INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF

programming
MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET

STUDENT DETAILS

Student ID Reg No.

Family Name Shah Given Name anup

Enrolment Year 2022 Section B

Semester First Email [email protected]

UNIT DETAILS

Unit Title Unit 1: Programming Unit Code D/615/1618

Assessor Name Pritam Subedi Issued Date 09 September 2022

Assignment Title Store Inventory Management System

Assignment No 1/1 Submission Date 16 march 2023

Qualification BTECH HND IN Campus ISMT

COMPUTING
programming

STUDENT ASSESSMENT SUBMISSION AND DECLARATION

When submitting evidence for assessment, each student must sign a declaration confirming that the
work is their own.

Student Name Dipak Shah Assessor Name Pritam Subedi

Issue Date 09 September 2022 Submission Date
Programme BTECH HND IN COMPUTING
Unit Name Unit 1: Programming
Assignment Title Store Inventory Management System
Plagiarism

Plagiarism is a particular form of cheating. Plagiarism must be avoided at all costs and students who
break the rules, however innocently, may be penalized. It is your responsibility to ensure that you
understand correct referencing practices. As a university level student, you are expected to use
appropriate references throughout and keep carefully detailed notes of all your sources of materials for
material you have used in your work, including any material downloaded from the Internet. Please
consult the relevant unit lecturer or your course tutor if you need any further advice.

Student Declaration

I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the
consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.

Student signature: Date:

programming

Pearson Education 2018

Higher Education Qualifications
Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
Algorithm.....................................................................................................................................................3
Key Features of the Algorithm.....................................................................................................................3
Outline the process of application...............................................................................................................4
Requirement collection and analysis...........................................................................................................5
Importance of Feasibility study...................................................................................................................6
Types of Feasibility Study............................................................................................................................6
Coding.........................................................................................................................................................7
Testing.........................................................................................................................................................7
Programming...............................................................................................................................................7
Installation/development stage..................................................................................................................7
Maintenances..............................................................................................................................................7
There are different types of SDLC models, some of which are described below.........................................8
1. Waterfall model...................................................................................................................................8
2. V-mode................................................................................................................................................8
3. Agile model..........................................................................................................................................8
4. Spiral model.........................................................................................................................................8
5. Big Bang model....................................................................................................................................8
Development environment.........................................................................................................................8
1. Visual studio code:...............................................................................................................................9
2. Eclipse:.................................................................................................................................................9
3. PyCharm:..............................................................................................................................................10
4. Xcode:................................................................................................................................................10
5. Android Studio:..................................................................................................................................10
6. DevC++..................................................................................................................................................11
Programing language:................................................................................................................................11
1. Low-level programming languages....................................................................................................11
2. Middle-level programming languages................................................................................................12
3. High-Level programming languages...................................................................................................12
Features of high-level programming languages.........................................................................................12
Platform environment...............................................................................................................................13
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● Native environment...........................................................................................................................13

● Cross-platform environment.............................................................................................................13

● Virtual environment..........................................................................................................................13

● Cloud environment............................................................................................................................13

● Containerized environment...............................................................................................................13

1. Types of programming language........................................................................................................13

C Language................................................................................................................................................14
C++............................................................................................................................................................14
C#..............................................................................................................................................................14
Python.......................................................................................................................................................14
Java............................................................................................................................................................14
JavaScript...................................................................................................................................................14
Data dictionary..........................................................................................................................................14
Algorithm and flowchart of IMS................................................................................................................18
Algorithm and Flowchart for Saving Data..................................................................................................19
Algorithm and Flowchart for Updating Data..............................................................................................20
Algorithm and Flowchart for Deleting Data...............................................................................................22
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................23
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................23
Procedural language..................................................................................................................................23
Characteristics of procedural programming languages:............................................................................24
Advantages of procedural programming languages include:....................................................................24
Disadvantages of procedural programming language...............................................................................24
Disadvantages of procedural programming language...............................................................................25
Strict data types.........................................................................................................................................25
Example:....................................................................................................................................................25
Basic input/output.....................................................................................................................................25
Control statement.....................................................................................................................................25
Why do we use control statements in C?..................................................................................................25
The if statements.......................................................................................................................................26
1.1 The if….else statements.......................................................................................................................26
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The nested if statement............................................................................................................................26

The Else If Ladder......................................................................................................................................27
The simple Else or Null Else.......................................................................................................................29
The switch statements..............................................................................................................................29
The GoTo statement..................................................................................................................................30
Loop statement.........................................................................................................................................31

● While loop.........................................................................................................................................32

● Do while loop.....................................................................................................................................32

Array..........................................................................................................................................................33
Types of Array............................................................................................................................................33
1. One-dimensional Array......................................................................................................................33
2. Two-dimensional Array..................................................................................................................34
Structure................................................................................................................................................35
The use of structures, also known as structs, allows you to collect numerous related variables in a single
location. A member of the structure is referred to as opposed to an array and can hold a wide variety of
data types (int, float, char, etc.)................................................................................................................35
Pointer.......................................................................................................................................................36
String.........................................................................................................................................................37
File handling..............................................................................................................................................38
Functions...................................................................................................................................................38
Object-oriented programming (OOP)........................................................................................................39
Features of object-oriented programming language.................................................................................39
..................................................................................................................................................................40
1. Inheritance........................................................................................................................................40
Event-driven programming........................................................................................................................44
Relationship between PPL (procedural programming language), OOPL (object-oriented programming
language), and event-driven programming language................................................................................45
Steps for connecting .NET and database...................................................................................................48
Code to connect visual studio with database............................................................................................51
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................52
Application's code view and design view:..................................................................................................53
Login page.................................................................................................................................................53
P3............................................................................................................................................................105
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Debugging process..................................................................................................................................106
Debugging Facilities in IDE.......................................................................................................................107
Coding Standard......................................................................................................................................107
Coding standard I have used...................................................................................................................108
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................111
.Adhering to coding standards is crucial for maintaining a high-quality codebase. These standards ensure
consistency, readability, and ease of maintenance, which in turn fosters better collaboration among
development teams. By following coding standards such as proper indentation, commenting code,
declaring parameters, and adhering to naming conventions, the code becomes easier to understand,
modify, and extend. Moreover, it simplifies the process of onboarding new developers and reduces the
likelihood of introducing errors. By adhering to coding standards, developers contribute to a codebase
that is not only functional but also accessible and adaptable over time.................................................111
References...............................................................................................................................................112

Introduction

Software development is integral to creating applications that meet diverse user requirements within
the technological landscape. It involves a systematic methodology for strategizing, building, and
implementing software solutions. This overview aims to delve into crucial facets of software
development, encompassing elements like algorithms, functionalities, pros and cons, illustrations, the
procedural outline of application development, development frameworks, coding languages, platform
configurations, architectural design, data references, and algorithms and flowcharts tailored to specific
modules. Through an exploration of these aspects, a thorough grasp of software development principles
and methodologies can be achieved.

Algorithm
Algorithms play a vital role in computer science and programming by providing systematic
methods to address problems and enhance processes. They enable tasks such as data sorting,
information retrieval, mathematical calculations, and more to be efficiently executed within
software solutions.

Key Features of the Algorithm

The primary characteristics or key features of an algorithm typically include:

 Input: The data or information that the algorithm operates on.

