CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION

CONVENTION AND FREEDOM:

1. ICAO CONVENTION WAS SIGNED IN CHICAGO IN 1944, 7TH DEC.
2. AS PER THIS CONVENTION FIIVE FREEDOMS OF THE AIR WERE DECLARED
FIRST 2 FREEDOMS ARE KNOWN AS TECHINICAL FREEDOM
⮚ FREEDOM 1 : RIGHT TO OVERFLY WITHOUT LANDING

⮚ FREEDOM 2 : RIGHT TO LAND FOR TECHNICAL PURPOSE ( NON TRAFFIC PERPOSE)

3, 4, 5 FREEDOMS ARE KNOWN AS COMMERCIAL FREEDOM
⮚ FREEDOM 3 : RIGHT TO PUT DOWN PAX FROM HOME STATE

⮚ FREEDOM 4 : RIGHT TO CARRY PAX FOR HOME STATE

⮚ FREEDOM 5 : RIGHT TO CARRY PAX TO THIRD STATE

CONVENTIONS
1. TOKYO CONVENTION: OFFENCE ON BOARD AGAINST PENAL LAW.
(IT IS APPLICABLE TO A/C IN THE CONTRACTING STATE AND THE INCIDENT SHOULD IN THE
CONTRACTING STATE)
2. ROME CONVENTION: DEALS WITH DAMAGE CAUSED BY FOREIGN A/C TO THIRD PARTY ON THE
SURFACE.
3. WARSAW CONVENTION: DEALS WITH RESPONSIBILITY FOR CARRIAGE OF PAX, BAGGAGE AND
CARGO.
4. MONTERAL CONVENTION : DEALS WITH OFFENCES ON BOARD LEADING TO DAMAGE OF PROPERTY
OF A/C ( UNLAWFUL VIOLENT ACT)
5. CHICAGO CONVENTION : 7TH DEC 1944 INDIA IS A SIGNATORY TO CHICAGO CONVENTION
⮚ OBJECTIVE OF THE ICAO ( CHICAGO CONVENTION 1944) – IS TO DEVELOP PRINCIPALS AND
TECHNIQUE FOR INTERNATION CIVIL AVIATION
⮚ ICAO ALSO ESTABLISES SARPS – STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTISES FOR
CONTRACTING STATES
⮚ SUBMISSION AND ADOPTING OF SARPS - IS DONE BY AIR NAVIAGATION COMMISION.

● AIRWORTHINESS OF AIRCRAFT
⮚ AIRWORTHINESS MEANING A/C IS FIT TO FLY.

⮚ C of A IS GIVEN BY DGCA.

⮚ IT IS GIVEN IN ANNEX 8, RULES OF THE AIR 1937.

⮚ ANNEX 8 IS DEALING WITH TECHNICAL POINT OF VIEW.

⮚ ANNEX 6 IS DEALING WITH OPERATIONAL AND SAFETY POINT OF VIEW.

⮚ DGCA IS EMPOWERED TO SUSPEND OR CANCEL THE C of A.

⮚ FROM A/C AGE 1 TO 10 , C of A IS VALID FOR 5 YEARS

⮚ FROM A/C AGE 10 TO 20, C of A IS VALID FOR 2 YEARS

⮚ AFTER A/C AGE OF 20, C of A IS VALID FOR 1 YEAR.

AIR REGULATIONS

● AIRCRAFT NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION MARKS

1. NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION MARK IS GIVEN BY DGCA
2. THIS CERTIFICATE MUST BE CARRIED IN THE FLIGHT AT ALL TIMES.
3. THE REGISTRATION MARK SHALL BE LATTERS, NUMBERS, OR A COMBINATION
4. Q codes, SOS, XXX, PAN, TTT SHALL NOT BE USED FOR REGISTRATION MARKING.
MEANSUREMENTS OF NATIONALITY, COMMON AND REGISTRATION MARKS
⮚ WINGS: HEAVIER THAN AIR, 50CM

⮚ FUSELAGE: HEAVIER THAN AIR, 30CM

⮚ LIGHTER THAN AIR: 50CM

1. THE NATIONALITY MARK OF THE A/C IS IN CAPITAL LETTERS VT

2. VT IS USED BY CIVIL A/C, VU IS USED BY MILLITARY A/C.
3. REGISTRATION MARK SHOULD BE CLEAN AND VISIABLE.
4. THE NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION MARK CANCEL BY DGCA ONLY WHEN A/C IS
DESTROYED OR SOLD TO ONETHER COUNTRY.
5. NATIONAL FLAG OR COLOUR MAY BE DISPLAYED ON A/C BUT SHOULD NOT CREAT A
CONFUTION WITH MILITARY A/C.
6. OPERATOR CAN PUT THEIR LOGO ON A/C BUT IT SHOULD NOT INERFERE WITH REGISTRATION
MARK.
● PERSONAL LICENSING
PERSONAL LICENSING IS IN ANNEX 1.
D.G.C.A. IS LICENSING AUTORITY TO ISSUE LICENSES.

❖ SPL – STUDENT PILOT LICENSE

1)AGE – 16 YEARS
2)EDUCATION QUALIFICATION- 10TH OR EQUIVALENT
3)MEDICAL FITNESS- CLASS – 2
4)KNOWLEDGE- MET, REG, NAV, TECH-GENERAL, TECH-SPECIFIC ORAL
EXAMINATION BY FLYING CLUB , PASSING MARKS IS 50%
5) VALIDITY- 5 YEARS OR HOLDER OBTAINS HIGHER CATEGORY LICENSE
6) RENEWAL- AFTER 5 YEARS
7) PRIVILEGES –
● HE SHALL FLY AT ALL TIME UNDER THE SUPERVISION.
● HE SHALL FLY VFR ONLY.
● HE SHALL NOT CARRY A PAX, CARGO, ANIMALS.
● HE SHALL NOT GO CROSS-COUNTRY FLTIGHT UNLESS HE HAS MIN 10 HOURS OF SOLO
FLIGHT TIME AND SPL ORAL EXAMS OF AIR NAVIGATION AND AIR METEOROLOGY.

❖ PPL – PRIVATE PILOT LICENSE

1) AGE – 17 YEARS
2) EDUCATION QUALIFICATION – 10TH OR EQUIVALENT
3) MEDICAL FITNESS – CLASS 2
AIR REGULATIONS

4) KNOWLEDGE – ONLINE EXAMS OF COMPOSITE (MET AND NAV),REG,

WRITTEN EXAMTECH-GENERAL, TECH-SPECIFIC PASSING MARKS – 70%
5) VALIDITY – 10 YEARS
6) RENEWAL – AT LEAST 10 HOURS PIC HOURS IN LAST 12 MONTHS AND
SHOULD UNDERGO FLYING TESTS
7) PRIVILEGES-
● NO FLIGHT UNDERTAKEN FOR REMUNERATION OF ANY KIND
● THE PAX CARRIED BY NIGHT IF HE HAS A VALID RATING
● CAN’T FLY IFR IF HAS NOT VALID RATING.

TOTAL REQUIREMENTS:
40 HOURS TOTAL
20 HOURS P.I.C. (150 NM X-CTY 2 DIFFERENT AERODROME)
5 HOURS NIGHT FLYING (5 T/O AND 5 LANDINGS) (100NM X-CTY)
5 HOURS INSTRUMENT FLYING (2.5 MAX ON APPROVED SIM)
10 HOURS P.I.C. FLYING IN LAST 12 MONTHS
LAST 6 MONTHS REQUIREMENTS:
GFT DAY
GFT NIGHT
I.R.CHECK

❖ CPL - COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENSE WITHOUT I.R.

1) AGE – 18 YEARS
2) EDUCATION QUALIFICATION – 12TH WITH P.C.M. OR EQUIVALENT
3) MEDICAL – CLASS 1 (BEFORE 40 – 1 YEARS, AFTER 40 – 6 MONTHS)
4) KNOWLEDGE- ONLINE EXAMS OF MET, REG, NAV, written EXAMS
5) TECH-GENERAL, TECH-SPECIFIC, RTR(A)-50%. PASSING MARKS FOR DGCA-70%
6) VALIDITY – 5 YEARS
7) RENEWAL- 10 HOURS PIC LAST 12 MONTHS
ALL CHECKS
8) EXPERIENCE –
LAST 5 YEARS REQUIREMENTS:
200 HOURS TOTAL
100 HOURS P.I.C.
20 HOURS X- COUNTRY INCLUDING 300NM X-CNTRY FLIGHT
5 HOURS NIGHT P.I.C. ( 10 T/O AND 10 LANDINGS)
AIR REGULATIONS

10 HOURS INSTRUMENT OUT OF WHICH MAX 5 HOURS ON APPROVED

SIMULATOR.
LAST 6 MONTHS REQUIREMENTS:
15 HOURS P.I.C.
5 HOURS NIGHT P.I.C. (10 T/O AND 10 LANDINGS)
250 NM X-CNTRY CHECK BY DAY INCLUDING 1 LANDING AT OTHER
AERODROME THAN YOUR DEPARTURE AERODROME.
120 NM X-CNTRY CHECK BY NIGHT (COME BACK WITHOUT LANDING)
GFT DAY, GFT NIGHT.

PRIVILAGES – TO EXERCISE ALL THE PRIVILAGES OF PPL,

ACT AS A PIC OF ANY A/C WHICH IS ENDORSED IN HIS LICENSE AND A.U.W LESS THAN OR EQAUAL TO
5700KG.
TO ACT AS A CO-PILOT OF ANY A/C WHICH IS ENTERED IN THE A/C RATING OF HIS LICENSE. CAN FLY IFR IF
RATING IS VALID, CAN FLY BY NIGHT IF RATING IS VALID.
HERE, I.R. IS REQUIRED BECAUSE OF NIGHT FLYING (IN INDIA, NIGHT VFR
FLIGHTS ARE NOT APPROVED*) *CONDITIONS APPLY

❖ CPL - COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENSE WITH I.R.

