HYDROLOGY ENGINEERING

CEWB 3013

Ir. Dr. Hidayah Basri

Prof. Datin Ir. Dr. Lariyah Mohd Sidek
CHAPTER 1 : HYDROLOGIC PRINCIPLES
• Introduction to hydrology
• Hydrologic Cycle
• Water budget
• Infiltration
• Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
• Streamflow
• Hydrologic Measurement
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY
• From a Greek word “hydro” means water and “logy”
means study
• Hydrology is a discipline of water
• It covers a lot of scope:
– Ground water, surface water and water in atmosphere
– Measure character, quantity, quality and distribution
– Hydrological cycle happen continuously
– Hydrological study is important to manage water
resource
INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY
• “Hydrology, which treats all phases of the earth's water,
is a subject of great importance for people and their
environment. Practical applications of hydrology are
found in such tasks as the design and operation of
hydraulic structures, water supply, wastewater treatment
and disposal, irrigation, drainage, hydropower generation,
flood control, navigation, erosion and sediment control,
salinity control, pollution abatement, recreational use of
water, and fish and wildlife protection.
• The role of applied hydrology is to help analyze the
problems involved in these tasks and to provide guidance
for the planning and management of water resources”.
[Chow et al. 1998]
INTERESTING
FACTS ABOUT
WATER
 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• Earth's water is always in movement, and the
natural water cycle, also known as the hydrologic
cycle, describes the continuous movement of
water on, above, and below the surface of the
Earth. Water is always changing states between
liquid, vapor, and ice, with these processes
happening in the blink of an eye and over millions
of years.
• The physical processes responsible for the
movement of water through the different phases
of the hydrologic cycle.
• At small space and time scales, these processes
can be accurately represented by mathematical-
physical equations, but at the scales of most
interest in engineering hydrology, a degree of
simplification and conceptualisation is always
involved in their description and modelling.
• https://youtu.be/oaDkph9yQBs
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES
• Precipitation is all the moisture that reaches the earth’s surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet and hail.
The precipitation reaching the earth’s surface is then dispersed by the three main processes of
evapotranspiration, overland runoff, and groundwater infiltration.

• Groundwater Infiltration describes the movement of rainwater that infiltrates into surficial soils and
percolates down through pores and cracks in soil and rock. Water remaining in the shallow soil is taken up
by plants while water that percolates deeper may ultimately contribute to groundwater
aquifers. Depending on subsurface hydraulic gradients, water can also move upwards or horizontally
towards the surface and discharge to a water body as baseflow.

• Surface Runoff is made up of precipitation and snowmelt in excess of the absorptive capacity of surface
soils and the depression storage capacity of the landscape. This excess water flows overland to receiving
waterbodies at lower elevations. Surface runoff flows as sheet flow or as accumulated flow in swales,
ditches and natural watercourses. The flow pathways of surface runoff are determined largely by the
physical geography and topography of the landscape.

