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Generator-Protection-Functions-And-Test-Methods-Part 3

1) The document provides settings and test results for various protection functions on a generator including stator ground fault protection, negative phase sequence protection, under excitation protection, and overfluxing protection. 2) Test results are shown for applying different voltage and current combinations to check the pickup and timing settings for each protection characteristic. 3) The protection functions generally operated as expected based on their settings and pickup/timing requirements. Remarks at the end of each test indicate the protection operated properly.

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engineering.arian
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12 views

Generator-Protection-Functions-And-Test-Methods-Part 3

1) The document provides settings and test results for various protection functions on a generator including stator ground fault protection, negative phase sequence protection, under excitation protection, and overfluxing protection. 2) Test results are shown for applying different voltage and current combinations to check the pickup and timing settings for each protection characteristic. 3) The protection functions generally operated as expected based on their settings and pickup/timing requirements. Remarks at the end of each test indicate the protection operated properly.

Uploaded by

engineering.arian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Characteristics diagram:

For an example Calculation for getting the susceptance value:

Xdsec - related synchronous direct reactance, secondary,


Xdmach- related synchronous direct reactance of the machine = 1.965
INMach -Nominal current of the machine = 8248.1 A
UNMach -Nominal Voltage of the Machine = 10500 V
UN-CTprim Primary Nominal Voltage of the voltage transformers = 10500 V
IN, CT prim Nominal primary CT current = 10000A

1/Xd sec = 1/1.965* 8248.1/10500*10500/10000 = 0.42

multiplied by a safety factor of 1.05, the setting value of CHAR. 1 = 1.05 x 0.42 = 0.44 with an
angle of 80deg. Time delay setting 2.0 Second.
CHAR. 2 is set to 0.9 times CHAR. 1 = 0.9 x 0.44 = 0.4 with an angle of 90deg. Time delay
setting 2.0 Second.
CHAR. 3 is set to 2 times CHAR. 1 = 2 x 0.44 = 0.88 with an angle of 100deg. Time delay
setting 0.3 Second.

Note: The below test was performed by means of voltage and current. But an actual setting is given in
susceptance. The susceptance value will be calculated(given above) inside the relay, when we are
injecting voltage and current.

Settings:
Under excitation Protection(with out U/V) : ON
Susceptance Intersect Characteristic 1 : 0.52
Inclination Angle of Characteristic 1 : 80 °
Characteristic 1 Time Delay : 2.00 sec
Susceptance Intersect Characteristic2 : 0.47
Inclination Angle of Characteristic 2 : 90 °
Characteristic 2 Time Delay : 2.00 sec
Susceptance Intersect Characteristic 3 : 0.94
Inclination Angle of Characteristic 3 : 100 °
Characteristic 3 Time Delay : 0.30 sec

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Characteristics 1 set value 0.52 at 80 deg & 2sec. ( ) Ir from 100mA..

Relay pick up(char-


Applied voltage(V) Current inj(A) Remarks
1)
Vr-n 63.5 0 Ir 4.0 30 Ir 4.1 30 Reactive power = -146.5 MVAR is
observed at the relay pick up stage.
Vy-n 63.5 -120 Iy 4.0 -90 Iy 4.1 -90 Relay has operated after 2.03 sec.
Vb-n 63.5 +120 Ib 4.0 +150 Ib 4.1 +150

Characteristics 2 set value 0.47 at 90 deg at 2 sec. ( ) Ir from 100mA

Applied voltage(V) Current inj(A) Relay pick up(char-2) Remarks


Vr-n 63.5 0 Ir 2.3 90 Ir 2.31 90 Reactive power = -171 MVAR is
Vy-n 63.5 -120 Iy 2.3 -30 Iy 2.31 -30 observed at the relay pick up stage.
Vb-n 63.5 +120 Ib 2.3 +210 Ib 2.31 +210 Relay has operated after 2.02 sec.

Characteristics 3 set value 0.94 at 100 deg at 0.3sec. ( ) Ir from 100mA

Applied voltage(V) Current inj(A) Relay pick up(char-3) Remarks


Vr-n 63.5 0 Ir 4.6 90 Ir 4.7 90 Active power = 0 MW & Reactive
Vy-n 63.5 -120 Iy 4.6 -30 Iy 4.7 -30 power = -335 MVAR is observed at
Vb-n 63.5 +120 Ib 4.6 210 Ib 4.7 +210 the relay pick up stage.
Relay has operated after 0.350 sec.