❖ AGE – 18 YEARS

❖ EDUCATION QUALIFICATION – 12TH WITH P.C.M. OR EQUIVALENT

❖ MEDICAL – CLASS 1 (BEFORE 40 – 1 YEAR, AFTER 40 – 6 MONTHS)

❖ KNOWLEDGE- ONLINE EXAMS OF MET, REG, NAV, written EXAMSTECH-GENERAL,

TECH-SPECIFIC, RTR (A)-50%. PASSING MARKS FOR DGCA-70%
❖ VALIDITY – 5 YEARS

❖ RENEWAL- 10 HOURS PIC LAST 12 MONTHS

ALL CHECKS
❖ EXPERIENCE –
200 HOURS TOTAL
100 HOURS P.I.C.
50 HOURS X- COUNTRY P.I.C. INCLUDING 300NM X-CNTRY FLIGHT
5 HOURS NIGHT P.I.C. (10 T/O AND 10 LANDINGS)
40 HOURS INSTRUMENT OUT OF WHICH MAX 20 HOURS ON APPROVED
SIMULATOR.
 AIR REGULATIONS

LAST 6 MONTHS REQUIREMENTS:

15 HOURS P.I.C.
5 HOURS NIGHT P.I.C. (10 T/O AND 10 LANDINGS)
250 NM X-CNTRY CHECK BY DAY INCLUDING 1 LANDING AT OTHER
AERODROME THAN YOUR DEPARTURE AERODROME.
120 NM X-CNTRY CHECK BY NIGHT ( COME BACK WITHOUT LANDING)
GFT DAY, GFT NIGHT, I.R. CHECK.

PRIVILAGES – TO EXERCISE ALL THE PRIVILAGES OF PPL.

ACT AS A PIC OF ANY A/C WHICH IS ENDORSED IN HIS LICENSE AND A.U.W LESS THAN OR EQAUAL TO
5700KG.
TO ACT AS A CO-PILOT OF ANY A/C WHICH IS ENTERED IN THE A/C RATING OF HIS LICENSE.
CAN FLY IFR IF RATING IS VALID.
CAN FLY BY NIGHT IF RATING IS VALID.

❖ ATPL – AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOT LICENSE

1. AGE – 21 YEARS
2. EDUCATION QUALIFICATION – 10+2 (PCM)OR EQUIVALENT
3. MEDICAL FITNESS – CLASS – 1
4. KNOWLEDGE – METEOROLOGY (ONLY WRITTEN)
GENERAL NAVIGATION (ORAL AND WRITTEN)
RADIO AIDS AND INSTRUMENTS (ORAL AND WRITTEN)
5. EXPERIENCE:
TOTAL EXPERIENCE
1500 HOURS TOTAL
500 HOURS P.I.C.
200 HOURS X-CTY AS A P.I.C. (50 HOURS X-CTY BY NIGHT)
1000 HOURS X-CTY
100 HOURS FLIGHT TIME BY NIGHT
100 HOURS INSTRUMENT FLIGHT TIME (50 MAX IN SIMULATED)
MUST HAVE C.P.L. OR SENIOR COMMERIAL PILOT LICENSE
MUST HAVE F.R.T.O.L. (A)

12 MONTHS EXPERIENCE
150 HOURS

6 MONTHS EXPERIENCE
10 HOURS

VALIDITY – 5 YEARS
RULES OF THE AIR
❖

AEROBATIC FLIGHT- NO PERSON SHALL FLY AEROBATICALLY

▪ IN THE VICINITY OF AN AERODROME AT A DISTANCE OF LESS THAN 2NM FROM THE
NEAREST POINT OF THE AERODROME UNLESS BEING FLOWN HIGHER THAN 1800M OR
6000FT.
AIR REGULATIONS

▪ WHEN FLYING OVER CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE OR POPULATED AREA EXCEPT WHEN WRITTEN
PERMISSION BY DG.

▪ AEROBATICS SHOULD COMMENCE AT SUCH A HEIGHT SO IT IS TO BE COMPLETED AT A

HEIGHT NOT LESS THAN 2000FT ABOVE AGL.

PROHIBITED AREAS AND RESTRICTED AREAS

A/C SHALL NOT BE FLOWN IN A PROHIBITED AREA, OR IN A RESTRICTED AREA, THE PARTICULARS OF
WHICH HAVE BEEN DULY PUBLISHED, EXCEPT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONDITIONS OF THE
RESTRICTIONS OR BY PERMISSION OF THE STATE OVER WHOSE TERRITORY THE AREAS ARE ESTABLISHED.
✔ IF A FOLLOWING SIGNAL GIVEN BY GROUND INDICATE –

✔ “A SERIES OF PROJECTILES DISCHARGED AT INTERVALS OF 10SEC, SHOWING ON BURSTING RED AND

GREEN LIGHTS.”
✔ INDICATES—THE A/C IS FLYING IN THE VICINITY OF A RESTRICTED, PROHIBITED OR DANGER AREA
AND SHOULD TAKE NECESSARY ACTIONS.
✔ NECESSARY ACTIONS INCLUDES—

▪ FIRSTLY – WILL NOT FLY FURTHER INTO THE PROHIBITED AREA.

▪ SECONDLY – WILL NOT DESCEND WHILE STILL ABOVE PROHIBITED AREA.

▪ THIRDLY – AS HE AWARES OF THE FACT, GIVE THE SIGNAL OF DISTRESS MAYDAY, MAYDAY,
MAYDAY BY R/T.
▪ FORTHLY – IMMEDIATELY SQUAWK DISTESS CODE “7700” AND LAND TO THE NEAREST
AERODROME OUTSIDE PROHIBITED AIRSPACE.

RESTRICTED AREA: AN AIRSPACE OF DEFINED DIMENSION, ABOVE THE LAND AREAS OR TERRITORIAL
WATERS OF A STATE, WITHIN WHICH THE FLIGHT OF A/C IS RESTRICTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH CERTAIN
SPECIFIED CONDITIONS.

PROHIBITED AREA: AN AIRSPACE OF DEFINED DIMENTIONS, ABOVE THE LAND AREAS OR

TERRIT0RIAL WATER OF A STATE, WITHIN WHICH THE FLIGHT OF A/C IS TOTALLY PROHIBITED.
PROHIBITED AREAS IN INDIA
BARODA – UNLIMITED BHUBANESHWAR TOWER – 50000’
BOMBAY – 1 MILE UNLIMITED KALPAKKAM (NUCLEAR) IN SOUTH
MATHURA REFINERY – 10 KMS UNLIMITED
RASTHTRAPATI BHAWAN – UNLIMITED
DANGER AREA: AN AIRSPACE OF DEFINED DIMENSIONS WITHIN WHICH ACTIVITIES DANGEROUS TO
THE FLIGHT OF AIRCRAFT MAY EXIST AT SPECIFIED TIMES.

FORMATION FLIGHTS.
AIRCRAFT SHALL NOT BE FLOWN IN FORMATION EXCEPT BY PREARRANGEMENT AMONG THE P.I.C. OF THE
A/C TAKING PART IN THE FLIGHT AND, FOR FORMATION FLIGHT IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACES, IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONDITIONS PRESCRIBED BY THE APPROPRIATE ATS AUTHORITY.
AIR REGULATIONS

NO FORMATION FLIGHTS FOR CIVIL A/C

● RIGHT OF WAY MEANS THE RIGHT TO PROCEED WITHOUT ALTERATION OF COURSE.THE A/C THAT
HAS THE RIGHT OF WAY IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN IT’S HEADING AND SPEED, AND OBSERVE THE
OTHER A/C WHILST THE COLLISION RISK EXISTS.
● RIGHT OF THE WAY APPROACHING HEAD ON WHEN 2 A/C ARE APPROACHING HEAD ON OR
APPROXIMATELY SO AND THERE IS DANGER OF COLLISION, EACH SHALL EITHER ITS HEADING TO
THE RIGHT.
● CONVERGING: WHEN 2 A/C ARE CONVERGING AT APPROXIMATELY THE SAME LEVEL, THE A/C THAT
HAS THE OTHER ON ITS RIGHT SHALL GIVE WAY, EXCEPT AS FOLLOWS.
▪ GENERAL RULES FOR AIR COLLISION AVOIDENCE
POWER DRIVEN FLYING MACHINES MUST GIVE WAY TO AIRSHIPS, BALLOONS, GLIDERS.
AIRSHIPS MUST GIVE WAY TO BALLOONS AND GLIDERS. GLIDERS MUST GIVE WAY TO BALLOONS AND
POWER DRIVEN FLYING MACHINES MUST GIVE WAY TO TOWING A/C.

OVERTAKING
AN A/C THAT IS BEING OVERTAKEN HAS THE RIGHT OF WAY AND THE OVERTAKING A/C, WHETHER
CLIMBING, DESCENDING, OR IN HORIZONTAL FLIGHT, SHALL KEEP OUT OF THE WAY BY ALTERING ITS
HEADING TO THE RIGHT.
AN OVERTAKING A/C IS AN A/C THAT APPROACHES FROM THE REAR ON A LINE FORMING AN ANGLE OF
LESS THAN 70 DEGREE.

LANDING
AN A/C IN FLIGHT, OR OPERATING ON THE GROUND OR WATER, SHALL GIVE WAY TO A/C LANDING OR IN
THE FINAL STAGES OF AN APPROACH TO LAND.