• Evapotranspiration is a term that describes the conversion of liquid water to water vapour through two
pathways: evaporation and transpiration. Evaporation occurs when water on plant and soil surfaces
absorbs energy and transforms into vapour. Transpiration, which occurs within plants, is the process by
which plants release water vapour through their leaves.
Hydrologic Processes - Precipitation
• Precipitation is the major input into most hydrologic
systems. It may be in the form of rain, snow, hail, sleet,
mist, dew or frost. For Malaysia, the majority of the
precipitation is in the form of rain, and the term rainfall
is thus often used synonymously with precipitation.
Most rainfall results from distinct storms; these are
meteorological events that may last from several
minutes to several days.
• Channel Precipitation is that precipitation falling
directly on the water surface of streams and lakes.
Hydrologic Processes - Interception
• Interception is that part of precipitation
that falls directly on trees, shrubs, grass,
or other objects and does not reach the
ground. It is temporarily retained in the
interception store and eventually
evaporated.
Hydrologic Processes – Depression storage
• Depression Storage (or Surface Retention) is the water
retained (ponded) in depressions on the surface of the
catchment.
• The depressions may range from small surface features
like hoof marks to puddles, ponds and lakes.
• The larger depressions will not only store the
precipitation falling directly onto them, but also some
of the overland flow from areas located above them.
• Some of the stored water infiltrates into the soil, the
remainder is gradually evaporated.
Hydrologic Processes – Surface Runoff
• Surface Runoff is the water that flows over the ground
surface into streams.
• It results from the excess of precipitation over
infiltration, the rainfall excess, which is initially stored
on the catchment surface and in depression storage,
then runs off as sheet or overland flow, and eventually
collects in small drainage lines and streams to move to
the catchment outlet.
• Surface runoff contributes the major portion of
streamflow after a storm event and thus is the
component of principal interest in many engineering
studies.
 Hydrologic Processes – Infiltration
• Infiltration is the water that soaks into the surface of the soil.
• The infiltration capacity, the maximum rate at which water can
infiltrate into a given soil at a given time, depends on the soil
physical properties and the depth of water that has already
infiltrated.
• The actual rate of infiltration depends also on the rainfall
intensity or the depth of water ponded on the catchment
surface.
• For impervious catchment surfaces, such as paved areas, the
infiltration capacity is so small that it can be neglected, but for
highly pervious surfaces, such as sands or lateritic soils, most of
the precipitation on the land surface may be lost to infiltration.
Changes in Hydrology and Runoff Due to Development 18
Hydrologic Processes – Soil Moisture
• Soil Moisture is the water contained in the soil above the water
table. It is depleted by evaporation from the ground surface and
by transpiration through vegetation.
• The availability of soil moisture plays a key role in supporting
natural vegetation and agricultural crops.
• The amount of useful soil water varies between the ‘wilting
point’ (the lowest soil moisture content beyond which plant
roots can no longer extract water from the soil) and ‘field
capacity’ (the maximum amount of water a soil can hold against
the action of gravity).
• Interflow (or sub-surface storm flow) is water that percolates in
a nearly horizontal direction through the soil and seeps out into
stream channels relatively quickly during or shortly after a storm
period, without having reached the ground water reservoir.
• Percolation is the movement of water (particularly in the vertical
direction) under hydrostatic pressure through rock or soil,
excluding turbulent flow through large openings (macropores).
Hydrologic Processes -Groundwater
• Groundwater is the water contained in saturated soil (i.e. below
the water table). The total volume of groundwater storage may
be very large compared to the other components of the water
balance.
• Groundwater flow, in general terms, is the flow within, between
or from groundwater systems.
• Baseflow is a general term for that portion of the streamflow
that seeps into the stream channels from below the ground
surface.
• Mostly, it is taken to include both groundwater flow and
interflow, but sometimes is used to mean only groundwater flow,
i.e. the outflow from the groundwater store to streams that may
continue for several months after a storm event, and that is thus
responsible for the dry-weather flow in streams.
Hydrologic Processes - Evaporation
• Evaporation is the process whereby liquid water is vaporised and diffuses into
the atmosphere. The process of evaporation is driven by heat energy and
depends on the amount of net radiation from the sun. It thus varies
seasonally and with the temperature regime of a location. The rate of
evaporation also depends on the ability of the surrounding air to absorb extra
moisture, and aerodynamic factors (such as wind speed) are important.
• The term potential evaporation describes the maximum rate of evaporation
that is possible given an unlimited supply of water (e.g. from an open water
surface); in many situations the available supply limits the actual evaporation
to a smaller amount.
• Transpiration is the process whereby vegetation extracts moisture from the
soil, passes it through the plant and evaporates it into the atmosphere
through the leaves. The rate of transpiration is determined by similar factors
as evaporation, plus vegetation characteristics, such as wind resistance and
total leaf area.
• Evapotranspiration is the total evaporative loss from soil and vegetation to
the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. In modern usage, the
term "evaporation" is often applied to mean evapotranspiration.
DISCUSSION : THE GLOBAL WATER SCENARIOS
1. Resources are scarce (anas)
2. Demands are outstripping supplies (hanis)
3. Environmental issues are serious (amir)
4. Ecological issues are serious (hanna)
5. Policy and institutional issues are complicated (dina)
6. Current approach is sectoral and fragmented (fatihah)
7. Financing is poor and options are expensive (derric)
8. New emerging impacts from climate change (aziz)
 Definition - Water Balance
• The fundamental law of hydrology, known in
other physical sciences as the continuity
equation or the principle of conservation of
mass.
• It states that, over a given time period, the total
inflows to a hydrologic system must equal the total
outflows from it, minus the change in volume of
water stored within the system.
• The water balance equation can be applied to
hydrologic systems of any scale and for time
periods ranging from seconds to many years.
 THE WATER BALANCE EQUATION
The term "water balance" implies a statement of the principle of
conservation of mass of water in a hydrologic system, e.g. a
catchment. Essentially, for a defined time period:
Inflow to catchment - outflow from catchment = increase of
storage on catchment
To apply this principle in a particular case, it is necessary to:
Step 1
1. Define the boundaries of the catchment system
• In plan, this is defined by the ridges and lines of steepest slope to
the catchment "outlet" (gauging station). Vertically the outer or
upper surfaces of the ground, vegetation, and buildings form a
suitable upper boundary, while the bedrock often defines a suitable
lower boundary. See Figure 2.4. This definition implies that the
catchment includes the groundwater system. The lower boundary of
the soil moisture zone (shown by a broken line) thus forms an
internal boundary within the system. In other cases, the lower
boundary may be taken such as to include the part of the soil
moisture zone where soil moisture is accessible to vegetation. The
definition of the catchment system boundaries determines which
inflow and outflow terms are relevant to the water balance of the
catchment.
 Catchment system boundaries,
inputs and outputs