 Output: The result produced by the algorithm after processing the input.
 Precision: The algorithm's accuracy and correctness in solving the problem.
 Finiteness: The algorithm must terminate after a finite number of steps.
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 Determinism: Each step of the algorithm must be precisely defined and predictable.
Effectiveness: The algorithm should be practical and feasible to execute using available
resources.
 Generality: The algorithm should be applicable to a wide range of instances of the
problem it addresses.
 Optimality: The algorithm may strive to produce the best possible solution within given
constraints.
 Scalability: The algorithm's performance should not degrade significantly when applied
to larger datasets or more complex problems.
 Understandability: The algorithm should be comprehensible and easily interpretable by
humans.

Advantages

 Algorithms can be adequately documented, giving other programmers clear and succinct
explanations that help them understand the algorithm's inner workings.
 Algorithms can go through verification methods to evaluate their accuracy and
effectiveness, ensuring that they constantly deliver accurate results and function at their
best.

 To ensure that algorithms run correctly and dependably in a variety of circumstances,

algorithms can go through extensive testing methods.
 Algorithms can go through the debugging process, which entails finding and fixing
implementation faults or flaws, assuring their proper operation, and resolving any
problems that may come up.
 Reusability enables significant time and effort savings by utilizing current, well-designed
solutions rather than having to create them from scratch. Algorithms can be reused in
many projects.

Disadvantages

Algorithm Complexity: Algorithms can exhibit varying degrees of complexity, making them
challenging to comprehend and utilize due to intricate design, sophisticated logic, or resource-
intensive processing requirements.
on Time: Algorithms may require considerable time to run, particularly when handling large
datasets or complex problems that entail extensive calculations or intricate procedures.

Memory Usage: Algorithms might consume significant memory resources, especially when
tackling challenging tasks or processing extensive datasets.
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Rigidity: Algorithms can lack flexibility, limiting their ability to adapt to changes in the problem or
environment. They may struggle to accommodate dynamic modifications, which can constrain
their effectiveness in dynamic settings.

Error-Prone Nature: Algorithms are susceptible to errors, particularly if not meticulously planned
and implemented with attention to detail. Thorough testing and validation are crucial to identify
and rectify flaws or errors in design or execution, ensuring accurate and expected outcomes.
Example
Step 1: Define integer variables num1, num2, and sum.
Step 2: Prompt the user to input the first number and store it in num1.
Step 3: Prompt the user to input the second number and store it in num2.
Step 4: Calculate the sum of num1 and num2.
Step 5: Display the value of the sum in the console.
Step 6: Terminate the program.

Outline the process of application.

This method of software development emphasizes the attainment of quality and accuracy. Its
aim is to deliver software of excellent quality that meets customer needs. The development
process must adhere to predetermined schedules and financial constraints. It entails a
comprehensive blueprint outlining the planning, creation, and upkeep of specific software. Each
stage involves distinct processes and outcomes that contribute to subsequent phases. This
approach is commonly referred to as SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle). I will now
outline the various stages of the application process.
Programming

Figure 1 Outline Process of application

Requirement collection and analysis

In the initial phase of the software development life cycle, known as requirements gathering
(SDLC), input is sought from stakeholders including clients, end users, and business analysts to
collect software requirements. The primary objective of this phase is to grasp the desired
functionalities, features, and constraints of the software. The requirements gathering phase
within the SDLC holds significant importance as it ensures that the resulting software aligns with
the needs of all stakeholders involved.

Feasibility study
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During the initial design phase of any project or plan, a feasibility analysis is conducted to
impartially assess the pros and cons of a prospective venture or an existing enterprise. This
assessment involves identifying and evaluating the resources required for the project, as well as
gauging the probability of success and recognizing the opportunities and threats present in the
surrounding environment

Programming ismt202

Figure 2 Feasibility Study

Importance of Feasibility study

. LimIt aids in determining whether to proceed with a project or not.

. itations

. It enables the creation of a more feasible project plan.

. By steering clear of expensive errors, time and money can be conserved

Types of Feasibility Study

.c.

.The operational feasibility assessment assesses the project's capability to operate smoothly and efficiently. It considers
factors such as the project's organizational setup, resource availability, and potential obstacles.

.A legal feasibility analysis evaluates if the project adheres to relevant laws and regulations. It also considers the likelihood
of legal complications.
programming

.Environmental feasibility assessment: This type of study evaluates the potential environmental ramifications of the project,
including emissions, waste management, and other ecological impacts

Design

In this phase, the design documents for both the hardware and software are organized in
accordance with the requirements specified in the document. This facilitates the overall system
structure outline. The design phase acts as a gateway to the subsequent phase of the model.
There are primarily two types of designs:
1. High-level design (HLD):
High-level design provides an overview of the functionality of each module.
It describes module interfaces, relationships, and dependencies.
It identifies databases and tables along with their key elements.
It includes a comprehensive structural diagram with technological details.

2. Low-level design (LLD):

Low-level design entails the functional logic of modules and database tables.
It specifies the type and size of data.
It details the interfaces and addresses all types of dependency issues.

Coding
Coding commences once the system design phase concludes. During this stage, programmers
utilize their chosen programming language to write the complete system's code. Tasks are
segmented into modules and distributed among different developers during the coding stage.
This phase is the lengthiest within the application process. Developers are required to adhere
strictly to code specifications throughout this stage. Additionally, they utilize programming tools
such as debuggers, interpreters, and compilers to create and execute the code
Coding commences once the system design phase concludes. During this stage, programmers
utilize their chosen programming language to write the complete system's code. Tasks are
segmented into modules and distributed among different developers during the coding stage.
This phase is the lengthiest within the application process. Developers are required to adhere
strictly to code specifications throughout this stage. Additionally, they utilize programming tools
such as debuggers, interpreters, and compilers to create and execute the code.

Testing
Testing plays a crucial role in the software development life cycle (SDLC), ensuring that the
program meets its specifications and operates as intended. It can be conducted at different
stages of the SDLC, including unit testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Various
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types of testing are carried out at different phases of the SDLC to validate the software's
functionality. Some of the most prevalent testing types include.

Programming
• Unit testing: This involves testing individual pieces of code, typically conducted by the
programmer who authored the code.
• Integration testing: Examining how different segments of code interact with one another,
often carried out by a team of testers.
• System testing: The comprehensive evaluation of the entire system, usually performed
by testers who are not familiar with the code.
• Acceptance testing: Verifying if the system meets user requirements, often conducted by
users themselves to ensure alignment with their needs.

Installation/development stage
The installation/development phase of the software development life cycle (SDLC) involves
setting up and configuring the software on the intended environment. Additionally, this phase
encompasses the development of any necessary supporting documentation, such as user
manuals and training materials.

Maintenances
During the maintenance phase of the software development life cycle (SDLC), the software
undergoes ongoing monitoring and updates to uphold its effectiveness, security, and reliability
for users. This phase encompasses a range of activities aimed at preserving the software's
functionality and addressing evolving user requirements.

There are different types of SDLC models, some of which are described below.

1. Waterfall model
The waterfall model is a software development approach characterized by a sequential, linear
process. In this model, each stage of development must be finished before progressing to the
next. Widely adopted, the waterfall model was among the earliest methods employed in
software development.

2. V-mode
This phase is aligned concurrently with both testing and development in this particular SDLC
model. Consequently, there are verification phases of the SDLC on one side and validation
phases on the other. The V-model comes into play during the coding process.

3. Agile model

The agile model is a widely-used approach in software development, emphasizing flexibility and
adaptability. It enables continuous adjustments to project requirements and design as the
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development progresses. This methodology is highly favored in the contemporary software

industry.