SURFACE MOVEMENT OF A/C

IN CASE OF DANGER OF COLLISION BETWEEN 2 A/C TAXIING ON THE MOVEMENT AREA OF AN
AERODROME THE FOLLOWING SHALL APPLY:
▪ WHEN 2 A/C ARE APPROACHING HEAN ON, OR APPROXIMATELY SO, EACH SHALL STOP
OR WHERE PRACTICABLE ALTER ITS COURSE TO THE RIGHT SO AS TO KEEP WELL CLEAR.
▪ WHEN 2 A/C ARE ON A CONVERGING COURSE, THE ONE WHICH HAS THE OTHER ON
ITS RIGHT SHALL GIVE WAY.
▪ AN A/C WHICH IS BEING OVERTAKEN BY ONETHER A/C SHALL HAVE THE RIGHT-OF-WAY
AND THE OVERTAKING A/C SHALL KEEP WELL CLEAR OF THE OTHER A/C.

LIGHTS TO BE DISPLAYED BY A/C

WHEN LIGHTS MUST BE DISPLAYED FROM SUNSET TO SUNRISE (OR DURING ANY OTHER PERIOD
PRESCRIBED BY THE APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY), ALL A/C IN FLIGHT OR ON THE MOVEMENT AREA OF AN
AERODROME MUST DISPLAY:
▪ ANTI COLLISION LIGHTS INTENDED TO ATTRACT THE ATTENTION OF OTHER A/C.

▪ NAVIGATION LIGHTS INTENDED TO INDICATE THE RELATIVE PATH OF THE AIRCRAFT TO AN

OBSERVER. NO OTHER LIGHTS SHALL BE DISPLAYED IF THEY ARE LIKELY TO BE MISTAKEN FOR THE
NAVIGATION LIGHTS.
AIR REGULATIONS

▪ UNLESS STATIONARY, AND OTEHRWISE ADEQUATELY ILLUMINATED, ALL A/C ON THE MOVEMENT
AREA OF AN AERODROME SHALL DISPLAY LIGHTS INTENDED TO INDICATE THE EXTREMITIES OF
THEIR STRUCTURE AND TO ATTRACT ATTENTION TO THE A/C.
▪ ALL A/C OPERATING ON THE MOVEMENT AREA OF AN AERODROME WHOSE ENGNES ARE RUNNING
SHALL DISPLAY LIGHTS WHICH INDICATE THAT FACT.

NAVIGATION LIGHTS:
LEFT SIDE (PORT SIDE) : 110 DEGREE –RED LIGHT
RIGHT SIDE (STARBOARD SIDE) : 110 DEGREE – GREEN LIGHT
REAR SIDE : 140 DEGREE – WHITE LIGHT
THE ANGLE OF COVERAGE: PARALLEL TO THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS TO 70 DEGREE EITHER SIDE.
● ANTI – COLLISION LIGHT
ANTI – COLLISION LIGHTS
ALL A/C, IN FLIGHT OR OPERATING ON THE MOVEMENT AREA OF AN AERODROME THAT ARE FITTED WITH
ANTI COLLISION LIGHTS, SHALL DISPLAY THESE LIGHTS AT ALL TIMES. IF AN ANTI-COLLISION LIGHT FAILS IN
FLIGHT, THE LIGHT IS TO BE REQUIRED PRIOR TO THE NEXT FLIGHT.
THUMB RULE:
GREEN TO GREEN – ALL GOOD
RED TO RED – GO AHEAD
RED TO GREEN – YOU MUST BE SEEN
GREEN TO RED – DANGER
● WHEN A PILOT IS AWARE THAT A NAVIGATION LIGHT HAS FAILED, ATC IS TO BE INFORMED AND THE
A/C IS TO LAND AND HAVE THE LIGHT REPAIRED BEFORE CONTINUING THE FLIGHT.
● WHEN ANTI COLLISION LIGHT FAILS A/C CAN CONTINUE FLIGHT AND REPAIR IT BEFORE NEXT
FLIGHT.
FLIGHT PLAN RULE
IS NEED FOR
● ANY FLIGHT OR PORTION OF A FLIGHT REQUIRING AN ATC SERVICE.
● ANY IFR FLIGHT IN ADVISORY AIRSPACE.
● ANY FLIGHT WHERE THE APPROPRIATE ATC SERVICE IS REQUIRED TO PROVIDE A FLIGHT
INFORMATION SERVICE(FIS), ALERTING SERVICE, AND SEARCH AND RESCUE(SAR) SERVICE,
● WHERE THE AUTHORITY HAS DETERMINED THAT A FPL SHOULD BE FILED TO FACILIATE
COORDINATION BETWEEN CIVILIAN AND MILITARY AUTHORITIES,
● ANY FLIGHT ACROSS INTERNATIONAL BORDERS.
60 MINUTES
FOR A FLIGHT TO BE PROVIDED WITH AN ATC SERVICE OR ADVISORY ATC, THE FPL IS TO BE FILED AT LEAST
60 MIN BEFORE DEPARTURE.
10 MINUTES
FOR THE FILING OF A FPL IN FLIGHT, THE FPL IS TO BE FILED AT LEAST 10 MIN BEFORE THE A/C IS
ESTIMATED TO REACH:
● THE INTENDED POINT OF ENTRY INTO AN AREA WHERER ATC ADVISORY IS TO BE PROVIDED: OR
● THE POINT OF CROSSING AN AIRWAY OR ADVISORY ROUTE.

DELAYS AFTER FILING

IN THE EVENT OF A DELAY OF 30 MIN IN EXCESS OF THE ESTIMATED OFF-BLOCK TIME FOR A CONTROLLED
FLIGHT OR A DELAY OF ONE HOUR FOR AN UNCONTROLLED FLIGHT FOR WHICH A FLIGHT PLAN HAS BEEN
SUBMITTED, THE FLIGHT PLAN SHOULD BE AMENDED OR A NEW FLIGHT PLAN SUBMITTED AND THE OLD
FLIGHT PLAN CANCELLED.
ADHERENCE CHANGES
AIR REGULATIONS

A PILOT OPERATING A CONTROLLED FLIGHT IS REQUIRED TO ADHERE TO THE CPL (CURRENT FLIGHT PLAN)
INADVERTENT CHANGES
IF A CONTROLLED FLIGHT DEVIATES FROM THE FPL, THE FOLLOWING ACTION IS TO BE TAKEN:
● DAVIATION FROM TRACK
ADJUST THE HEADING TO REGAIN THE DESIRED TRACK AS SOON AS PRACTICABLE.
● VARIATION IN TAS
IF TAS AT CRUISING LEVEL CHANGES (OR IS EXPECTED TO CHANGE) BY 5% OR MORE
● CHANGE IN ETA
IF THE ETA CHANGES BY MORETHAN +/- 3 MIN, THE ETA IS TO BE REVISED TO ATC. IN AN OCEANIC
CONTROL AREA, REPORT CHANGES IN ETA OF 3+/- MIN OR MORE.

LIGHT SIGNAL A/C IN AIR A/C ON GROUND

STEADY RED DO NOT LAND, COUNTINUE CIRCLING STOP
FLASHING RED DO NOT LAND, AERODROME CLOSED MOVE AND CLEAR OF
OR UNSAFE LANDING AREA
FLASHING GREEN RETURN TO AERODROME & WAIT FOR CLEAR TO TAXI
LANDING CLEARANCE
STEADY GREEN CLAR TO LAND CLEAR FOR TAKE OFF
FLASHING WHITE LAND AT THE AERODROME AND RETURN TO STARTING
PROCEED TO APRON POING ON AERODROME
RED FLARE DO NOT WITHSTAND WITH PREVIOUS
INTSRUCTION & DO NOT LAND FOR
TIMING

TIME
IN ALL COMMUNICATIONS, TIME IS TO BE EXPRESSED AS CO-ORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME (UTC) UTILISING
THE 24 HOUR CLOCK. A TIME CHECK IS TO BE OBTAINED BEFORE OPERATING A CONTROLLED FLIGHT.
ATC CLOCK SHOULD BE WITHIN 30 SEC. ACCURATE WITH UTC TIME.

COMMUNICATION RULE
● A CONTROLLED FLIGHT IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN TWO WAY COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION FAILURE IN VMC

IF AN A/C IS UNABLE TO COMMUNICATE , IN ADDITION TO SQUAWKING 7600 AND MAINTAINING A VISUAL
WATCH FOR SIGNALS, IF FLYING IN VMC, MAINTAIN VMC AND LAND AT THE NEAREST SUITABLE
AERODROME. ATC IS TO BE INFORMED AS SOON AS POSSIBLE ONCE THE AIRCRAFT LANDS.

COMMUNICATION FAILURE IN IMC

● MAINTAIN THE LAST ASSIGNED SPEED AND/OR LEVEL, FOR A PERIOD OF 20 MIN AFTER THE FAILURE
TO REPORT OVER THE LAST COMPULSORY REPORTING POINT;
● PROCEED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE FPL TO THE NAVIGATION FACILITY SERVING THE DESTINATION
AERODROME AND HOLD ON THAT FACILITY;
● DESCEND FROM THE FACILITY AT THE LAST RECEIVED AND ACKOWLEDGED EXPECTED APPROACH
TIME(EAT), OR WHERE NO EAT HAS BEEN ISSUED, AT THE ETA FROM THE FPL;
● FLY A NORMAL INSTUMENT APPROACH;
● LAND WITHIN 30 MIN OF THE ETA.
AIR REGULATIONS

ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL (ETA) – FOR IFR FLIGHTS, THE TIME AT WHICH IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE A/C
WILL ARRIVE OVER THAT DESIGNATED POINT, DEFINED BY REFERENCE TO NAVIGATION AIDS, FROM WHICH
IT IS INTENDED THAT AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE WILL BE COMMENCED.
EXPECTED APPROACH TIME (EAT) - THE TIME AT WHICH ATC EXPECTS THAT AN ARRIVING A/C, FOLLOWING
A DELAY, WILL LEAVE THE HOLDING POINT TO COMPLETE ITS APPROACH FOR A LANDING.
SPECIAL VFR FLIGHT – A VFR FLIGHT CLEARED BY AUR TRAFFIC CONTROL
VISIBILITY – VISIBILITY FOR AERONAUTICAL PURPOSES IS THE GREATER OF:
● THE GREATEST DISTANCE AT WHICH A BLACK OBJECT OF SUITABLE DIMENSIONS, SITUATED NEAR
THE GROUND, CAN BE SEEN AND RECOGNIZED WHEN OBSERVED AGAINST A BRIGHT
BACKGROUND;
● THE GREATEST DISTANCE AT WHICH LIGHTS IN THE VICINITY OF 1000 CANDLES CAN BE SEEN AND
IDENTIFIED AGAINST AT UNLIT BACKGROUND.

