Digital Signal Processing ECE 222

MEC222

Chapter One
Introduction to Digital Signals Processing

Associate Professor/ Mohamed Saber

Lecture 1
13-2-2022
 Course Objectives

1- By the end of the course the students will be able to: Represent discrete-time signals in both time
and frequency domains.

2- Understand definition and properties of discrete Systems.

3- Be able to analyze signals using Z- transform, Fourier transform.

4- Represent DT signals by its samples and analyze the spectrum.

5- Completely understand energy and power spectrum.

6- Understand the design of analog filters.

7- Understand the design of digital filters (FIR - IIR).

 CAD Tools:
 Matlab
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 Administrative Matters
 References: (Knowledge Bank)

 Signals and Systems using Matlab, Luis F. Chaparro and Aydin Akan, Elsevier, 2019

 Signals and Systems, K. Deergha Ra, Springer, 2018.

 Additional References
 Signals and Systems: A primer with Matlab , MATTHEW N. O. SADIKU, CRC PRESS, 2016.

 Signals and Systems : Principles and Applications, Shaila Dinkar Apte,Cambridge University Press, 2016

 Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems, Minral Mandal, Amir Asif, Cambridge University Press, 2007

 CAD Tools:
 Matlab 3
 Course Contents

1. Introduction to discrete Signal Analysis (DSP)

2. Introduction to discrete systems

3. Discrete time Fourier transform

4. Z transform

5. Analog Filters

6. Discrete Filters

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 Chapter one

1. Introduction to Discrete Signal Analysis (DSP)

 Chapter One
1. Introduction to Discrete Signal Analysis (DSP)
1- What is Digital Signal Processing?
2- What is a Signal ?

3- Classifications of Signals

4- Basic concepts of system

5- DSP Implementation - Operations

6- DSP System

7- DSP Advantages
8- DSP Application Areas
1- What is Digital Signal Processing?
Digital: operating by the use of discrete signals to represent data in the form of numbers

Signal: a parameter (electrical quantity or effect) that can be varied in such a way as to
reprsent information

Processing: a series operations performed according to programmed instructions

DSP changing or analyzing information which is measured as

discrete sequences of numbers
2- What is a Signal ?
 Signals is a function that represents information about the behavior of some phenomenon".

 Common examples of signals are:

 Human speech  Temperature  Pressure  Stock prices

 Electrical signals, normally expressed in the form of voltage or current waveforms, are some
of the easiest signals to generate and process.

 Mathematically, signals are modeled as functions of one or more independent variables.

 Examples of independent variables used to represent signals are time, frequency.

 A signal x(t) is a set of data or function of time that represents a variable of interest.
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2- What is a Signal ?
Examples to signals

Electrical Voltage

Audio signal

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2- What is a Signal ?
Examples to signals
Image

Temperature

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 3- Classifications of Signals
3.1 Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

 A continuous-time signal takes a value at every instant of time t.

(a) continuous-time signal

 A discrete-time signal is usually identified as a sequence of

numbers, denoted by x[n], where n is an integer .

(b) discrete-time signals

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3- Classifications of Signals
3.1 Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

Sources of Discrete time Signal

1- Sampling
 As shown in Figure, the continuous-time signal x(t) in Fig. (a) is sampled
uniformly with sampling period T to produce the discrete-time signal x[n].

 in Fig. (b) a discrete-time signal is equally spaced in time with sampling

period T Thus, discrete-time signals are samples of continuous-time signals.

2- Naturally

Ex: Grades, Daily Temperatures,….Stocks

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3- Classifications of Signals
3.2 Analog and Digital Signals

 If a continuous-time signal x(t) can assume any value in the range −∞ < t < ∞, then it is called an
analog signal.
 Although all analog signals are continuous-time signals, not all continuous-time signals are analog
signals.

 If a discrete-time signal assumes only finite values, then it is called a digital signal.

 A digital signal have a finite number of values (usually binary).

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4- Basic concepts of system
What is a System ?
System would be a mathematical model, a piece of code/software, or a physical device, or a black box whose input
is a signal and it performs some processing on that signal, and the output is a signal. The input is known as
excitation and the output is known as response.

Device or technology of signal processing.

(1) Analog system (2) Digital system

System with analog input and output. System with digital input and output.

OPAMP, Analog filter, Analog circuit, DSP, FPGA, SOPC, SOC, Algorithm Codes
Analog component
4.1 Drawbacks of Analog System

 Analog systems Suffer from :

1) very expensive,

2) wear out very fast as time passes

3) Inaccurate most of the time due to thermal noise.

4) Any time modification of a certain design is desired, it may be necessary to replace whole
parts of the overall system.
5- DSP Implementation - Operations

To implement DSP we must be able to:

1) Perform numerical operations including, for example, additions, multiplications, data

transfers and logical operations either using computer pre special-purpose hardware.
5- DSP Implementation - Operations
DSP chips
 Introduction of the microprocessor in the late 1970's and early 1980's meant DSP
techniques could be used in a much wider range of applications.

 DSP chip is a programmable device, with its own native instruction code

 Designed specifically to meet numerically-intensive requirements of DSP

 Capable of carrying out millions of floating point operations per second

6- DSP System
Example to DSP system
6- DSP System

 The basic concept of DSP is illustrated by the simplified block diagram in Figure, which consists of an
analog filter, an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) unit, a digital signal (DS) processor, a digital-to-
analog conversion (DAC) unit, and a reconstruction (anti-image) filter.