P P P P P P P P P

E
E E
E E
SS E Is E
Ssm
D
Catchment Ig SG
Boundary Qg
Q
 Catchment system boundaries, inputs and
outputs
Step 2
2. Identify and evaluate all forms of water inflow to and outflow
from the defined catchment; for example, for the system defined
in Figure 2.4:
• Inflows - Rainfall P ; Surface inflow Is and Subsurface
inflow Ig
• Outflows - Evapotranspiration E ; Subsurface outflow Qg
;Streamflow Q and Diversions D
 Catchment system boundaries,
inputs and outputs
Step 3
3. Identify all forms of storage in the catchment and estimate
the changes in their contents over the selected time
increment. For example:
• Surface storage Ss (e.g. lakes, channels, vegetation)
• Soil Moisture storage Ssm
• Groundwater storage Sg
For the above inputs, outputs, and storages, the water balance
equation for a time interval t is:

P + Is + Ig - Q - E - D - Qg = Ss + Ssm + Sg (2.1)

Inflow - Outflow = Increase in Storage

 EXAMPLE 1.1
The storage in a river reach at a particular time is 20 x 103 m3.
At that time, the recorded inflow and outflow of the reach are 10.0 m3/s and 15.0 m3/s
respectively.
An hour later the inflow is 15.0 m3 /s and the outflow is 16.0 m3/s.
Calculate the change of storage and the new storage of the reach at the end of one
hour.

Solution
 Example 1.2
A lake had a water surface elevation of 100.0 m above datum at a beginning of a certain month.
In that month, the lake received an average inflow of 5.0 m3/s from surface runoff sources. In the
same period, the outflow from the lake had an average value of 5.5 m3/s.
Further in that month, the lake received a rainfall of 135 mm and the evaporation from the lake
surface was estimated to be 60 mm.
The average surface area of the lake was 45 km2.
Write the water budget equation for the lake and calculate the new water surface elevation of the
lake at the end of the month.

Solution :
Hydrologic Measurement

Hydrologic Measurement Sequence

Measurement of Atmospheric Water
Measurement of Surface Water
Measurement of Subsurface Water
Hydrologic Measurement Systems
 Hydrologic Measurement

Hydrologic measurement are made to obtain

data on hydrologic process.

Hydrologic data is used

to better understand the hydrologic
processes.
as a direct input into hydrologic
simulation models for design, analysis, and
decision making.
 Hydrologic Measurement

Hydrologic processes
vary in space and time.
are random (probability) in character.

