SYSTEM RELIABILITY WAI en AB é ITY fem lo optrale within — the Relrabiiity L probability ot 4 eye = fine stad Relig aniv : piep len takes der 4ye Jon to work Chebwetivn ome) 7 Hew tony will Fhe sys lem eperele once 2 pers 4. Retioh ility eee gt a device Jeyslem — performng le Heilea, adequelelg For jhe prued © Lime intended? uncer operating conditions rntended = ee; > deve [eyelen cp sad Lo perform sais fachory if st nh fet dosing the Hime of service 7K bread range of “devices undergo fatlwes be repaiced then velumed fo seevice during enbive” useful life a > A moe appropriale menue — of eeliabiliky is the availability of the device (Minunnm tine heal be Fakes — for omeumte nebilibg > Avatlabitihy of a vepaiecible device is the proportion of time during The intended time, of service thal he device ss. ior cad FOr services sin ~deign stage, reliabilhy 4 fechniques used bo predic the future pecformance of the” syslenr zo as tes () Identify the weaknesses of the design (ij, Compare alternahve configurations (i) Compare conceptial design approaches (i) Aesish in gorW'broning —corcecthve design effere (v) Idenk areas eequiring redundancy. Wi) Delermine the need tel laddilicnel viel aAtontalren be v translate — nacia benabi lihy detign reguirements specifica tens inte speci Fic deegn crilerio. i 2 High reliability pests tor ) Casdomer sa bivfachien (user) Wi) Nncreaged — veles (company bene iE) Wi) impeved safety ( ooLy OY Decreaced wemank tosh, (company prot) W) Deceased maintenance coshLow: lem Relsabilshy CO > Reliabil standards in 7 powite sysiecr are, tred 4h tifablishel ag a series’ at becknical requirements, a 4, falhiled during plenaing and operation, “The 4 equirements are made previdia adxlioy Services necenary Lol the tlecrtg ot the syster anc le guarantee the and the “elivering of J in prolec # the procachen v0 aft leche wg he e lec bre power id 1) (cordinated system optrabror WJ Freg uence requ laten cn) teeta Neatly balance. GY) Volhage supporbngeneratien reserves > Hebhre Elec! energy produced ancl _dleliverecl pracheally / reel Hine. (No convenient vnethed of readily shering iB) Thigh kev We _necestar, | to imetdtain coatindow Lendl alediost tiavdanta neous palarce bef ween preduclion and consumplion ef electricity. s+ eate system sf rales | chasd Led lt anc can be divided into aprepriate sabsashensy sach as eneration ,drangmission ond dobibulion p Relighiy shidies are carried out indiidually aad in combine Hen ot the three areas. > The following remarks ave important when assessing reliability of the eakive Passes system | () Actual degree of reliability experienced by a | cuthomer will uae oe fen lacalun ut location, se (1) There SPould be uniformity bhun was ‘tiny pack ot dhe ler —— i) (me deregulaled syslen, edtieveat transmission and d component. | 15 complex, highly integreded , very _large ob varies pricing mech anit on fer trbubey must consiclee velia ilily Declucing Algorithm fee Erdering —_Sylera Reliability, > tthe “most ef ten melhed [ sag gested of determining syst an reliability a de compact a reliability network ; enumecnbe frum the neluerk — all mutuall exclusive ~ working states of the sytlen and calealate the ercbhathy of utkurence of each uietking stale then tem the probabititics, ° Conceph. Medlel d Since eve pier of equipment in a syste will evertaelly Gail | if tt T1s\ Jo isecwlce! for 4 long persed , there 6 fatluce vale asugraled with each, tyslerr >In seme ryder, the Pailuce rate @ sigatraat while Fer others hog exleemely lowe finthen >» Expecheet interval ce Rabe number ot empectedk failures per anit in 9 ge of expecleel > Foro giewy of Poiluces iy equal the foiture rate > ty calculating dhe failue tale of group of amily, Phe 0G opine Ht ND ciath Labialld abe, wird Inctead af _chvenblegical font. formula uy nt | components, (he number ! Tee Licker of units , tothe | grede Himes the folal operobing foiton rae (A) = No, ot failures : “ole operaking Heme of unit > For A 0.004 Shy, cach of the Sysbem with 1000 devires, the expected Failure at = 900K ©0074 21 Cixipl te ie rie —| He ee ei . ate tApanenhel Poa -(1-fi) C1- 02) (1- Ps). | : Fevalle nen cceurtace Pps Pe tC1-Py) Pe t C1 PCI Pa) Py + ch Assignment | In maintenance of 0 compuler , outlint the parameters thal ave Gikely fe cause compuler — foiluet Combs) ‘ Alilrorg Fault in design specihicaton @ Muunder tan din bhan developer and castomer J (2) Fault in design inaplemea tation defficient, (i) Program may suffer phase - }) Desy> may be errors 3 whang ba! ast at ic (0) Requirements "could be inadequately inlecprated Coote! b (3) Fault v9 hardware there are Impencal evidence s howir hegh level lon queger for design of hardworea({ fault a ae eee many tines of pode doesnt AY Milgke by operatorsa € Ate tia 1 ert Fajlare Rate Sep Age of equipmert Feo - Infant mortality pecrod Cperidd of sycler clecigad te ta operation = Flue cable is coattant (Ensue maintenance ae fhet ) -vusefal Ufe periort D system hos outlived sy autfuleess Cvawoat pered> > Balhtub curve represents the patlecr of fouluce for many produc, especially complen systems (ear , weyhing mochiar , coorpater > DiVeies ax yepersents the failure ale at each peiol in tee and higher values indicate higher probability. of failace, sided inke 3 regents if, Infant mer tality peved, useeoul “persed a > lhe eurwe is Fal 4 sel lite perio Infant Mer talit Alc called early failure / debugging stage Fee ee ety ed deaederD) gradually with [me 2 Daving dhe pened failures oceae Beawt ~eagineeding | elid_no} tea” prudacts Lagsten/ device fome defective products The failuee rate is high carly» failures are removed by pact 2 ‘Ny pict | early. 0 Powe welds + Poor — connectigns © Cenfaminal ¢ Incorrect | posihoning safhicoolly or ~ mana fachariag macle cod thea decease with lime cabter barn in [other sires screening Failure maybe dae tot 64 farface in maternal of partsWeelal lite be Tab ot neconelsy — gett dChovaclerined. by coastant failure tore the nest sigaTHeant period evaluation _ochuikies, 2 product Vo ibcomdpaneat [relics Ltt | hatkaht | Thildeel. salt ton bes predicted! ty cx peientinl | ab baton. the product begins te ware cut > > then failue cale becomes enforced Measuring — Reliability I L > There are Son baka dubibubions ‘used — for selieliuly analytis. [he exqosential duhibuhon, wribull Tubibubies, normal duhibultien, log APA pibalion and gamma dibri bution tipo sieviar be baithhab exponen hal dis tri bution vale is constant the mest Contiderakon during design stage icbaih prectichen ont fot pellet with the >| Wartout stage jhis ff whee increases aS because ef age Failuee ralé J lack of maintenance hugh pre por / replacemerk of por should pe Paliability — peedichen acing i when — failuce Autribubion apple fal fine instead of bathteb carve, Exponential hathhib carve and yeaph 168 straight nerites > th wy vced be analyse the middle phase of the iy it one cf the mock Common! uted dichibubien my relcability, 2 Nostale Oy predicts he rallabiltl of saryival te a partion lar inne» ail ia tes Failue rate at the bre t then reliability determine by: J RQ) = ent >t i thele | aleel | mei Helly] la) thet easel componenls end d» i¢ 10% pre about 10" of the original cempenenh Rhours lo oF > > > heuc: Aflee 1. hoar would hove failed leavin foo rarvivers will ‘have the exgenenbval + -6 - ert 2 °F 5 0 F408 & 0. 