26: Solving Equation (2.11) for the wavelength , he _ 1.240 x 10-&eV-m _ no = corey NE X 1O Mm = 12.4 Fm (1fm=1x 10 !© m= 1 femtometer). The frequency may be found from © _ 2,998 x 108 m/s A 1.24 10-14 m us = 2.42 x 10” Hz or from Equation (2.10), E 100 x 10° eV. = oS 2? Hy v= 5 = F199 x10 evs 7 242 10% He. 2-9: (a) ‘I'he number of photons per unit lime per unit area will be the energy per unit time per unit area (the power per unit area, ?/A), divided by the energy per photon, or (P/A) 1.4 x 10° W/m? o 21 2 a (een6 x 10-7") (6.0% 10 Ha) 4.2 x 107! photons/(s-m?). (b) With the reasonable assumption that the sun radiates uniformly in all directions, all points at the same distance from the sun should have the same flux of energy, even if there is no surface to absorb the energy. The total power is then (P/A) 4a RE_s = (1.4 « 109 W/m*) 4m (1.5 x 10! am = 4.0 x 107 w, where Rg_s is the mean Earth-Sun distance, commonly abbreviated as “1 AU,” for “astronomical unit.” The number of photons emitted per second is this power divided by the energy per photon, or x 1076 J/s Ts) (6.0 x 10" Fi e .2 x 10" photons/s. (6.626 x 1 (c) The photons are all moving at the same speed c, and in the same direction (spreading is not significant on the scale of the earth), and so the number of photons per unit time per unit area is the product of the number per unit volume and the speed. Using the result from part (a), 4.2 x 10?! photons/(s-m?) = 13 3 3.008 = 10" ia/s = 1.4 x 10" photons/m2-10: ‘The number of photons will be the total energy delivered divided by the energy per photon, and the energy in each pulse is the product of the power and the duration of each pulse, or Re Bo ReN (0.50 W) (632 x 10-° m) . a [\Useeneeunen ee 16 a E ~ he/\ he ~ (6626 x 10-84 J-s) (2.998 x 10° m/s) 2710; photon 2-11: Expressing Equation (2.9) in terms of \ = ¢/v and \y = ofr, and performing the needed algebraic manipulations, : he Kies] 1 ~ (he/No) + KEmax he (1.5 eV)(230 x 10° m)] * (1.240 x 10-® eV-m) =o [+ = 230 nm p + = 180 nm. Note that in the above calcuation, Ay was used twice, once expressed in terms of nanometers and once in terms of meters, as convenient. Of course, whether or not the extra algebra used to save one calculational step is an advantage is subje 2-12: From Equation (2.9), KE jnax = h (v= 1p) = (4.136 x 10-4 eV-s) (0.4 x 10” H 65 eV, keeping extra significant figures. 2-13: ‘The maximum wavelength would correspond to the least energy that would allow an electron to be emitted, so the incident energy wold be equal to the work function, and * = eee 539 nm, where the value of for sodium is taken from Table 2.1 From Equation (2.8), Amax = he 1.240 x 10-6 eV-m X 200 x 10-* m KEmax = hv —o ~2.3eV =3.9eV.2-15: Because only 0.10% of the light creates photoelectrons, the available power is (1.0 x 10-3) (1.5 x10 $ W) = 1.5 x 10 © W. The current will be the product of the number of photoelectrons per unit time and the electron change, or P P A (1.5 x 10-6 J/s) (400 x 10°" m) _ Tees ie Ga0x10 ev OMB HA Bhan (Le) Tn this calculation, note that the units of the result are J/(V-s), and that because one volt is one joule per coulomb, the answer has units of coulombs per second, or amperes. 