Volume 3, Issue 1 • 2011 • Article 4

Broadening Participation Through E-Petitions? An Empirical

Study of Petitions to the German Parliament
Ralf Lindner, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Karlsruhe
Ulrich Riehm, Office of Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag (TAB), Berlin

Lindner, Ralf and Riehm, Ulrich (2011) "Broadening Participation Through E-Petitions? An
Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament," Policy & Internet: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 4.
http://www.psocommons.org/policyandinternet/vol3/iss1/art4
DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1083
©2011 Policy Studies Organization
 Broadening Participation Through E-
Petitions? An Empirical Study of Petitions to
the German Parliament
Ralf Lindner, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI,
Karlsruhe
Ulrich Riehm, Office of Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag
(TAB), Berlin

Abstract
Petitioning is a well established form of political participation in most liberal democracies,
but little is known about petitioners, their socio-demographics, motivations and assessments of
petitioning processes. In 2005, the German parliament introduced public e-petitions which are
submitted, signed and discussed on the Internet. This article reports a 2007 survey of 571
traditional and 350 e-petitioners. The results indicate that both petitioner samples are characterised
by an above average level of general political participation and Internet use. Users of the e-petition
system are younger than traditional petitioners, but the group continues to be dominated by men
and those with higher levels of formal education than traditional petitioners. E-petitions seem to
amplify existing inequalities in participation patterns as they predominately attract highly
mobilised and politically active individuals with a disproportionately high socio-economic status.

KEYWORDS: electronic petitions, e-petitions, petitioning, e-democracy, political participation,

e-participation, e-parliament, socio-demographics, Bundestag, German Federal Parliament

Author Notes: The research for this paper was funded by the German Bundestag.
 Lindner and Riehm: An Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament

Introduction
The right to petition parliament has received unprecedented public attention in
Germany during the last few years. Arguably, the reason for the heightened
interest in this long-standing and constitutionally guaranteed right is related to a
number of notable procedural innovations which are at least in part reliant on the
Internet, and which have the potential to contribute to increased publicness and
transparency of the parliament’s petitioning processes. In 2005, the German
Federal Parliament (Deutscher Bundestag) initiated a two-year e-petitioning pilot
scheme that enabled citizens to submit, publish, co-sign, and discuss petitions
online. The launch of the e-petition system was accompanied by the introduction
of the statutory obligation of the Bundestag’s petitions committee to hold public
meetings with petitioners who collected 50,000 or more signatures supporting
their cause. Due to the broad public approval and the positive evaluation of the
pilot, the petitions committee decided to continue to provide the e-petition system
as a regular service in 2007. The “role model” for the Internet-related features of
the reform was the Scottish Parliament’s e-petition system, which was introduced
in 2000, only one year after the re-establishment of the Scottish legislature
(Macintosh, Malina, and Farrell 2002). The close working relationship between
the petition committees of the two parliaments is also signified by the fact that the
Bundestag’s e-petition system was based on the Scottish E-petitioner software
until 2008.
An analysis of the Bundestag’s e-petition system seems particularly
promising due to two main reasons: First, e-petitions—not only in Germany, but
also in other liberal democracies such as the UK—are clearly at the forefront of
official, fully operational e-participation opportunities provided to citizens by
governments and parliaments. Other forms of formal, institutionalized, and legally
codified forms of e-participation are rather exceptional, and the few existing
examples appear to be less mature, tend to remain at an experimental stage, or are
confined to specific target groups (Lindner and Riehm 2009a). Moreover, official
e-petition systems made available by public institutions seem to be better suited to
grasping the changing participation patterns associated with this form of e-
participation due to their “real-life” conditions. Second, the reform of the German
petitioning process, resulting in modified and Internet-based submission
procedures, the introduction of new rights for petitioners, and enhanced
transparency and publicness, potentially affects parliamentary core functions.
Thus, possible impacts of e-petition systems on political legitimacy and
responsiveness can be observed.
The reforms of the Bundestag’s petition procedures were the vantage point
for the Office of Technology Assessment at the German Parliament (TAB) to
conduct a comprehensive scientific evaluation focusing on different aspects of

1
 Policy & Internet, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 4

new media applications in parliamentary petitioning. Between 2006 and 2008, the
TAB carried out the research project “Public electronic petitions and civic
involvement” on behalf of the Bundestag.1 The findings were published in 2009
(Riehm et al. 2009; Riehm, Coenen, and Lindner 2009). Since 2009, TAB has
been working on the follow-up study “Electronic petitioning and the
modernisation of petitioning systems in Europe”.2 The empirical results presented
in this paper were primarily generated during the first project.
The purpose of this paper is to highlight a selection of the main findings of
this research. Particular emphasis will be put on the c-demographic characteristics
of the e-petition system users. Who uses the new e-petition system and what
distinguishes them from initiators and supporters of traditional, paper-based
petitions on the one hand, and the public at large on the other, in terms of socio-
demographics? What are their motives to use the web-based features offered by
the Bundestag, and how do they evaluate the e-petition system? Does the
availability of an online petitioning channel change established patterns of
political participation? Moreover, based on the overall results of the multiple
research endeavors of the project, a brief assessment of the procedural innovation
on the Bundestag’s decision-making processes with regard to increased
transparency and responsiveness will be presented.
The evaluation of the e-petitioning pilot scheme centered on four main
fields of investigation: (1) the software system, (2) the petitioners, users, and the
general public, (3) the staff of the parliamentary services and administration, and
(4) the petitions committee. A broad range of quantitative and qualitative methods
was applied during the project, including usability analyses, workflow analysis,
standardized surveys, semi-standardized expert interviews, and discourse analysis
(Riehm et al. 2009; Riehm, Coenen, and Lindner 2009, 219ff.). Only a small
portion of the empirical results can be presented in this paper.
The paper is organized as follows: First, a general definition of petitions
and their main functions in representative democracies are presented. Due to the
empirical focus of this paper, the German peculiarities of the petition process will
be briefly outlined as well. The ensuing section lays out the main empirical
findings of the evaluation study with regard to the socio-demographic profiles of
petitioners, their Internet usage patterns, their degree of civic involvement, and
their assessments of the (e-)petitioning process. Finally, a conclusion summarizes
the main findings and provides an assessment of the Bundestag’s reforms of the
petition system with regard to its impacts on political participation and
parliamentary responsiveness.

