What is communication?

VERBAL COMMUNICATION
-purposeful activity of exchanging Two types of verbal communication
information and meaning across space 1. Formal communication
and time using various technical or 2. Informal communication
natural means, whichever is
available or preferred. FORMAL COMMUNICATION
• We use this type of communication in
-derived from the Greek word offices and social gatherings.
“communicare” or “communico” which • Two types of formal communication
means “to share”. 1. Downward
-Community implies a group of 2. Upward
people living in one place.
-Languages are the codes of DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION
communication. •Higher designation to lower designation
• Authoritative and or commanding
Communication requires a sender, a Ex. Boss ordered his worker.
message, a medium and a recipient, Dean wrote a memo for his subordinate.
although the receiver does not have to
be present or aware of the sender's UPWARD COMMUNICATION
intent to communicate at the time of •Lower designation to higher
communication; thus communication designation
can occur across vast distances in time Ex. Worker requests his boss.
and space.

Communication requires that the

communicating parties share an area of
communicative commonality.

The communication process is complete

once the receiver understands the
sender's message. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
• We use this type of communication
NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION with our family or friends.
• Through signs & symbols
• Non-verbal can go without verbal • Three types of informal communication
communication. 1. lateral
• Verbal can’t go without non-verbal 2. diagonal
communication. 3. grapevine
Models of Communication
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
-a famous Greek philosopher, and
speaker laid the foundation for a
‘speaking’ module called the Aristotle
Model of Communication. Control analysis helps the sender to
have all the power.
-believed that all public presentations
should be a balance of three rhetorical Content analysis is associated with
elements: Ethos (the ethical), Pathos stereotyping and representation of
(the emotional), and Logos (the logical). different groups politically.

Media analysis represents which

medium should be used to exercise
maximum power against the receivers.

Audience analysis shows who are the

2. Laswell’s Communication Model target population to be manipulated or
This model was developed by brain-washed.
communication theorist Harold D.
Lasswell (1902-1978) in 1948. Effect analysis is done before the
process starts. It is used to predict the
-describes verbal communication and effect of a message over the target
consists of five elements. Who says population to be exploited.
What, in Which channel, to Whom, with
What effect?

This model is also called a ‘linear model

of communication’, because it describes
a one-way process within
communication.
Disadvantages and Criticisms
-was developed to study the media -does not include feedback and it
propaganda of countries and ignores the possibility of noise.
businesses at that time also used for
interpersonal communication or group -Without feedback, a communication
communication to disseminate process can not be fruitful.
messages to various groups in various
situations -is very linear and does not consider
barriers in the communication process.
-criticized for being very general and 4. Berlo’s Model
only including very traditional topics. This communication model was
developed by David Berlo, a
The model is very simplistic. communication theorist, in 1960. It is a
conceptual framework for the SMCR
-is said to be propaganda based as it is model of communication.
more focused on the resulting outcome
and generally used for media
persuasion.

3. Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)

Shannon Weaver model of
communication was created in 1949
when Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an
article “A Mathematical Theory of
Communication” in Bell System
Technical Journal with Warren Weaver.

Berlo’s model believes that for effective

communication to take place, the source
and the receiver need to be on the same
level.

For example, if the communication skill

of the source is good, then the receiver
Criticisms should have equally good listening
-Receiver plays the passive part in the skills.
communication process as sender plays
the primary role that sends messages. It cannot be said that the receiver does
not receive the whole message because
-Feedback is taken as less important in even though he may receive it, but may
comparison to the messages sent by the not be able to interpret its meaning. For
sender. effective communication, the source and
the receiver need to be on the same
-“misleading misrepresentation of the level.
nature of human communication” as
human communication is not Criticism of Berlo’s SMCR Model
mathematical in nature. -lack of feedback.
-effects are practically unknown.
-does not mention the barriers to
communication.
-no room for noise. Relational Context
-a rather complex model. It refers to the relationship among the
-linear model of communication. participants in the communication
-requires people to be on the same level process. It includes manner.
for effective communication to happen.
Important Notes
5. Transactional Model Feedback is an important component in
The transactional model of the communication process, especially
communication was developed by in interpersonal communication as it
scholar Dean C. Barnlund in 1970. gives a space to clarify
misunderstandings.
-communication theory that views
communication as a dynamic and The transactional model gives the
simultaneous process involving both the opportunity for a lot of noise because
sender and the receiver. the communication is simultaneous. For
example, when many people are talking
at the same time in a meeting, the
objective of the meeting will not be
fulfilled.