247 Joo survivors. Afler Failed leaving abeu t Aichibution , reliability S10, Nf her 2 he FL. Using efler Phes vin ray e* = (Az01) The tuo solalons are r e z The a sola “ fe japh rgyal iberowse ithe | If", aparoech ene el ber of furvivos wer chon ging ever Hee if the £, ° 1 1 ar 4 é ; failaee rade js spall 9 velahion yo Hus bere iqvelecel ate a sunpler methed, will give | ceevorable jresalt ¢ : eng dere fesduet rable of 0.01 fe He abeve task Find the yeliabtity> Simpler) oe of werkin thy ent ewetll bes IE fa ee TS he lal Pet oe Tetleene failure! i 0:03. Therefore the veliabilhy in B her will be. Ra) = 1-0.05 = 0,4t >] Thiam ob give the eaght answer Deccuce nl euch ihe, Phe capecke Muniber tof ifalurcs! pol decline! the | sucviving. _ peel of workin components gels smaller. > When the ~ failure cake is 1% ant wete interesteel in what happens athe 3 he then the errer 19 negligible. Convercely after | 300 hu, the simple methed weald give s fegahive’ relinbiliky - ther fere _@feara ial meld 15 ideal. Theory of Fire t principles he Reliability” ial jhe pre bability of not failing in 4 spec bre (deme ab ervel, ie Vlhen applied to the population of equipment, ib is YH equal te dhe prepovhen of eriginal population thal survives afer c qiven ime dates pal ec e aly der oF conponen ky | pops (ahen to. of surviving Cem porens ab a funchen efi hime Nee tt time he - Ne - Orginal pogul abun Reliab Vibe yi wh = Ne(b : Ne > lt Me fallae urate, is conland the ne. of failtees fr Saccecive equel hime ialerval will be decreasing becanse the piatien decreasing ance peliabiltiy, the Sumiding population en presse ay Peo ert of er gine! popularicn, the rake of decrecce of re lial qe: slower with dine, beraws® the achwl ne. uf miles a? how pened depends a0. whee that perl iit werd the stariag dale, age of gepulation> Such : AC preplems are pected ing stepwise Fashion Year | Population |Failares Annual Rel'ebitihy [Cumulative Relzabitity ° loo ° 1,000 z 1.0 1 40 10 0-400 6.4 2 & q 0. 400 081 2 73 é 0. 401 (aie 4 65 8 0-840 06s is 54 6 0-408 ones the _populaken at obtained by expressins Hon vy ber constant > The annual Be Viability as & proporhior of the popula! the end of the year under a failure rate : Do the aghael —faiace cole pec, gene it elect ating —eaeut papal ses bs decreasin > the stepwise population method is useful when | thece are disconbauher ia the The above table, Ie 4) units weet shit clown for econerate veatons at the end of yeor k so phat only $6 intlead of 6S sere in service ab the béginning lof year 6. thar 16. failed | Ireving £0, ite at Fhe ead of gr £,° calculation _of reliability afker S$ yeare not — follow > Considering an will Rey = Ne Te Ny ts taken as 54, Aeliabiliby will be 0-64 while ib Ne us taker as Se, reliabilihy will be oS of which beth or wrong Zause the Former assumes those 4 unite weald have peng had they been inservice. The Valter pesumey the 4 yn lh wt shut down (cease sf ecenomic reasons would have surviveel hed they been tq cervcc. Alea assumes He 1 units might have failed L > Ppprepriete method fv _ ctebermine veliabitiky of £ yeene & ear § then malbply it by Camu lative relicibility > Since IF consider of gear “# Raual Re of S ~ S&. 56 . Re otter § yeas > £8 Xo6s = 0,58 Se Exons: 260. capacitors were installed at na =f pein, units “9 adatlieel vile ity Athen RG) = 0 and using “the toble previ 3) Aelestitily of capacitow For SF yes £. Ui) Anaval reliobili by of year GD State the faite rate “for tha formula the end of each year ancl the Assuming an expenentral pone atm dedNo OF unity Remenin gd (8) 2 oes 196 (hb) = 0-4 777 sé (CJ = 174 Ws 1e4 i Bathleb — @afiguration f if 5 qlalace4 t RELIAGILITY Measures D Timed failuie oF a systeon or Life of a system cannot be eleleminis Kea hy _ defined. Mis 9 random variable. . 7 Reliebility is quenlifred by assigning the probability funchen to be Co time fe @ failure condom variable E aay =e Edo 2 DP Reliobility funtion 2 taheent in a system by design 21k dictates the robe ot a successful system “operation ich There are 3 ways in veltability can be defevori med: (UTect many system fo fallare wing a mission profile identical to vse condilions “(pebayyiag the! agstems ¢ giver quelity curved ) Test eaany — subsys teow end comporenls $8 failure where wed condilions ace created ia the feat. eqyiwament (i) Based an experienre with sienilar systems wadedy ing Failace Aistibubien rraghe hy pothesired: - >In some cases, the failure physics involved in q particular Sibu alien may eacl one to hypothesize @ particular ditbibution 2h meosuse thot frequently asd at an indicator of eyster veliobility ys the 1077 F. given by; t t MTiF zl} Py dt = | t Flt) dt oO 0The problem with HITE a, on indicator of syste relvabilily fy f) uniquely datererines velebilily only. IF the underlying Lime cto -foilwe ralio & exponential. But if dihibulioy isnt exponen dic) Ht producer ivres Comparison ’ Veriow Mle dulibution The Following ore Whe dlideibubionc ued in reliabiti ly and. cvevatine bali hy discipline * Exponential dishibution E He a good model For the Life of a complex ryslen sme éxponenin | Aistebulign hos a constant Failure cale. Some applications inchucle elecle ne Sytem , computer system, automobile and by ayord esol WIT producer, we have m1eF ger bys mers Lo » @ Normal Ddibibulivn > Used bo medel various physical pmechanical, electrical or chernical properbies of syslems , ie, noise , woreout, chamber pressure From fring arrmunition , tensile strength, of olaminiver fenile sheet) capacily ot tempeahut condencers , electoral consumtphion ing given area, genteater output voltage, electrical yerutances ele > Moemal dutcibulion t1ef on given by: MBF EA 5 Failure | rate, fer, inereqal ely bribybarni inc ceases) + beg Mormal distrib ube Tigh =| ek mts’) fa 4-8 > la! thy |adretel) allate | cale| a Ineither | theerocts| det rebiar ,| but |Lekces Aiffereat chapel depending on the parameters di and & Derbi bu ban ie posibvely schemed cand can be wed fo model situations where large cccurences git consentrated at the fail enc of the range, ie, omount of electeicihy used by diflerent customers, dovotime of syste, fire fo separ, light “inteaity of bulbs, concalation of chemicals peocess residues ancl automebile milage accumulelor by different cutomers o Thee parameter thal dicbribubon Mier = br te-eye la tA} 4 Bodds of ' Py lk a ced model hen we have a “imum Jike and the a Componeat falling before the minimum life goes to 0. (geod fer components that arent durable). Many sheng th characlernshier of Sycleme proces minimuen values callie aue)_igeralee: thah evo) tei thehical resutance, capacitance , faligue strength etc. Parameters of Weibull distibutten — decreages when B41, 1 coastant when §=1 and! increases | when BH 4 miter = ne » ulem Reliability Model Jo qaaly2e and measue Reliability em and main stern Adhere mwt bee mathe malical mode! sh owing “the Fanchonal relatiunship amen the Components, subegstems Sand the overal system. + A system reliability model consist of some combinakun of veliabihty black diagrams ~er Came consequent stack, a dle finihion of all equipment “failare and vepair dubibutions and aq shalement of spare and repair strategy. All reliability analyse aned Aplin ina Bene ie Jainabilty of @ ore made on these concephal mathe matical odely. The block diagcam 4 obkained from a careful analysis of how the sysben opealts, The analysis hes Jo be dene on the effects of oversi ayes performance of Soilurey ef various components, ( consider suppert envionment ymission of 9 system) Engineering analysis ot & syslem has te be done le develop @ | relabitihy ~ model “and TF involves! i () Develop a Funchonal block diagram of the