1
The English summary of the research report is available at http://www.tab-beim-bundestag.de/
en/publications/reports/ab127.html.
2
http://www.tab-beim-bundestag.de/en/research/u147.html.

http://www.psocommons.org/policyandinternet/vol3/iss1/art4 2
DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1083
 Lindner and Riehm: An Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament

Petitions: Characteristics and Democratic Functions

Definition and Legal Status

In the following discussion, petitions are defined as requests to a public authority,

usually a governmental institution or parliament.3 Petitions have the purpose to
change public policy, call for an official statement, or evoke a certain act by a
public institution. In this sense, petitions can be distinguished from mere
expressions of opinion. In most liberal democracies, the citizen’s right to petition
government, parliament, and/or other public entities is codified in legal
documents, in many instances even in constitutional law or practice.
In most countries, submitting and supporting petitions is a legally codified
and conventional form of political participation. Due to their awareness-raising
and agenda-setting character, and the fact that the decision on how to proceed
with the request rests exclusively with the addressee, petitions qualify as a form of
representative political participation. Three main characteristics distinguish
petitions from other forms of political participation:

1. In contrast to hearings or consultations, petitions are initiated bottom-up

by citizens.
2. Valid petitions usually do not need to meet complex formal requirements
such as specific forms or respites, and are free of cost in most countries.
3. Most petitions—at least in Germany—are addressed to institutions that
typically function as intermediaries (for example, parliamentary petitions
committees) between the petitioner and the public body that is complained
about or called upon to act. As such, these intermediaries usually lack the
formal powers to impose sanctions, repeal administrative decisions or
change the law. Hence, the factual power of most addressees of petitions
is comparatively weak. Political influence can usually only be exerted by
the “power of convincing arguments” and by the means of institutional
reputation.

In Germany, the right to petition any competent public authority and

parliament is constitutionally guaranteed by article 17 of the Basic Law. It also
specifies that petitions are required to be submitted in writing. Moreover, with
article 45c of the Basic Law, which was amended in 1975, the parliamentary

3
E-petition systems are operated both by public bodies as well as non-governmental, private
organizations. The former usually have institutionalized and, to a certain extent, legally codified
procedures in place, while the latter are free to determine the procedural requirements (Riehm et
al. 2009; Riehm, Coenen, and Lindner 2009, 190–195). This article deals with e-petition systems
operated by public bodies.

3
 Policy & Internet, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 4

petitions committee became one of the Bundestag’s four standing committees;

procedural details and formal investigatory powers are stipulated in a separate
federal law (Gesetz über die Befugnisse des Petitionsausschusses).4 Petitions
typically cover a broad range of issues, reaching from matters of individual
complaints (res privata) to requests to change public policy (res publica)
(Korinek 1977). In international comparison, this spectrum is addressed with
different institutional arrangements. Some countries have established an
institutionalized division of labor according to which parliamentary petitions
committees primarily deal with public matters, and ombudsman institutions focus
on individual complaints usually related to alleged maladministration. As
Germany has no national ombudsman, the parliamentary petitions committee
deals with res publica and res privata issues. Of course, a clear-cut and
unambiguous distinction between the two types of formal requests is not always
feasible.
The term e-petition is used for a number of different forms of electronic
petitioning, and it is not always clarified which characteristics and functionalities
an e-petition system embodies. For the purpose of this paper, we suggest a
distinction between the following types of e-petitions:

• Petitions submitted electronically. In the case of this most basic e-petition

type, petitions are accepted by the addressees if they are submitted
electronically, either via email or by using a web interface. The person
submitting the e-petition is usually required to include her or his name,
address, and other information as part of the identification procedure.
Compared to traditional paper petitions, the novelty of this e-petition type
merely refers to the initial submission phase.
• Public e-petitions. Irrespective of the way it has been submitted, a petition
is defined as a public e-petition if the petition text is published on the
Internet. The actual petition text can also be supplemented with additional
background information concerning the petition issue, and/or the different
procedural steps relating to it, and/or the decision on the petition.
• Public e-petitions with additional participatory elements. In this case, the
public e-petition is enriched with additional participatory opportunities
that are made available to the public. The most widespread participatory
element is the opportunity to support a public e-petition with an
electronically submitted signature. Not quite as common are Internet-
based discussion forums which allow for public debates on the issues
raised by a public e-petition. Beyond these participatory elements, other

4
Federal law according to Artikel 45c of the Basic Law, July19, 1975, Bundesgesetzblatt I,
p. 1921.

http://www.psocommons.org/policyandinternet/vol3/iss1/art4 4
DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1083
 Lindner and Riehm: An Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament

functions such as automatically generated email alerts sent out to users

once public e-petitions on related issues are submitted, or a “wiki-style”
authoring of e-petition texts prior to an official submission are
conceivable.

Political Functions

Petitions fulfil different political and democratic functions; their concrete role and
political significance in a given political system is dependent upon socio-historical
and institutional contexts. The most important general functions of petitioning in
democratic polities are briefly discussed below: against this background one can
also explore if these functions are fulfilled differently by e-petitions.
Individual-level functions: In comparative terms, the chance of reaching a
private or political goal via petitioning is relatively low. In the case of individual
complaints (res privata), other channels to remedy administrative wrongdoings,
such as recourse to the courts, seem more promising. With regard to petitions
aiming to change public policy (res publica), the formal political influence is also
limited. In effect, petitions can only put an issue on the agenda of the addressee.
The ensuing debate and decision-making process usually takes place without the
petitioner’s involvement. The procedural practice at the Public Petitions
Committee (PPC) of the Scottish Parliament is an interesting exception: in many
instances, the PPC invites petitioners to give oral evidence. However, petitioners
are not entitled to this right (Riehm et al. 2009; Riehm, Coenen, and Lindner
2009, 139f.), and in Germany a minimum of 50,000 signatures are required to be
heard by the Bundestag’s petitions committee in a public session. Regardless of
these formal limitations, petitions may indirectly become politically influential.
Particularly large signature campaigns can effectively mobilize supporters, and
many NGOs and interest groups strategically initiate large signature drives as part
of their issue-based campaigns in order to drum up supporters and capture media
attention (Baringhorst, Kneip, and Niesyto 2007).
Intermediate-level functions: Petitions fulfil a number of distinct functions
from the perspective of the addressee, for example, petitions presented to
parliament can support the parliamentary control of the executive. In the German
case, this function is supported, for instance, by a number of investigatory powers
vested to the petitions committee (Vitzthum 1985). In addition, petitions can
deliver useful information and perform as political indicators. From this
perspective, petitions are a component of the communicative linkages between the
represented and their representatives, and can potentially contribute to the
responsiveness of parliament (Herzog 1989). Under certain circumstances,
petitioning can also fulfil the secondary function of expanding the competences of
parliament vis-à-vis the executive. Historically it can be observed repeatedly that

