Digital Signal Processing ECE 222

MEC 222

Chapter One
Introduction to Digital Signals Processing

Associate Professor/ Mohamed Saber

Lecture 4
5-3-2023
System Representation Using Its Impulse Response

A linear time-invariant system can be completely described by its impulse response, which is defined as the
system response due to the impulse input 𝛿𝛿(𝑛𝑛) with zero initial conditions,

With the obtained impulse response ℎ 𝑛𝑛 , can represent the linear time-invariant system as shown in figure

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Example 1
Assume we have a linear time-invariant system

𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 0.5𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + 0.25𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛 − 1)
a) Determine the impulse response h(n)
b) Draw the system block diagram.

Answer

a) The unit-impulse response h(n): is the output when the input is x n = 𝛿𝛿(𝑛𝑛)
∴ ℎ 𝑛𝑛 = 0.5𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 + 0.25𝛿𝛿(𝑛𝑛 − 1)

b) The system block diagram.

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Example 2 Consider the difference equation
𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 0.25𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 , 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 0, and y(-1)=0

a. Determine the impulse response h(n)

Answer

a) The impulse response h(n): is the output when the input is x n = 𝛿𝛿(𝑛𝑛)
∴ ℎ 𝑛𝑛 = 0.25ℎ 𝑛𝑛 − 1 + 𝛿𝛿(𝑛𝑛)
To solve for h(n), we evaluate

ℎ 0 = 0.25ℎ −1 + 𝛿𝛿 0 = 0.25 × 0 + 1 = 1
ℎ 1 = 0.25ℎ 0 + 𝛿𝛿 1 = 0.25 × 1 + 0 = 0.25
ℎ 2 = 0.25ℎ 1 + 𝛿𝛿 2 = 0.25 × 0.25 + 0 = 0.0625
…..

With the calculated results, we can predict the impulse response as

∴ ℎ 𝑛𝑛 = 0.25 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 = 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 + 0.25𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 − 1 + 0.0625𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 − 2 + ⋯

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2.8 Convolution
To find the output of a discrete system y(n) to an input x(n), we need the impulse response, h(n), for the system.
h(n) is the output of the system when the input is 𝛿𝛿(𝑛𝑛), where 𝛿𝛿(𝑛𝑛) is the impulse signal.
If we apply the signal 𝛿𝛿(𝑛𝑛) to the system as shown in, the output is h(n).

𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 ∗ ℎ 𝑛𝑛 = ℎ 𝑛𝑛 ∗ 𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛)

∞ ∞

𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = � 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 ℎ 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑚𝑚 = � ℎ 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛 − 𝑚𝑚)
𝑚𝑚=−∞ 𝑚𝑚=−∞
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Example 3 Consider the system in which the impulse response is known to be

ℎ 𝑛𝑛 = 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛)
Find the output y(n) for the input x(n) = δ(n).

Answers

Note that we expect the output to be the h(n) given because the input is δ(n). Using the convolution sum, we
have
∞ ∞
𝑛𝑛−𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛
𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = � 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 ℎ 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑚𝑚 = � 𝛿𝛿 𝑚𝑚 2 − 𝑚𝑚)
𝑚𝑚=−∞ 𝑚𝑚=−∞

But δ(m) is only defined at m = 0. Therefore,

𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 𝛿𝛿 0 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 = 1 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 = ℎ(𝑛𝑛)

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Example 4
Consider the input 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑢𝑢 𝑛𝑛 and the impulse response ℎ 𝑛𝑛 = 0.5 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛) for a certain system. What is the output
of the system?
Answers

Using the convolution equation, we write

∞ ∞

𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = � 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 ℎ 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑚𝑚 = � 𝑢𝑢 𝑚𝑚 0.5 𝑛𝑛−𝑚𝑚
𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛 − 𝑚𝑚)
𝑚𝑚=−∞ 𝑚𝑚=−∞

But since u(m) = 1 for n ≥ 0 and both x(n) and h(n) start at n = 0, we have
𝑚𝑚=𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛

𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = � 0.5 𝑛𝑛−𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 −𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 −1 𝑚𝑚

= 0.5 � 0.5 = 0.5 � 0.5
𝑚𝑚=0 𝑚𝑚=0 𝑚𝑚=0

Using the geometric series sum.