2-16: (a) At the extinction voltage, the product ¢V will be the maximum Kinetic energy that photoelectrons attain, so 1 (1.240 x 10-6 eV-m Male 1 . a Je 7) =0.60V (E-9¢) 00 10-7 mm 2.50 *) 0.60 V (a significant, figure is lost. in the subtraction) (b) The electrons are nonrelativistic, so from 5m _ f2KE _ /2(0.60 eV) (1.60 x 10-1" J/eV) ae (9.1095 x 10-7 kg) KE, 4.6 x 10° n/s. 2-20: ‘The x-rays with the minimum wavelength wifi have the largest possible energy, which is the product of the applied voltage and the electron charge e. The appl ed voltage is then he/rA he _ (1.240 x 107% e e eX (Le)(30 x 10 221: For the highest frequeney, the electtons will acquire all oftheir kinetic energy from the aecelerating voltage. and this energy will appear as the electromagnetic radiation emitted when these electrons sirike the screen, The fieuency of this radiation will be Ee (el0x10'V) yy rots Roh aldo eves which corresponds to S-rays.2-22: From Equation (2.13), with n = 1 for the smallest angle, the d between the atomic planes is Xx 0.30 nm = ano (3. = 0.32 nm. d 2-23: Solving Equation (2.13) for @ with n = 1, (0.030 nm) \ _ gs (% ae) 2 2-28: From Equation (2.23), =A+tAc(1~ cos) = 55.8 pm + (2.426 pm)(1 — cos 46°) = 56.5 pm. 2-28: Solving Equation (2.23) for A, the wavelength of the x-rays in the direct beam, A= 2! Fe(L— cos) = 2.2 pm— (2.426 pm)(1 — cos 45°) = 1.5 pm to the given two significant figures 2-30: ‘The energy imparted to the electron must be the energy lost by the photon, and because the energy of the photon is proportional to its frequency, the energy lost. is AE = hAv = (6.626 «10 J-s)(0.3 x10” H=) = 210 to the one signigicant figure available from Av. Using h = 4.136 x 10°!® eV-s gives AE = 12000eV 231: Rewriting Equation (2.23) in terms of frequencies, with A = ¢/v and 2! = ¢/v', and with cos 90° = 0, = 2426 y and solving for 7 gives Fit oclee 1 2426 x 107% m v=lDt] ~ [30x 10% Tz * 2.998 x 10° m/s The above method avoids the intermediate calculation of wavelengths “1 | = 2.4 x 10" Hz,2-34: (a) A direct application of Equation (2.23) gives AA =X — A= Ac (1 — cos 4) = (2.426 pm)(1 — cos 120°) = 3.639 pm, or 3.64 pm to three significant figures. (b) See the note preceding the solution to Problem 2-25. sing sin 120° (BX7A) + (1 — cos 8) ~ (8.639780) + (1 — cos 1305) ~ 25604 tand = from which @ = 29.3°, or 29° to two significant figures. (c) The electron’s recoil energy will be the change in the photon’s energy, 1 1 Forte KE “(4 +) = (1.240 x 10-6 even) ( u 1 80x 10-1 m 83.639 x 10-7 a for 2-40: Denote the photons by subscripts 1 and 2, with the subscript jon of the positron. From conserva- the photon that moves in the original direc tion of energy, KEg = 2me? = E; + Ez, and from conservation of momentum poc = Ey ~ Ex, where po is the magnitude of the positron’s momentum before the annihilation. Recall from Chapter 1 that the postitron’s momentum in terms of its kinetic energy is given by Vike + me)? (me)? Ey? + 2KEme pe = VE? (mea? = V(2.000 MeV)? + 2 (2.000 MeV) (0.511 MeV) = 2.458 MeV. Then, Ey + E> = 3.022 MeV = KEo + 2m E, — Ez = 2.458 MeV. ions and dividing by 2 gives Fy = 2.740 MeV, and subtracting = 0.282 MeV Adding these expre and dividing by 2 gives2-45: From either Equation (2.26) or Problem 2-43 above, In2 _ 0.693 Xj2=— = =z = 8.9mm uo 78m 2-51: In Equation (2.29), the ratio 5 5.67 11 Num?/kp?) (2. 20 GM _ (6.67 x 10-1 Nom? /kg?) (2.0 x 10 kg) 4 19 yg-0 ‘2R (2.998 x 108 m/s)" (7.0 x 108 m) (keeping an extra significant figure) is so small that for an “approximate” red shift, the ratio AX/) will be the same as Av/v, and GM eR ArA=X = (500 x 10-9 m) (2.12 x 107°) = 1.06 x 1077? m = .06 pm 2-52: See Problem 2-51; -« GM © 67 x 10-1! N.m2/kg?) (2.0 x 108° kg) e —— = 2.32 x 1074, (2.998 x 108 m/s)” (6.4 x 108 m) which is so small that AX/A will be the same as Av/v, and 4 (500 nm) (2.82 x 10-4) = 0.12 min.