5
 Policy & Internet, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 4

petitions have been instrumental in the processes of strengthening parliament in

political systems (Vitzthum 1985, 37). The European Parliament, for instance,
was able to expand its legislative rights vis-à-vis the European Council by
establishing the right to petition in the treaty of Maastricht in 1992 (Guckelberger
2004, 24).
System-level functions: From the comprehensive perspective of the
political system, petitioning can potentially contribute to the system functions of
integration and legitimacy. By providing citizens with a formal channel to submit
requests, citizens’ integration into the political system can be facilitated (Holtfort
1999). Similarly, if the addressees of the petitions decide to use the inputs
delivered by the petitioners in a constructive way, political decision making can
be improved. In effect, indirect positive effects for the legitimacy of the political
system might be achieved by the heightened input legitimacy of the addressee and
improved output legitimacy of the public institutions involved.

E-Petitions at the German Bundestag: The Users’ Response

From the 2005 Pilot Scheme to an Established Procedural Feature

Background. Since the early 1960s, the Bundestag’s petition system has been
subject to a number of reform proposals. Recurring issues have included the
competences and investigatory powers which should be assigned to the petitions
committee, striking an adequate balance between res privata and res publica,
establishment of a national parliamentary ombudsman, and the desirable degree of
publicness in handling petitions (Banse 1973; Betz 1994; Bockhofer 1999; Ismayr
1992; 2004; Korinek 1977). The most recent wave of discussions concerning the
petition system dates back to 2002, which resulted in the Bundestag’s e-petition
pilot scheme and other notable procedural reforms in 2005.
The decision to initiate a pilot scheme for electronic and public petitions
was made in June 2005. Since September of that year, petitions addressed to the
Bundestag have been submittable online and, under certain conditions, have been
made public via the Internet.5
The confluence of several favorable factors allowed for this reform.
Already in 2002, at the beginning of the 15th legislative period, the coalition
agreement between Social Democrats (SPD) and the Greens (BÜNDNIS 90/Die
GRÜNEN) called for an advancement of the petition system (SPD and BÜNDNIS
90/Die Grünen 2002). During the course of the second social democratic–green
government under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder (2002–2005), a number of

5
The Bundestag’s current e-petition portal is at https://epetitionen.bundestag.de/.

http://www.psocommons.org/policyandinternet/vol3/iss1/art4 6
DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1083
 Lindner and Riehm: An Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament

noteworthy incidents paved the way towards the pilot scheme. In March 2003, a
delegation of five members of the petitions committee visited the Scottish
Parliament in order to learn more about their e-petition system.6 In November, the
Bundestag’s petitions committee received a petition by email. With this petition
parliament was called upon to allow petitions submitted by email. Three months
later, as part of the routine procedural assessment of this petition, the federal
ministry of the interior declared that petitions submitted by email were legally
unobjectionable. Against the background of this important legal clarification, the
coalition parties were able to commence with the reform. Subsequently, the
coalition parties in parliament tabled three motions in November 2004:

• The first motion sought to permit petitions submitted by email.

• Following the Scottish example, the second motion proposed to set up a
pilot scheme which would enable the public co-signing and discussion of
petitions on the Internet.
• The third motion proposed the institution of public sessions of the petitions
committee with active participation of petitioners if a quorum of 50,000
supporting signatures was passed.

The ensuing political debate indicated that the reform proposals enjoyed
broad political support, including that of the opposition parties. At the same time,
however, the Bundestag administration pointed out a number of serious technical
and organizational obstacles for the realization of the pilot scheme. Referring to
the experiences of Scotland, and after a second visit to Edinburgh, the
administration suggested the adoption of the Scottish E-Petitioner for the purpose
of the German pilot. This solution was eventually agreed upon and implemented
by the end of August 2005, only a few weeks prior to the preterm dissolution of
parliament. The first public e-petition was submitted on September 5, 2005.
On the whole, the pilot scheme was very successful. In 2007, the petitions
committee decided to continue to make the new features available on a routine
basis, thereby also taking the generally positive evaluation and some of the
recommendations of the TAB study into account. In order to be able to better cope
with the high volume of traffic and improve user friendliness, a new software
system replacing the Scottish E-Petitioner was commissioned and implemented in
2008, and rolled out in October of that year.

The Pilot Scheme’s Features. The key elements of the pilot scheme were technical
and procedural. Technically, the reform of the petition process involved:

6
The Scottish Parliament’s e-petition portal is at http://epetitions.scottish.parliament.uk/.

7
 Policy & Internet, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 4

• the establishment of an online submission channel (both email and web

interface);
• the publication of certain e-petitions on the website of the petitions
committee, including the title of the e-petition, the full petition text, the
name and address of the principal petitioner, procedural information such
as the beginning and end dates of the signatory phase, and, at the end of
the process, the petitions committee’s final decision and its official
statement of grounds;
• the functionality to co-sign public e-petitions online (during a six-week
signatory phase); and
• moderated online discussion forums associated with each public e-petition
(live during the signatory phase).7

With regard to the procedural aspects of petitioning the Bundestag, the

reform was well integrated into established processes. In effect, regardless of the
submission channel, all petitions are by and large treated equally in terms of the
formal process. The main procedural innovation and politically most far-reaching
change compared to the previous situation was the introduction of public e-
petitions. Prior to 2005, the content of the petitions and the parliamentary petition
process were strictly non-public. Once a petition was submitted to the Bundestag,
no information was provided to the public about pending petitions. Only the
principal petitioner received an acknowledgement of receipt and, after the
petitions committee had made a final decision on the request, an official
notification. The reform achieved a higher degree of publicness of the petitioning
process by two elements: the new requirement to hold public sessions in the case
of a petition being supported by 50,000 or more signatures (regardless of the
submission channel), and the introduction of the public e-petition.
Between 2006 and 2009, the petitions committee held public sessions in
11 instances, dealing with 81 petitions (Deutscher Bundestag 2007; 2008; 2009;
2010). Examples of these successful mass petitions include a petition opposed to
legislation introducing certain forms of Internet censorship (over 134,000
signatures), a petition calling for higher income for midwives (over 105,000
signatures), and a petition opposed to a ban on violent computer games (over
73,000 signatures).8
With regard to the public e-petition, the formal procedure deviates slightly
from the traditional, non-public petition. If a petitioner wishes his/her e-petition to
be made public, the petitions committee’s back office checks whether the request
meets certain criteria. Only e-petitions with a general political appeal (res publica)