system beved 29 physical principles governing the operator “oF the system. C8) Develop a logical and topelgical relabership bebveen fanchuna | clement: of Fhe syshem (8) Performance evaluation studies are uled te determine — the extent which the system can operate. ina degraded stale (iv) Define the spares and repair shralegy (Detar mainlearnce system ) Relability bleck Aiagrom ie developed and veel for celoulabing shots’ fehsdeel fot lyeltabilty Jarle| cpaiplenabitite. ‘Ihe liptctoeiall of wld sods | all hel, dudcellee | fasllach | cbabthalidedt de ithe bleck uv ike a switch, when closed ib represents Suclem and each he werking Aad when oper it reprecents Failure. Some of the (inaies, hypes ef yeduadancy in a syttem which must be sptched ate! tadicabed | beti) Adwe redundancy [eetd hot shandh standby has same Failure rele ax Liislont (D Powive redundancy | Cold Handley [spare = syclem cant Fail (Wem ston dle > Some ef guideline fer drawin, reliability block diage av: (4) A goup of component? ~ that. are tssenbial For per forrmrie oF 0 syslem/onussion may be represented in a group of serves fs} =} precise Ou Bar memery Probability of & Computer working) Reliability i? y q ‘9 4 0-44 ¥ O46 X O1Aq = 0. 481 @) Components that can fuubshibalt for other compuntat ore represen ed in parallel farm abren 1-C1-Pt-Pe )G-P ) Ven += 9 = 0.104 > In parallel sytem, the law ef diminithing returns in appleed With two componeals, reliabiliby is given bao 1 com genet - 1-014? 3 tom genentt = 4-0 i AL 44. -lol ait (5) Bridge siewehire ofpbridge Lhrtehare. |_o/p Fee The bilge ctruchire there ave 4 minimal cals gad paths The functions are sepresenfed 46 | shewr below - \ Ar = xa XE By id - (1-24 (4-X2) dat xy ty be E12 Creme) tote Age Er x5 X— Byer Cm Ie Ga) 0-%) Aes L2X3%X— Sy ote Crt ets) lt- xs) > Reliability of aystem is Re > PLO =2) ip Ri cv the coals af the i'* component fer the + RaRy Rep be R Re prt Ra Ry— Kr Re Ra Re Ra Ry tybrbrhs + Rete Bebe Rake te te ~ “Ry Ra Rg Rs - Ras Ra Rs ~ Rake Ryde — Re Ro Re Re $URRa Ra Ry Rs Ri =R 70.4 _ R= 2R? +2RS@ -SRT+ ARS bs = » brook caleulakion for reliability 1 fediow because the e cpath and cuts ore dependent ancl =) contain seme Lcompentods | Telers nk alews = > Preceding 3 conligurations cannol represents reliability block diagram fer a> ayclerr ancl fhe concept of Legheriest systems used fo determing syle reli bi lihy lwhere performane of each of the end compenen ty tr the sytem 0 veprataled by 9 binary indicaler variable je, Ki which faker fhe value 1, if the i compenent functions +t ard 0 if the (th foi le Component eNB A minimal path i a minimal cel of compenenls whore fanchoning ensure fhe fanchering of the i system and _o miiaimal cub Ha minimal set of com ponenle whose fallere, cawse the system fe Sail. Fault bree Analysis > Fault dee, analysis te one of the metheds for sage tens ss Feby andl reliability canaly cis, Many reliability lechnigues ove 5 rnductiwe: and art. cortnncd peimarilg sith empering thats hardedere tll eccomplith the intended fanctian \ > Foult Hee analys iva debailed reductive analyse. that | regatees considereble Mnfer malen abvut the sgshery aod & Concerned with. ensuring dhol all cribreat aspects of the by systen ont ldeabified andi conbealled: The graph cal! repressniahin sof bpelsan logic aecoctated with devel pmenk af a sgitens | Goilare Ceorseqnerce ) called the bop eveph ancl barre Failuce ( éavses) primary, eveot Cheftem gent). Top events i" an ber bread , encompacsing events sdch as release of me) padoactviby fem o nenclear power plant | specifte events tach ar. failure te invert scontrot rod ( energize power t available to 6 intel Rae. Faulk bree analyss 64 of valye in) “ (id Providing options dev qualitative cand quantitative yeliability anelysis ) Welping the analysh fo _undershanel sGslem failare reduchvely ; (3) Crienlahing out the aspech of systems that are imagonkant —canceraing He failures sof fn bevest ) Provid gy the hanatiyst sn wright inte the system Iehaviowr > \Faull Hee 60 @ model that graphically endl lesicell vepresent varius combinatioas, of — pastible fot both Fault and normal thal aewr in” a bh ‘ sy tte thet leads fesate aid L systeon fo occur, A ferm “op _evenls. A Faull events abnorne thalf expecled ate thet occurs en Fpemal_ event 6 an even! denokts dynam change of ct event ar syshen element but Ye syter element in clade Fhe (ha, the SEW human: being ancl engironmental factors. : salt /20 26 _ Allocation oF liability Require menls > Reliability and design engines row Trenelote campanenh perfermonne and the process of fo \ndividual componenis te yeHewed fo as telrability which if can be averal system performance inte (Fei gaing reliabi hy require nents aibain specified cyslem reliabilily tr allocation. There ar mang differen! wags va done maybe fos rang, vearans and thir could Yaclade, CY Tiy role a component plege F funchiow in a system (2) Mehede avatlable fer accomplishing _ Fhis_fagetren G3) Complenity of the component ‘ CH) Reliabitihy of the component. ) : > |The problem 1 further coraplicaled by lack 0 febat leet information oo many of the faetos menkoned. A tentative allocation rect be atcompliched te gure the | relablity engine ond seme ef the advankeges Ff He prcss duiga jindade (UD The process forees the systeor design and. ceveleprent peranne! ty andertband and develop velehonship. amengst | components , subigrlem and system reliabilihy 2) The design engineer ic dbliged to consider yelrabiby equally with other system pacomneters (ey: cast, weight performance Che meleriabee) G@) Reliability allocation ences qdequale design jmanufachering Cethed aod testing procedures, Reliability ide GF Himd orienled quality he defined and. twa demer: Fler the de t4r 5 am © relies Bee aay Merit le foie ecu atieiteen ¢ lualecl byomanufachving y marion reliability level 06 the syslern har been determined : > Breenbally reliability effect in over “alee th design release! one quelily conhel daring mnanufacheng phase only encares thet reliability level deesat degrade during manutachkong eae reliability effort mawit be the indegral part of design development since this ty where the level ic estebliched fo ensue the mot eronamicaiig onl eMlectvely vepredachon ef « predacl. Reliabilily —activibie emt shart early ie the product > develo penreat cycle 2 [dent Heaher of reliability improvement depends heevily un the behertifirabion of prreancl shying the preduct from the Blteprint and preliminary system mopup Fince Theres ae hare date ovailoble Fer quonlibative arcetsment et reliebilily d1Ihe le rig ner relict or formalized design review prececlivre which must have been developed by the firm > the Aetign review a femal and a dlecwmentd review of 4 syslem design hich ts conducled Ly @ committe 06 senor’ te Leanipang percennel who ave eaperienceel in pahnent ar pecl of > product design, reliabils ily, marufachieing meteriale, chess 3 aralysa, human fachow, falely ,loguhur, maintenance etc > Derign review extends the oven| phaies of product dlevelepenent ——— Srem concephon to production In each phace — previeud work ss cupdated and review 11 based on the current information A cmehwe design requices trade off bhea confliching factere cash Les performance, maintenability , celiabiliby , prsrs facharebilib et and the trade~elt depends heavily on experienced wedsertiek, | ‘. aad require conkinwow communicabion amongst exper enced | reviewer > Design review commille agprouch —y cate bene feial. {t adopts Hey the sys leen's qoint of view