4. Spiral model
The spiral model of software development incorporates features from both the waterfall
approach and the agile model. This makes it a progressive and iterative process, characterized
by a risk-driven strategy. The spiral model is particularly suitable for complex or high-risk
projects.

5. Big Bang model

The big bang model of software development diverges from a sequential, linear approach,
allowing stages of the development process to overlap or be bypassed altogether. It is regarded
as one of the fastest and most flexible approaches to software development.

Development environment
A development environment encompasses the set of methods and tools utilized in generating
the source code for a software application or program. This comprises the servers employed for
development, staging, and production, along with the entire infrastructure that facilitates the
development process from inception to completion. The tasks involved in software development,
testing, debugging, patching, upgrading, and maintenance, including ongoing support, are either
automated or simplified by the development environment.

There are many development environments available for a variety of programming languages. Some
examples are given below:

1. Visual studio code:

Visual Studio Code is a freely available code editor developed by Microsoft, compatible with
Windows, Linux, and macOS operating systems. Despite its compact size, it offers robust
functionality, supporting programming languages like JavaScript, TypeScript, Python, and C++.
It's highly favored by web developers for online development, thanks to features like syntax
highlighting, code completion, and debugging tools. Additionally, its versatility and user-friendly
interface make it a preferred choice for various coding task.
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Figure 3 Visual Studio Code

2. Eclipse:
Another open-source development environment tailored specifically for Java development is
Java, although it also extends support to other languages like C++, C#, and Python. It offers a
range of features including code editing, debugging, testing tools, and the ability to integrate
plugins and extensions.

Programming ismt 2022

Figure 4 Eclipse

3. PyCharm:
This is a development environment designed specifically for Python programming, offering
features such as code completion, debugging, and testing tools. Additionally, it provides support
for web development frameworks such as Django and Flask.
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Figure 5 PyCharm

4. Xcode:
This is a development environment specifically tailored for Apple's macOS and iOS platforms,
primarily utilized for developing applications in Swift and Objective-C. It offers design,
debugging, and testing functionalities, along with seamless integration with other Apple
developer tools.

Figure 6 Xcode

5. Android Studio:
Android Studio, an integrated development environment (IDE), is specifically designed for
creating Android applications. Built upon IntelliJ IDEA, it boasts various features tailored for
Android programming, including code completion, debugging, and testing capabilities.
Android Studio is highly favored by developers for its user-friendly interface and comprehensive
functionality. Moreover, it serves as an excellent option for beginners owing to its wealth of
tutorials and extensive documentation.

Figure 7 Android Studio

6. DevC++
Dev C++ is a robust integrated development environment (IDE) designed for the C++ language.
It utilizes a MinGW adaptation of the GCC (GNU Compiler Collection). Creating Windows
executables using MinGW is straightforward with this IDE. Additionally, Dev C++ is compatible
with Cygwin or any other GCC-based compiler.
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Figure 8 DevC++

Programing language:
Interacting with a computer involves utilizing a programming language, much like
communicating with another individual requires a shared language. Programming languages
serve as a means to connect humans and computers, allowing us to communicate instructions
in a structured format (code) to accomplish particular tasks. These languages encompass a
variety of types and essentially consist of sets of instructions crafted to accomplish specific
activities.

1. Low-level programming languages

These are machine-oriented programming languages, such as Binary, including 101 (machine
code), and assembly language. These languages are preferred for delivering signals directly to
the computer in the form of 0's and 1's, which computers understand best (signals that can be
either high or low). However, they are not very user-friendly. Machine code (binary language)
does not require an interpreter or compiler because the computer directly understands these
signals. Assembly language needs to be converted into equivalent binary code so that the
computer can understand the commands written in the assembler, which is used to translate
assembly code into its equivalent binary code.

2. Middle-level programming languages

There is no such thing as a programming language category. This category includes programming
languages that have features of both low-level language and high-level programming languages. As a
result, we can refer to programming languages with low-level and high-level characteristics as middle-
level programming languages. C programming languages are the best example of middle-level
programming languages since they combine elements from both primary and high-level programming
languages.

3. High-Level programming languages

programming

These programming languages are designed to be easy to write, read, edit, and understand, and they
are not tied to the specific architecture of the underlying machine. High-level programming languages,
commonly used for developing end-user applications, include Java, .Net, Python, JavaScript, C, C++, and
C#. These languages provide specialized class libraries, functions, and keywords that simplify the process
of creating computer applications. However, computers can only directly interpret machine code, so
direct interpretation of programs written in high-level languages is not feasible. To convert high-level
programs into machine code, programming language translators such as compilers and interpreters are
necessary. Compilers are software components that translate specific programming languages into
machine code.

Features of high-level programming languages.

· Portable (system-independent): High-level programming languages enable portability, allowing

programs created on one system to run on another without compatibility issues.

Easy to understand: We can easily comprehend the significance of a particular expression in a

programming language due to its inclusion of keywords, functions, and class libraries, all of which are
analogous to English vocabulary.

· Easy to code, read, and edit: Utilizing a high-level programming language simplifies programming
tasks, making reading and editing programs more accessible to users. Familiarity with the language
allows us to understand and modify code written by other programmers. Despite potentially longer
compilation and execution times compared to low-level languages, high-level languages are commonly
chosen for developing user-facing applications.

Platform environment
A platform encompasses the infrastructure of hardware and software programs necessary for the
operation of a specific computing device or utility. This includes the underlying hardware of the device,
its operating system, and any additional software or utilities needed to support its functions. The
platform may also include essential development tools, libraries, and resources required for building,
deploying, and maintaining the device or utility. Examples of platform environments include Windows
for PCs, macOS for Macs, and Linux for servers

There are serval types of platform environments such as;

● Native environment
programming

The hardware and operating system on which a program is initially developed are known as its native
environment. For example, if software is designed for Windows, then the Windows operating system
serves as its native environment.

● Cross-platform environment

A cross-platform environment enables a program to run on various operating systems. For example,
since the Java runtime is compatible with all three platforms, a Java program can run on Windows, Mac,
and Linux, illustrating the cross-platform capability of the environment.

● Virtual environment

A virtual environment, known for its dependencies and libraries, operates within the host operating
system. Developers have the ability to create and manage multiple such environments, each with its
own distinct set of dependencies and libraries.

● Cloud environment

A cloud environment refers to a setting that is situated on remote servers and accessed over the
internet. In this environment, developers can run their software on remote servers and access it from
any location.

● Containerized environment

Employing containerization technology such as Docker, a containerized environment is a lightweight and

portable environment capable of running on any host operating system. It facilitates the isolation of
dependencies and libraries necessary for a particular application.

1. Types of programming language

C Language

It stands as one of the most commonly utilized high-level procedural languages. Despite its age,
C remains intricate and has significantly influenced numerous other programming languages
like C#, C++, Java, and Python, borrowing concepts from it.
programming

C++
C++ is a robust, high-performance programming language often employed in the development
of games, systems, and other applications that demand superior performance levels.

C#
C# serves as a well-integrated programming language utilized for crafting software tailored for
the Windows operating system. It finds application in developing games and other applications
for Xbox and Windows phones, while also renowned for creating applications on the
Microsoft .NET platform.

Python
Python is a high-level, object-oriented programming language designed to facilitate rapid
development and comprehension. Its modern approach has led to a plethora of available
Python-related job opportunities.

