydx + 2xdy = 0 + Non exact differential equation. Multiplying this by y then y?dx + 2xydy =0— Exact differential equation. is an integrating factor. Example If M(x, y)dx + N(x, y) = 0 > not exact or not total differential. Multiplying by x(x, y)M(x, y)dx + uO YN(w y)dy = d{uCx,y,)} The function j1(x, y) is called an integrating factor. Finding the integrating factor Cased Ifin the differential equation M(x,y)dx + N(x,y) = 0, Mand N be the same degree in x and y (ie. 1 homogeneous) and Mx + Ny + 0, then ===> is an integrating factor. Case-I If the equation Mdx + Ndy.= 0 can be thrown in the form f(xy)ydx + f(xy)xdy = 0 and if 1 Mx — Ny #0, then is an integrating factor. ‘ase-III: 2M_ oN is a function of x or y alone, say f(x), then ef 404 js an integrating factor. Case-IV: aN, Wf 2 = f(y) , isa function of y alone, say f(y) then ef 104" js an integrating factor Ay If the differential equation can be written in the form x“y" (mydx + nxdy = 0), then Sara IS an integrating factor.Theorem: Show that . Mx+Ny #0, is an integrating Maes equation (x, y)dx + N(x,y) = 0 of n. hence solve x2ydzx ~ (x? + y?)dy If Mx + Ny = 0 is homogencous (but not exact) If Mx + Ny + 0 th factor of the equation. Example: Solve the differential equation x?ydx — (x? + y*)dy = 0 Solution: The given differential equation is =) »weget, M=x*y and N=—-(x?+y*) xtydx — (x3 + y*)dy = 0 Comparing (1) with Mdx + Ndy = Now, and SY = —32? Sine “#5, So the equation (/) is not exact, but M and N are homogeneous of degree 3, Now, Mx +Ny =x3y-x3y—y* =—-y* #0 1 Thus 1-F = Tae Ny Multiplying both sides of (/) by pa we get =x? 1 chi : ; , Sede + (F+5) dy = 0 which isan exact differential equation y y a a must be satisfied. Therefore the required solution is, yy ax J M(x,y)dx + fccrms are not containg x in N)dy = 0 Ea 1 = Sart [rdy=02 + logy - y Where ¢ is an arbitrary constant. Self assessment exerci: (A) (x2y — 2xy?)dx — (x* — 3xy*)dy = 0 (2) (Bxy? = y*)dx — (2x*y ~ xy*)dy = 0Whe equation Max + Ndy=0 is not exact but is of the form file Wydx+f,(x, y)xdy=0 , then show that a i is an integrating factor of the equation provided Mx — Ny # 0 ;where M and N are functions of x and y, Example : Solve the following differential equation (xy? + xy + Lydx + (x2y? - xy + 1)xdy = 0 Solution : The given differential equation is (xy? + xy + Lydx + (x2y? - xy + Dxdy = 0.. The equation is of the form Ala y)ydx + falx,y)xdy = 0 Here M = (x?y? + xy + 1)y and N = (x?y? —xy + Ix OM = oy? OM 8 gyy2 2p axty tx and SY = aay? —y om +t i is yt exact. Since 24 + 2% the equation (1) is not ex Now, Mx — Ny = (x*y? + xy + 1)xy — (x*y? — xy + Ixy = x3y3 + x2y? + xy — x8y3 + x?2y? — xy = 2x?y? #0 1 2xty? Mx-Ny Multiplying both sides of (1) by s357 We get 1 1 1 1 pene dy =0 Gtiptay )yax+ 5-5 Day * Tey ae) Ja = (y tie >) dx+ (x -3+3) dy = 0 which is exact . ai aM _ ON ; Hence the condition 2 = 2 is now satisfied. ay Ox Hence the solution of (1) is J M(x, y)dx + f(term in N not containing x)dy = c =~ ogy = ay (OG = = yx logx+*(—2)—logy=c = yx +logx 1 2 = xy ~ 5 + log @ = c, where ¢ is an arbitrary constant,Home Work : Solve the following differential equations (1) (xy? + 2x?y3)dx + (x2y — x3y?)dy = 0 (2) (xysinxy + cos xy)y dx + (xy sinxy — cos xy)x dy = 0 (3) (xtyt+x2y2 + xy)ydx+ (xtyt—x2y? + xy)x dy = 0 (4) (xy + 2x?y*)ydx+ (xy — x*y?)x dy = 0; where c, = 3c (5) Gy? +xy4+Dydxt+ (x2y? -xy+1)x dy =0ut Theore: If in the differential equation M(x, aoe where 1 Y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0, id here : function of x only, show that eS /@dx jg an j i omnes TOs ly, show that e. is an integrating factor of the equation, Example: Solve the differential equation (xy + dy? + Idx + (x? + 2xy) dy =0 Comparing (1) with M dx +N dy = 0, we get M = Sxy +4y? +1 and N= x? + 2xy am an _ Sy TOxtBy and SY = 2x + 2y aM ON oy Since S°#5e » the equation (1) is not exact. y _ Sxt6y _ 3¢+2¥) 3 which is a equation of x only . xetaxy Pa Dxy x(x42y) dx = e3l00x = x3 Multiplying both sides of (1) by x* we get (Sxty + 4x3y? + x3)dx + (x5 + 2x4y)dy = 0 Hence the general solution is Lemme YOY + dx [ddz— = x8y + xty? +* = C, where C is an arbitrary constant ice the general solution is xt a 7 Sy + xty? + Sel Solve the following differential equation () ydx + (3 +3x—y) dy =0 (2) (x? + y* + 2x)dx + 2ydy = (3) (x3 + xy")dx + 2y4dy = 0Theorem : If the differential equation M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = 0, = g(y), where g(y) isa function ™ ofy only, show that e/ 9©)4Y is an integrating factor of the equation. Example : Solve the following differential equation (3x2y* + 2xy)dx + (2x2y? — x2)dy = 0 Solution : The given equation is (3xy* + 2xy)dx + (2x3y3 — x2) dy = 0 venue (L) Comparing (1) with Mdx + Ndy = 0,we get M = (8x?y*+2xy) ; 9 N= (2x3y3 — x?) _ous 2y3 » ON ~ gy2y3 A Gy laxtys 2x 5 T= bxty? — 2x am |, aM i F Since y #5 the equation (1) is not exact. Wy _aMt 5 N __ 6x? y3~2: x _ moxZyPt4x —_ -2x(3xy?+2) Cd . ‘Bxty*42xy axty*+oxy xy(3xy2+2) S = ; which is a function of y only. 2 tin ‘