07/05/2023

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Three-Phase Induction Motors

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second Semester, AY 2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Objectives:

 discuss the basic operating principles of three-phase motors.

 list factors that produce a rotating magnetic field.
 list different types of three-phase motors.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Introduction
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

1
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Three-phase induction motors are commonly used in industry due to

their constant speed from no-load to full-load.

However, their speed is frequency dependent, making them difficult

to control. DC motors are preferred for larger speed variations.

Despite this, induction motors are simple, durable, affordable, and

adaptable to most industrial needs. The chapter will cover the
fundamental principles of these motors.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Introduction
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

A 3-phase induction motor consists of a stator with a 3-phase

winding and a rotor with a short-circuited winding. The stator
winding is connected to a 3-phase power supply, while the rotor
winding is energized through electromagnetic induction from the
stator winding.

The motor can be seen as a transformer with a rotating secondary,

and it converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is a type
of AC machine known as a "transformer-type."

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Definition
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

2
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotating Magnetic Fields

When balanced polyphase currents flow in balanced polyphase

windings, a rotating magnetic field is produced which rotates in
synchronous speed.

In other words, all polyphase a.c. machines are associated with

rotating magnetic fields in their air gap.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotating Magnetic Fields

The induction motor operates on the principle of rotating magnetic

field which is produced by the stator winding of the induction motor in
the air gap between the stator and rotor.

The stator is three phase winding which can be either star

connected or delta connected.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotating Magnetic Fields

There are three factors that cause the magnetic field to rotate. These
are:
1. the fact that the voltages in a three-phase system are 120o out of
phase with each other.
2. the fact that the three voltages change polarity at regular
intervals.
3. the arrangement of the stator windings around the inside of the
motor.
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotating Magnetic Fields

90 degrees
0 degree

360 degrees

180 degrees
three sine wave voltages Three-phase stator
270 degrees

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

4
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotating Magnetic Fields

A maximum peak voltage

S
magnetic field
S S
is concentrated
N N

three sine wave voltages Three-phase stator

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotating Magnetic Fields

Line 3 is zero
B

S
magnetic field
S S
is concentrated
N N
N

three sine wave voltages Three-phase stator

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

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 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotating Magnetic Fields

C

S N

S N
N

three sine wave voltages Three-phase stator

Line 2 has reached its
maximum negative value

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotating Magnetic Fields

D

S N

S N

three sine wave voltages Three-phase stator

Line 1 is zero and Lines
2 and 3 are less than
maximum and
opposite in polarity

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

6
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The magnetic
Rotating Magnetic Fields field is now
concentrated
E between poles
C1 and C2.

N
S N

S N
S

three sine wave voltages Three-phase stator

Line 3 has reached its
peak positive point and
Lines 1 and 2 are less
than maximum and
negative
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

magnetic field is now
Rotating Magnetic Fields concentrated between
the poles of phases A
and C.
F

N
N

S
S

three sine wave voltages Three-phase stator

Line 2 is zero and Lines
1 and 3 are less than
maximum and
have opposite polarities

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

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 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The magnetic field is
Rotating Magnetic Fields again concentrated
between poles A1 and
A2.
G

N
N N

S S

three sine wave voltages Line 1 has reached its Three-phase stator
maximum negative value However, pole A1 has a
and Lines 2 and 3 are north magnetic polarity
less than maximum and instead of pole A2.
have a positive polarity

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotating Magnetic Fields

The field has now

N S
rotated 270
degrees and is
S S
concentrated
between phases
B and C.

three sine wave voltages Three-phase stator

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

8
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotating Magnetic Fields

S
S S

N N
N

three sine wave voltages Three-phase stator

At the end of one complete cycle, the magnetic field completes a full 360 degrees
of rotation. The speed of the rotating magnetic field is 3600 RPM in a two-pole
motor connected to a 60-Hz line.
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotating Magnetic Fields

Whenever the ac supply is connected to the stator winding line

current , IR, IY and IB start flowing and these line currents are phase
shifted by 120o with respect to each other.

Due to each line current, a sinusoidal flux is produced in the air gap.
These fluxes have the same frequency as that of the line current
and they are also 120o phase shifted with respect to each other.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Let the flux produced by the line current IR is ΦR , flux produced by

IY is ΦY and flux produced by IB is ΦB .