and considers oil leonceivable phases of design but Fewut be muilhifaced to ae <4 ea?EF [Tegiehe eng = encases dheveleymen 36 produ Peetyn commitee( chair pres, marketing wep, Design eng tse} , Beliabilihy bry menafacturing Eno ¥ Malem! bag Faleby ond RelsahiPiy en (dy she and quatlly €ng 4p loqshe eng.) fells the design eyele ankl H product iy released Review procedure considers reliabiliby and all important —farclers Yo ensue that a mahuve design reculhe from design ef fork Effechve techniques in (1) Checklist | @EIA (CFoult tree Analyses) - 2, Fault Identifying Failure Sluabiong Fimenly a mretho dof finding inary system and it hacia wide backgrand se in aercpace , electronics; nucleer indurhries ete. IE i qa anclyhical mnelhed of sing proof by conlradichion, where waderira ble Stale is specified. the syshem i onalyseel_ in a _top- down manner fe iad all possible parts that can pesull in unclerrable shale. Boolean logic is used to describe how combinations of a single fault can lead to a total syclem failave pee Several methods exub: - pe = W) Event bree analysis COT) 3 in real port Gi) Cawe conequense analysis Ceca) Fr eeonk (ii) Harard Mode Effect Baal (urea) ’ | ©) Fault Harard Analysn CF NAD @) Stale Machine Hazard Analiis (STV HAD a WD Fault Mode Effect Ceitrea Analyese ( Fiveca) ie Tl Transfer event In dicabes Jou. Bh specitte bred. proach (> A pointer te a tree beemch > Transter only at the gate event level + the Ieansfer is for several Aifferent purposes jie, pslark a new page >Imdicale where the branch is used! YIndicale arin pub fy 27,114, 2GoD rTA => Ss 1 pete Sytem 1: De bine com prnenly TP Ecleblih Leandets 4 eter cond ck fault Free S. Evaluate Faith [ Gat ee os Set a Cees Pact vat « 9, Procli fy the fut bree (Rade olf) & Document en Apply foul tree. Deaw a foull Free for (Assam He balbe aren'l igh tng) © QO Gayle alb oe Ge - Gaz Gat C+D - ABtCtD wtb is nat ‘lighin Ga Se Faull Compentaly G1 zba4G, [At Gye Gp = AtctD. G, Gt ct >). Cer ceo} TAR EAC TROT CE 4d +cpa pet Derg SARL ACHADL Bey +4 BDFD sage C+Dagate ° qtermune the yeliabiliy 4 of the tyler shown fy Et Ra ba Rus 8 = Racy 20.9 4 D= 0.4 4 RMES oF yas ore allel ake Lick Seif Ror = Real gile TR ae 1-0 26.2 > E —_] fo) = (1-03 x6.2403) X04 Moe Ruy = 0. F005 6 jwo diodes are connecled in gusallel. A diode may fail in one of ithe 2 ways of sherl civcaih or open cw ruil ref a “ttoc )= O-1, Plse) =0.2 pat wthichcs F 5 g Dereronine the petbabilily Thad the five alicdes whee comics ed parallel will erle Reeys) = RCunder condition 1) x? Lemdihun 4) + Beyers theorem RC under condibion 2) x ? Cronditivn 2) tree When diode hv onc reliability depenete on clicde B Whin diede Ais fc, the syshemr us down ( Reliability =o) = Pl diode 6, good) + PCdicde 8, 0-¢) Rérays) @ay_telt fy = 0-4 Ou) sor Ryy cof he _Fellowing sys tem operaly only IF there ts fepmehws path at fanckionn) device fron \efh Fo rights The probability that Wack ley ice funchiens 15 cee ee the “devire fails inde pencten iy, herpene the overalUe 0-49 |} > o/> (e- a4 oa aG62S 4a Ru) UK Om) x (ame teeedsacets) x oO = agtorro oo. Att Example )Elechenre preduct contains jou Ver and the prepabitihy that ay tc is defective is 0-001. Theyye all ndepeadenb The product cprates only if the 1a are operational. Determme the prbebility thal the product is operational 5) Comider 6 systems with 6 Kinds of components in gerses parallel connection with yelabilihes indicated 190 9S sre zAons 3 -o.F sr £_syelem wonkain 3 of Third Com punen t debermine the system yelfabillky ancl comment The 3rd component 00 the overal reliability an 2 of th ampenent, on the effect of DR Ahame computer has wo 3.8 inch dik drives, Assume the fellunn eshmated vetoes reliability values of the — carnponent where dubibution i applied Determine the pro bebiliky of the computer oreradingy successfully with at leah one disk “drive for 1900 hrs x ponen Wa) Artumph ons compenens |_failue Robe Al Bet Lwoohes 3£ dusk drives 32 yar O-A62 10° Tded dee ak he O46 tof 4 CPU beurd Hel We 0-496 eC Io hes 0.440 ne Poe | Moaitee oe hive 0.440 10 duke ave word, |_[ cre er =] ard Ait,Jolubions gas x 0.98% (1-3 x05203) x (4 GFA 028) A _O-4 OAS FOS K AGI Y DLaTTES Y 0.4 = O74 te = 1-€1-0.601) = 00452 maw ~ (r= 0482) (1 -0-462) > 0.9486 Vmpuver MEER 464 1s 0G x 940. H. 400 2-0-4426 | lieder aalilzery ae Inherent , i Mainlenan c€ [spare galt Retiabiti Main tenobitity teste Capel? > Rualabilily 76 4 fancha of inhtent relisbilty, mamkenability and main tenance , appar! Availability i The abitily of an itm under combined aspect of il reliability , moinierabitity ond mealenance suport to | perform its required Tfanckion ata sheled inshont of How or over a stated period of hime Ik ist funchion of inherent relrability ot the ikem, maintenabiity of & item & maintenance! Support . Maintenabilit : Dibe abilihy of an Hem under stated condilion of use to be retained in or restored fo a Stale in ahich il can perform its required Sanction, Cone cmattnance Bo performed undee staled condibvens qe mg Bpresri bed procedures and cesources (Inher ¥ design -aceers Je the system, dismantling and oxsembling it)eer Mabillenbale |- [Pts [reveve | e758! 5 b The combination of all fechaical correspond in g qa miniulea tive incluiding sapervuion actions inleaded to retain aa eathy in, er | restore d fo 4 stole in uhieh 1 ean perform’ ib inlendled function Mainlecane decision hes 1a take into account a large Munber of decision citeria that may gemelines be canta dichery, 1¢ chouse the bev k achons maintenance task gt best possible Hw A va complen Fesk that may not depend enly on the convent thale of the item but fubse | focor such gs consequracs of choice For teng teem expletatien sf | ‘heme heat meialenanc supper! depends an maintenanee persenncls’ availability , skille, tools avallability and qualthy of spat packs. th is | Vecommended bo establish a mothemalregl “model thal can be ured be assess the impact of meinlenarce —decivioa The approach gives premaing | teulte and by asing malhemahical shechashe medel” it mag be | asthe to amulale maintenance stralegy and reveal the & SsoGaleet Hecke maintenance cost and operahional. performance. This may be used to determine the best mainlenane shake gy to implement Types cf Maiatenonce Mainknane based of-bet siete? » Corrective oe oe — » Repair Conapensating clock r 4 based Age pais Keadifin ba ol poet a ' 2) pepsin Ve Calender oyerahen adechetler t H Hie time evolakm Repair / Suite in TTT baie i ») Replacement randy anit er: eb el Repare / If Period ef Clock!ge] period ie Replacement Regan Replacement clock Lage Failuce Finding foske YMarslenance Concept 2) Mainlenane strategy 3) YF ulhea 4) Mankeranes operotion Mommie nance tasks may be clestitied 9 mony different ways 24 Showa abovenear naenchedien pek ace pond = te pe sien | eae eee zaliliaen Preveniye mrolerance (Ppl yi Planned. maialertonce: whith | odetarmed! ‘when the shen 4, Aenchramir veyer ly te peavint future | teidhees ; Treqenfiet lain to uate | ser ies, do, paduite the pru bubs Vay of the > feelwre of |The Mem asd may ynvolve * i 100 udjutlroent 4 part ceglowonend, calicrhion, lubientun ot ttrcemn of a heh ant beginning le sore out! Pi ay candy cled ttn? regular bests eget of working J Ganchions pb cad be) slassihed f linte ‘thy | foll ewieal. | cahegeries.: \ J 4 + Age be, wit + i thin il the ease where Om) tasks) ave carced pub al e yeas tied ape of The leer | ethuh may | be menrused io terns of Vat 1a opeeation, o ether hme conceph elec bared main benance