The uncertainties create requirement for

hydrologic measurement to provide observed
data at/near the location of interest.
 Hydrologic Measurement

The hydrologic processes are measured as

1. Point Sample
-Measurements made through time at a
fixed location in space.
-The resulting data forms a “Time Series”.

2. Distributed Samples
-Measurement made over a line or area
in space at a specific point in time.
-The resulting data forms a “Space
Series”.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Double Mass Curve for 7 Rainfall Monthly Rainfall Distribution Pattern

Stations

Cumulative Hourly Rain Gauge Network Coverage

Trend of Annual
 Hydrologic Measurement Sequence

Hydrologic phenomenon
Transform the intensity of the phenomenon into an
Sensing observable signal
Recording Make an electronic or paper record of the signal

Transmission Move the record to a central processing site

Translation Convert the record into a computerized data sequence

Editing Check the data and eliminate errors and redundant info

Storage Archive the data on a computer tape or disk

Retrieval Recover the data in the form required

User of data
 Measurement of Atmospheric Water

Data Instrument
1.Atmospheric Moisture Radiosonde
2.Temperature Thermometer
3.Humidity Hygrometer
4.Radiation Radiometer
5.Rainfall 1) Nonrecording gage;
standard gag, storage gage
2) Recording gage;
weighting type, float type,
tipping bucket type
 Measurement of Atmospheric Water

Data Instrument
6.Interception Water balane;
-comparing the precipitation in
gage beneath the tree with that
recorded nearby under the open
sky
7.Evaporation Evaporation pan;
-US class A pan
-USSR GGI-3000 pan
8.Evapotranspiration Lysimeter
HYDROLOGICAL DATA

Weather data: temperature, wind velocity, moisture, solar ray, evaporation, etc. We can get the information from Malaysian
Meteorological Department (MMD / Met Malaysia)
 Rainfall record: MMD, Department of Irrigation & Drainage (DID)
 Flow river record: DID
 Groundwater record (quality and quantity): Mineral & GeoScience Department (MGSD)
 Water quality data: Department of Environment (DOE), Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd (ASMA)

METEOROLOGICAL DATA

Temperature (oC, oF)

•Measure by thermometer
•Common reading: Max temperature, Min temperature, Average temperature

Wind velocity
•Measurement equipment: anemometer for velocity (m/s, km/day)
•Can give direction reading (automatically)
 Measurement of Atmospheric Water
Hydrologic Data

Digital Recorder

Paper Chart Recorder

Measurement of Atmospheric Water
Atmospheric Moisture

A radiosonde is an instrument package carried

by a balloon that ascends to altitudes of 20 to 30
kilometers.

It measures temperature, humidity, and pressure

in the atmosphere and broadcasts the
information back to a ground station.

The Global Positioning System is used to record

the trajectory during ascent to determine wind
speed and direction.

Radiosonde
 Measurement of Atmospheric Water
Radiation

Ground Radiometers on Stand for Upwelling

Radiation.

Radiometer
 Measurement of Atmospheric Water
Temperature

Glass Tube Thermometer

Thermometer

Digital Thermometer
Measurement of Atmospheric Water
Rainfall

Rain Gauge
 Measurement of Atmospheric Water
Rainfall

Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge

 Measurement of Atmospheric Water
Evaporation

Class-A Pan
Measurement of Atmospheric Water
Evapotranspiration

Lysimeter
 Measurement Surface Water

Data Instrument
1.Water Surface Elevation Staff gage
2.Flow Velocity 1) Current meter
2) Electromagnetic sensing
(VMFM)
3.Streamflow Rate Rating Curve
4.Discharge Computation Continuous equation
5.Rating Curve Plotting discharge vs time
 Measurement Surface Water

Water Surface Elevation

Staff Gauge
Measurement Surface Water

Water Surface Elevation

Buble Gage

Mercury Manometer
Measurement Surface Water

Flow Velocity

Current Meter
Measurement Surface Water

Flow Velocity

Velocity profiles for sections of

the Kaskaskia River, Illinois.
 Measurement Surface Water
Stream Flow Rate

Streamflow is not directly recorded, even though

this variable is perhaps the most important in
hydrologic studies.

Instead, water level is recorded and streamflow is

deducted by means of a “Rating Curve”

The rating curve is developed using a set of

measurements of discharge and gage height in
the stream, these measurements being made
over a period of months or years so as to obtain
an accurate relationship between the stream flow
rate, or discharge and the gage height at the
gaging site.
 Example 1

Discharge Computation
At known distances from an initial point on the stream bank, the
measured depth and velocity of a stream are shown in the table.
Calculate the corresponding discharge at this location.