TAKE-OFF AND LANDING

VFR FLIGHTS CANNOT TAKE OFF OR LAND AT AN AERODROME IN A CTR, OR ENTER AN AERODROME
TRAFFIC ZONE OR TRAFFIC PATTERN WHEN:
● WHEN CEILING IS LESS THAN 1500FT
● WHEN SKY IS COVERED MORE THAN HALF
● THE VISIBILITY IS LESS THAN 5KM
● NIGHT – NO VFR AT NIGHT

MINIMUM HEIGHTS
A VFR FLIGHT SHALL NOT BE FLOWN:
● OVER THE CONGESTED AREAS OF CITIES, TOWNS OR SETTLEMENTS, OR OVER AN OPEN AIR
ASSEMBLY OF PERSONS, AT A HEIGHT LESS THAN 300m (1000ft) ABOVE THE HIGHEST-OBSTACLE
WITHIN A RADIUS OF 600m FROM THE A/C
● ELSEWHERE, AT A HEIGHT LESS THAN 150m (500ft) ABOVE THE GROUND OR WATER.
WEATHER DETERIORATOIN BELOW VMC
IF IT BECOMESS EVIDENT THAT A CONTROLLED VFR FLIGHT WILL NOT REMAIN IN VMC, THE PILOT IS
TO:
● REQUEST AN AMENDED CLEARANCE TO CONTINUE TO THE DESTINATION AERODROME BY
ONETHER ROUTE REMAINING IN VMC;
● LAND AT THE NEAREST USABLE AERODROME; OR
● IF OPERATING IN A CTR, REQUEST A SVFR CLEARENCE; OR
● FILE AN IFR FLIGHT PLAN.

SPECIAL VFR (SVFR)

SVFR IS DEFINED AS A CLEARANCETO FLY WITHIN A CTR IN CONDITIONS LESS THAN VMC IN WHICH THE
PILOT REMAINS CLEAR OR CLOUD AND IN VISUAL CONTACT WITH THE GROUND.

PROVISION OF SVFR
WHERE A PILOT CAN’T, OR HAS GOOD REASON NOT TO, COMPLY WITH IFR IN A CTR HE/SHE MAY REQUEST
A SPECIAL VFR CLEARANCE TO :
● ENTER A CTR TO LAND AT AN AERODROME WITHIN THE CTR;
● TAKE-OFF FROM AN AERODROME WITHIN A CTR AND DEPART FROM THE CTR; OR
● TO FLY BETWEEN AERODROME WITHIN A CTR.

TAKE-OFF CONDITIONS:
PROVIDING THE GROUND VISIBILITY IS NOT LESS THAN 1500m
AIR REGULATIONS

MINIMUM HEIGHT RULE (IMC)

● OVER HIGH TERRAIN OR IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS, AT A LEVEL WHICH IS AT LEAST 600m (2000ft)
ABOVE THE HIGHEST OBSTACLE LOCATED WITHIN WHICH 8km OF THE ESTIMATED POSITION OF THE
A/C;
● ELSEWHERE THAN AS SPECIFIED IN ABOVE POINT, AT A LEVEL WHICH IS AT LEAST 300m (1000ft)
ABOVE THE HIGHEST OBSTACLE LOCATED WITHIN 8km OF THE ESTIMATED POSITION OF THE A/C.
IFR IS FLOWN WHEN EVER WEATHER IS BELOW VMC AND WHEN PILOT WISHES TO FLY IFR
BUT WITH PROPER NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENT’S BOARD.

REDUCED VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMA (RVSM)

FL 290 TO FL 410
THE DESIRED CRUISING LEVELS FOR TURBO-JET A/C ARE ADJANCENT TO THE TROPOPAUSE
(TYPICALLY FL 350 TO FL 370). IN THE UPPER AIRSPACE THESE LEVELS QUICKLY BECOME OCCUPIED AND
CONGESTION ARISES.
TO OVERCOME THIS, A SYSTEM OF REDUCED VERTICAL SEPARATION IS APPLIED WHEREBY THE 1000ft
SEPARATION BETWEEN FLs IS MAINTAINED UP TO FL 410. ABOVE FL 410, THE INACCURACY IN THE
ALTIMETER OPERATION IS TOO GREAT FOR CONTINUATION OF THE REDUCED MINIMA. THIS IMMEDIATELY
DOUBLES THE AVAILABLE FLs BETWEEN FL 290 AND THE LIMIT OF THE APPLICATION, FL 410.
THIS STANDARD IS KNOWN AS REDUCED VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMA (RVSM)
REQUIREMENTS
TO FLY IN AIRSPACE WHERE RVSM IS APPLIED, AN A/C MUST BE EQUIPPED WITH –
● TWO INDEPENDENT ALTITUDE MEASURING SYSTEM;
● AN ALTITUDE ALETRING SYSTEM (ACTIVATED BY DEVIATION FROM THE SELECTED ALTITUDE);
● AN AUTOMATIC ALTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM (HEIGHT LOCK),
● AN SSR SYSTEM WITH ALTITUDE REPORTING (MODE C) CONNECTED TO THE SYSTEM USED FOR THE
AUTOMATIC ALTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM.
● ADDITIONALLY, THE OPERATOR MUST BE APPROVED FOR RVSM OPERATIONS
REDUCED VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMA OR MINIMUM (RVSM) IS THE REDUCTION OF THE STANDARD
VERTICAL SEPARATION BETWEEN A/C FLYING BETWEEN FL 290 AND FL 410 INCLUSIVE, FROM 2000ft TO
1000ft THIS THEREFORE INCREASES THE NUMBER OF A/C THAT CAN SAFELY FLY IN A PARTICULAR VOLUME
OR AIRSPACE.
● RVSM AIRSPACE STARTS FROM FL 290 TO FL 410.
● MINIMUM SEPARATION ABOVE FL 290 IS 2000ft
● MINIMUM SEPARATION BETWEEN SAME TRACK A/C ABOVE FL 290 IS 4000ft
● MINIMUM SEPARATION ABOVE FL 290 IN RVSM AIRSPACE IS 1000ft
● MINIMUM SEPARATION BELOW FL 290 IS 1000ft ( OPPOSITE TRACK)
● MINIMUM SEPARATION BELOW FL 290 IS 2000ft ( SAME TRACK)

REFER ALL MARSHALLING SIGNALS AND MANDETORY BOARD SIGN FROM BOOK.

PROCEDURES FOR AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES

(AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS)
THE PROCEDURE FOR AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES -- AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS (PANS – OPS) – DOC 8168
MAIN PURPOSE OF PROCEDURE FOR AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES IS OBSTACLE CLEARENCE IS A PRIMARY
SAFETY CONSIDERATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENT FLIGHT PROCEDURES.
IT IS DESIGN SO THAT IT WILL CLEAR YOU FROM ALL NEARBY OBSTACLES.
THE MINIMUM OBSTACLE CLEARENCE EQUALS ZERO AT THE DEPARTURE END OF THE RUNWAY (DER).
PROCEDURE DESIGN GRADIENT (PDG):
UNLESS OTHERWISE PUBLISHED, A PDG OF 3.3 PERCENT IS ASSUMED.
AIR REGULATIONS

IF ANY OBSTACLE IS ON DEPARTURE WAY, YOU HAVE TO FIND THE GRADIENT FIRST, THEN ADD 0.8 % AS A
MARGIN.
STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURES (SID) :
THE SID TERMINATES AT THE FIRST FIX/FACILITY/WAYPOINT OF THE EN-ROUTE PHASE FOLLOWING THE
DEPARTURE PROCEDURE.
TOTAL 3 TYPES OF DEPARTURES ARE THERE:
1. STRAIGHT DEPARTURE
2. TURNING DEPARTURE
3. OMNI DIRECTIONAL DEPARTURE
1) STRAIGHT DEPARTURE: A STRAIGHT DEPARTURE IS ONE IN WHICH THE INITIAL DEPARTURE TRACK IS
WITHIN 15 DEGREE OF THE ALIGNMENT OF THE RUNWAY CENTRE LINE.
2) TURNING DEPARTURE: WHEN A DEPARTURE ROUTE REQIURES A TURN OF MORE THAN 15 DEGREE. IT IS
CALLED TURNING DEPARTURE.
NO PROVISION IS MADE IN THIS DOCUMENT FOR TURNING DEPARTURES REQUIRING A TURN BELOW 120m
(394ft) AND FOR HELICOPTERS 90m (295ft).
3) OMNIDIRECTION DEPARTURE: IN CASES WHERE NO TRACK GUIDENCE IS PROVIDED, DEPARTURE
PROCEDURES ARE DESIGNED USING THE OMNIDIRECTIONAL METHOD.
NO TURN CAN START BELOW 120m (394ft) AND BEFORE DER.

STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL (STAR):

TOTAL 2 TYPES OF ARRIVAL ARE THERE:
1. STRAIGHT – IN APPROACH
2. CIRCLING APPROACH
1) STRIGHT – IN APPROACH: A STRAIGHT IN APPROACH WILL BE SPECIFIED WHICH IS ALIGNED WITH THE
RUNWAY CENTRE LINE.
A STRAIGHT – IN APPROACH IS CONSIDERED ACCEPTABLE IF THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE FINAL APPROACH
TRACK AND THE RUNWAY CENTRE LINE IS 30 DEGREE OR LESS.
2) CIRCLING APPROACH: A CIRCLING APPROACH WILL BE SPECIFIED IN THOSE CASES WHERE TERRAIN OR
OTHER CONSTRAINTS CUASE THE FINAL APPROACH TRACK.

● SEGMENTS OF THE APPROACH PROCEDURE

AN INSTRUMRNT APPROACH MAY HAVE 5 SEPARATE SEGMETNS
1. ARRIAVAL – A STANDARD INSTRUMENT ARRIVAL ROUTES PERMITS TRANSITION FROM THE ENROUTE TO THE
APPROACH PHASE.
2. INTIAL – AN INITIAL APPROACH SEGMENT BEGINS AT THE INITIAL APPROACH FIX AND ENDS AT THE
INTERMEDIATE FIX. IN THE INTIAL APPROACH, THE A/C HAS LEFT THE EN-ROUTE STRUCTURE AND IS
MANOEUVRING TO ENTER THE INTERMEDIATE APPROACH SEGMENT.
3. INTERMEDIATE – THIS IS THE SEGMENT DURING WHICH THE A/C SPEED AND CONFIGURATION SHOULD BE
ADJUSTED TO PREPARE THE A/C FOR FINAL APPROACH. IN THIS SEGMENT OBSTACLE CLEARANCE IS REDUCED
TO 150m (492ft).
4. FINAL – THIS IS THE SEGMENT IN WHICH ALIGNMENT AND DESCENT FOR LANDING ARE MADE. THE
MINIMUM OBSTACLE CLAERANCE IS DECREASED FROM 150m (492ft) TO 75m (246ft).
TYPES OF FINAL APPROACH:
a) NON PRECISION APPROACH (NPA) WITH FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF)
b) NON PRECISION APPROACH (NPA) WITHOUT FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF)
c) APPROACH WITH VERTICAL GUIDANCE (APV)
d) PRECISION APPROACH (PA)
5. MISSED APPROACH- IN THIS APPROACH PHASE, PILOT IS FACED WITH THE DEMANDING TASK OF
CHANGING THE A/C CONFIGURATION, ATTITUDE AND ALTITUDE. THERE ARE TOTAL 3 PHASES (INITIAL,
INTERMEDIATE AND FINAL).
AIR REGULATIONS

● DESCENT GRADIENT
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE GRADIENT IS 6.5% / 3.7 DEGREE (395ft/NM)
NORMAL GRADIENT IS 5.2% / 3 DEGREE (318ft/NM)
● MINIMUM SECTOR ALTITUDES (MSA)/ TERMINAL ARRIVAL ALTITUDES (TAA)
MINIMUM SECTOR ALTITUDE OR TERMINAL ARRIVAL ALTITUDE ARE ESTABLISHED FOR EACH AERODROME
AND PROVIDE AT LEAST 300m (1000ft) OBSTACLE CLEARENCE WITHIN 25NM OF THE NAV AID.

● HOLDING PROCEDURES
HOLDING PROCEDURES ARE MADE TO MAINTAIN THE TRAFFIC FLOW AND TO WAIT AT SOME POINTS.
ALL TURNS SHOULD BE RATE 1 TURN
HOLDING PATTERN SHOULD BE RACE COURSE PATTERN.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF THE PROCEDURES:
1) STANDARD - RIGHT SIDE
2) NON-STANDARD – LEFT SIDE
TOTAL 3 TYPES OF THE ENTRIES ARE THERE,
1) PARALLEL ENTRY
2) TEAR DROP ENTRY (OFFSET ENTRY)
3) DIRECT ENTRY

● ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES

THIS PROCEDURES IS DEVELOPED TO MAINTAIN VERTICAL SEPARATION BETWEEN ALL A/Cs.
P.I.C. OF THE A/C IS RESPONSIBLE TO MAINTAIN CORRECT ALTIMETER SETTING.
BELOW TRANSITION ALTITUDE YOU WILL FLY ON LOCAL QNH OR QFE
ABOVE TRANSITION LEVEL YOU WILL ALWAYS FLY ON STANDARD QNH I.E. 1013.25 HPa (29.92 INCHES).
TRANSITION LAYER: A LAYER BETWEEN TRANSITON ALTITUDE AND TRANSITION LEVEL.
WIDTH OF THIS LAYES IS 0-999 ft.
P.I.C. HAVE TO SWITCH ALTIMETER SETTING IN THIS LAYER.
IN INDIA, LOWEST TRANSITION ALTITUDE IS 4000ft.

❖ AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES – ANNEX 11 – DOC 4444 – C.A.R. SECTION 4
OBJECTIVES:-
a) PREVENT COLLISION BETWEEN A/Cs
b) PREVENT COLLISION BETWEEN A/C ON THE MANOUERING AREA AND OBSTRUCTIONS ON
THE AREA
c) EXPEDITE AND MAINTAIN AN ORDERLY FLOW OF AIR TRAFFIC
d) PROVIDE ADVICE AND INFORMATION USEFUL FOR THE SAFE AND EFFICIENT CONDUCT OF
FLIGHTS
e) NOTIFY APPROPRIATE ORGANIZATION REGARDING A/C IN NEED OF SEARCH AND RESCUE
AID, AND ASSIST SUCH ORGANIZATIONS AS REQUIRED.

DEVISIONS OF THE AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES:-

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES ARE DEVIDED IN 3 TYPES FOLLOWS:
A. AREA CONTROL SERVICES: THE PROVISION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE FOR CONTROLLED
FLIGHTS, EXCEPT FOR THOSE PARTS OF SUCH FLIGHTS DESCRIBED IN APPROACH AND AERODROME
CONTROL SERVICE. (AFTER S.I.D. SERVICES TO S.T.A.R. SERVICES)
AIR REGULATIONS

B. APPROACH CONTROL SERVICES: THE PROVISION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE FOR THOSE
PARTS OF CONTROLLED FLIGHTS ASSOCIATED WITH ARRIVAL OR DEPARTURE. (AFTER TAKE OFF , AT
THE S.T.A.R. PROCEDURE)

C. AERODROME CONTROL SERVICES: THE PROVISION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE FOR
AERODROME TRAFFIC. (FROM INTIAL APPROACH AND FROM ENTERING RUNWAY)

● FLIGHT INFORMATION REGIONS (F.I.R.): PORTIONS OF THE AIRSPACE WHERE IT IS DETERMINED THE
FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE AND ALERTING SERVICE WILL BE PROVIDED.

CLASS TYPE OF SEPARATION SERVICE PROVIDED SPEED RADIO COMMN. SUBJEC

FLIGHT PROVIDED LIMITAITON REQUIREMENT TO AT
CLEARA
E
A IFR ALL AIRCRAFT ATC SERVICE NOT CONTINUOUS YES
APPLICABLE TWO-WAY
B IFR ALL AIRCRAFT ATC SERVICE NOT CONTINOUS YES
APPLICABLE TWO-WAY
VFR ALL AIRCRAFT ATC SERVICE NOT CONTINOUS YES
APPLICABLE TWO-WAY
C IFR IFR FROM IFR ATC SERVICE NOT CONTINOUS YES
IFR FROMVFR APPLICABLE TWO-WAY
VFR VFR FROM IFR ATC SERVICEES FOR 250 KTS IAS CONTINOUS YES
SEPARATION FROM IFR BELOW 10000ft TWO-WAY
VFR/VFR TRAFFIC INFO.
AMSL
D IFR IFR FROM IFR ATC SERVICES INCLUDING 250 KTS IAS CONTINOUS YES
TRAFFIC INFORMATION BELOW 10000ft TWO-WAY
ABOUT VFR
AMSL
VFR NIL IFR/VFR AND VFR/VFR 250 KTS IAS CONTINOUS YES
TRAFFIC INFORMATION BELOW 10000ft TWO-WAY
AMSL
E IFR IFR FROM IFR ATC SERVICES AND IF 250 KTS IAS CONTINOUS YES
PRACTICAL TRAFFIC INFO BELOW 10000ft TWO-WAY
ABOUT VFR
AMSL
VFR NIL TRAFFIC INFO IF 250 KTS IAS NO NO
PRACTICAL BELOW 10000ft
AMSL
F IFR IFR FROM IFR if AIR TRAFFIC ADVISORY 250 KTS IAS CONTINOUS YES
practicable SERVICES, FLIGHT INFO BELOW 10000ft TWO-WAY
SERVICES
AMSL
VFR NIL FLIGHT INFORMATION 250 KTS IAS NO NO
SEVICES BELOW 10000ft
AMSL250 KTS
IAS BELOW
10000ft AMSL
G IFR NIL FLIGHT INFORMATION 250 KTS IAS CONTINOUS NO
SEVICES BELOW 10000ft TWO-WAY
AMSL250 KTS
IAS BELOW
10000ft AMSL
AIR REGULATIONS

VFR NIL FLIGHT INFORMATION 250 KTS IAS NO NO

SEVICES BELOW 10000ft
AMSL250 KTS
IAS BELOW
10000ft AMSL
IN INDIA THERE ARE ONLY CLASS C, CLASS D, CLASS E, CLASS F, CLASS G AIRSPACES.