Cz la this case, PM darks ave carried out at specihied calender bine L eLondition based Maintenance ps Ve cate whee PM bases ore base! on measurements of one EL condition or more variables of an item. Maintenance os inihiqhed when © condlilion vovble appreaches er passes. Hreshold valuer (eq ©f cditwn Variabe > lemperahare, particles ia ort) er buat @ _Oppertunity iMainlenance-_ e Se WE applicable fer malke- sem eystem shee mneinttnane baste en otter ikem or systems chatdoun iglervention Penis on op porkaniby hol edech lout | malaMabbet ihe c not cute of the “mantenance — Correchive | Maintenance (€01) Tha type of maintenance may be vebecred fo as repair mainkenance and is tacried oul when they item has Failed, the purpose of which is fo bring the items) back) fo! the Fug chenin share ASAP either through yee of or, replacing" M failed’ item ov by Switching fo a “redundant iter SCI maybe referred to ar breakdown moinlenance oc ran to failure maintenance Fatluee! fon nq Haintranace 2 for ype eo FP thak invelers| fuetkenal and opto tunal checker tes, be vet hy ped prong, eptrabion: of offline funebivas Hecate: of be clea ps Faire Finding meinlenayes 15 caerved on a) regular bes with cited | idbedoas Vhun Foilue find in asks pe j rane pelehime Distribuly Dounhme and Dowa wn >Downkime of an item/ system fs the Hae link cpecified mission ported wher the Shen is at able be perform one or nore of iby inbended funchions: There are Yao types ,ie, vmplansed and pleaned > Unglaancd — clowatinne + fe Whe dourtime. cauted by an item Failure - It can be internal external event thus caused random Failure. One cause can be human error, enviroamental impact, lus of utility functions, strikes, subotowrs la some applicahiens, unplahned don bine mey be referred ke as forced outrage time, eG in power generahien > Planned dewnhine » Ts 1s thes downtime courcl by plenaed preven live ite be mainkerance , planned operahions, included in it defined, net planned time in operation planned operat ional breales or >In some applicabion « hwo types: W) Sched breaks , holidays, planned Gi) Onghe dulled the planned ie, mraren ted dewahrme downtime depe vied mey bi td phat) bel emda Fs common thet plone preven Hve planned downtime monitoring cleteclion of incipient may require preventive bass quolity of the system. functions fate” Failuee. In osseciated postpeneel within sere limile suitable For operational Mginkoone * Companies are Jafety and maintenance Grom the users of there €quipment Mois alse environmentall strabegies, Ma claimed — that Slanted buward © moximrt minimizi ai duuntime — fur > Fear of ~precluck reli abil Yecommenda tian allecaked based ont i) Requirement in hea 1).Le-n pan standards Wi) Ke commendah on From 1) lohouse roainla ance Optimi zation faced with Lous and regulations related protection that seks requicements manu fac hin after mona tachi’ ing the sales the user. kes ma y Mainhenaace task “and ishation manu fachores ek perienee planned breaks , heliclayy, wlhat alse in Fluence_ manu fee ads on how’ the prisciun period defined as © FENRES or the 1 year excluding helideys, to split unplanned downhme ia ed 4 long tee in advance : mainte nence inikoted by condi hontag Failures “and even that to improve ov miatiniara the oe recluce the —probabilihy vf rormedi4l tasks Can be nd | carriect | cut! usher [EE pooh of view te personal Pb Phar ct get very Wtle fea bacle vtanHerd pected hover recommendetions may: be of consumable spares rather than ere rs resources have tradi hon atlly heen ond vendors of the equrpment“Mainkaance €2 perken be | Spe meinlnan [Tdialinane Fees! plans! ayt \e--—' mecdely 7 | ee — | | resource Che crt Fy the abeve Figuie | shows manbenance development strategy Frquce P yt and vtaintenae ce as pectt ghaald be considered daging Witt cy shen desiga te ayeid Falures ad a park cular time that weuld heve been corrected durmg the design > Oeboiled maintenance te chabegics fhrild he eslabliche befere He ays ten is pat iake eperatien, ‘ 30[ 1l2zorm Reliabilily centered Maintenance (&¢14) thas a syslemabe consideration ‘of system funckions 7 the we funchons can fail- and preity bared consideration of safeby, Applicators! ainealt, | rtitivary yang tnduslyy in gana fac harm 4? U2 The man ~focur ef REM is on the system functions se as te reduce Ye maitenance cork by fecusing on the most innpertant Sunckons of the system and avoiding or removing maintenance tosk which may not be very necessary : yd Mantenaae basks considered in ROM are related fo failures and fuschwas fanckenal degrada on > REM» a techmique for developng PM grogramme and ts baged on the acsumption that —iahercent relvabilshy of the equ pment fa tre funchon ef the detiga end build quality, be, en effechye Pit progicimme encures thot inherent, reliability is maintained and doesnt subbiwie fer poor , L maintenance prachees. It cannet decign, inadequate build quality or bad Gatedaat Uilleteal llabsahy Pd Jeapraberh ek Joly possible through derign oF modification. > REM was detigned te balance the cost and benefits and ite obbain the mest cost elfechive PIA programme. Since PM will not prevent all failuces, potential consequence ef each failure mast be idealFied pad the bkelihvcd be known, Pid asks ove chosen to addhen cock failure by using 8 set of appluabiliky and eFfechvencss aiteria. It mot provide a reduced — expected lus related te aoc eee meatal damage , predic Hon lore and materl personal in) Ltd D Re | provides aneuers | fol the Follows g £even quesbury: D what are the functions and astecialed performance Standards ef the equipren fin ‘bs present operahing context? 4 i iii2) In what way con it fail to fulfit ike funchone? 3) What is the cowe of each — funchonal failure? 4) what happens when each failure occurs? 5) In whet way deer each failuee matter? a} Ulhal can be clone to preverrt cach — failure.? 7) What should be done if a suitable preventive task cannot be eund ?, > Grperience har thown fhat approx. z0%h oF the eee of Rem analysis i involved in ‘defining Fanckionr and performance stander >The main steps Of an Rem analysis may be carried out as a cequene of achwihes or steps, some of “which overlapping in Kinne, ie, ; pe coup, obikchves ,redutiemint polrcier (D Study the reparation. ~Sétltay up_greney OHREINE eur pelrciee seat W) Syste belle hehe defini hen -~bowndort of epteahon aaa GOL Ga) Foe Mronal Failure analysis CRRA) = Secaiten —Encoeamatt Arch” Suaiehtly GO Gibieal Hem —selectoo 2 iri aera és 1 (1) pala weelledion and | analysis. ~“iiintea pagent tale ure, |, apteston, Oe er ea tg A pein ei cay tga re Meek cheer b shoo poate prec Rf failure raed ee eed Ray cis.) Cia path re Ovi Sleckion gf Mainkerance Achuns Determinahon of Maintenance latevals comparison Analysis (is) Preventive meuntenan (©) Treatment of non-criheel items (1) Imaplementabion : 1 &i) Inserwee date colleetun and updating, Y Complete random — failnre flee T > Kwey ct prevenkng Pavilue (impesrble> > Mow te delech > Falla C pessible) Dae | | hpdden| Gatlure (Reapers ia) loll et: scpcnn) Shep Depitheel by syphens being hanelied Cine ap witha gount chart be ches whetur the syshem is banchvan| At shep 4 pyle yeue pak in plae and whelher ity ef feckive J Mainenante af fected by pesonal saleby. > Cost javelved in resourees cleg |} with > Avallability of spares > Prolecrve of Fanckons durfag main tonance tee te Gorgi der — fheons relabens, Ceedback from ycert, relale it by tube desig of ther antename . Engintering Objectives a a 1 there ted lad hem ainG | enginet chjectwer, & important ones { igelyns “oy eth Freq uena and amount of maintenance { eet f mainteaanece related — operehivas i) Reduce the OID amount of _Stpely support required WJ Detveate the meinkenance slits — required YD Improve maintenance olgdated Mant” vu Imp rove I Al st rere ond ensue maximum usage ef all meintenen | wi) Eshablich opkmum freguene ad exten? of Pmt be be i carried ou tegetneg an’ t Wit) Reduce the effeck of complexity > blemeats and Principles fer selecting stems fer Pra Pe FF tlements in clade (OD Mncpec tron conerned with periodically incpechag items te determine the serviceabiliky Comparing | theie prechanical, electrical , phys:cal EA UM [ chalsZlerial ck 122 leflabith | atandaed ae » G) Najpaabeent Concerned with periodically makia adjustments be statect Valabld. Plesk fe] becbudve a per foromanee (i) Align men Concerned with —maleingy changes te te achieve ophmum perfocmonte an ilem shaled varcable elements (4) Calibration Conamd ith detecting and adyasting a9 dliscee pancy aclaraey ot Hae peared’ or pro teria | beng compered tabi standard value. in the le WW) vermeing Conctiaed ehh pecedielly —chocging leering , labeicabiog a ilems tee preening Phe cecuren te of any failure (vi). Tes tin Concermed will periodically testing fo delermine servicability and detecting electtcal or — mechenical degrada hun Bae AI Sa ite i at es a i al Oe ee ee ee eee ee ee a (vit) larta\latien : Periodically re ples (inSlel life ifems oF tems experiencia s bene cycle jie, wea decgedaten fur maittaining stoleel level felerancehe >The formula principle presented can. be very useful in decicling ashelher fo umalement a pm frogamme for 4 ayslem /iten (m) (Ac) Ca) > SPC whee seme= tolal cost of sytem maidenane mztolal no. of breakdowns Cort of breakdown tolal cost of breskidow haiz or Exany DA network representing an engineering system with independent anit is chown, Deber ming ri network re lig iluhy acing network reduchen © >» Sately ts the conservator of human Iife and ths effectivences and prevention oF damage to thems os per specified enission rel anemend, > Quality tthe gid taklcH hl item, funclion or process solutes the, users and customer’ requirement D> Reliabitity ss the probability that an ibe will er fem ths Specified mission sabis factorit foy the etafed’ time when uceel according fo ths specified missten : —~ Selution| mmeinicebion | suclem A of & the ol ler tree | ph ce Ye Composed 0 fF independent ancl de ie forming 4 hedge network If the reliobilite of gach undt 750.98 debesm ne, She conimnns Catan systems —relibilt Fr 1 Ree DA + R25 at 4 aeF 2 W1.V206 + 1.8023 4 - HEE Hl Cote OWA eF 3) An aiccratl has 3 jdenticnl and independenl engines. At least 2 engines must operate for the arcraft te Fly success fully. E I he engine rebisbibhy 3 0.97, determin phe awerath relickit dy wor K_tngents LTS 014 - 161 S346 SOAs 9 119 BY Aor indent ilepha Ae system 0 camyed at 4 ache and «3 atte bealiba Fring gece peakgurelien Eth ulinbiily of enh ance 6.44, Zolealale the syslems reliability pts 2 R= 0.466 FE) R computer hey 2 rndegerden! ond identical GPUs | operahin frraltentoustys AL \eest 1 chy must operate aormal ly foc tLe comp he fanchen ~succecsfally VF reli ability of cou f_. 46 | delirontes Yee temp rchablity aiert cro vk archer = 0.0464 §) Ptar hes & inde perder} and identical Vices Gack jtre, hos p reliability of 4% + one of the bees is chante! the car driven. Delermine the car reliability wet tha Hrey anal conoct be eqnment ea: the rest oe ae 8 ‘ Ana 2 0-€8S (Ali tn serves)Concept of Availability and. Dependability Whea a piece of edustp sh ar System fads Sits uk of serveee eas (es cepeiced er subbbakeed by another unit. UE will be unevail «) e te vers. Time required bo restore service by repair neplacemcat reper time feiluney are wtwed 6s insleniqnceus even wiheeas Fepain ort Contiaucus — procesfes and. the hue have some similarity 5 @ fale taker a wait from aprtale to deuastole and it Kher e0 average of MTTF (Mean foe be failuce ) fer ik be take place, a reqae. take ¢ unit fam downsbale to upthale and jf bakes o9 ayerages of MTR Failure rake is the reciprocal of MTBR( Mean time Behurer Regeper) Simlarly, repair rebe is equal to _recipcocal of repair Hime. Just oe Latlore? vale leads} aa expenentiol failure probshility, coutnat vepaie role \eads fo an exponential vepeic function. Inbeclaton of repeiv activity makes the system truly dynemic becouse the 1 eppesing forcer of flue ond repair driver the jysten back and forth bhve ceva and up state. la reality sy stenas hed deel Yoel just ap and down thales but enultiple shales” due te favlare of x cut of 1 unity cpart_ Provisions , derohing components and many other feclrs, The boolysis 1S ver com pli beet at he principle of failbue rate end leading bo. tne, stake ee, amdther appli when a system failr, ikl be) oat of service foe somelime anti vepeiced or replaced land at times cpnee units veald alse be dewn whan the systenn falls and ea ino more spores art available. the ‘& of | Kine the system is functioning 1 the system availabiliny denoted at ke telal hoes of operahion tyr on unavail obi lihy 4 = Total bow of downtime 1 ye tbo Since on average Sh atakes a bime interval equal be MITE for the zysiter Yo fail and, Fime iinlerval equal fo TATE R for, the system fo be operation! availability ic de fined as: Avi phone oe qT ka uptioe + downtime mirkt TTR K+ Ne Ara) isi ite = 4% : + AM MITE +m ITR Kay a (ued) WE mire tle x E760 Mwph ef Pependa bilihy Include all dhe Hme whin The! gusty firal ippecatings Pi lallsted dio del tt beh oduleal We galahateacl dha lod nce is Stheduled the ayslem operalivss — eray shill be pied Aue to falar Availabinty of the i gclerh iA 4 intended — fer continues eperabion it de pea clabili hy wav h fan be coleulated by aubleochoy scheduled —meralenance those, Grom Hae anauel clawnttre “ond divi Ay by £160, it, d= Im = Sin where Ime Annual Lime 5460 Sins Sehedited grainheance hve Im 5 Do 1-b Sa Pr 4a-P ‘Design coasideceition for sylemu such as mantreme compe oe and dependability oF prome umpeclarce, for a dectgne of « Complicated system, there aluaye gpecifiedl availabe lily jie, contiler values of MITE € Mire. fe imect the: requied availobiliby, Improvement of 1 T1A aad) MITF wee againt each other 18, TTF a, limfled by set of act or comsihienl compenentt and furthes ecdensiony of MITE can only be accomplithe thea’ yedundancy technique Shel complicates fhe cyclen while TIT Ros propor Monat 40. the “compatihy of the system. A designee has fo Mee fa right Hredeolf bhon rte crre. @f the too, pitt has lect room far | maneuveciag_| dol thd: ides‘qnee pes fo work on MITA by appluin maintenadilihy — engreering bechnique Ie adhen Phe vequieed ovilabsbhy thal wold (be. releseacy | for the design. genecaking, satien availale Hay are enya a blalrort Nh etaaditiene! pedundoncg — Occurs | due fo Ihe Falluce | mode. Pesedventay of redusdoncy = expensive Weigh! , spare, cpace, prevenhive mainkenence, cost of pewter (ocumplioa, mort Failures, cone ckve maintenance te be dene at a later Heme Slandby vedandency et 7 unit redundany a 4 fen a= Component redanden tg ‘aah {4} =rye Re = 1 Ma) xf at >In duigning for higher relia bilthy , tonsider the following | > > port. se Part Selec tion thy necessary fo ensure that selected components art insensitive bo eavirenment concern, dont creale any harmful effeds en other components , can be prolected jadividually” or in 4 group of « conmrplebe cir Cait from the harmful eHet of