Q =  VdA
A
n
Q =  Vi di w i
i =1
 Example 1 Discharge Computation

Measurement Distance Width, w Depth, d Mean Area, dw Discharge,

No, i from (ft) (ft) Velocity, V (ft2) Vdw (cfs)
Initial (ft/s)
Point, (ft)
1 0 6.0 0.0 0.00 4.7 0.0 Width:
2 12 16.0 3.1 0.37 49.6 18.4 w2 = [(32-12)/2+(12-0)/2]
3 32 20.0 4.4 0.87 88.0 76.6 = 16 ft
4 52 20.0 4.6 1.09 92.0 100.3
5 72 20.0 5.7 1.34 114.0 152.8
The corresponding area:
6 92 20.0 4.5 0.71 90.0 63.9
d2w2 = 3.1x16.0 = 49.6 ft2
7 112 20.0 4.4 0.87 88.0 76.6 The resulting discharge increment:
8 132 20.0 5.4 1.42 108.0 153.4 V2d2w = 0.37x49.6
9 152 17.5 6.1 2.03 106.8 216.7 = 18.4 ft3/s
10 167 15.0 5.8 2.22 87.0 193.1
11 182 15.0 5.7 2.51 85.5 214.6 Total discharge:
12 197 15.0 5.1 3.06 76.5 234.1 Q = 3,061 ft3/s
13 212 15.0 6.0 3.12 90.0 280.8
Total crossectional area:
14 227 15.0 6.5 2.96 97.5 288.6
A = 1,693 ft2
15 242 15.0 7.2 2.62 108.0 283.0
16 257 15.0 7.2 2.04 108.0 220.3
The average velocity at this cross
17 272 15.0 8.2 1.56 123.0 191.9
section:
18 287 15.0 5.5 2.04 82.5 168.3 V = Q/A = 3,061/1,693
19 302 15.0 3.6 1.57 54.0 84.8 = 1.81 ft/s
20 317 11.5 3.2 1.18 36.8 43.4
 Example 1

Discharge Computation

2
1 0
6 6

i=1 2 3 2
1
1
2 2
0 2
0
 Measurement Surface Water

Rating Curve Rating Curve

Mississippi River nr Anka, MN
Stage (ft)
A Rating Table or Curve is
a relationship between
stage and discharge at a
cross section of a river. In
most cases, data from
stream gages are
collected as stage data.

Discharge (1000s of cfs)

In order to model the streams and rivers, the data needs to be expressed as stream
flow using rating tables. Conversely, the output from a hydrologic model is a flow,
which can then be expressed as stage for dissemination to the public.
 Measurement Surface Water

Rating Curve
Rating curve is used to convert records of water
level into flow rate.

The rating curve must be checked periodically to

ensure that the relationship between the discharge
and gage height has remained constant.

Scouring of the stream bed or deposition of

sediment in the stream can cause the rating curve
to change so that the same recorded gage height
produces a different discharge.
 Measurement Surface Water

Rating Curve
Gage Discharge Gage Discharge
Height (ft) (cfs) Height (ft) (cfs)
25
1.5 20 10.0 8,000
20
2.0 131 11.0 9,588

Gage Height (ft)

15
2.5 307 12.0 11,300
3.0 530 13.0 13,100 10

3.5 808 14.0 15,000 5

4.0 1,130 15.0 17,010 0

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
4.5 1,498 16.0 19,110 Discharge (cfs)

5.0 1,912 17.0 21,340

A Rating Table or Curve for the
6.0 2,856 18.0 23,920
Colorado River at Austin,
7.0 3,961 19.0 26,230 Texas, as applicable from
8.0 5,212 20.0 28,610 Octorber 1974-July 1982.
9.0 6,561
Water Level Station

- Apart from rainfall data as input data, the water level data recorded in streamflow station are usually
used for estimation of parameters and calibrating the simulated results.

- The hourly water level data recorded in each streamflow station during the selected flood events are
assessed. It will be checked whether the water level data during the flood events are abnormal or
missing.