Loss of excitation with u/v:


Under excitation Protection ON
T-Short Time Delay (Char. & Uexc< 0.50 sec
State of Excitation Volt. Supervision OFF
Excitation Voltage Superv. Pickup 2.00 V
Under voltage blocking Pickup 44.0 V

Loss of excitation + U/V :

Voltage actual optd


Current Injected in Voltage set value
Volts applied in(V) value Remark
(A) in(V)
Vr-n 63.5 0 Ir 3.7 30 44 44.5 Under
Vy-n 63.5 -120 Iy 3.7 -90 44 44.5 excitation
Vb-n 63.5 +120 Ib 3.7 +150 44 44.5 tripped with
under voltage.

Remarks: Class-A tripping checked ok

6. NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION (46 G):-


It safeguards the generator rotor against over heating caused by the induced double frequency (100
Hz) currents when negative phase sequence currents are present in the stator. The negative phase sequence
current (I2) can appear due to unbalanced single phase loads or transmission line unsymmetrical faults.

Alarm stage can be set at 50% of continuous withstand capability of the machine with a time delay of 3 to
5 Sec.

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Settings:

Unbalance Load Protection : ON


Continuously Permissible Current I2 : 8.25%
Warning Stage Time Delay : 20.00 sec
Negative Sequence Factor K : 12.9 sec
Time for Cooling Down : 1900 sec
I2>> Pickup : 54%
T I2>> Time Delay : 2.50

Test method: Put In=5A

SET % OF I calculated=3 times Injected current Set Time (S) Optd Time
In=Ir Ir=I injected = Ix (A) (S)

54.0 8.1 8.1 2.50 2.70

Note: In Omicron, for this test change the R, Y, B--Y, B, R or change the Phase angle 0, -120, 120--120, 120, 0

Remarks: Class-C tripping checked ok

7. BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION (21G):-

This operates for phase faults in the unit, in the HV yard or in the adjacent transmission lines, with a
suitable time delay. It operates as a backup when the corresponding main protection fails. In A.P. System
the reach is set as 120% of generator transformer with a time delay of about 1.0 to 1.5 Sec.

Settings:
Impedance Protection :ON
Fault Detection I> Pickup :6.50 A
State of Under voltage Seal-in :ON
Under voltage Seal-in Pickup :77.0V
Duration of Under voltage Seal-in :3.00 sec

Back Up Impedance Test


Phases Voltag Current( Set Operated Set Operated
e(V) A) imp(Z=V/I) imp(ohm) time(Sec) time(sec)

R 44.45 6.5 6.8 6.79 3.0 3.02


Y 44.45 6.5 6.8 6.79 3.0 3.02
B 44.45 6.5 6.8 6.79 3.0 3.02

Remarks: Class-A tripping checked ok

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8. OVER FLUXING PROTECTION V/F (24):
It is basically a relay which measures v/f of the generator and transformers. As modern power
transformers are designed to operate at very near saturation flux levels under normal operating conditions,
any increase in the voltage or decrease in the frequency, results in the saturation of the core and the
additional flux tries to find its fault through core bolts damaging the core bolt insulation. To prevent this,
over fluxing relay is used.

Settings:

Over excitation Protection (U/f) : ON


U/f > Pickup : 1.1
T U/f > Time Delay : 10 sec
U/f >> Pickup : 1.4
T U/f >> Time Delay : 2.00 sec

Calculation:

V/F=110volts/50Hz (Normal)

=2.2=1 P.U

For 1.10 P.U V/F=2.2*1.1=2.42. Corresponding PH-PH Volts=2.42*50=121 V.

PH-E=121/1.732=69.9V

Note: Here we can keep voltage constant and vary the frequency or frequency constant and voltage is
variable one.

Stage 1:

Voltage Applied in (V) Calc Value in (V) Set Value in Optd Value Set Time Optd
@ 50Hz, Ph-N(In Each V/F in V/F (S) Time(S)
Phase Separately)
69.9 121/ 3=69.85 1.10 1.10 10 10.06

Stage 2:
Voltage Applied Calc Value In Set Value Optd Value Set Time Optd
In Volts At @ 50hz Ph- Volts In V/F V/F (S) Time(S)
N (In Each Phase
Separately)
88.9 154.0/ 3=88.9 1.40 1.40 1.0 0.99

Remarks: Class-A tripping checked ok

9. LOW FORWARD POWER RELAY (37G):-

In thermal machines, when the steam flow through turbine is interrupted by closing the ESVs(Electro static
valves) or the governor valves, the remaining steam in the turbine generates (low) power and the machine
enters to motoring conditions drawing power from the system. This protection detects low forward
power conditions of the generator and trips generator breaker after a time delay, avoiding motoring of
generator.

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