 Usually a transducer (sensor) is used to convert the nonelectrical signal to the analog electrical
signal (voltage). This analog signal is fed to an analog filter, which is applied to limit the frequency
range of analog signals prior to the sampling process. The purpose of filtering is to significantly
attenuate aliasing distortion.
6- DSP System

 The band-limited signal at the output of the analog filter is then sampled and converted via the ADC
unit into the digital signal, which is discrete both in time and in amplitude.

 The DS processor then accepts the digital signal and processes the digital data according to
DSP rules such as lowpass, high-pass, and bandpass digital filtering, or other algorithms for
different applications. Notice that the DS processor unit is a special type of digital computer and
can be a general-purpose digital computer, a microprocessor, or an advanced microcontroller;
furthermore, DSP rules can be implemented using software in general.
6- DSP System

 The DAC unit, converts the processed digital signal to an analog output signal. The signal is
continuous in time and discrete in amplitude.

 The final block (Reconstruction filter) is designated as a function to smooth the DAC output
voltage levels back to the analog signal via a reconstruction (anti-image) filter for real-world
applications.
6.1 Analog filter

Analog
LPF

 The input signal is processed with an electronic low-pass filter to remove all
frequencies above the Nyquist frequency (one-half the sampling rate). This is done to
prevent aliasing during sampling, and is correspondingly called an antialias filter.
6- DSP System
6.1 ADC
6.1.1 Sampling
Next figure shows an analog (continuous-time) signal (solid line) defined at every point over the time
axis (horizontal line) and amplitude axis (vertical line). Hence, the analog signal contains an infinite
number of points.

It is impossible to digitize an infinite number of points. The infinite points cannot be processed by the
digital signal (DS) processor or computer, since they require an infinite amount of memory and infinite
amount of processing power for computations.
What is the solution ????
6.1 Sampling
Sampling can solve such a problem by taking samples at a fixed time interval as shown in next
Figures, where the time T represents the sampling interval or sampling period in seconds.

For a given sampling interval T, which is defined as the time span between two sample points, the
sampling rate is therefore given by
1
𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 = samples per seconds (Hz)
𝑇𝑇
1
For example, if a sampling period is T = 125 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 , the sampling rate is 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 =
125𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
= 8000 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
6.1 Sampling
What about sampling frequency ?

 The sampling theorem guarantees that an analog signal can be in theory perfectly recovered as long
as the sampling rate is at least twice as large as the highest-frequency component of the analog
signal to be sampled. The condition is described as

Nyquist rate
𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 ≥ 2𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
or
Sampling rate

where 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 is the maximum-frequency component of the analog signal to be sampled.

6.1 Sampling
For example

 To sample a speech signal containing frequencies up to 4 kHz, the minimum sampling rate is chosen to be at
least 8 kHz, or 8,000 samples per second.

 to sample an audio signal possessing frequencies up to 20 kHz, at least 40,000 samples per second, or 40
kHz, of the audio signal are required.
6.1 Sampling
 Next Figure illustrates sampling of two sinusoids, where the sampling interval between sample points is T=0.01
second, and the sampling rate is thus 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 = 100 Hz.

𝑓𝑓1max = 40 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓1 = 10 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓2 = 90 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 = 100 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 = 100 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
Aliasing
 6.2 DAC
 A DAC can be constructed by using a Summing Amplifier and a set of resistors R, 2R, 4R and 8R as its inputs.
The resistors are scaled to represent weights for the different input bits.
6.2 Reconstruction filter

 Used for smoothing

Reconstruction
filter
7- DSP Advantages
The advantages of DSP are common to many digital systems and include:
 Variation:
 Digital systems can be reprogrammed for other applications (at least where programmable DSP
chips are used)
 Digital systems can be ported to different hardware (for example a different DSP chip or board
level product)
 Repeatability:
 Digital systems can be easily duplicated

 Digital systems do not depend on strict component tolerances

 Digital system responses do not drift with temperature

 Simplicity:
 Some things can be done more easily digitally than with analog systems
8- DSP Application Areas

Image Processing Instrumentation/ Control Speech / Audio Military

Pattern recognition Spectrum analysis Speech recognition Secure comm.

Robotic vision Noise reduction Speech synthesis Radar processing
Image enhancement Data compression Text to speech Sonar processing
Animation Position and rate control Digital Audio Equalization Missile guidance

Telecommunications
Biomedical Consumer
applications
Echo cancellation
Patient monitoring
Adaptive equalization
ECG analysis Cellular phones
ADPCM transcoders
EEG Analysis Digital television
Spread spectrum
X-ray Digital cameras
Video conferencing
9- DSP Application Areas
MILITARY
IMAGE PROCESSING
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL Secure communication
Pattern recognition
Spectrum analysis Radar processing
Robotic vision
Position and rate control Sonar processing
Image enhancement
Noise reduction Missile guidance
Satellite weather map
Data compression
animation
TELECOMMUNICATION
Consumer applications
SPEECH & AUDIO Echo cancellation
digital, cellar mobile phones
Speech recognition Adaptive equalization
Biomedical universal mobile telecommunication system
Speech synthesis Video digital
conferencing
Patient monitoring Text to speech television
data communication
digital camera
Scanners digital audio
ECG (Electrocardiograph) internet music, phones and video
X-ray storage/enhancement digital answer machines, fax and modems
voice mail system
interactive entertainment systems
 Sheet 1
1- What is Digital Signal Processing?
2- What is Signal ?
3- What is the difference between:

- CTS and DTS - Analog and digital signal

4- What is a system ? And what is the difference between analog and digital signal processing ?

5- Draw and explain DSP system.

6- What are drawbacks of analog systems ?

7- What are advantages of digital systems ?

8- What are advantages of digital systems ?

9- What are DSP Application?