7
The moderation is limited to the observance of the compliance with the forum rules.
8
For details on these petitions, see https://epetitionen.bundestag.de.

http://www.psocommons.org/policyandinternet/vol3/iss1/art4 8
DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1083
 Lindner and Riehm: An Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament

are admitted as public e-petitions. Moreover, the petitions committee’s

administration is entitled to refuse admittance based on technical or organizational
grounds, if a similar petition has previously been tabled or the request will
obviously be unsuccessful (Petitionsausschuss 2010). In short, the back office
enjoys considerable discretionary power. Unsurprisingly, this particular practice
has frequently been criticized. It should be noted though that those e-petitions not
qualifying for the status of a public e-petition are nonetheless accepted and dealt
with according to the traditional procedure.

(E-)Petition Statistics 2006–2009

About 18,500 petitions have been submitted to the Bundestag’s petitions

committee annually since the early 1990s. The bulk of these are individual
submissions, while some mass petitions attract the support of several thousand, in
very few instances even over 100,000 signatures (Deutscher Bundestag 1991–
2010). In order to cope with this impressive number of petitions, the committee’s
back office employs about 80 full-time staff.
Petition statistics are regularly made available in the annual reports
published by the petitions committee.9 However, it should be noted that the
statistical information for 2008 is incomplete due to the introduction of the new
software system. Despite these limitations, the data allow for a number of
noteworthy insights.
Table 1 summarizes key statistics for the years 2006–2009. Contrary to
what many had expected, the number of submitted petitions did not change
significantly after the 2005 introduction of the e-petition system, and the total
number of petitions has so far remained within the normal fluctuation range.
However, 2009 experienced a quite impressive rise in the total number of persons
submitting or signing a petition (paper and online)—up to almost two million
from only 575,000 in the previous year. This growth was primarily—but not
exclusively—caused by an increase in the number of online signatures supporting
public e-petitions. The next few years will reveal how sustainable this
development will be.
The data also show a growing acceptance and popularity of the possibility
to submit petitions electronically. Within four years after their introduction, the
percentage of e-petitions submitted doubled, from 17.2 percent in 2006 to 35.7
percent in 2009 of the total number of petitions presented to the Bundestag.
This development is even more pronounced if only the submission rates of
public e-petitions are examined: in 2009 over 5,000 public e-petitions were
proposed, up from 761 in 2006. At the same time, however, the acceptance rate

9
Cf. the most recent annual report: Deutscher Bundestag (2010).

9
 Policy & Internet, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 4

for public e-petitions decreased considerably (from 37.3 percent in 2006 to only
13.7 percent in 2009). In view of the obviously strong appeal of public e-petitions
for many petitioners, the continuing low official acceptance rate for public e-
petitions becomes even more problematic. Nevertheless, the total number of
eventually accepted public e-petitions more than doubled over the course of the
four years. The permitted public e-petitions still represent, however, only a very
small portion of all petitions submitted to the Bundestag (3.7 percent in 2009).
Use of the discussion forums has also experienced an upward trend. The
already high number of 16,000 postings in 2006 was amplified to a remarkable
58,000 postings in 2009. If the higher number of public e-petitions is taken into
account, the intensified discussion activity occurred in relative terms as well: in
2009, the average number of postings per public e-petition was 83, up from 57 in
2006.

http://www.psocommons.org/policyandinternet/vol3/iss1/art4 10
DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1083
 Lindner and Riehm: An Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament

Table 1. (E-)Petition Statistics of the Bundestag, 2006–2009

2006 2007 2008a 2009

Total % Total % Total % Total %
Petitions
Petitions submitted 16,766 100.0 16,260 100.0 18,096 100.0 18,861 100.0
b
Thereof e-petitions (email, web interface) 2,878 17.2 2,782 17.1 3,710 20.5 6,517 35.7
Submitted as public e-petition 761 4.5 632 3.9 1,033 5.7 5,113 27.1
Thereof permitted as public e-petition 284 1.7 243 1.5 306 1.7 701 3.7
Percentage of permitted on submitted public
37.3 38.5 29.6 13.7
e-petitions
Persons involved
Total number of petitions and signatures n.a. 600,000 575,100 <2 million
Signatures supporting public e-petitions 443,048 – 417,003 – n.a. >1 million
Newly registered users at e-petitions platform – – – – – – 525,000
Online forums on petitions
Forum postings 16,279 100.0 8,228 n.a. 58,000
Thereof deleted by moderator 4,635 28.5 n.a. n.a. n.a.
Average number of postings per public e-
57 34 83
petition

a
The data for 2008 are incomplete due to the introduction of the new software system. Comparisons with the years 2006, 2007, and 2009 need
to take this into account.
b
Until September 2008, public e-petitions could only be submitted by email. Since October 2008, both public e-petitions as well as non-public
e-petitions have been submittable via a web interface (https://epetitionen.bundestag.de). E-petitions submitted by email are not accounted for
in the official statistics from October 2008 onwards.

Source: Riehm et al. (2009); Riehm, Coenen, and Lindner (2009, 222); Deutscher Bundestag (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010).

11
 Policy & Internet, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 4

User Surveys, Socio-Demographics, and Assessments

Approach and Methods. Empirical studies focusing on petitioning as a form of

political participation are rare. Among the few exceptions is a representative
survey of the public awareness and reputation of the German petition system (the
results were recently published by Lippa, Kubicek, and Bröchler 2009). For the
Scottish petition system, the evaluations and analyses which were conducted on
behalf of the Scottish Public Petitions Committee in the last few years also
contained user surveys (Carman 2006; Ipsos Mori and Carman 2009).
As part of the TAB’s research project “Public electronic petitions and
civic involvement” (Riehm et al. 2009; Riehm, Coenen, and Lindner 2009), a
comprehensive survey of petitioners was conducted. For the first time in
Germany, empirical data on the socio-demographics of petitioners, their
underlying motives to participate, and their assessments of the petitioning process
were generated. Who are the people approaching the Bundestag with their
requests? Why do they choose the petition system to accomplish their goals, and
how do they evaluate the petitioning process?
In order to detect possible new developments with regard to participation
patterns related to the introduction of the e-petition system, the survey was
conducted for two samples: traditional petitioners, and the presenter of the newly
introduced public e-petitions. The surveys delivered comprehensive and detailed
information about the socio-demographic composition of the two petitioner
groups. Moreover, the socio-demographic items of the questionnaires were
complemented by questions on the type and quantity of the respondents’ media
consumption, their interest in politics, and their political participation patterns.
Based on the data generated, we can respond to the question of whether the
availability of e-petitioning attracts previously underrepresented societal groups,
or whether it represents a participation channel for those who are already
politically active above the average. In addition, the surveys intended to find out
whether the new e-petition system (online submission and signatures, discussion
forums) actually meets the political needs of the respondents.
Between February and March 2007, a random sample of 1,000 traditional
petitioners and all known presenters of public e-petitions since September 2005
(N=698) were asked to participate in the surveys. The response rates were quite
encouraging: 57 percent of the traditional (n=571) and 50 percent of the public e-
petitioners (n=350) completed and returned the paper questionnaires.10