Java
Java stands out as a highly integrated object-oriented programming language. Its cross-platform
compatibility, allowing Java-written code to execute on nearly any device with the Java platform,
contributes significantly to its popularity.

JavaScript
JavaScript, often debated as a high-level object-oriented programming language, enjoys
extensive support across popular web browsers. Primarily utilized for creating browser-based
programming, it enables the development of interactive and responsive websites. Frequently
paired with HTML and CSS, JavaScript enriches web experiences with features like animations,
video players, and browser-based games.

Data dictionary
Product

Table 1 Product

S.N. Column Name Data type Length Nulls Key

1. ProductID Int No Primary Key

2. ProductName Varchar 50 No

3. Unit Varchar 50 No
programming

4. SellingPrice Varchar 50 No

5. CostPrice Varchar 50 No

6. StockQuantity Int No

Customer

Table 2 Customer

S.N. Column Name Data type Length Nulls Key

1. CustomerID Int No Primary Key

2. CustomerName Varchar 50 No

3. Address Varchar 50 No

4. Telephone Varchar 10 No

5. Remark Varchar 50 Yes

Supplier

Table 3 Supplier

S.N. Column Name Data type Length Nulls Key

1. SupplierID Int No Primary Key

programming

2. SupplierName Varchar 50 No

3. Address Varchar 50 No

4. Telephone Varchar 10 No

5. Remark Varchar 50 yes

Purchase

Table 4 Purchase

S.N. Column Name Data type Length Nulls Key

1. PurchaseID Int No Primary Key

2. InvoiceNo Int No

3. SupplierID Int No Foreign Key

4. DateofSales Date No

5. AmountofInvoice Money No

6. Remarks Varchar Yes

Purchase details

Table 5 Purchase Details

S.N. Column Name Data type Length Nulls Key

1. PurchaseDetailID Int No Primary Key

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2. PurchaseID Int No Foreign Key

3. ProductID Int No Foreign Key

4. PurchaseRate Money No

5. Quantity Int No

Sales

Table 6 Sales

S.N. Column Name Data type Length Nulls Key

1. SalesID Int No Primary Key

2. InvioceNo Varchar 50 No

3. CustomerID Varchar 50 No

4. DateofSales Varchar 50 No

5. CostPrice Varchar 50 No

6. StockQuantity Int No

Sales details
programming

Table 7 Sales Details

S.N. Column Name Data type Length Nulls Key

1. SalesDetailID Int No Primary Key

2. SalesID Int No Foreign Key

3. ProductID Int No Foreign Key

4. SalesRate Money No

5. Quantity Int No

Algorithm and flowchart of IMS

Algorithm and Flowchart for IMS (Inventory Management System)

Step 1: Begin

Step 2: Enter user credentials, including username and password

Step 3: Verify the validity of the entered username and password

Step 4: If the username and password are valid, display the dashboard

Step 5: If the username and password are invalid, display a message stating "Invalid username or
password"

Step 6: End
programming

Algorithm and Flowchart for Saving Data

Step 1: Begin

Step 2: Enter sales data

Step 3: Validate the entered data

Step 4: If the data is valid, proceed to save it

Step 5: If the data is invalid, display a message indicating "Invalid data entered"

Step 6: End
programming

Algorithm and Flowchart for Updating Data

Step 1: Begin

Step 2: Choose the SalesID to be modified

Step 3: Update sales data

Step 4: Validate the entered data

Step 5: If the data entered is valid, proceed with the update

Step 6: If the entered data is invalid, display a message stating "Invalid data entered"

Step 7: End
programming
programming

Algorithm and Flowchart for Deleting Data

Step 1: Begin

Step 2: Choose the SalesID to be removed

Step 3: If the SalesID in the database matches the input SalesID, delete the sales record associated with
that ID

Step 4: If the SalesID in the database does not match the input SalesID, display a message indicating
"Invalid SalesID"

Step 5: End
programming

Conclusion
In this project, we created a Python-based inventory management application using Visual Studio Code
as the main development platform. Our application enables users to effectively handle sales, monitor
inventory, and generate analytical reports. The architecture design ensures scalability and
maintainability by maintaining a clear separation of concerns. Overall, the program offers several
benefits, including improved accuracy in inventory management, real-time insights, and enhanced
efficiency. However, it may also present some drawbacks, such as complex setup and maintenance
processes at the outset.

Introduction
We'll assess programming norms and methodologies, illustrating the process of integrating an
application with a database. Furthermore, we'll explore programming paradigms, their different types,
and the considerations behind choosing a specific paradigm for software development. Additionally,
we'll examine the pros, cons, and tools associated with Integrated Development Environments (IDEs).

Procedural language
A procedural language follows the procedural programming paradigm, where an application is
structured as a series of routines or procedures. Each procedure comprises multiple sequential stages
that execute predetermined tasks, produce output, and consider input variables. Key characteristics of
procedural languages include these fundamental aspects.
programming

Figure 9 Procedural Programming

Characteristics of procedural programming languages:

Modularity: Procedural languages enable the segmentation of code into smaller, more manageable
modules, promoting code reuse across projects and facilitating comprehension and maintenance.

Predefined functions: These languages offer a library of predefined functions that can be incorporated
into code, saving time and enhancing clarity and readability.

Local variables: Variables declared within a block are accessible only within that block, contributing to
code readability, maintainability, and error prevention.

Global variables: These variables are accessible throughout the code, which may be advantageous in
certain scenarios but is generally discouraged due to potential confusion and errors.

Parameter passing: Procedural languages support passing parameters to functions, allowing the
invocation of functions with data without the need for global variable declarations.

Advantages of procedural programming languages include:

Ease of use: Procedural languages are straightforward to learn and apply, making them suitable for
beginners.

Portability: These languages often exhibit good portability, enabling the same code to operate across
different systems.

Reusability: Procedural languages facilitate code reuse, streamlining development efforts and saving
time.

Efficiency: With minimal overhead, procedural languages can deliver high levels of efficiency in
execution.

Disadvantages of procedural programming language

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Disadvantages of procedural programming language

Drawbacks of procedural programming languages include their complexity when applied to large
projects, primarily due to their limited abstraction capabilities, making code comprehension and
maintenance challenging. The intricacy and lack of clarity in procedural languages also contribute to
difficulties in maintaining code, as issues may be challenging to locate and resolve. Additionally, the
absence of sufficient abstraction complicates the creation of modular and reusable code, hindering
program comprehension and updates for users who rely on a simplified understanding of the program's
implementation details.

Strict data types

Immutable data is a characteristic found in procedural programming languages, meaning that once
created, the data's structure or functionality cannot be modified. This limitation can be restrictive
compared to alternative options available in other languages.

Example:

Basic input/output
The interaction between a computer program and its user is commonly referred to as input and output.
Input denotes the information provided by the user to the program, whereas output pertains to the
information returned by the software to the user. Data entry can be achieved through functions such as
scanf(), getch(), gets(), etc., while output can be presented using printf().

Control statement
Control statements in the C language facilitate users in defining the flow of a program's control.
In simpler terms, they aid users in determining the order in which program instructions should
be executed. These statements empower the computer to perform specific actions, execute tasks
iteratively, or navigate between different sections of code.

Why do we use control statements in C?

In the C programming language, the control of a program progresses sequentially from one instruction
to the next. This sequential flow of control moves from one command to another. When constructing
logic in a C program, programmers may need to repeat specific sets of instructions. To facilitate these
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decisions, C includes declarations for controlling the flow, commonly referred to as control structures or
decision-making statements. Various types of control statements are available for this purpose.