environment , dos chaage in normal value outzide allowable limite wchian, achwe “redundoncy , garha) achive vedundoney Use of inn proved! construckonal methods aad new technology weuld be sagpoprial® ite, encapiallalion, >The use of Ilr. Ure ot redundorcy (adeliMeral compontats in the cenkgucahion) Achive redundancy 4 wena ls Consider 4 Neng dishance radio trany mission Well spare ae wed after signal amplifieativa the combining urvk selects Vhe largest of the many aerials for subcequenh processing, (Ry 1 Partial - Active Redundans tho. of uniis germitled fo “fail is len than in full: eactive redunlan Conjider an oirerofh wilh A engines UE vould certainly land safely if the a engines tee! working bab might be ath impoest ble for 1 engine, In sucha Senario, relianilily t haved on call or binomial ex pressian Consider R= Relabiy (R+@)° @ > Uae lichitn : 4 He tle. ek engines Rp =(R +(1-R)) Use of Hakictical design methed sould aleo impuve reliability. It involves dutribution of component values bhen their tolerance Lienit for Ihe purpose of assessing whether @ design meets engineering — syecitication ond é dekermine the proportion of production ~ that will be rejected a: unsak factory: The methed uses conguters and is based oF random valuer Mec, the use ef deraling componente in order fo reduce Phe equipment failure rote subsequent wm prover reliability. Aerhenine law 3 ued to echeve tha: kg AS Consents whee Ar = As(.% ie laste) Vat vy = Velloge Va law % i gts = Temperahare values Me hha ze milun tebeLK chews ffeck of tempecahie fer & packeal ac component Porame fers that sould necessitate design and menufachie item as maintanable system 3 yin order te design and manu father « maintenable syslenn, ibs necessary te predich MItR for the variou fault ceadibens hot occur in the sustem. Passive repair time is mainly determined! > | > by the deme if bakes by the etsltmity engineer tev havel te the castomer site. Achve cepaic Hime ts dire tly ot fected by sytem design ancl entars Ythe time bho the occurence of the Failure and syslem user becoming aware thot it has occured | (i) Time needed to delech the fault and isolate the replaceable Gomponents (D Time needed to replace the Faulky component (ww) Time needed to vey that Fhe ~ feulk has been correcteel and the system is fully operatienal In packaging of electrical and electronic equipment * Conshihveat UW) Avoid breakage and potential release of hazardous , component Ui) Reduce the cost of braneper tation (7) Moximise use of transport space GW) Sicaphi handling ond prevent injuriec w) rear easier and faster to procert males once it arrives at the dertinakron dan engineer or desyaw mut have « balance cbjeihives and proctial considerations when selecting — gackaging metheds so that (i) Hazards to be protected against mechanical damage, (BB Exposure to weather and dil, Emf and Emi i) Provide heat diuipation Tequiemtents (i) Ensure the availability and cagabilily ot the supplres of conponen ls of the syslem (wv) Convenrent user inter Face and — design () ose of acess to internal parte when maintenance 14 requiced Wi) oduct safely and compbance with —regulalory stoadarde (vi) Aesthebies dad other markeling considerah das (Wi) Service Mile and rebability a Ty ’Fawlaves which the derigne: i manutathber__yroulél: hak be bela trespuntlle () Faultsdue to lack of adherence and fe maintenance precedtires and jaskuctiuns Faults caused by adjvilmenl after hand over (Wil Faults caused ~ by human inter veatiun (WW) Damages due bo ~duyuler or _ fighka W) Replacement them from cuhimer immediately faulty uihen wee W) Secondary aluce oF the sysber caused by Failky best equyment er avalenche effect (ii) Fault caused by external ‘influences oulside derign suchen Specification Will) Foult due to Failure of component operahng beyond the designed life. | (i) Foulk analysis gending due to incufficient in Formabien. i (%) Me syctem ~ or compunent faulk found rol [202 STEPS FOR DEVELOPING PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE pROGgRArIS > Development of a good preventive maintenance program requires the cvatla bil? Ta lea Taf tell fin) Nthedeal_aecoed lot lhepeoa)pdetl dale foe Insel equipmen! test instrument and tools, manufecharer’s eccommendahion, skilec! quipmect c Y peuonnel, management cuport ard user cooptration alto service manuals A good preverlive mainlenance programme con be develeped in a short time qe preg’ Ps by fellosing the i slept D Bighlight aad chore, the area. Man objective of thu step ix te obtain a good result in highly visible area i) Ldentity PI requirements, Defining pit relghed lo the mbveslel needs 4. daily Prt. 5 (ii) Determine assignment Frequency. Considers experienced perconnel, lens under consideration, recommendabion Frem the engines , Yeaders (uso of program) (iv) Prepare prevenhve mainleranre assignment. How offer to be dons pt, daily periedic (v) Schedule preventive maintenance assignment. it Frevth tye W) Sxqand prt pragigme as appropriate. Experience — knew'edge , pilot i 3} 5 7 alee hase the can ulp you baild on He sanere ee f 2M Measures 4b thez are Phere ase mang PIT measurer and furo such meriartt considered quik vse dul? GJ meqn Pr bine. 6) Mean £M tena Sy pouicall y the avg. system or equipment alownkime re unl foc gertormiag scheduled” Prt. Mean prewahve fime is defined by ac: - mMemT = D0 Army é21 Whee MPMI = Mean Preventive {ial EL Dee a merintencin te bine Zi ids W's Total! no: of] tote Ponls fiz Frequency of ¢ where APm Ti = Ava time required ea i pr Fasler jn fecforen Prt Kouk (for b= tosk/opemhoy he Yizpek, af ler adjustment OF equipment /iLem duty eyele- [ol Mediog Prt > Borico'lu — eaurpmen* them dowakime required Soe performing SOs of Jali scheduled maintenance ackons under the condihions ~ specified of Yee veda FH conditions specified for Median 11 ‘og numal distributed Pt) time, median Pm a4 expressed 4 atoe| Z Ai bog Pen Ti ~ actileg| J =F ubire tem = Medi mz Total ao. of data poiaks hie Conctant fatluce cate Of component | of the equipment or item af which matalenabilily is to be delermined adjusted for factors such oY teteranu and inlecachen Eoltues, duly cycles or catostrophic fatluces that may pape t lead, te deFeroriation of equipment of jyem performance t fo the degree fhat moiatenane relatea’d achen t will be Fokern for (= 1,2), } Medi = Avg Hine requiced to perform rt tase f fue be 4,200, ™ [Benefits of 1 PM Do thegse mang bal. the mark tmpertant are; f(D Improved safely, ] LG) Iniglemental A gystern reliabil by Gi) Reduction is need for Hand by system equipment(io) Reduecttn ta park trvea ber (¥) Cong is tency in wolity WV) Shmulahion in reaction jndead of reaction (1) lnuemental in produchen yeverue (Md) Perform 44 Conyers ent C4) Stondardrted procedures; tost and time (x) Reduction fa overtime CO) Uretal in, promoting cost / benefit optimization, W) Balanced wai load. 7 Dradbacl of 90 : C1) Exposes equipment Fayslon te posible olenage Gi) Use of more park “/ component Gil) More frequent occere be equipment | system and inereait in Snikol cost tafalrer4 Marrtenence prevent i Thihats danps bs llger Rectach LAK Mal design > Product Nhe cyte - Hheges a systter faker Derelepmmnt -Veibeahen = Dispasas > Reliability —medyureenent *- Micha ry eb a cyt. Parameler conghiba hy the cys, sab colleckion (hutery) , analyse, bsting modthian , mortaring > lite beating - Eshmating life gt eg. high! (brining li hecelerated, like Ieslay, chen “testing” Festina dont thra’ exerting sires te q mattnal aalil” ib git, wo Define