10
The surveys were conducted by Zebralog e.V., Berlin within the research project “Public
electronic petitions and civic involvement” (Riehm et al. 2009; Riehm, Coenen, and Lindner 2009)
on behalf of the TAB (see also Riehm and Trénel 2009).

http://www.psocommons.org/policyandinternet/vol3/iss1/art4 12
DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1083
 Lindner and Riehm: An Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament

Socio-Demographic Composition of the Respondent Groups. Many e-

participation opportunities are promoted with the explicit aim to not only facilitate
political involvement, but also increase the degree of representativeness—both in
terms of the participants’ socio-demographic make-up as well as with regard to
the issues placed on the agenda.
The results of the surveys show quite impressively that traditional
petitioners and citizens using the e-petition system to submit public petitions
deviate significantly from the average population in terms of key socio-
demographic characteristics. In a nutshell, both petitioner groups are
predominantly composed of men who have attained higher levels of formal
education, and who are more frequently disabled than the average (Table 2).
If the two groups of petitioners are compared, noteworthy differences
become apparent. Presenters of public e-petitions tend to be considerably younger
than traditional petitioners. 32.7 percent of all e-petitioners belong to the 20–39
age group, which nearly matches this group’s share in society at large, while only
13.2 percent of traditional petitioners fall into this age range. With regard to
formal levels of education, e-petitioners tend to have attained even higher levels
than traditional petitioners, who already enjoy above average education degrees
(share of respondents with university degrees: 43.7 vs. 31.7 percent).
These findings reveal that the introduction of the e-petition system at the
Bundestag did actually attract different parts of society, but probably not in the
way envisioned by some proponents of the reform. The share of women,
petitioners with formal educational degrees below college/university level, the
unemployed, and people with disabilities among presenters of public e-petitions is
even lower than is already the case within the group of traditional petitioners. The
aim to increase the societal representativeness of petitioning by introducing public
e-petitions is only reached with regard to younger parts of the population, while
existing biases in terms of gender and socioeconomic status are even amplified.

Internet Usage. Most parts of the recent modernization of the Bundestag’s petition
system are dependent upon the Internet. By providing an online channel for
petitioning, the initiators of the pilot scheme also intended to respond to society’s
changing media usage patterns. In the following, the Internet usage of the two
petitioner groups (traditional and public e-petitioners) will be examined. The
analysis can provide answers to the question to which degree access to the
Internet and media literacy help explain why petitioners decide to use the e-
petition system.

13
 Policy & Internet, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 4

Table 2. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

Traditional Public e- Population

Petitioners Petitioners (Micro Census)
Sex n=564 n=347
Male 73.9 75.8 48.9
Female 26.1 24.2 51.1
Age n=560 n=342 >19 years of
age
20–39 years of age 13.2 32.7 33.2
40–59 years of age 40.4 52.0 35.5
60–99 years of age 46.4 15.2 31.3
Education n=571 n=350 >14 years of
age
In school, vocational training, at
college/university or without 8.9 10.6 30.6
vocational qualification
Vocational qualification, vocational
32.6 28.6 48.8
college
Master craftsman, technician, or
19.0 11.1 6.9
other professional training
University or college degree 31.7 43.7 11.8
Other degree 7.9 6.0 0.6
Occupation n=548 n=344
Employee, civil servant 25.5 45.3 39.8
Self-employed 8.6 19.5 6.4
Retiree 39.8 14.0 28.3
Permanently unemployable 6.9 1.5 3.5
Unemployed 12.0 8.7 7.1
Homemaker 2.6 1.7 9.2
Apprentice, trainee, pupil, student,
4.6 9.3 5.8
conscript
Disabled n=571 n=346
35.9 15.6 8.0
Source: TAB survey data 2007; Statistisches Bundesamt (2008).

http://www.psocommons.org/policyandinternet/vol3/iss1/art4 14
DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1083
 Lindner and Riehm: An Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament

Table 3 shows that no, or insufficient, access to the Internet does not seem
to be the main reason why traditional petitioners prefer paper petitions. Compared
with the general population, members of this petitioner group have above average
Internet access (67.3 vs. 63 percent). Similarly, traditional petitioners tend to use
the Internet with greater intensity than the average. The only exceptions are their
below average affinity to online games and discussion forums.
In order to be able to make use of an e-petition system, citizens do not
only need access to the Internet, they also have to be informed about this
participation channel. Only 16.9 percent of traditional petitioners replied that they
were aware of the existence of the possibility to submit petitions electronically. At
the same time, 70.4 percent of this group declared that they thought submitting
petitions online was “very interesting” or “interesting.” At least this figure seems
to imply that there is quite some potential to attract additional e-petitioners from
the group of traditional petitioners in the future.

Table 3. Internet Usage of Respondents

Traditional Public e- Population

Petitioners Petitioners
Internet usage (even occasionally) (%) 67.3 100.0 63
How long have you been using the
7.4 9.1 7
Internet? (average years)
Which Internet applications do you use… ?*
Email (%) 86.3 95.9 79
Search engines (%) 80.3 93.8 76
Home banking (%) 47.9 55.5 34
Discussion forums, chat (%) 16.6 29.9 20
Online games (%) 3.1 6.2 10
*Percentages refer to Internet users among petitioners, or among the population of 14 years and
older.
Source: TAB survey data 2007; Eimeren and Frees (2007).

