Distinguishing between fact and opinion  In Indonesian:

 Cerlang ‘luminous’, cemerlang ‘

 Being able to discern the differences
brilliant’
between fact and opinion will help your
 Circumfixes: Consists of two parts- a
evaluation of the
prefix and a suffix that together create a
 reliability and usefulness of texts you
new word. The prefix and suffix are not
encounter.
considered as separate. E.g. In Dutch
 Critical thinking is the best possible
berg ‘mountain’ ge-berg-te
way of determining which statements
‘mountain chain’.
are fact and which
 Simulfix: A simulfix is a change or
 statements are opinion.
replacement of vowels or consonants
 It may seem at first that the differences
(usually vowels) which changes the
are easy to see; however, not
meaning of a word: E.g. eat ate,
everything is as black and
tooth  teeth etc.
 white as it first seems.
Root, Stem, Base
Fact- something which can be verified with
evidence for example, the river flows through  Root: A root is the irreducible core
London is called the Thames. of a word, with absolutely nothing
else attached to it. E.g. jump-
Opinion -based on belief and viewpoint.
jumps, jumping, jumped. Here,
- Personal entrepretations and jump is the root.
cannot be verified with evidence.  Stem: the stem is that part of a
- I think, adjectives, comparatives word that exists before the addition
and superlatives such as good, of any inflectional morpheme. E.g.
better, the best. worker workers, shift shifted
 Base: Base is any unit of a word
Morpheme types: where any kind of affixes can be
 Free morpheme: A free morpheme is a added. It could be both inflectional
word that can occur by itself. It can or derivational. E.g. boy  boys,
stand alone. However, we can add boy  boyish, boy  boyhood
other morphemes in it. E.g. boy, man,  The bottom-line: All roots are
establish, measure etc are free bases, bases are called stem in
morphemes. context of inflectional morphology
 Bound morpheme: It is a grammatical Inflectional Morphemes and
unit that never occurs by itself, but is Derivational Morphemes
always attached to some other
morphemes such as [s] in cats, [ness] in  "The difference between
kindness, [ize] in visualize etc. derivational and inflectional
morphemes is worth
Affixation emphasizing. An inflectional
 an affix is a bound morpheme that is morpheme never changes the
joined before, after or within a root or grammatical category of a
stem. word. For example, both old
and older are adjectives. The -er
Types of affixes inflection here (from Old
 Prefix: this is added before the root or English -ra) simply creates a
stem of the word. E.g. unpredictable, different version of the
unresponsive, revitalize, etc. adjective.
 Suffix: a suffix is an affix that is attached  However, a derivational
to the end of a root or stem. E.g. the morpheme can change the
plural formatives, -s, -en, -ing, -d, -er, - grammatical category of a
est, and –less, -ment, -ion, etc. word. The verb teach becomes
 Infix: An infix is an affix that is inserted the noun teacher if we add the
within a root or stem. It is added in the derivational morpheme -er
base form of a word to create a new (from Old English -ere). So, the
word or intensify meaning. E.g. suffix -er in modern English can
 In Philippines (Tagalog) buli root, ‘buy’ be an inflectional morpheme as
 -um- infix, ‘agentive’ part of an adjective and also a
 Bumili ‘ bought’ distinct derivational morpheme
 as part of a noun. Just because Noun Noun
they look the same (-er) doesn't
mother motherhood
mean they do the same kind of
work. sense  non-sense
 Inflectional morpheme:
Inflectional word formation is  Apart from these process we
word formation that expresses can also add suffixes such as –
grammatical distinctions. They hood (status), -ship (state or
perform certain grammatical condition), -ness(quality, state
functions like: or condition) , -ity (state or
 number (singular vs plural), E.g. condition), -ment (result or
cat-cats, child-children etc. product of doing the action), -al
 tense (present vs past) E.g. (act of smthg), -er (agentive), in
walk-walks-walking, walked the words like brotherhood,
 person (first, second, third) E.g. friendship, wildness, sincerity,
3rd PSG government, refusal, walker
 Case (subject, object, etc.
possessive) E.g. mother’s child,  Noun  Adjective
mothers’ children etc. master masterly
 It doesn’t result in the creation brother brotherly
of new lexeme or words.  Verb  adjective
 It changes the grammatical read readable
form of lexemes to fit into love loveable
different grammatical context.  Adjective to adjective
 Inflectional is more relevant to common uncommon
syntax possible  impossible
 Inflectional morphemes don’t  We also have some suffixes
change meaning and word which are used to form
class. adjective such as –less
 Inflectional morphemes are (without), -ful (having), -ic
very productive in nature. (pertaining to), -al (pertaining
 Inflectional morphemes are to or of the kind) in the words
limited in number. like, powerless, colorless,
 Inflectional morphemes usually powerful, democratic,
block further affixation of a medicinal, etc.
suffix. Eg agree + ed *[-s]  There are also some prefixes
which are used to derive
Derivational Morphemes adjective: -in (inaccuracy), -im
(improper) etc.
 In derivation a new word is
 Noun  Verb
formed by adding an affix to the
analysis analyze
root or stem
slave enslave
 Derivational morphemes form
 Adjective verb
new words either:
rich  enrich
 a) by changing the meaning of
legal  legalize
the base to which they are
 Verb verb
attached. E.g. kind  unkind
continue discontinue
(adjectives), obey  disobey
pack  unpack
(verbs)
 Prefixes used for deriving verbs
 b) by changing the word-class
-re (revisit), en (encage)
that a base belongs to. E.g. kind
 Suffixes used for deriving verbs
kindly,simple-> simply
-ize (nationalize,
Verb  Noun
sympathize),
speak speaker
-fy (codify, modify)
swim swimming
read reader/ reading
Adjective Noun
kind kindness
good goodness
 black blackness