ATS AIRSPACE CLASSIFICATIONS:

FIRs AND LOCATION INDICATORS: THIS IS A FOUR-LETTER CODE FORMULATED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH THE RULES PREPARED BY ICAO.
ICAO HAS DIVIDED THE WHOLE WORLD INTO NON-OVERLAPPING 20 AFSRA.
(AFSRA: AERONAUTICAL FIXED SERVICES ROUTINE AREA)
LOCATION INDICATOR ARE ASSSIGNED BY STATES AND ARE SUPERVISED BY ICAO.
THE FORMATION IS AS UNDER: VIDP
FIRST ALPHABET IDENTIFIES THE AFSRA: V
SECOND ALPHABET IDENTIFIES THE STATE/COUNTRY: I
THIRD AND FOURTH ALPHABETS IDENTIFY THE PLACE/STATION: DP
THE SECOND ALPHABET ASSIGNED TO INDIA ARE A, E, I, O.
BOMBAY FIR: A KOLKATA FIR: E
DELHI FIR: I GUWAHATI FIR: E CHENNAI FIR: O

INDICATORS:
1) NDB: 2 OR 3 CAPITAL LETTERS LIKE JG REPRESENTS DEHRADUN
2) VOR: 3 CAPITAL LETTERS LIKE AAE REPRESENTS AHMEDABAD
3) ILS : 4 CAPITAL LETTERS STARTS WITH I LIKE IGHT REPRESENTS GUWAHATI.
4) ROUTES: WILL HAVE ATLEAST 1 ALPHABET AND A NUM FROM 1 TO 999 LIKE W474
(A DOMESTIC ROUTES IN INDIA START WITH LETTER W.
CONTROL AREAS: A LOWER LIMIT OF A CONTROL AREA SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 200m (700ft).
STRAYED AIRCRAFT: AN A/C WHICH HAS DEVIATED SIGNIFICANTLY FROM ITS INTENDED TRACK OR WHICH
REPORTS THAT IT IS LOST.
ALERTING SEVICE: IN THE EVENT OF A STATE OF EMERGENCY ARISING TO AN A/C WHILE IT IS UNDER THE
CONTROL OF AN AERODROME CONTROL TOWER OT APPROACH CONTROL UNIT SHALL NOTIFY
IMMEDIATELY THE FLIGHT INFORMATION CENTRE OR AREA CONTROL CENTRE RESPONSIBLE WHICH SHALL
TURN NOTIFY THE RESCUE COORDINATION CENTRE.
1) UNCERTAINTY PHASE WHEN: NO COMM. HAS BEEN RECEIVED FROM AN A/C WITHIN A PERIOD OF
30 MIN AFTER THE TIME OF A COMM. SHOULD HAVE BEEN RECEIVED OR
AN A/C FAILS TO ARRIVE WITHIN 30 MIN OF THE ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL.
2) ALERT PHASE WHEN: FOLLOWING THE UNCERTAINTY PHASE, UNABLE TO ESTABLISH COMM. OR
AN A/C HAS BEEN CLEARED TO LAND AND FAILS TO LAND WITHIN 5 MIN OF THE ESTIMATED TIME
OF LANDING AND COMM. HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED OR
AN A/C IS KNOWN OR BELIEVED TO BE THE SUBJECT OF UNLAWFUL INTERFERENCE.
3) DISTRESS PHASE WHEN: FOLLOWING THE ALERT PHASE, UNABLE TO ESTABLISH COMM. OR
THE FUEL ON BOARD IS CONSIDERED TO BE EXHAUSTED, OR TO BE INSUFFICIENT TO ENABLE THE
A/C TO REACH SAFETY OR
A/C HAS MADE FORCED LANDING.
DESIGNATORS FOR ATS ROUTES:
A, B, G, R FOR ROUTES WHICH FORM PART OF THE REGIONAL NETWORK OF ATS ROUTES AND ARE
NOT AREA NAV. (RNAV) ROUTES.
L, M, N, P FOR AREA NAV. (RNAV) ROUTES AND PART OF REGIONAL NETWORK.
AIR REGULATIONS

H, J, V, W FOR ROUTES WHICH DO NOT FORM PART OF THE REGIONAL NETWORKS OF THE ATS
ROUTES AND ARE NOT AREA NAVIGATION ROUTES.
Q, T, Y, Z FOR AREA NAVIGATION ROUTES WHICH DO NOT FORM PART OF THE REGIONAL
NETWORKS OF ATS ROUTES.
K IS FOR HALICOPTERS ATS ROUTES
U IS FOR UPPER AIRSPACE
S IS FOR SUPERSONIC FLIGHTS ROUTES

❖ AREA CONTROL SERVICES

PANS ATM DOC 4444, AIP, INDIA
GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR THE SEPARATION OF CONTROLLED TRAFFIC
a) BETWEEN ALL FLIGHTS IN CLASS A AND CLASS B AIRSPACES;
b) BETWEEEN IFR FLIGHTS IN CLASSS C, D AND E AIRSPACES;
c) BETWEEN IFR FLIGHTS AND VFR FLIGHTS IN CLASS C AIRSPACE;
d) BETWEEN IFR FLIGHTS AND SPECIAL VFR FLIGHTS; AND
e) BETWEEN SPECIAL VFR FLIGHTS.
VERTICAL SEPARATION:
VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMUM
a) 1000ft BELOW FL290 AND A 2000ft AT OR ABOVE FL290
b) 1000ft WHEN BOTH A/C ARE RVSM COMPLIANT AND OPERATING WITHIN DESIGNATED RVSM
AIRSPACE.
CRUISE CLIMB: IT IS NOT PERMITTED IN INDIA

HORIZONTAL SEPARATION:
THE THREE TYPES OF HORIZONTAL SEPARATION ARE:
a) LATERAL SEPARATION
b) LONGITUDINAL SEPARATION
c) RADAR SEPARATION

a) LATERAL SEPARATION:
1) VOR: 15 DEGREE AND 15 NM
2) NDB: 30 DEGREE AND 15 NM
3) DR: 45 DEGREE AND 15 NM
b) LONGITUDINAL SEPARATION:
1) A/C FLYING ON THE SAME TRACK AND SAME LEVEL:
a) 15 MIN IF NO NAV AIDS USING
b) 10 MIN IF NAV AIDS USING BOTH A/C
c) 5 MIN IF PRECEDING A/C IS 20 KTS FASTER
d) 3 MIN IF PRECEDING A/C IS 40 KTS FASTER
2) A/C FLYING ON CROSSING TRACK AND SAME LEVEL:
a) 15 MIN IF NO NAV AIDS USING
b) 10 MIN IF NAV AIDS USING BOTH A/C
3) A/C CLIMBING AND DESCENDING (TRAFFIC ON SAME TRACK):
a) 15 MIN IF NO VERTICAL SEPARATION EXIST
b) 10 MIN IF NO VERTICAL SEPARATION EXIST , NAV AIDS USING BOTH A/C
(TRAFFIC ON RECIPROCAL TRACKS)
10 MIN SEPARATION BETWEEN A/C ON RECIPROCAL TRACK FROM PERTICULAR POINT.
DISTANCE (DME) SEPARATION:
20 NM
AIR REGULATIONS

IF SAME TRACK, SAME LEVEL

IF SAME LEVEL, CROSSING TRACK
10 NM
IF A/C IS 20 KTS FASTER
A/C CLIMBING & DESCENDING SAME TRACK
A/C ON RECIPROCAL TRACK
FAILURE OF EQUIPMENT:
IN THIS CONDITION USE CODE OF MODE A 7600.

❖ APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE

DOC 4444, AIP, INDIA
MINIMUM SEPARATION BETWEEN DEPARTING A/C:
1MIN SEPARATION IF A/C ARE TO FLY ON TRACK DIVERGING BY AT LEAST 45 DEGREES.
2 MIN BETWEEN T/O WHEN PRECEEDING A/C IS FASTER BY 40 KTS
SEPARATION OF DEPARTING A/C FROM ARRIVING A/C:
THE FOLLOWING SEPARATION APPLIED WHEN T/O CLEARENCES BASED ON THE POSITION OF THE
ARRIVING THE A/C.
IF AN A/C IS MAKING A COMPLETE INSTRUMENT APPROACH:
1) A DEPARTING A/C MAY TAKING OFF IN ANY DIRECTION IF ARRIVING A/C HAS STARTED ITS
PROCEDURE TURN OR BASE TURN FOR LANDING.
2) 3 MIN BEFORE OF ARRIVING A/C IS ESTIMATED TO BE OVER THE BEGINNING OF THE INSTRUMENT
RUNWAY.
IF AN ARRIVING A/C IS MAKING STRAIGHT IN APPROACH, A DEPARTING A/C MAY T/O:
1) 5 MIN BEFORE THE ARRIVING A/C IS ESTIMATED ON THE INSTRUMENT RUNWAY.
2) 3 MIN BEFORE OF ARRIVING A/C IS ESTIMATED TO BE OVER THE BEGINNING OF THE INSTRUMENT
RUNWAY.
REDUCTION IN SEPARATION MINIMA IN THE VICINITY OF AERODROME:
SEPARATION CAN BE DECREASED IF CONTROLLER CAN SEE ALL A/C, EACH A/C IS VISIBLE TO FLIGHT CREW
OF THE OTHER A/Cs, A SUCCEDING A/C FLIGHT CREW CAN SEE PROCEEDING A/Cs.
EXPECTED APPROACH TIME: IF AN ARRIVING A/C THAT WILL SUBJECT TO DELAY OF 10 MIN OR MORE. THE
CONTROLLER HAS TO REPORT ASAP. OR 5 MIN WHEN LAST ASSIGNED EXPECTED APPROACH TIME.
⮚ IN VMC, COMMANDER OF THE A/C IS RESPONSIBLE TO MAINTAIN THE SEPARATION,

⮚ IN IMC CONTROLLER WILL GIVE YOU SEPARATION

⮚ IN SPECIAL VFR FLIGHTS, SEPARATION SHOULD BE MAINTAINED BY THE COMMANDER.