The if statements
Using this type of statement, a programmer can choose from various sets of instructions based on
prevailing conditions. The instruction sets are executed only when the condition evaluation proves to be
true, otherwise an alternative set of instructions is executed. These statements, also known as decision
control statements, are categorized as follows.

1.1 The if….else statements

The if…else statement triggers the execution of two distinct sets of statements within a program. The
first set is executed when the specified condition evaluates to true. If the condition is false, the second
set of statements is executed instead.

Syntax
if (condition) {
//code to be executed if the condition is true
}
else{
// code to be executed if the condition is false
}

The nested if statement

In this scenario, the conditions of the second statement, which is also an if statement, are evaluated
only if the condition of the first statement is true. This process occurs repeatedly within the nested
statement program.

Syntax

If (condition 1)
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If (condition 2)

Statement 1;

Else

Statement 2

The Else If Ladder

This statement executes a series of instructions only when the condition is true. If the initial condition is
false, the subsequent condition is evaluated. If all conditions fail, the default block statements are
executed. Below is the syntax of the program's ladder.

If (condition 1)

{
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Statement 1 (s1);

Else if (condition 2)

Statement 2 (s2);

Else if (condition 3)

Statement 3 (s3)

……..

Else

Statement 4 (s4)

Statements (s);
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The simple Else or Null Else

When a programmer decides whether to execute or bypass a set of instructions based on a met
condition, a simple one-way statement is chosen. If the condition is deemed true, multiple statements
are executed. If false, the control proceeds to the subsequent program if statement and its
corresponding declaration.

Syntax

If (condition 1)

Statement 1 (s1);

Statement 2 (s2)

The switch statements

In C programming, when a program becomes complex due to an increasing number of conditions,
programmers have the option to employ selection statements in various ways. One such solution is the
switch statement, which serves as a multi-way selection statement. It is utilized when a program
involves more than three choices or conditions. The switch statement operates by evaluating an
expression and using its value to navigate through the available blocks. Each block within the switch
statement corresponds to a specific value, allowing the program to execute the appropriate code block
based on the evaluated expression.

Syntax:
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mathematica

Copy code

Switch (expression_A)

Case Label_A:

Statement A (sA);

Break;

Case Label_B:

Statement B (sB);

Break;

Case Label_C:

Statement C (sC);

Break;

……….

Case Label_N:

Statement N (sN);

Break;

The GoTo statement

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In programming, when control statements need to transfer control from one block to another, the Goto
statements are commonly employed. The Goto statement is specifically utilized for this purpose,
facilitating the transition between different sections of code. Additionally, the Goto keyword is declared
to indicate the destination label.

Syntax:

goto name_of_lable;

name_of_lable;

Loop statement
In C programming, loop statements execute a set of instructions repeatedly until a certain condition is
satisfied. A loop in C consists of a loop body and a control statement. The loop body continues to
execute until the control statement, which consists of one or more conditions, evaluates to false. The
primary function of a C loop is to repeatedly execute the same code. There are various types of loops
available, including:

For loop:

The for loop repeatedly executes a block of instructions until a specific condition is met. It is commonly
used in programming tasks to iterate over data structures such as arrays, strings, and linked lists.

Syntax:

scss

Copy code

for (expression1; expression2; expression3)

// code block to be executed

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● While loop

A while loop executes the code within its body, also referred to as a while statement, as long as a
specific condition remains true. The loop terminates when the condition is no longer met.

Syntax

While (condition) {

Statements (s);

}
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● Do while loop

A while loop executes the code within its body, also referred to as a while statement, as long as a
specific condition remains true. The loop terminates when the condition is no longer met.

Syntax

Do {

Statement (s);

} while (condition);

Array
An array is a collection of components with the same data type, stored adjacently in memory. Accessing
each element is straightforward, as their positions can be determined by adding an offset to the base
memory location where the array's first element is stored, typically identified by the array's name. This
offset corresponds to the difference between the indices of the array's elements, with index 0 serving as
the initial reference point.

Syntax

Type arrayname [arraysize];

Types of Array
1. One-dimensional Array
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A one-dimensional array is a form of data structure used to hold a group of identically typed elements in
a single, linear order. A one-dimensional array's elements are accessed using their index, which is a
number that represents the element's location inside the array. The array's first element has an index of
0, the second has an index of 1, and so forth.

Syntax

To declare an array

Data type arrayname [arraysize];

To access an array

Arrayname[index];

2. Two-dimensional Array
A matrix is another name for a 2D array (a table of rows and columns). Look at
the example below to learn how to generate a 2D array of integers: integer matrix [2][3] = 1,4,2,3,6,8;
the first dimension [2] denotes the number of rows, and the second [3] the number of columns.

Syntax

To declare an array

Date type arrayname[number of rows] [number of column];

To access an array

Arrayname [row] [column];

Example
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Structure
The use of structures, also known as structs, allows you to collect numerous related variables
in a single location. A member of the structure is referred to as opposed to an array and can
hold a wide variety of data types (int, float, char, etc.).
Syntax

Struct structure name

Datatype memeber1;

Datatype member2;
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Pointer
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A variable that contains the address of another variable of the same type is known as a pointer. The
pointer’s value can be determined by dereferencing it with the * operator.

Syntax

Datatype variable;

Datatype *pointer variable name

String
Strings are fundamental data types used in programming to represent textual information such as
names, addresses, and phone numbers, among others. They can also represent binary and hexadecimal
data. In computer languages, strings are typically stored as arrays of characters, with each character
occupying a distinct array element. The length of a string is determined by the number of characters it
contains.

Some common string manipulation functions include:

strlen(stringname): Returns the length of the string.

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strcpy(destination, source): Copies the contents of the source string to the destination string.

strrev(stringname): Reverses the characters in the string.

strcmp(first string, second string): Compares two strings.

strupr(stringname): Converts all characters in the string to uppercase.

strlwr(stringname): Converts all characters in the string to lowercase.

File handling
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File handling involves the process of reading, writing, and managing files on a computer, which is
essential for saving and retrieving data in programming. There are two main approaches to handling
files:

Text files: These files contain plain text and are the most commonly used type. Software can easily read
and write text files.

Binary files: These files contain binary data, which is more complex to manipulate compared to text data
but can store more intricate data structures.

Several common file operations include:

.Opening a file : This action grants access to the file, allowing data to be read from or written to it.

.Reading from a file: Data is read from the file one line at a time and stored in an array or variable.

.Writing to a file: Data is written to the file one line at a time and stored in an array or variable.

.Closing a file: This final step in file handling releases the resources used to open the file.

Functions
Functions play a crucial role in breaking down large programs into smaller components in C
programming. Each function consists of a group of code blocks. Functions enable code reuse and
modularity by allowing them to be called multiple times within a program. Different types of function
calls include:

.Function without arguments and without a return value.

.Function without arguments and with a return value.

.Function with arguments and without a return value.

.Function with arguments and with a return value.

Syntax:

Return_type function_name(parameter1_type parameter1_name, parameter2_type parameter2_name,

…..)