- On top of that, the observed water level data is also assessed against to the designated warning level and
danger level.
 Measurement Subsurface Water

Data Instrument
1.Soil Moisture 1) Water content
2) Gypsum block & Neutron probes
2.Infiltration Ring infiltrometer
3.Groundwater Observation wells
Measurement Subsurface Water
Moisture Content
The amount of moisture in
the soil can be found by
taking a sample of soil
and oven drying. By
comparing the weight of
the sample before and
after the drying and
measuring the volume of
the sample, the moisture
content of the soil can be
determined.

A tensiometer is a device
used to determine matric
water potential Ψm (Soil
Moisture Tension) in the
vadose zone.

Tensiometer
Measurement Subsurface Water
Infiltration

Double-Ring Infiltrometer
Measurement Subsurface Water

Ground Water

The primary purpose of the Observation Well Network is to

collect, analyze and interpret ground water hydrographs and
ground water quality data from various developed aquifers.

Observation Wells
Hydrologic Measurement Systems
SCADA
SCADA is the abbreviation for Supervisory
Control And Data Acquisition. It generally
refers to an industrial control system: a
computer system monitoring and controlling a
process.
Industrial processes include those of
manufacturing, production, power
generation, fabrication, and refining, and
may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or
discrete modes.
Infrastructure processes may be public or
private, and include water treatment and
distribution, wastewater collection and
treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical
power transmission and distribution, and large
communication systems.
Facility processes occur both in public facilities
and private ones, including buildings, airports,
ships, and space stations. They monitor and
control HVAC, access, and energy
consumption.
 Hydrologic Measurement Systems

SCADA
A SCADA System usually consists of the following subsystems:

A Human-Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents

process data to a human operator, and through which the human
operator monitors and controls the process.

A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the

process and sending commands (control) to the process.

Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) connecting to sensors in the process,

converting sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data to the
supervisory system.

Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the

Remote Terminal Units.
 Hydrologic Measurement Systems
SCADA
The term SCADA usually refers to
centralized systems which monitor and
control entire sites, or complexes of systems
spread out over large areas (anything
between an industrial plant and a country).
Most control actions are performed
automatically by remote terminal units
("RTUs") or by programmable logic controllers
("PLCs"). Host control functions are usually
restricted to basic overriding or supervisory
level intervention. For example, a PLC may
control the flow of cooling water through
part of an industrial process, but the SCADA
system may allow operators to change the
set points for the flow, and enable alarm
conditions, such as loss of flow and high
temperature, to be displayed and
recorded. The feedback control loop passes
System Concept through the RTU or PLC, while the SCADA
system monitors the overall performance of
the loop.
 Hydrologic Measurement Systems

SCADA System of Mae Kuang Dam

SCADA System:
Automation Control
Data Acquisitions
Remote Control & Remote Access
Self Diagnostic
Warning & Alarming System
Remote Camera System
Hydrologic Measurement Systems

SCADA
Hydrologic Measurement Systems

SCADA
Hydrologic Measurement Systems

SCADA

Operation Control Center

SAMPLE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF INFLOW
FORECASTING SYSTEM
RAINGAUGE NETWORK
Hydrometeorological
monitoring equipment

(Basri, H. et al., 2019)

 READING MATERIALS: ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN HYDROLOGICAL
MONITORING

1) Quality Management System

2) Network Design
3) Technology
4) Training
5) Data Management

Read this article

https://public.wmo.int/en/bulletin/5-essential-elements-hydrological-monitoring-programme
USEFUL REFERENCES
References (International):
[1] US Geological Survey (USGS) Techniques & Methods Report
[2] USGS Techniques of Water Resources Investigations Report -
[3] ISO Technical Committee 113
[4] World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Operational Hydrology
Reports
[5] WaterML2.0 Standard
[6] Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Principles
[7] Standardized ISO 9000 Method
[8] World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Guide to Hydrological
Practices

Malaysian Hydrological Procedures (HP) by DID Malaysia:

i. H.P. No.32 - HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD FOR RAINFALL
STATION INSTRUMENT
ii. H.P. No.33 - HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD FOR WATER
LEVEL STATION INSTRUMENT
iii. H.P. No.35 - HYDROLOGICAL STANDARD FOR WATER
QUALITY STATION INSTRUMENT