⮚ IN VISUAL APPROACH, WHENEVER COMMANDER SAYS VISUAL WITH RUNWAY, CONTROLLER HAS TO
GIVE SEPARATION.
⮚ THE CONTROLLER SHALL NOT INITIATE A VISUAL APPROACH WHEN THERE IS A REASON TO BELIEVE
THAT THE FLIGHT CREW CONCERNED IS NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE AERODROME.
⮚ CONTROLLED HAS TO MAINTAIN SEPARATION BETWEE ARRIVING AND DEPARTING A/C.

⮚ IF THE CONTROLLER POSSESSES WIND INFO. IN THE FORM OF COMPONENTS,

THE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES ARE: MEAN HEAD WIND COMPONENT: 10KTS
MEAN TAIL WIND COMPONENT: 2KTS MEAN CROSS-WIND COMPONENT: 5KTS.

❖ AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE

AIR REGULATIONS

DOC 4444, AIP, INDIA

FUNCTIONS OF AERODROME CONTROL TOWERS:
A) A/C FLYING WITHIN THE DESIGNATED AREAOF RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CONTROL TOWER,
INCLUDING CIRCUIT
B) A/C LANDING AND T/O
C) A/C OPERATION ON THE MANOEURING AREA
D) A/C AND VEHICLES OPERATING ON THE MANOEURING AREA,
E) A/C ON THE MANOEURING AREA AND OBSTRUCTIONS ON THAT AREA.
ALERTING SERVICES PROVIDED BY AERODROME CONTROL TOWERS
AERODROME CONTROL TOWERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ALERTING THE RESCUE AND FIRE FIGHTING
SERVICES WHENEVER:
a) AN A/C ACCIDENT HAS OCCURRED ON OR IN THE VICINITY OF THE AERODROME; OR
b) INFO. IS RECEIVED THAT THE SAFETY OF AN A/C WHICH IS OR WILL COME UNDER THE
JURISDICTION OF THE AERODROME CONTROL TOWER; OR
c) REQUESTED BY THE FLIGHT CREW; OR
d) WHEN OTHERWISE DEEMED NECESSARY OR DESIRABLE.
WAKE TURBULENCE CATEGORY:
SUPER HEAVY: 136000KG TO 560000KG CERTIFIED T/O MASS
HEAVY: MORE THAN 136000KG CERTIFIED T/O MASS
MEDIUM: FROM 7000 TO 136000KG CERTIFIED T/O MASS
LIGHT: LESS THAN 7000KG CERTIFIED T/O MASS
● COMMUNICATION REQUIEREMENTS VISUAL SIGNALS:
LIGHT SIGNALS FROM AERODROME CONTROL MEANING
GREEN FLASHES PERMISSION TO CROSS LANDING AREA OR
TO MOVE ONTO TAXIWAYS
STEADY RED STOP
RED FLASHES MOVE OFF THE LANDING AREA OR TAXIWAY
AND WATCH OUT FOR A/C
WHITE FLASHES VACATE MANOEURING AREA IN
ACCORDANCE WITH LOCAL INSTRUCTIONS
WHENEVER YOU SEE FLASHING RUNWAY LIGHTS, YOU HAVE TO VACATE THE RUNWAY AND OBSERVE THE
TOWER FOR LIGHT SIGNAL.
● AERONAUTICAL GROUND LIGHTS
ALL AERONAUTICAL LIGHTS SHALL BE OPERATED
a) DURING THE TIME FROM SUNSET TO SUNRISE;
b) DURING TIME FROM SUNRISE TO SUNSET WHEN VISIBILITY IS 3000m OR LESS;
c) WHEN REQUESTED BY PILOT;
d) AT ANY OTHER TIME WHEN THEIR USE, BASED ON METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, IS CONSIDERED
DESIRABLE FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR TRAFFIC.

● APPROACH LIGHTING:
ALL APPROACH LIGHTING SHALL ALSO BE OPERATED:
a) DURING THE TIME FEOM SUNSET TO SUNRISE;
b) DURING TIME FROM SUNRISE TO SUNSET WHEN VISIBILITY IS 3000m OR LESS;
c) WHEN REQUESTED BY PILOT;
d) AT ANY OTHER TIME WHEN THEIR USE, BASED ON METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, IS CONSIDERED
DESIRABLE FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR TRAFFIC.
e) WHEN THE ASSOCIATED RUNWAY LIGHTING IS OPERATED.
VASI LIGHTS SHALL BE OPERATED DURING THE HOURS OR DAYLIGHT AS WELL AS OF DARKNESS.
● RUNWAY LIGHTING:
RUNWAY LIGHTING IS NOT OPERATED IF THAT RUNWAY IS NOT IN USE FOR LANDING.
AIR REGULATIONS

● STOPWAY LIGHTING:
STOPWAY LIGHTS SHALL BE OPERATED WHENEVER THE ASSOCIATEDE RUNWAY LIGHTS ARE OPERATED.
● TAXIWAY LIGHTING:
WHERE REQUIREDD TO PROVIDE TAXI GUIDANCE, TAXIWAY LIGHTING SHALL BE TURNED ON IN SUCH
ORDER THAT A CONTINUOUS INDICATION OF THE TAXI PATH IS PRESENTED TO TAXXING A/C. IT’S
TURNED OFF WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED.
● STOP BARS:
STOP BARS SHALL BE SWITCHED ON TO INDICATE THAT ALL TRAFFIC SHALL STOP AND SWITCHED OFF TO
INDICATE THAT TRAFFIC MAY PROCEED.
❖ AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICES
ANNEX 15, CAR SECTION-9
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATION (AIP): A PUBLICATION ISSUED BY OR WITH THE AUTHORITY
OF A STATE AND CONTAINIG AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION OF A LASTING CHARACTER ESSENTIAL TO AIR
NAVIGATION. PREPARED BY AAI.

AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION CIRCULAR (AIC): A NOTICE CONTAINING INFORMATION THAT DOES NOT
QUALIFY FOR THE ORIGINATING OF A NOTAM OR FOR INCLUSION IN THE AIP, BUT WHICH RELATES TO
FLIGHT SAFETY, AIR NAVIGATION, TECHNICAL, ADMINISTRATIVE OR LEGISLATIVE MATTERS. IT IS PREPARED
BY DGCA.

AIR CONSIST OF 3 PARTS:

1) GENERAL (GEN): AERODROME, CHARGES, LOCATION, INDICATORS, ENROUTE MET SERVICES
2) EN-ROUTE (ENR): PROHIBITED, DANGER, RESTRICTED AREAS
3) AERODROME DIRECTORY (AD): REFUELING SERVICES, MET INFORMATION
AIP AMENDMENT: PERMANENT CHANGES TO THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE AIP WHICH ARE
PUBLISHED BY MEANS OF SPECIAL PAGES.
LONG DURATION AMENDMENT IS MORE THAN 3 HOURS
SHORT DURATION AMENDMENT IS LESS THAN 3 HOURS
AIRAC (AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION REGULATION AND CONTROL): IT IS A REGULATORY AUTHORITY
FOR NOTICING ALL CONCERNED COMPANIES AND AUTHORITIES RELATED ALL CHANGES.
THEY NOTICE ALL CONCERNED COMPANIES AND AUTHORITIES 28 DAYS BEFORE.
NOTAM (NOTICE TO AIRMEN): A NOTAM IS A NOTICE DISTRIBUTED BY MEANS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONTAINING INFO CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT, CONDITION OR
CHANGE IN ANY AERONAUTICAL FACILITY, SERVICE, PROCEDURE OR HAZARD, THE TIMELY KNOWLEDGE
OF WHICH IS ESSENTIAL TO PERSONNEL CONCERNED WITH FLIGHT OPERATIONS.
THREE TYPES OF NOTAMs
1) N – NEW
2) C – CENCEL
3) R – REPLACE
SERIES A: CONTAINS INFORMATION IN RESPECT OF CHANGES/SERVICEABILITY OF AERONAUTICAL
FACILITIES, LIKELY TO LAST FOR MORE THAN 2 HOURS.
SERIES B: CONTAINS INFORMATION IN RESPECT OF CHANGES/UNSERVICEABILITY OF AERONAUTICAL
FACILITIES, LIKELY TO LAST FOR MORE THAN 30MIN BUT LESS THAN 2 HOURS.
SERIES C: CONTAINS INFORMATION ABOUT DOMESTIC FLIGHTS
SERIES D: CONTAIN INFORMATION IN RESPECT OF CHANGES/UNSERVICEABILITY OF AERONAUTICAL
FACILITIES IN RESPECT OF DEFENCE-CONTROLLED AERODROMES ONLY
SERIES G: CONTAINS INFORMATION OF GENERAL LASTING CHARACTER AFFECTING A/C OPERATIONS IN
GENERAL. THIS SERIES IS OPERATED BY THE INTERNATIONAL NOTAM OFFICE DELHI AND ISSUED UNDER
DGCA.
AIR REGULATIONS

SNOWTAM: INFORMATION CONCERNING SNOW, ICE AND STANDING WATER ON AERODROME PAVEMENT
AREAS IS TO BE REPORTED BY SNOWTAM.
ASHTAM: INTORMATION CONCERNING AN OPERATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, A
VOLCANIC ERUPTION AND/OR VOLCANIC ASH CLOUD SHALL, WHEN REPORTED BY MEANS OF AN ASHTAM.
PRE-FLIGHT INFORMATION BULLETIN (PIB)
IS AVAILABLE AT KOLKATA, CHENNAI, DELHI AND MUMBAI.