Political Mobilization of Abstaining Groups? Are there any indications that the
availability of an electronic submission channel for petitions mobilizes politically
rather passive parts of society? Can e-petitions help to empower underrepresented
groups? Or are the main beneficiaries of the additional participation opportunities
made available by the e-petition system resource-rich members of society, as
implied by the standard model of political participation (Milbrath 1965; Verba
and Nie 1972, 125–137; Lindner 2007, 92–98)?

15
 Policy & Internet, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 4

Table 4. Membership in Political Organizations, Participation in Public Protests

Traditional Public e-
Population
Petitioners Petitioners
Party membership (%) 13.0 18.4 4.3
Trade union membership or professional
26.5 32.2 17.8
association, etc. (%)
Participation in public protests,
47.8 59.3 29.2
demonstration (%)
Source: TAB survey data 2007; ALLBUS (2007).

Table 5. Political Participation Online and Offline

Traditional
Public e-Petitioners
Petitioners
Yes, I If yes, Yes, I If yes, Population
already also already also
did this online did this online
Supported a signature campaign
80.9 26.5 94.9 66.3 54.6
(n=535, 302, 332, 285) (%)
Submitted a petition, regardless
of the most recent one 54.3 28.7 54.0 53.7 –
(n=536, 202, 326, 164) (%)
Contacted media
59.5 51.3 70.8 79.5 –
(n=536, 230, 325, 219) (%)
Contacted elected representative
or administration 71.1 36.8 73.3 69.3 20.9
(n=539, 247, 326, 218) (%)
Source: TAB survey data 2007; ALLBUS (2007).

The survey data clearly demonstrate that traditional and public e-

petitioners alike are politically more engaged than the average population. The
indicators to measure the degree of political involvement used in the surveys were
party membership, membership in trade unions or other professional associations,
participation in public protests or demonstrations, support of signature campaigns,
petitioning, contacting media, and contacting elected representatives (Tables 4
and 5). Interestingly, a comparison of the two petitioner groups reveals that
presenters of public e-petitions show higher participation rates in nearly all
categories. In short, compared with the average population, both petitioner groups

http://www.psocommons.org/policyandinternet/vol3/iss1/art4 16
DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1083
 Lindner and Riehm: An Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament

are politically highly experienced and actively involved in public affairs, and
within the subgroup of e-petitioners this observation is even more pronounced. As
is to be expected, e-petitioners responded that they are more experienced in taking
part in the online equivalents of participation activities than traditional petitioners.
However, traditional petitioners are by no means strict “offliners” in this respect,
as over 51.3 percent declared that they had contacted the media, and 36.8 percent
elected representatives, via the Internet.
Instead of empowering politically underrepresented or disengaged groups,
these findings suggest the contrary: public e-petitions seem to amplify existing
inequalities in societal participation patterns, as they predominately attract highly
mobilized and politically active individuals.

Public E-Petitioners’ Motives and Assessments. The survey data presented in the
previous sections demonstrated that petitioners tend to be politically active and
experienced. It can therefore be assumed that they are rather well informed about
the chances of achieving one’s goals by means of this form of participation. The
survey questionnaires asked both petitioner groups about their motivations in
submitting petitions. In addition, the presenters of public e-petitions were asked to
assess the e-petition procedure.
An overwhelming majority of the respondents from both petitioner
groups—84.5 percent of traditional petitioners and 93 percent of public e-
petitioners—stated that their petition was submitted with the intention of
prompting legislative action. Accordingly, respondents from both groups are
clearly in favor of making their petitions known to the public and the media
(traditional petitioners: 80.5 percent, n=483; public e-petitioners: 93.0 percent,
n=330). The respondents’ strong political outlook is particularly noteworthy in the
German e-petitioning context due to the very low share of permitted public e-
petitions (see Table 1). Most of the requests for public e-petition are rejected by
the Bundestag because they are assessed as unfit for public debate.
Presenters of public e-petitions were presented with additional survey
items about their goals and objectives (multiple answers). Unsurprisingly, 89.6
percent (n=335) hoped that the issue of the submission would be taken into
consideration by parliament, 83 percent (n=311) would like their petitions to be
discussed publicly, and 80.8 percent (n=313) believed that they could attract the
most supporters with this instrument. Finally, 72.5 percent (n=316) were
convinced that public e-petitions are the best way to attract public attention.
The respondents were also asked to assess the petition procedure (Table
6). The data indicate that traditional petitioners seem to view the petition process
quite positively: 76.4 percent stated that they were “very satisfied” or “satisfied.”
The e-petitioners’ evaluation, on the other hand, was rather negative: only 41.6
percent of the respondents from this petitioner group were “very satisfied” or

17
 Policy & Internet, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 4

“satisfied.” It should be noted though that a direct comparison of the two groups is
problematic because the respondents had to make their assessments in different
phases of the petitioning process due to methodological reasons. While the
traditional petitioner’s appraisal was based on the official submission
confirmation issued by the petition committee, part of the presenters of public e-
petitions could evaluate the complete process. Moreover, a quite plausible reason
for the high level of dissatisfaction in this group might be the large share of
rejections in terms of which e-petitions get published (Table 1).11

Table 6. Satisfaction with the Petition Process

Traditional
Petitioners Public e-Petitioners
(n=329)
(n=475)
How satisfied are you with the handling of your petition so far?
Very satisfied (%) 40.6 9.7
Satisfied (%) 35.8 31.9
Not satisfied (%) 13.3 34.3
Disappointed (%) 10.3 24.0
Source: TAB survey data 2007.

Preliminary Results from the Ongoing Follow-up Study. Within the follow-up
study “Electronic petitioning and the modernisation of petitioning systems in
Europe,” which started in 2009 and will be published in 2011, a second survey
wave of the two petitioner groups was conducted. As the research is still in
progress, and the results are not yet approved and published, only a limited set of
preliminary findings can be presented in this paper.
With regard to the socio-demographics of traditional petitioners, the
second survey revealed no significant changes compared with the 2007 data. The
disproportionally large share of men within the group of public e-petitioners has
increased even more. In terms of age, the composition of public e-petitioners has
changed as well: while the younger cohorts increased their share to the level of the
general population, the share of the 60+ generation decreased. Concerning the
levels of formal education attained by the two petitioner groups, the second
survey delivered largely the same results as in 2007: petitioners tend to have
higher levels of formal education than the average population.