//function body

}
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Object-oriented programming (OOP)

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming approach that views data as objects. These
objects are instances of classes, which act as blueprints for constructing entities. Each object
encapsulates both attributes (data fields) and methods (functions). OOP is a robust paradigm for
developing sophisticated and organized software systems. Its principles are based on the following
fundamental concepts:

Features of object-oriented programming language

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1. Inheritance
Inheritance is a mechanism in object-oriented programming where a subclass or derived class can
acquire attributes and methods from a superclass or base class. It promotes code reusability and
establishes a hierarchical relationship among classes. Subclasses have the ability to override specific
behaviors or extend the functionality of their superclass.

2 Single Inheritance: This is a straightforward form of inheritance where a child class inherits from a
single parent class.

Syntax:

cpp

Copy code

class A

// Class A members
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};

class B : visibility_mode A

// Class B members

};

Multiple Inheritance: In this type of inheritance, a child class inherits properties from multiple base
classes. As a result, the child class can combine features from all its parent classes. It grants access to all
data members of the base classes.

Syntax:

cpp

Copy code

class A

// Class A members

};

class B : visibility_mode A

// Class B members

};

class C : visibility_mode_1 A, visibility_mode_2 B

// Class C members

};
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Multilevel Inheritance:

This form of inheritance involves a class inheriting properties from another class, which in turn inherits
from another class. It results in a hierarchical chain where the parent class of one becomes the child
class of the other.

Syntax:

cpp

Copy code

class A

// Class A members

};

class B : visibility_mode A

// Class B members

};

class C : visibility_mode B

// Class C members

};

2 Encapsulation:

Encapsulation involves bundling data and the methods that operate on that data into a single unit,
known as an object. It facilitates data hiding, preventing direct access to an object's internal state.
Instead, access to the object's data is mediated through its methods, ensuring controlled access and
modification.

3 Abstraction:

Abstraction involves presenting only essential features and functionalities of an object, shielding users
from unnecessary complexity. It provides simplified, high-level interfaces to interact with complex
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objects, concealing implementation details. By using abstraction, the complexity of an object is

encapsulated behind simpler interfaces, making it easier for users to understand and work with.

4 Polymorphism:

Polymorphism refers to an object's ability to take on multiple forms. In object-oriented programming,

polymorphism is achieved through method overriding and overloading. Method overloading allows
multiple methods with the same name but different parameters to coexist, while method overriding
enables a subclass to provide its own implementation for a method defined in its superclass.

4.1 Types of Polymorphism:

Static Polymorphism: This occurs when the association between a function and an object is determined
at compile time, also known as static binding. Static polymorphism can be achieved through operator
overloading and function overloading.

4.2 Dynamic Polymorphism: In dynamic polymorphism, the decision regarding which function to invoke
is made at runtime, allowing for flexibility and adaptability. It is implemented using virtual functions and
abstract classes.

5 Method Overloading:

Method overloading is a feature in object-oriented programming (OOP) that enables a class to contain
multiple methods with the same name but different parameters. This allows for a variety of methods
catering to different data types or numbers of arguments.

6 Objects:

Objects serve as the fundamental elements in OOP. They represent the data (attributes) and behaviors
(methods or functions) associated with real-world entities or concepts within a program. For instance, in
a banking application, an object named "Account" might encapsulate properties such as account
number, balance, and owner, along with methods for depositing and withdrawing money.

7 Class:

Classes act as blueprints or templates for creating objects. They define the common attributes and
behaviors shared by objects of the same category. A class essentially serves as a blueprint for generating
numerous instances (objects) with similar characteristics. In the context of the "Account" example, each
bank account is instantiated as an object of the class, which defines the structure and behavior of all
accounts.
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8 Constructors and Destructors:

In object-oriented programming, constructors and destructors are special methods invoked when an
object is created or destroyed, respectively. Destructors are utilized to release any resources held by the
object, while constructors are employed to initialize the object's state. These methods typically bear the
same name as the class they belong to, albeit prefixed with an underscore (_) character. For instance,
the constructor for the class MyClass would be named MyClass()

Event-driven programming
Event-driven programming (EDP) is a programming paradigm where the execution of a program is
dictated by events, such as user actions like mouse clicks or key presses, or messages from the operating
system or other programs. In an event-driven application, the software is designed to recognize and
respond to events using appropriate event-handling mechanisms. This concept builds upon interrupt-
driven programming, which is commonly observed in embedded systems and early command-line
environments like DOS.

In EDP, the program does not follow a linear execution path; instead, it continuously observes events
and reacts to them accordingly. This makes EDP particularly well-suited for applications that require
responsiveness to user input or changes in the environment. This paradigm is supported by most object-
oriented and graphical programming languages, including Visual Basic, Visual C++, and Java.

Key features of event-driven programming include:

1 Event:

An event refers to any actionable activity, such as mouse clicks, keystrokes, sensor data input, or
messages from other applications.

2 Event handler:

Event-driven programming relies on event handlers to process events and trigger appropriate
responses.

3 Event loop:

The event loop is a core data structure that manages all raised events and relevant information. It
continuously monitors the message queue, processing events as they occur.

4 Callbacks

: Callback functions are commonly used in event-driven programming languages to respond to specific
events. These functions are added to the event loop and executed when the associated event occurs.
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6. Non-blocking I/O:

Event-driven programming languages are designed to manage input/output tasks without blocking the
main execution thread. This allows them to handle multiple connections simultaneously without
impacting the overall performance of the program.

7. Concurrency:

Event-driven programming languages are commonly utilized for building concurrent or parallel systems
because they enable the simultaneous handling of multiple events without requiring explicit thread
management.

Advantages:

.Event handlers enable the software to respond promptly to events as they occur, enhancing
responsiveness to user input and environmental changes.

.Modular event handlers can be organized as modules, simplifying the development and maintenance
process of the program.

.Scalability is facilitated by the ease of adding more event handlers, allowing the program to handle a
wide range of events more effectively.

Disadvantages:

.Event handlers can introduce complexity to the program due to the need to monitor and respond to
diverse situations.

.Program performance may be adversely affected by event handlers, as they must continually monitor
events.

.The employment of event handlers could potentially elevate the program's error rate, given the
multitude of events they are tasked with managing.

Relationship between PPL (procedural programming language), OOPL (object-oriented

programming language), and event-driven programming language
The acronyms PPL and OOPL refer to procedural programming language and object-oriented
programming language, respectively. The main difference between these two categories of languages
lies in the programming paradigms they employ. PPLs utilize a procedural approach, where a program is
divided into parts and steps that are executed sequentially. In contrast, OOPLs utilize an object-oriented
methodology, where a program is comprised of objects that interact with each other.
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Event-driven programming, commonly used in graphical user interface (GUI) development, allows
applications to respond to events such as user input. In event-driven software, the main loop typically
waits for events to occur before taking action. Event-driven programming can be implemented in both
PPLs and OOPLs.

In summary, event-driven programming is a paradigm that can be applied to both types of programming
languages. However, PPLs and OOPLs are distinct language types that adhere to different programming
paradigms.