scope J 3 Extablish ebjectver t Develop optrabsas 1 yofile life tes brag Exetute i Jeching rbSour ces | Collece 4 atta | % " por t Mainknance Op hmiration fi 7 Strahiguy aimed at isp rvvia efhsieney ls eflectivents 5 > We fesk ol mapomer for” optimal Cmax. reliability maide tare oe nn chi gealig Acefepse) and scheduling ralegy Decilion | esaliza Of hen: abn rgglemn preformance > iM died lake entayralales proseatoe y padilve @ cemechee Corveclae oA s [dehty emg, prigritire on how bo bath beck le Ham Rerarees , Celiohtity anulyhiy, conkouo wt ionprovementORS pebobilihy centred me, bf , bis aMonagerent. Focusing on 4 sperie ib ibetth reliability ef overs | giles t Buk bssed maintenance vey rky C Tr : Concenned eslth parks of a syslem that we Drawbacks of PI 2 Dros backs of prcfocrmag Pret domage ore exposing equlprent te a pessyble [Type of Correchve Paintenance Falk may be grouped under § classificabons + Wd fail re pate Concerned sith restoring equipment fo ite optahenal state ti) Servicing mag be needed hecouie of corrective mainien ance action - F HWS ovehaul os Gencecned with peiloring gr pepating a’ system) be the Syerhwl pa d comple servicable Stale feceliny eg iement Feaho apa tmai anche! service abiry standerds, using the” seyeck end repar only # apyrogriale approach (y) Rebuilding Fs Conterned with — rerboring equipment feo chandarel ar clase as Possible fe tre orignal stale in regamle ty appearance, Fhe ex peckansy and performanue . Pusasabble , jasprehon , replecing worn unt — ‘tens WO) Jalyage Coneteried vith Aupesal of Aan ve pavable mialenals and ubilisation of salvaged materials fram ifeny thet ore mpeseible to regor io he everhodt , rebuild or repair prgmm Lo Corectve Maintenance heduchen | Stealeg jet [> Ditlren} Sheps of performing Cr" have bee” proposed mast enn | tops (be performed in & step D Failure Receaynition fancernrd with recognizing the exutence oF « Fon inet { | { JFoiture Locakion. Localining Foulare ia a system A gach © U5) Diag need witha equipnunt, help m denhbgng | specie fasted i 49 Failed part yeplaument repair ) Rebven syste fo see vice Teshag es Bf oh ik: ieDifcbeed Khe | hratelenes ce acdve pepar hme 1 delay > The six sab sempanesls of active tre, check ovt time, ink je tare Litem ‘obbained_| dine > In oder Lo imprmye effectiveness ot edjattment a time. Frye frealesge cre usd and have Pra! vecognitan Puslahien and location , redundancy (Is) tmp rove intecchangeabiil ny > Six main irereghellt associeted with ahd scoyes and objectives (i) Clear identifrahen of 4 Asumpbons (ii) Clear anderstanding of design operation specs of dems or systern ander censideraahen (wd Compreheas we yeview of tems of or “system operational exfenenee Ieined gs asterr interface and system physical Lounds cil ¢ deiaiken “ot what conskhite a vayslem failuce mevialanea ce Cleady Dibed vantage of FIA durebul te identify fo > Provide insight inte the syster? behaviour DUsebsl to Rendle comple systems move easily | amen pres deductvely dServes as a graphic 24 for system man 2 Usthal in providing ophions fer management And ethars fer per frrmay either ane se adsllatiec | } quali irabi reli } ilihy analysis d Allows contentrahion an ane specif Farlace ab a time D> Requires the analyst to tharoughly comprehend the casideraben befere’ sharhng the “aralascs sgclem onder Digdvantane of FIA 2 Fime conven g oad a coly method > Results ae guile difficult” ty check DU consides “components [ pacts in esther “Hhogerational state er Giled state. (either functional or et) | 2tlelre23. Element of govt (Total Procluche Mant. ) ") Sob t Bliminale hall net necessary 2) Strengthen Uegenive remaining items 3) Shine $ Clean /iasyect work area 4) Standardize t Create standard fur the remaining ihems 5) Sustain + briuce standacds cet ace maint ained F piles of TRIM 4) Putenomous maintenance, Lospecting 2) Planned maintenance lt predicteet 3) Quably maintenance. tat A) Focused Toedabatil a ng A eam that works ona specific task erro that could emanakt ducing desynEaely equipment management. Unders tending the design of the 4 5) bal nee antes fl eqdipevent i) ine Lease tia Ligure Hoeledge gap en © 60 equipment ov be clean and CJ Sottty cavironment and health. Ialeck «rea must gate for the ockers. (©) Adercass tention ems off fotol adel, Management Jidertily the pilot area. Arca likely to ge faully Y Restore equipmert fo epeabing condi bion 3) Measure overal equipment eHeckivenless a) Ideatity the majes lester queciated jwith the equiprrent. SP iarroddce maintenance techniques thea dacume nf Jo. fertue) Steps of RCM (Pore te icqulament i prone 1) Select eg aramenk. for analysis 2) Deltmnt beyndaries and funcliens of the syslen. |.3) Define failure modes ef the systerr a) ldeabty rodt! cous oF the failure Ss) Megs “eHects cf failuce (FMEA Fer eca, FTA) Selec mainlenante technique for, each | faslare 9) Ienplemien} | review | the! mdintehance teq technique Impacts of ROM A) (ost | ceduchion 2) Safely te agyovermenk - 3) Eliminates unappropriale Laen- effective meintenanee tasks Markov method | | dwlidley ase fer pecfeemiag rcliabitity related analysis tor engineering syslems, ie, mode T faslare and repate rates. Aum phar ing repairable system wilh conten wed> are ‘WiraaiKoabl! probability fires one state to another ia a finile interval (At) en! bly | ASt) Uber e | oh js ithe lime transition rateCrysten Feilucel rZpaic rate fren one stele fe ene ther) a transition occurence ia a finite moce than one anether i negligible ene skate to Gi) Probabitity of hime interval (Ait) From (44+) Cant) 30 Wi) AIL geceren ces are depeadent on each other. FMEA Professienals guidelines co. s invoiwed intel acening EA ceening Fm Wu FMEA js not @ method Neal the mest of FRIEA in a riteting —sheulel be avoided W) Deceloping Co) Ema ist Gv) Fea has Bene fis of 1) veefulmeihed 2) Syshemahe a 3) Usebal metho d tsonnel 4) veefal metho tpoard ability aalysis have calablichet @ ney of ond the 4 guidlines are for selecting the optimum design concept designed te supercede engineers ork certain limital Figs ont, for_ comparing designs and highl’ghhing safely desig, ilvee, ppuech fe calegouiring —horAware fo s Pied impatvies Cammanicchen bla design inlertace J that shale fiom the detailed level and works 3) seta! appreach fer Fafequerding against repeating the seme mistake vo the future Ose fal wiibility tool fee a developmen} a) Useful meth efficienc ct and time od for redacin fed the tet management that reduces product g. engineering chen ges and sm revng Igoaaye! it I 5) Welplul Pappreach te vadeatane Stine ga impreve caihmy Sats faction. Probability Tree Analysis > Method cued te ger form crikical hum ahdte | castdecabipal, nan _itlated task anolysis diagramratical(y by preseatin athens and obher evenly Concerning ty ston D the diagrematic task analysis is pepreaerted the probability hee branches ,i¢, each branch denotes an outcome (succers | failure of the event) and each branch ye astignecl 9 value for the otcurcaue probeb Ving. Advantages 1) Guile useful 2) Decreases the 3) Incorporates tool iF cvcor deemed” probability in. computahra factos suchas emotional shess , interaction eflecr tnlecaction Frets aaiuakien Maintenance pragrann effechvenress yappiaech fem managers > The appre ach moi nlenance trgunering q.uerees “fer For evaluating program wes developed oft § study cms conducted mantenanu me Ihe maintenance angry mantenance eforts. the effechvenere oF an engeing vel nagement , matters aad iy Compesed ot 10 manages te relf evalua their