11
Preliminary results from the follow-up study show that the level of dissatisfaction of traditional
petitioners asked after completion of the petition process is approximately the same as the level of
dissatisfaction within the group of e-petitioners.

http://www.psocommons.org/policyandinternet/vol3/iss1/art4 18
DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1083
 Lindner and Riehm: An Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament

The questions about petitioners’ civic involvement were also repeated in

2009. Again, the second survey confirms the findings of 2007: both petitioner
groups are politically more active and experienced than the general population.
This observation is even more pronounced within the group of e-petitioners than
has already been the case nearly three years earlier.12
Likewise, the 2009 survey data on petitioners’ Internet usage reveals more
stability than change. As in 2007, traditional petitioners have access to and use the
Internet. However, within this group, the share using email or the web interface to
submit (non-public) petitions has increased.
To summarize, the initial results of the second petitioner survey seem to
overwhelmingly confirm the trends already identified two years earlier. However,
as the research is still in progress, it is too early to draw final conclusions.

Conclusions
The introduction of the e-petition pilot scheme in 2005 was an important step in
the modernizing of the Bundestag’s petition procedures. This prize-winning
innovation13 has received broad approval and undoubtedly contributes to a higher
public visibility of petitioning as a form of political participation in Germany. The
reform did not only make parts of the petition process available online, but also
added to its improved publicness, transparency, and discursiveness (Lindner and
Riehm 2009b; Riehm et al. 2009; Riehm, Coenen, and Lindner 2009).
As part of the evaluation study of the e-petition pilot scheme, two surveys
examining traditional petitioners’ and public e-petitioners’ socio-demographic
make-up, their civic involvement, and their media usage patterns were conducted.
In summary, the results show that the introduction of the e-petition system was
successful to a very limited degree in attracting underrepresented societal groups.
Public e-petitioners are indeed significantly younger than the average traditional
petitioner. At the same time however, already existing gender and socioeconomic
biases are exacerbated as e-petitioners tend to be predominantly men and have
attained above average levels of formal education. Furthermore, both groups of
petitioners surveyed are politically more engaged than the general population: a
finding that is even more pronounced in the case of public e-petitioners. Instead of
fulfilling the hopes of those who had sought to attract the politically disengaged
by offering an online channel for petitioning, the results for the most part support
the expectations of political sociology’s well-established standard model of

12
The 2007 surveys were conducted at the beginning, and the 2009 surveys at the end of the
calendar year.
13
The Bundestag’s petitions committee was awarded with the “politics award” in the category
“innovation”: http://www.politikaward.de/gewinner2008/index.php.

19
 Policy & Internet, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 4

political participation. The preliminary results of the follow-up study, which is

currently being conducted by the TAB, generally confirm these conclusions.
On the whole, the introduction of public e-petitions can nonetheless be
viewed as a success story. Statistics such as the increasing number of public e-
petition submissions or the over 500,000 newly registered users of the
Bundestag’s e-petition portal show that the e-petition system is generally
appealing to a growing number of citizens. And with regard to the newly
introduced public e-petition, the survey data demonstrate a strong demand for
making petitions public. If the petitions committee is serious about improving the
societal representativeness of the petitioners, additional efforts, such as targeted
information campaigns and outreach activities to underrepresented parts of
society, will be necessary.
Yet, this (still increasing) popularity of the new submission channel and
particularly of the public e-petition portal also poses some challenges for the
Bundestag. A case in point is that the back-end management and administrative
processing of the public e-petitions require significantly more resources than
traditional paper petitions. The strikingly low, and even decreasing, acceptance
rate of public e-petitions can partly be explained by the petitions committee’s
limited resources.
Without question, a comprehensive assessment of the Bundestag’s e-
petition system needs to address additional dimensions. Aspects such as the
unsatisfying user friendliness of the software applications or the unsettled role of
the discussion forums within the petition procedure need to be accounted for as
well.14 The empirical findings presented in this paper also raise a number of
questions that seem highly relevant, but are difficult to answer. For instance, are
public e-petitions more likely to raise specific issues or have a higher affinity to
certain policy areas compared with traditional petitions? This aspect was not
systematically analyzed, particularly due to methodological reasons such as
anonymity of the survey. However, an admittedly rough and rather piecemeal
review of the topics raised by public e-petitions provides no indication of a
pronounced shift in issues and topics. Similarly, it would be interesting to know if
certain socio-demographic characteristics can be associated with specific “issue
profiles.” Unfortunately, this aspect was not part of the survey. In addition to the
issue dimension of the petitioning process, questions concerning the impact of the
Internet-based petitioning reforms on the decision-making processes of the
petitions committee are also of interest. Did the introduction of the public e-
petition change the quality of the petitioning process? For external observers, this
question is extremely difficult to answer, due to the complexity and opaqueness of
the decision-making processes within the committee. The personal satisfaction of
14
The results of the TAB evaluation study on these and other issues are published in Riehm et al.
(2009; Riehm, Coenen, and Lindner 2009).

http://www.psocommons.org/policyandinternet/vol3/iss1/art4 20
DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1083
 Lindner and Riehm: An Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament

public e-petitioners with the whole petitioning process might be used as an

indicator for this type of impact: data from the follow-up study show that public e-
petitioners are no less satisfied with the process than traditional petitioners. This
finding suggests that the introduction of the public e-petition did not seem to
make a noteworthy difference in the subjective assessments of petitioners.
Related to the issue of the impact of the reforms on the quality of the
petitioning process is the question as to whether the political functions of petitions
are fulfilled differently by public e-petitions. Judging from the analysis of the
petitioning reforms at the Bundestag, it becomes quite clear that the introduction
of new media technologies needs to be accompanied by, and embedded in,
adequate institutional and procedural innovations if the political functions of
petitions are to be improved. With regard to the political functions of petitions on
the individual level, it seems fair to say that public e-petitions did not increase the
political efficacy of the submissions compared to the traditional procedure. From
the perspective of the addressee, however, the additional communicative linkages
between the Bundestag and the citizens which have been established by the e-
petition system can be viewed as a small but nonetheless noteworthy contribution
to increased institutional responsiveness, as the number and quality of access
points for citizens were improved, additional capacities for communication and
information exchange were made available, and rules of procedure were changed
resulting in increased transparency. At least theoretically, these developments
may also have positive effects on the integrative capacity and legitimacy of the
political system.

