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Lesson 2 Gen Phy

1. The document discusses electric potential energy and electric potential. Electric potential energy depends on an object's charge, the electric field it is in, and its position. Electric potential is a measure of electric potential energy per unit charge at a point in an electric field. 2. Key concepts covered include how work is done to move a charged particle against an electric field, which increases its potential energy. Conservative electric forces can be expressed in terms of changes in potential energy. 3. Formulas are provided relating electric potential energy, electric potential, electric field, and charge. Example problems demonstrate calculating electric potential, potential energy changes, and work done by electric forces on charges.

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Brent Pataras
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29 views2 pages

Lesson 2 Gen Phy

1. The document discusses electric potential energy and electric potential. Electric potential energy depends on an object's charge, the electric field it is in, and its position. Electric potential is a measure of electric potential energy per unit charge at a point in an electric field. 2. Key concepts covered include how work is done to move a charged particle against an electric field, which increases its potential energy. Conservative electric forces can be expressed in terms of changes in potential energy. 3. Formulas are provided relating electric potential energy, electric potential, electric field, and charge. Example problems demonstrate calculating electric potential, potential energy changes, and work done by electric forces on charges.

Uploaded by

Brent Pataras
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Physics 2

BCNHS 2023-2024
General Physics 2 Lecture Notes
I. Electric Potential Energy → If 𝑊𝑎→𝑏 is positive, 𝑈𝑎 is greater than 𝑈𝑏 , Δ𝑈 is
- it is the energy that is needed to move a charge against negative, potential energy decreases. For instance, when
an electric field (Khan Academy). mass m falls towards the Earth's surface, gravity does
- defined as the total potential energy a unit charge will positive work, but the gravitational potential energy
possess if located at any point in outer space decreases. If the mass was tossed upward, the gravity
(byjus.com). does negative work and potential energy increases.
→ Whether the test charge in the electric field is positive
Consider A: PEelec = qEΔdcosθ or negative, the potential energy increases if the test
q = electric charge of the object charge moves opposite to the direction of the electric
E = Electric field force. Potential energy decreases if the charge moves in
Δd = change in distance the same direction as the electric force. Similarly, the
cosθ = angle in relation to surface gravitational potential energy increases if the body
moves upward or against the direction of gravitational
𝑞1.𝑞2 force and decreases if it moves downward or in same
Consider B: PEelec = k 𝑟
direction with gravitational force.
k = 8.987 x109 Nm2/C
q0 = electric charge Word Problems:
r = distance moved
𝑞1.𝑞2
1. A point charge q1 = 2.80 x10-6 C is at origin. How far
Consider C: PEelec = should the second point charge of 5.20 x10-6 C be placed
4𝜋∈0 𝑟
q0 = electric charge to have electric potential energy of 0.600 J?
1
k = 4𝜋∈
0 Given: q1 = 2.80 x10-6 C
r = distance moved q2 = 5.20 x10-6 C
PE = 0.600 J
Consider D: F = qE
q = charge Solution:
E = electric field 𝑞1.𝑞2
PEelec = k 𝑟
𝑘.𝑞1.𝑞2
Consider E: W = Fdcosθ r= 𝑃𝐸
F = qE m2
8.987 x109 N. 2 (2.80 x10−6 C)(5.20 x10−6 C)
C
d = displacement r= 0.600 𝐽
m2
8.987 x109 N. 2 (2.80 x10−6 C)(5.20 x10−6 C)
A. Units r= C
0.600 𝐽
- Joules (J) or N.m
- the electric potential energy of a charged object r = 0.218 m
depends on its charge (q), the electric potential (V) at its :. Therefore, the second charge must be placed 0.218 m.
location, and the location itself.
2. A charge of 4.50 x 10-8 C is placed in a uniform
B. Concepts electric field that is directed vertically upward with a
- the electrical potential energy of a charged particle is magnitude of 5.00 x 104 N/C. What work is done by the
increased when work is done to push it against the electrical force when the charge moves 0.450 m to the
electric field of something else that is charged. right? 0.800 m downward? 2.60 m at an angle of 45
degrees from the horizontal?
Key Elements
- its own electric charge Given: Q = 4.50 x 10-8 C
- relative position with other electrically charged objects E = 5.00 x 104 N/C
rright= 0.45 m
Test Charge rdown = 0.80 m
r = 2.60 m, 450