❖ VISUAL AIDS FOR NAVIGATION

ICAO ANNEX 14, CAR SECTION-4

WIND DIRECTION INDICATOR: AN AERODROME SHALL BE EQUIPPED WITH AT LEAST ONE WIND DIRECTION
INDICATOR.
IT SHOULD BE LOCATED SO AS TO BE VISIBLE FROM A/C IN FLIGHT OR ON THE MOVEMENT AREA. IT
SHOULD BE FREE FROM THE EFFECTS OF AIR DISTURBANCES.

LANDING DIRECTION INDICATOR: A LANDING DIRECTION INDICATOR SHALL BE LOCATED IN A

CONSPICUOUS PLACE ON THE AERODROME.
IT SHOULD BE IN FORM OF A T.
IT CAN BE IN ORANGE OR WHITE IN COLOUR.

SIGNAL LAMP: A SIGNALLING LAMP SHALL BE PROVIDED AT A CONTROLLED AERODROME IN THE

AERODROME CONTROL TOWER.
IT SHOULD BE CAPABLE TO PRODUCE RED, GREEN AND WHITE SIGNALS.

MARKINGS: AT AN INTERSECTION OF A RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY THE MARKINGS OF THE RUNWAY SHALL BE
DISPLAYED AND THE MARKINGS OF THE TAXIWAY INTERRUPTED.

COLOURS AND CONSPICUITY:

RUNWAY MARKINGS IN WHITE IN COLOUR.
TAXIWAY MARKINGS AND A/C STAND MARKINGS IN YELLOW IN COLOUR.
APRON SAFETY LINES SHALL BE RED IN COLOUR.

RUNWAY DESIGNATION MARKING: RUNWAY DESIGNATION MARKING SHALL BE PROVIDED AT THE

THRESHOLDS OF A PAVED RUNWAY.
IT CONSISTS OF 2 DIGIT NUMBER IN NEAREST 10 DEGREE. THIS DIRECTION IS MAGNETIC DIRECTION.
FOR TWO PARALLEL RUNWAY: L, R.
FOR THREE PARALLEL RUNWAY: L, C, R,
FOR FOUR PARALLEL RUNWAY: L, R, L, R,
FOR FIVE PARALLEL RUNWAY: L, C, R, L, R, OR L, R, L, C, R,
FOR SIX PARALLEL RUNWAY: L, C, R, L, C, R,

RUNWAY CENTRE LINE MARKING: A RUNWAY CENTRE LINE MARKING SHALL CONSIST OF A LINE OF
UNIFORMLY SPACED STRIPES AND GAPS. STRIPED AND GAPS SHALL BE NOT LESS THAN 50m OR MORE
THAN 75m.
USUALLY, THE STRIPE IS 30m AND GAPE IS 20m.

THRESHOLD MARKING: THE STRIPES OF THE THRESHOLD MARKING SHALL COMMENCE 6m FROM THE
THRESHOLD.
AIR REGULATIONS

RUNWAY WIDTH NUMBER OF STRIPES

18m 4

23m 6

30m 8

45m 12

60m 16

ARROWS: WHERE A RUNWAY THRESHOLD IS PERMANENTLY DISPLACED.

TOUCH DOWN ZONE MARKING:

LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE OR THE PAIR(S) OF MARKINGS
DISTANCE BETWEEN THRESHOLDS

LESS THAN 900m 1

900m UPTO BUT NOT INCLUDING 1200m 2

1200m UPTO BUT NOT INCLUDING 1500m 3

1500m UPTO BUT NOT INCLUDING 2400m 4

2400m OR MORE 6

ISOLATED A/C PARKING POSITION:

IT SHOULD LOCATED AT THE MAXIMUM DISTANCE PRACTICABLE AND IN ANY CASE NEVER LESS THAN 100m
FROM OTHER PARKING POSITION.

APRON SAFETY LINES:

APRON SAFETY LINES ARE RED OR CONTRAST IN COLOUR.

EMERGENCY LIGHTING:
WHERE NO SECONDARY POWER SUPPLY IS AVAILABLE, THERE SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT EMERGENCY LIGHTS
AVAILABLE FOR PRIMARY RUNWAY.

IDENTIFICATION BEACON:
INTENSITY SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 2000cd.

VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR SYSTEM:

IT IS GUIDING PILOTS FOR VERTICAL GUIDANCE.
THERE CAN BE 2 OR 4 LIGHTING SYSTEM AVAILABLE.
IN 4 LIGHT SYSTEMS.
ON CORRECT GLIDE SLOPE: 2 INNER RED, 2 OUTER WHITE.
ON SLIGHTLY ABOVE GLIDE SLOPE: 1 INNER RED, 3 OUTER WHITE.
ON VERY HIGH ABOVE GLIDE SLOPE: 4 WHITE.
ON SLIGHTLY LOW GLIDE SLOPE: 3 INNER RED, 1 OUTER WHITE.
AIR REGULATIONS

ON VERY LOW GLIDE SLOPE: 4 RED.

T-VASIS AND AT-VASIS

❖ HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
⮚ HUMAN FACTORS ARE CITED AS A MAJOR CAUSE IN OVER 73% OF ACCIDENTS.

⮚ MOST OF THE CRASHES HAPPENS IN LANDING PHASE

⮚ IN INDIA, ABOVE 10,000ft OXYGEN IS REQUIRED TO CARRY ON BOARD.

● PHYSIOLOGICAL DEFICIENT ZONE:
IT EXISTS FROM 12,000ft TO 50,000ft. BODY IS NOT USED TO THIS ENVIRONMNET. THE ADVERSE EFFECTS
INCLUDE-
MIDDLE EAR AND SINUS BLOCKAGE
SHORTNESS OF BREATH
DIZZINESS
HEADACHE
● THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE BRAIN CONTROLS ALL BODILY FUNCTIONS.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS DEVIDED INTO THREE MAIN PARTS:
1) THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: IT CONSISTS OF THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD.
2) THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: IT CONSISTS ALL PERIPHERAL NERVES. IT CONNECTS THE
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO THE ORGANS AND MUSCLES OF THE BODY AND REGULATES ALL
PURPOSEFUL AND REFLEX ACTIONS.
3) THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: IT IS REGULATING THE ORGANS OF OUR BODY SUCH AS THE
HEART, STOMACH AND INTENSTINES.

● THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

⮚ HEMOGLOBIN CARRIES THE OXYGEN TO ALL CELLS.

⮚ OXYGEN MIXES WITH THE HEMOGLOBIN AND CREATES THE CO2.

1) EXTERNAL RESPIRATION: IT TAKES PLACE THROUGH THE LUNGS AND REFERS TO THE ABSORPTION OF
OXYGEN FROM THE AIR INTO THE BLOOD. AND THE EXCRETION OF CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE BLOOD
TO THE AIR.
2) INTERNAL OR TISSUE RESPIRATION: INTERNAL OR TISSUE RESPIRATION REFERS TO THE TRANSFER OF
OXYGEN FROM THE BLOOD TO THE TISSUES OF THE BODY.
3) BREATHING: NORMAL BREATHING RATE IN ADULTS IS 14 TO 18 BREATHES PER MINUTES.
● THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
BLOOD SUPPLIES OUR ORGANS WITH LIFE-GIVING OXYGEN AND CARRIES AWAY WASTE PRODUCTS.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CONSISTS OF THE HEART AND THE BLOOD VESSELS AND MAINTAINS THE FLOW
OF BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY.
⮚ THE HEART
THE ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD FROM THE HEART AT HIGH PRESSUREAND THE VEINS RETURN BLOOD TO THE
HEART AT LOW PRESSURE.
THE NORMAL RATE OF THE PULSE IS THE RATE OF THE HEARTBEAT. A HEALTHY PERSON AT REST, HAS A
PULSE RATE OF BETWEEN 60 AND 80 BEATS PER MINUTE.
COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION OF THE BLOOD:
BLOOD HAS TWO MAIN COMPONENTS – PLASMA AND FORMED ELEMENTS.
AIR REGULATIONS

FORMED ELEMENTS INCLUDE WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC): WHICH ARE PART OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND
PLATELES.
RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC): IT IS CARRYING OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE.
● HYPOXIA
HYPOXIA HAPPENS DUE TO LACK OF OXIGEN
IT HAPPENS WHEN PILOT BREATHE AIR AT THE LOW PRESSURES AT HIGH ALTITUDE.
IT CAUSES PILOT’S INTELLECTUAL AND SENSORY JUDGMENTTO BECOME IMPAIRED.
HYPOXIA IS CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES:
1) HYPOXIC HYPOXIA: IT IS THE RESULT OF LOW OXYGEN LEVELS IN THE BLOODSTREAMS.
2) ANAEMIC HYPOXIA: IT IS THE RESULT WHEN THE RED BLOOD CELL COUNT DECREASES.
3) ISCHAEMIC HYPOXIA/STAGNANT HYPOXIA: IT IS INADEQUATE SUPPLY OF BLOOD.
4) HISTOTOXIC HYPOXIA: IT IS THE RESULT OF INABILITY OF THE CELLS OF THE BODY TO USE THE
OXYGEN AVAILABLE.
ALTITUDE PROGRESSIVE RAPID DECOMPRESSION
DECOMPRESSION
Sitting moderate activity
18000ft 40min 30min 20 to 25min
20000ft 10min 5min 3min
25000ft 5min 3min 2min
30000ft 1.5min 45sec 30sec
35000ft 45sec 30sec 20sec
40000ft 25sec 18sec 12sec
43000ft 18sec 12sec 12sec