References
ALLBUS (Allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften). 2007.
Datenhandbuch, ZA-Nr. 4500. Köln, Mannheim: Gesellschaft
Sozialwissenschaftlicher Infrastruktureinrichtungen.
Banse, W. 1973. “Dokumentation und Kurzanalysen. Chronik der Bestrebungen
um eine Reform des Petitionswesens im Deutschen Bundestag.” Zeitschrift
für Parlamentsfragen 4 (2): 171-174.
Baringhorst, S., V. Kneip, and J. Niesyto. 2007. “Anti-Corporate Campaigns im
Netz: Techniken und Praxen.” Forschungsjournal Neue Soziale
Bewegungen 2007/3: 49-60.
Betz, H. 1994. “Petitionsrecht und Petitionsverfahren. Eine vergleichende
Darstellung der Rechtslage in Deutschland und der Europäischen
Gemeinschaft.” In Festschrift für Hans Hanisch, eds. E. Aderhold, K.
Lipstein, C. Schücking, and R. Stürner. Köln: Heymann.

21
 Policy & Internet, Vol. 3 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 4

Bockhofer, R. ed. 1999. Mit Petitionen Politik verändern. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

Carman, C. 2006. The Assessment of the Scottish Parliament’s Public Petitions
System 1999–2006. The Scottish Parliament (SP Paper 654), Edinburgh.
Deutscher Bundestag. 1991–2010. Bitten und Beschwerden an den Deutschen
Bundestag. Die Tätigkeit des Petitionsausschusses des Deutschen
Bundestages im Jahr 1990–2009. Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksachen
12/683, 12/2566, 12/4961, 12/7396, 13/1415, 13/4498, 13/8000, 13/10500,
14/1390, 14/3456, 14/5882, 14/9146, 15/920, 15/3150, 15/5570, 16/2500,
16/6270, 16/9500, 16/13200, 17/2100. Bonn/Berlin: Deutscher Bundestag.
Eimeren, B.V., and B. Frees, 2007. “Internetnutzung zwischen Pragmatismus und
YouTube-Euphorie.” Media Perspektiven H. 8: 362-378.
Guckelberger, A. 2004. Der Europäische Bürgerbeauftragte und die Petitionen
zum Europäischen Parlament. Eine Bestandsaufnahme zu Beginn des 21.
Jahrhunderts. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
Herzog, D. 1989. “Was heißt und zu welchem Ende studiert man
Repräsentation?” In Konfliktpotentiale und Konsensstrategien. Beiträge zur
politischen Soziologie der Bundesrepublik, eds. D. Herzog, and B. Wessels.
Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 307-335.
Holtfort, W. 1999. “Petitionsrecht als Gegenleistung für Gewaltverzicht.” In Mit
Petitionen Politik verändern, ed. R. Bockhofer. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 72-
74.
Ismayr, W. 1992. Der Deutsche Bundestag. Funktionen, Willensbildung,
Reformansätze. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
Ismayr, W. 2004. “Vitalisierung der parlamentarischen Demokratie durch
Petitionen?” In Demokratie wagen—Petitionsrecht ändern! ed. R.
Bockhofer. Bremen: Donat, 60-73.
Korinek, K. 1977. Das Petitionsrecht im demokratischen Rechtsstaat. Tübingen:
Mohr.
Lindner, R. 2007. Politischer Wandel durch digitale Netzwerkkommunikation?
Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
Lindner, R., and U. Riehm. 2009a. “Electronic Petitions and Institutional
Modernization. International Parliamentary E-Petition Systems in
Comparative Perspective.” JeDEM—eJournal of eDemocracy and Open
Government 1 (1): 1-11. http://www.jedem.org/article/view/3.
Lindner, R., and B. Riehm. 2009b. “Modernisierung des Petitionswesens und der
Einsatz neuer Medien.” Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 40 (3): 495-512.
Lippa, B., H. Kubicek, and S. Bröchler. 2009. Bekanntheit und Ansehen des
Petitionsausschusses des Deutschen Bundestages und Nutzung des
Petitionsrechts in Deutschland. Berlin: Büro für Technikfolgen-
Abschätzung.

http://www.psocommons.org/policyandinternet/vol3/iss1/art4 22
DOI: 10.2202/1944-2866.1083
 Lindner and Riehm: An Empirical Study of Petitions to the German Parliament

Macintosh, A., A. Malina, and S. Farrell. 2002. “Digital Democracy through

Electronic Petitioning.” In Advances in Digital Government: Technology,
Human Factors and Policy, eds. W. McIver, and A. Elmagarmid. Dordrecht
and Boston: Springer, 137-148.
Milbrath, L.W. 1965. Political Participation. How and Why Do People Get
Involved in Politics? Chicago: Rand McNally.
Ipsos MORI, and C. Carman. 2009. Engaging the Public in the Scottish
Parliament’s Petitions Process. Research Study Conducted for the Scottish
Parliament’s Public Petitions Committee.
http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/s3/committees/petitions/inquiries/petition
sProcess/Engagingthepublicinthepetitionsprocess.pdf.pdf.
Petitionsausschuss. 2010. Richtlinie für die Behandlung von öffentlichen
Petitionen (öP) gem. Ziff. 7.1 (4) der Verfahrensgrundsätze. Berlin:
Deutscher Bundestag.
http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/ausschuesse17/a02/rili.pdf.
Riehm, U., C. Coenen, and R. Lindner. 2009. “Zur Öffentlichkeit des
Petitionsverfahrens beim Deutschen Bundestag und beim Schottischen
Parlament.” Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 40 (3): 529-543.
Riehm, U., C. Coenen, R. Lindner, and C. Blümel. 2009. Bürgerbeteiligung durch
E-Petitionen. Analysen von Kontinuität und Wandel im Petitionswesen.
Berlin: Edition Sigma.
Riehm, U., and M. Trénel. 2009. “Öffentliche Petitionen beim Deutschen
Bundestag. Ergebnisse einer Petentenbefragung.” Zeitschrift für
Parlamentsfragen 40 (3): 512-528.
SPD and BÜNDNIS 90/Die GRÜNEN. 2002. Erneuerung—Gerechtigkeit—
Nachhaltigkeit. Für ein wirtschaftlich starkes, soziales und ökologisches
Deutschland. Für eine lebendige Demokratie. Berlin.
Statistisches Bundesamt. 2008. Mikrozensus, Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit,
beruf, Ausbildung und Arbeitsbedingungen der Erwerbstätigen, Bd. 2:
Deutschland, Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.2. Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt.
Verba, S., and N.H. Nie. 1972. Participation in America. New York: Harper &
Row.
Vitzthum, W.G. 1985. Petitionsrecht und Volksvertretung. Zu Inhalt und
Schranken des parlamentarischen Petitionsbehandlungsrechts,
Rheinbreitbach: Neue Darmstädter Verlagsanstalt.

23