6. Schramm’s Model
-the Interactive Model of Communication
proposed by Wilbur Schramm, a
prominent communication theorist.
exchange of messages between sender
and receiver where each take turns to
-builds upon the earlier work of other
send or receive messages.
communication scholars, particularly
Shannon and Weaver's model of
Factors that Affect Transactional Model
communication.
Social Context

-emphasizes the interactive nature of

It refers to the norms, values, laws and
communication and takes into account
other restrictions of a society to
the feedback and shared meanings
communicate within a specific limit.
between the sender and the receiver.
Cultural Context
Wilbur Schramm advocated for a more
It is the lifestyle and identity of a person.
complicated model, ESD which stands
Caste, class, race, ethnicity, gender, etc
for Encoder-Signal-Decoder.
are the contexts which promote
communication.
 Context
-It is the environment in which your
message is being delivered.

Denotation:
the straightforward dictionary definition

Connotation:
the ideas and feelings associated with
the word

Maxims of Communication
1. Maxim of Quantity relates to the
amount of information provided in
conversations. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
2. Maxim of Quality refers to truthfulness STYLE
and reliability of statements in
communication. a. Intimate
3. Maxim of Relation is considered when -it is a non-public speech style that uses
one tries to be relevant. private vocabulary and includes
4. Maxim of Manner focuses on how the nonverbal messages
information is presented. It suggests -it is a style in which meaning is shared
being clear, organized, and using even without “correct linguistic forms”
appropriate language and tone.
b. Casual
Content -used among friends and acquaintances
-the spoken words and subject matter of that do not require background
the conversation. information
-the use of slang is common and
Relational interruptions occur often
-what the speaker is trying to convey in -it is used when there are no social
speech; how the speaker sees the barriers to consider
relationship
c. Consultative
-used precisely among people who do When you deliver your persuasive
not share common experiences or speech, your primary goal is to influence
meaning the thoughts, feelings, actions, and
-requires two-way participation and behaviors or attitudes of your listeners
interruptions can occur during the (Gamble & Gamble, 2012).
communication
Likewise, you also aim to change their
d. Formal perception and convince them that your
-it is used only for imparting information argument is more important, practical,
-it is well organized and correct in attainable, or feasible. In essence,
grammar and diction you—as a persuader—advocate for
-technical vocabulary and exact whatever your message is.
definitions are important in the Formal
Style, such as in presentations b. Entertainment
-straightforward and direct, with no -aims to share goodwill, joy, and
circumlocution, this style does not allow pleasure to the audience
interruptions -the primary goal is to make the
audience relax, enjoy, and even laugh
e. Frozen
-is exemplified by prayers that have TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
been recited in the same way for years, MANNER OF DELIVERY
the Pledge of Allegiance or Panatang
Makabayan, and the Oath of Office of a. Reading/Speaking from a Manuscript
any officer, whether of the Student - it is fully written out, usually typed, and
Council or Congress not folded but placed in a folder for
neatness
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO - the manner of delivery allows for
PURPOSE greater control of the wording of the
speech when you have embellished
a. Informative or Exploratory your thoughts and you want to deliver
- it is a fact-based speech intended to your sentences exactly as you wrote
teach its audience about a specific topic them
- it must have thesis statements and
reliable sources for each claim b. Memorized Speech
- the written speech is fully memorized--
b. Persuasive every word, every phrase, every
- it is a form of communication that comma, and every period
people of diverse backgrounds mostly
engage in
c. Impromptu Speech To sum up, I've shown you (points a, b,
- it is delivered on short notice with little and c). These three undeniable facts
or no preparation point to a city-wide recycling program as
- it is sometimes called “thinking on your the most sensible and ethical step we
feet” can take in helping create a more
sustainable future. Please, join me in
d. Extemporaneous Speech voting 'yes' on this program in
- it is a delivered with a good outline November.
which organizes the speaker’s thoughts
and ideas 4. Transitions
(including data, testimonies, etc.) • It provides smooth transition of ideas
• It helps you carry over a thought from
Persuasive Speech Writing Process one sentence to another, from one idea
to another, or from one paragraph to
1. MainPoints another with words or phrases
• It communicates important points •It links your sentences and paragraphs
The importance of recycling together smoothly so that there are no
abrupt jumps or breaks between ideas
2. Introduction
• It gets the audience's attention
• It describes the topic
• It states the thesis or purpose
• It gives an overview of the speech and
its main points
Recycling is important in today's world if
we want to leave this planet for our
future generations. It is good for the
environment, since we are making new
products from the old products which
are of no use to us.
Modes of Persuasion
3. Conclusion
• It summarizes the main points 1. Ethos
• It restate the thesis These are appeals to the audience's
Conclude with a call to action. The ethics or morals.
conclusion of your speech should Recycling is the right thing to do.
remind your audience of what you have Wasting our limited resources steals
told them. It should also make it clear from future generations, which is
exactly what you hope they will do next. immoral.
2. Pathos
These are appeals to the audience's
emotions.
Think of the animals that loose their
homes every day because of trees
being chopped down. If we recycled
more, we could save these beautiful
forests

3. Logos
These are appeals to the audience’s
logic or intellect.
We know that there is a limited supply
of natural resources. We can make this
supply last longer by recycling.