𝑛𝑛
𝑚𝑚
1 − 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛+1 −1 𝑛𝑛+1
𝑆𝑆 = � 𝑎𝑎 = 1− 0.5
1 − 𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛
𝑚𝑚=0 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 0.5 −1
𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛)
1 − 0.5
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Example 5

Consider a sequence ℎ 𝑛𝑛 = 3𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 + 3𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 − 1 + 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 − 2 + 𝛿𝛿(𝑛𝑛 − 3)

a) Sketch the sequence ℎ(𝑛𝑛) and reversed sequence ℎ(−𝑛𝑛)

b) Sketch the shifted sequences ℎ −𝑛𝑛 + 3 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ℎ(−𝑛𝑛 − 2)

Answer

a)

b)

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Example 6

FIND𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 ∗ ℎ(𝑛𝑛)

Answer
1- Fix one signal x(k) and flip the other h(n)

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Example 6
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2- Apply shift to the flipped signal h(n-k)

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7
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Example 6

𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 ∗ ℎ(𝑛𝑛)

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Example 7

FIND 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 ∗ ℎ(𝑛𝑛)

Answer

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Bounded Input – Bounded Output Stability

A stable system is one for which every bounded input produces a bounded output (BIBO)

𝑆𝑆 = � ℎ 𝑘𝑘 <∞
𝑘𝑘=−∞

Next figure describes a linear stable system, where the impulse response decreases to zero in a finite
amount of time so that the summation of its absolute impulse response coefficients is guaranteed to
be finite.

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Example 8

Check the stability of the following system with impulse response

ℎ 𝑛𝑛 = 0.25 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛)

Answer

∞ ∞
𝑘𝑘
1 4
𝑆𝑆 = � ℎ 𝑘𝑘 = � 0.25 = =
1 − 0.25 3
𝑘𝑘=−∞ 𝑘𝑘=0

Stable

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 Sheet 4

1 For each of the following linear systems, find the unit-impulse response, and draw the block diagram.

a) 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 2.5𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛 − 5)
b) 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 2𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + 1.2𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛 − 1)

2 Determine the stability for the following linear system when the input is 𝛿𝛿(𝑛𝑛).

𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 5𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + 30𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 − 3 − 10𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛 − 20)

3 Determine the stability for each of the following linear systems.

a) 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = ∑∞ 𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘=0 0.75 𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛 − 𝑘𝑘)

b) 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = ∑∞
𝑘𝑘=0 2 𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛 − 𝑘𝑘)

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 Sheet 4

4 Find 𝑥𝑥1 𝑛𝑛 ∗ 𝑥𝑥2 (𝑛𝑛), the convolution result, for each of the following

a) 𝑥𝑥1 𝑛𝑛 = 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 + 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 − 1 + 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 − 2 , 𝑥𝑥2 𝑛𝑛 = 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 + 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 − 1 + 𝛿𝛿(𝑛𝑛 − 2)

b) 𝑥𝑥1 𝑛𝑛 = 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 + 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 − 1 + 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 − 2 , 𝑥𝑥2 𝑛𝑛 = 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 + 2 + 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 + 1 + 𝛿𝛿(𝑛𝑛)

c) 𝑥𝑥1 𝑛𝑛 = 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 + 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 − 1 + 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛 − 2 , 𝑥𝑥2 𝑛𝑛 = 𝛿𝛿 𝑛𝑛

5 Consider the following system represented by the impulse response

ℎ 𝑛𝑛 = 0.5 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛)
with
a) 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛) b) 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = 0.5 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛)

Find 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 ∗ ℎ(𝑛𝑛) for both cases.

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 Sheet 4

6 For each of the following cases prove that y(n)=x(n)*h(n)=h(n)*x(n)

(a) (b)

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