- a test charge (q) in the electric field and a body with a


mass (m) in the gravitational field is acted upon by
electric force and gravitational force Formula: W= qEdcosθ
- if the test charge is to be moved from one position to 1. W= (4.5 𝑥10 𝐶)(5 𝑥104 𝑁/𝐶)(0.45 𝑚)(𝑐𝑜𝑠90)
−8

another, a force must be applied to push against the force =0J


of the electric field. 2. W= (4.5 𝑥10−8 𝐶)(5 𝑥104 𝑁/𝐶)(0.8 𝑚)(𝑐𝑜𝑠180)
- conservative force applied to move the test charge can = -1.8 x10-3 J
be expressed as follows: 3. W= (4.5 𝑥10−8 𝐶)(5 𝑥104 𝑁/𝐶)(2.6 𝑚)(𝑐𝑜𝑠45)
Wa→b = Ua – Ub = -(Ub -Ua) = -ΔU = 4.136 x10-3J
General Physics 2
BCNHS 2023-2024
General Physics 2 Lecture Notes
II. Electric Potential
- a measure of the electric potential energy per unit Formula:
charge at a specific point in an electric field 𝛥𝑈 = 𝛥𝑉. 𝑞0
𝑈 →q. E. Δd. cosθ = 𝛥𝑉. 𝑞0
𝑉= q.E.Δd.cosθ
𝑞0 → = 𝛥𝑉
𝑞 0
U = electric potential energy (PEelec) 𝑞
→𝑘 𝑟 2 (Δd. cosθ) = 𝛥𝑉
𝑞0 = charge 𝑞
V = electric potential →𝛥𝑉 = 𝑘 𝑟 cosθ
𝑞
→𝑟 = 𝑘 𝑉 cosθ
A. Units
𝑁.𝑚
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb; 𝐶 𝑁.𝑚2 8 𝑥10−11 𝐶
r1 = 8.987 𝑥109 ( 12 𝑉 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
𝐶2
𝛥𝑈 r = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟗 𝒎
𝛥𝑉 = (Potential Difference)
𝑞0
𝑁.𝑚2 8 𝑥10−11 𝐶
r2 = 8.987 𝑥109 ( 24 𝑉 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
B. Proponent 𝐶2
- Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) r = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟗 𝒎
→ invented the electric battery “voltaic pile”
Therefore:
C. Voltage 24V 12V
- also called potential difference
- energy per unit charge

Word Problem: D. Electric Potential from Electric Field


1. Suppose you have a 12.0 V motorcycle battery that
can move 5000 C of charge, and a 12.0 V car battery that
can move 60,000 C of charge. How much energy does
each deliver?
𝑁𝑚
Given: V = 12 𝐶 or 12 V
q1 = 5000 C If you move in the direction of electric potential,
q2 = 60, 000 C the electric potential V decreases. It increases when you
move in the direction opposite to the electric field.
Formula:
E. Electron Volts (eV)
𝛥𝑈 = 𝛥𝑉. 𝑞
If charge q is the magnitude of the electron charge
𝑁𝑚
and the potential difference is 1V, the change in energy in
𝛥𝑈𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 12 (5000 𝐶) moving the charge from points a to point is 1.602 𝑥 10−19𝐽.
𝐶
This quantity of energy is defined to be 1 electron volt (eV).
𝚫𝐔𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐉
1 eV = 1.602 𝑥 10−19𝐽
𝑁𝑚
𝛥𝑈𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 12 (60000𝐶) F. Equipotential Surfaces
𝐶
𝚫𝐔𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫 = 𝟕. 𝟐 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝐉 An equipotential surface is a three-dimensional
surface where electric potential V is the same. If a test
Discussion charge is moved from one point to another point on a
While voltage and energy are related, they are given surface, the electric potential remains the same.
not the same thing. The voltages of the batteries are
identical, but the energy supplied by each is quite
different. Also note that as a battery is discharged, some
of its energy is used internally and its terminal voltage
drops, such as when headlights dim because of a low car
battery.

2. A point charge has a charge of 8.00 x10-11 C. At what


distance from the point charge is the electrical potential
(a) 12.0 V? (b) 24.0 V?

Q = 8.00 x10-11 C
V1 = 12 V
V2 = 24 V

Illustration: ?
?

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