Example of Procedural programming language

Syntax of procedural programming language

if (a>b &&a>c)

printf(“a is the greatest”);

else if (b>a&&b>c)

printf(“b is the greatest”);

else if (“c is the greatest”);

Example of an object-oriented programming language

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Syntax of object-oriented

Class point {

Public:

Point (int x , int y);

~point ();

Int x () const;

Int y () const;

Private:

Const int x_;

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Const int y_;

};

//sourcefile

Point::point (int x, int y) :x_(x), y_(y)

Point::~point (){

Int point ::x () const

return_x;

Int point :: const

return y_;

Steps for connecting .NET and database

To connect .NET and database first we need to open visual studio.
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After opening visual studio we need to click on Tools after that we need to select or click on Database.
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Again we need to select a data source, so we went a select Microsoft SQL server as shown in the figure

After that, we need to give the server name and select the appropriate database.
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Code to connect visual studio with database

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Conclusion
In conclusion, we have explored three programming paradigms: procedural programming language
(PPL), object-oriented programming language (OOPL), and event-driven programming language (EDPL).
Each paradigm possesses unique features, constraints, and qualities. Ultimately, the selection of a
programming paradigm is guided by the specific requirements of the problem at hand and the intended
software architecture. By understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each paradigm, developers
can make informed decisions when selecting a programming language and approach for their projects

Introduction:

In this section, we will implement the application design for the Inventory Management System. We will
utilize Visual Studio for constructing the program and MySQL for database creation.
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Design and Code Views of Application:

I advocate for providing screenshots of both the design view and code view for each page of this
program. This includes the login page, main form, products, categories, and other relevant pages,
showcasing both their design and underlying code.

Integrated Development Environment (IDE):

An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is software designed to assist programmers in writing,

testing, and debugging their code. Common features of IDEs include debugging tools, code completion,
and syntax highlighting. While IDEs can be used with any programming language, they are most
commonly associated with object-oriented programming languages such as Java, C++, and Python.

Utilization of IDE for Managing Development Process:

An IDE is a software tool used for creating computer programs, equipped with various tools for program
creation, compilation, troubleshooting, and execution. Components typically include a text editor,
compiler/interpreter, and debugger. Additionally, IDEs may offer features like version control systems
and project management tools to aid in managing the development process.

Application's code view and design view:

For each page in this program, I have looked over the screenshots of the code view and design view.
Several sections, including the login page, main form, products, and categories, are included in the
application. The design view and code view screenshots for each page are given below.

Login page.
Users can access the application by providing their login information on the login page. While the code
view shows the HTML and JavaScript code in charge of the page's functioning, the design view shows the
page's visual layout.
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Figure 10 Login form

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Figure 11 form designed code

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Figure 12 Dashboard
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Figure 13 Dashboard code

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Figure 14 Transaction Window

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Figure 15 Transaction window code

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Figure 16 Setup Window

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Figure 17 Setup Window Code

Figure 18 Edit Unit Model

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Figure 19 Edit Unit Model

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Figure 20 Edit Product Model

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Figure 21 Edit Product Model Code

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Figure 22 Edit Customer Supplier

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Figure 23 Edit Customer Supplier Code

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Figure 24 Edit Category

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Figure 25 Edit Category Model

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Figure 26 Category Service.cs Code

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Figure 27 Customer Service.cs Code

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Figure 28 Product SErvice.cs Code

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Figure 29 ProductSales Service.cs Code

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Figure 30 Unit Service.cs Code

Figure 31 Purchases Report

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Figure 32 PurchaseSalesReport Code

Figure 33 Category.cs
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Figure 34 CustomerSuppiler.cs
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Figure 35 Product.cs
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Figure 36 TransactaionDTO.cs
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Figure 37 TransactionMaster.cs
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Figure 38 Unit.cs
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Figure 39 ICategoryService.cs

Figure 40 ICustomerService.cs
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Figure 41 IProductService.cs

Figure 42 IPurchaseSalesService
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Figure 43 IUnitService.cs
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Figure 44 AcceptOnlyNumbers.cs
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Figure 45 SqlConnectionHelper.cs
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Figure 46 UserInfo.cs

Figure 47 Login Page

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Figure 48 Dashboard

Figure 49 Category List

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Figure 50 Inserted Successfully

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Figure 51 Delete Process

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Figure 52 Delete Successfully

Figure 53 Units
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Figure 54 Product Insert

Figure 55 Product List

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Figure 56 Customer form

Figure 57 Customer List

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Figure 58 Suppliers Form

Figure 59 Suppliers list

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Figure 60 Purchase form

Figure 61 Sales form

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Figure 62 Purchase Report

Figure 63 Sales Report

P3
Introduction:

This study delves into the essential aspect of debugging in software development, with a particular focus
on the advanced IDE Dragran. Debugging is elucidated, emphasizing its significance, and a
comprehensive walkthrough of the debugging process is provided utilizing Dragran's features such as
breakpoints, traces, watchpoints, and step commands. The study includes practical examples
showcasing the application of these capabilities in real-world scenarios, aiming to facilitate the creation
of reliable and well-functioning software.

Debugging:

Debugging entails systematically identifying, evaluating, and rectifying errors, bugs, or weaknesses
present in software code. It involves identifying and addressing issues that may cause programs to
programming

behave unexpectedly, crash, or produce inaccurate results, ensuring that the code operates as intended.
Debugging is a critical phase in software development aimed at enhancing the reliability and
performance of programs. To achieve success in debugging, a thorough examination, testing, and
troubleshooting process are imperative.

Debugging process
The debugging process in Dragran consists of several stages that aid programmers in promptly
identifying and resolving issues. Below is an overview of the Dragran debugging process:

1 Setting Breakpoints: Developers intentionally position breakpoints at code lines where they expect
issues to occur. When the program execution pauses at a breakpoint, developers can examine the
program's state, variable values, and data structures.

2 Tracing Program Execution: Dragran's tracer functionality enables the tracking of program execution,
presenting the progress visually. It displays both the evolution of function calls and variable values at
different stages, helping engineers understand the software's sequential behavior and detect defects.

3 Using Watchpoints: Watchpoints permit programmers to continuously monitor the value of a specific
variable. If the variable's value changes unexpectedly during its usage, the program pauses at the
watchpoint, allowing programmers to investigate the source of the change.

4 Stepping Through Code: Dragran provides step instructions such as "Step Into," "Step Over," and "Step
Out." These commands allow programmers to execute the code line by line, facilitating issue
identification and comprehension of the program's behavior at each level.

5 Error Rectification and Analysis: When a program is paused at a breakpoint or watchpoint, developers
can scrutinize the contents of variables and data structures to pinpoint the underlying causes of the
problem. Engineers can then implement the required modifications to resolve the code's issues upon
identifying the problem.
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6 Testing and Iteration: Following the identification and rectification of faults, programmers execute the
application again while conducting additional tests to verify that the issues have been effectively
addressed. If any new bugs are detected, breakpoints are established, tracing is performed, and
debugging continues until the software operates as intended.

Debugging Facilities in IDE

1 Breakpoint: A breakpoint is a critical debugging feature that allows programmers to pause program
execution at specific lines of code. This capability enables them to inspect the current state of the
program and the values of variables, aiding in the identification of bugs or unusual behaviors.

2 Tracer: The tracer function within an IDE visually represents the flow of program execution, displaying
the sequence of function calls and variable values over time. By following the program's execution path,
developers gain insight into how the code behaves, facilitating the detection of logical errors and other
potential issues.

3 Watchpoints: Watchpoints allow programmers to monitor the value of a specific variable while it is
being used. If the variable's value unexpectedly changes, the program halts at the watchpoint, allowing
programmers to investigate the change and identify any potential issues or unexpected behaviors.

4 Step Commands: Step commands such as "Step Into," "Step Over," and "Step Out" are valuable
debugging tools that enable engineers to execute code line by line. This granular control allows them to
closely observe the program's behavior at each stage, making it easier to identify the precise moment
when the code deviates from the expected behavior.

Coding Standard
Coding standards are a set of guidelines that dictate how code should be written, covering various
aspects like variable naming, commenting, and indentation. Adhering to these standards offers several
advantages:
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. Enhanced Readability and Maintainability: Consistent adherence to coding formats makes code easier
to read and update, as team members are familiar with the conventions, reducing the time spent
deciphering others' code.

. Simplified Error Detection and Correction: Consistent coding standards make errors easier to identify
and rectify, thanks to improved readability and consistency across the codebase.

. Improved Code Quality: Code following a coding standard typically exhibits higher quality due to its
well-organized, readable, and maintainable nature, leading to more robust software solutions.

. Facilitated Code Reusability: Code developed in accordance with coding standards can be easily reused
in different projects, thanks to its readability and consistency.

. Enhanced Team Collaboration: Uniform adherence to coding standards fosters better teamwork by
ensuring everyone uses the same language and standards, streamlining collaboration on projects.

Coding standard I have used

The coding standard I've implemented includes guidelines for indentation, which involves aligning code
blocks consistently to enhance readability and comprehension. In C# code, indentation is commonly
achieved using spaces, with a standard of four spaces per level of indentation. Properly indented code
ensures clarity and structure, making it easier for developers to understand and work with.
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Figure 64 Use of Indentation

2. Commenting Code: It's essential to provide comments within the code to clarify its purpose,
functionality, and any other important details. Different types of comments can be utilized, such as:

a. Block-level comments: These are employed to elucidate the broader purpose or intention of a section
of code.

a.

Figure 65 Block-Level Comments

b. Code documentation comments: These comments are created using technologies such
as CXML #'s comments.
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Figure 66 Code Documentations

3 . Variable naming conventions entail using names for variables that accurately represent their
intended purpose. These names should comply with naming rules and be accompanied by appropriate
data types.

Figure 67 Variable naming

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4 Class and package naming convention: In C#, class and package names are commonly written in
PascalCase, where the initial letter of each word is capitalized.

Additionally, there are no spaces or underscores separating the words within these names.

5. Camel Case : both variable and method names are formatted with the initial letter lowercase and the
first letter of each subsequent word capitalized. This style mirrors PascalCase but begins with a
lowercase letter for the first word.

Conclusion
.Adhering to coding standards is crucial for maintaining a high-quality codebase. These
standards ensure consistency, readability, and ease of maintenance, which in turn fosters better
collaboration among development teams. By following coding standards such as proper
indentation, commenting code, declaring parameters, and adhering to naming conventions, the
code becomes easier to understand, modify, and extend. Moreover, it simplifies the process of
onboarding new developers and reduces the likelihood of introducing errors. By adhering to
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coding standards, developers contribute to a codebase that is not only functional but also
accessible and adaptable over time.

References
1 Control statements, arrays, pointers, and structures (no date) Share and Discover Knowledge on
SlideShare. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/ijs2k8/control-statements-array-pointer-structures
(Accessed: July 23, 2023).

2 Gillis, A.S. (2022) Explaining what an algorithm is, from WhatIs.com, WhatIs.com. Available at:
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/algorithm#:~:text=An%20algorithm%20is%20a
%20procedure,%2D%20or%20software%2Dbased%20routines. (Accessed: July 23, 2023).

3 Introduction to the .NET framework (2023) GeeksforGeeks. Available at:

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-net-framework/ (Accessed: July 23, 2023).

4 Margaret Rouse and others (2017) Definition of procedural language, Techopedia. Available at:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/8982/procedural-language#:~:text=A%20procedural
%20language%20is%20a,a%20computational%20task%20or%20program. (Accessed: July 23, 2023).

5 Reese, R.M. (no date) Comprehending and utilizing C pointers, O’Reilly Online Learning. Available at:
https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/understanding-and-using/9781449344535/ch04.html (Accessed:
July 23, 2023).

6 Take online courses. Earn college credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers (no date) Study.com |
Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers. Available at:
https://study.com/learn/lesson/programming-language-types-examples.html (Accessed: July 23, 2023).

7 Tripathi, S. (2022) Comparative analysis of procedural programming and object-oriented programming

in C++, Scaler Topics. Available at: https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/procedural-programming/
(Accessed: July 23, 2023).

8Defining a development environment and an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) (no date)
Umbraco. Available at: https://umbraco.com/knowledge-base/develop.

9 Explaining data encapsulation: Data encapsulation is the process of bundling the data and methods
that operate on the data into a single unit, known as a class. This unit restricts access to the data from
outside the class and only allows it to be accessed through the methods defined within the class. This
helps in ensuring data integrity and provides a way to hide the implementation details of the class from
the outside world, thus promoting modularity and maintainability in object-oriented programming.

10 Understanding the SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) Phases & Process: SDLC refers to the
structured process of planning, creating, testing, and deploying software applications. It comprises
several phases, including requirements gathering, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and
maintenance. Each phase has specific goals and activities, ensuring that the software is developed
systematically and meets the requirements and expectations of stakeholders.
programming

11 Highlighting the significance of coding standards and code quality in software development: Coding
standards and code quality are crucial aspects of software development. They ensure consistency,
readability, and maintainability of the codebase, facilitating collaboration among developers and
reducing the risk of errors. By adhering to coding standards and maintaining high code quality,
developers can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of software development processes, leading to
better software products.

12 Exploring the concept of abstraction in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) for beginners:

Abstraction is a fundamental concept in OOP that involves simplifying complex systems by focusing on
the essential features while hiding unnecessary details. It allows developers to create models that
represent. Lithmee (2019) outlines the distinction between static and dynamic polymorphism in Java on
Pediaa.Com. Available at: https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-static-and-dynamic-
polymorphism-in-java/ (Accessed: July 23, 2023).

13 Mikejo5000 provides guidance on utilizing breakpoints in the debugger for Visual Studio (Windows)
on Microsoft Learn. Available at: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/debugger/using-
breakpoints?view=vs-2022 (Accessed: July 23, 2023).

14 Mohsen Kamrani et al. (1960) explore the relationship between 'event-driven' and 'object-oriented'
programming on Stack Overflow. Available at: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22101731/what-is-
the-relation-of-event-driven-and-object-oriented-programming#:~:text=Object%20Oriented
%20Programming%20(OOP)%20and,inheritance%20and%20polymorphism)%20stay%20intact.
(Accessed: July 23, 2023).

15 Roomi, M. (2022) discusses the advantages and disadvantages of event-driven programming,

covering the limitations and benefits of this approach on HitechWhizz. Available at:
https://www.hitechwhizz.com/2022/11/5-advantages-and-disadvantages-limitations-benefits-of-event-
driven-programming.html (Accessed: July 23, 2023).

16 S, R.A. (2023) provides insights into 5 distinct types of inheritance in C++ along with examples on
Simplilearn. Available at: https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/cpp-tutorial/types-of-inheritance-in-
cpp#:~:text=Implementing%20Inheritance%20in%20C%2B%2B,-To%20create%20a&text=Public
%20Inheritance%3A%20The%20public%20members,protected%20in%20the%20derived%20class.
(Accessed: July 23, 2023).

17 Tripathi, S. (2021) delves into the distinction between class and object on Scaler Topics. Available at:
https://www.scaler.com/topics/difference-between-class-and-object/ (Accessed: July 23, 2023).
programming

18 Explaining debugging and its various stages is covered in "What is debugging? different stages of
debugging" (2020) by Edureka. Available at: https://www.edureka.co/blog/what-is-debugging/
(Accessed: July 23, 2023)