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Φ = Φ sin 𝜔𝑡 Total flux Φ in the air gap between the

stator and rotor is equal to the phasor
Φ = Φ sin(𝜔𝑡 − 120 ) sum of the three component fluxes,
Φ = Φ sin(𝜔𝑡 − 240 )
Φ =Φ +Φ +Φ
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

10
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Let the phasor Φ as the reference phasor and all the angle
expressed and drawn with respect to this phasor at different value
of 𝜔𝑡 such as 0o , 60o , 120o and 180o and obtain the value of Φ .

Case 1. For first condition assume (ωt = 0o ). Put the value of ωt in

equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
3
Φ = Φ sin 0 Φ = Φ sin 0 − 120 = − Φ
2

3
Φ = Φ sin 0 − 240 = Φ
2
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Draw a perpendicular line in OB for

finding magnitude of Φ .

In figure:
Φ = OB = 2 x OA and OA = OC cos 30o

Since, OC = Φ = Φ

OA = Φ 𝑥 cos 30 = Φ → Φ = OB = 2 x Φ = Φ

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

11
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

When 𝜔𝑡 = 0,

Φ 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑦 Φ 𝑏𝑦 90 and

magnitude is Φ .

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Case 2. Assume (ωt = 60o ). Put the value of ωt in equation (i), (ii)
and (iii),

3
Φ = Φ sin 60 = Φ
2
3
Φ = Φ sin 60 − 120 =− Φ
2

Φ = Φ sin 60 − 240 = 0

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

12
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Draw a perpendicular line in OB for

finding magnitude of Φ .

In figure:
Φ = OB = 2 x OA and
OA = OC cos 30o

Since, OC = Φ = Φ

OA = Φ 𝑥 cos 30 = Φ → Φ = OB = 2 x Φ = Φ
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

When 𝜔𝑡 = 60,

Φ 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑦 Φ 𝑏𝑦 30 and

magnitude is Φ .

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

13
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Case 3. Assume (ωt = 120o ). Put the value of ωt in equation (i),

(ii) and (iii),

3
Φ = Φ sin 120 = Φ
2
Φ = Φ sin 120 − 120 =0

3
Φ = Φ sin 120 − 240 = − Φ
2

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Draw a perpendicular line in OB for

finding magnitude of Φ .

In figure:
Φ = OB = 2 x OA and
OA = OC cos 30o

Since, OC = Φ = Φ

OA = Φ 𝑥 cos 30 = Φ → Φ = OB = 2 x Φ = Φ
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Principle of Operation
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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

14
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

When 𝜔𝑡 = 120,

Φ 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑏𝑦 Φ 𝑏𝑦 30 and

magnitude is Φ .

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Case 4. Assume (ωt = 180o ). Put the value of ωt in equation (i),

(ii) and (iii),

Φ = Φ sin 180 = 0
3
Φ = Φ sin 180 − 120 = Φ
2
3
Φ = Φ sin 180 − 240 = − Φ
2

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

15
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Draw a perpendicular line in OB for

finding magnitude of Φ .
In figure:
Φ = OB = 2 x OA and
OA = OC cos 30o

Since, OC = Φ = Φ

OA = Φ 𝑥 cos 30 = Φ → Φ = OB = 2 x Φ = Φ
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

When 𝜔𝑡 = 180,

Φ 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑏𝑦 Φ 𝑏𝑦 90 and

magnitude is Φ .

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The conclusion is that, the magnitude Φ at any value of ωt from

0o to 360o is same and rotates in the clockwise direction in space.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Important term related to speed of rotating resultant MMF :

1. Mechanical degrees:

The degree of physical or mechanical rotation in a single conductor

in an alternator.

2. Electrical degrees:

The degree or the cycle of emf induced in a single conductor in an

alternator.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

17
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The relation between electrical and mechanical degrees can be

written as,

Electrical degrees = x Mechanical degrees

P
𝜃 = 𝜃
2

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Important term related to speed of rotating resultant MMF :

3. Frequency of induced emf :

The frequency of the generated voltage depends upon the number

of field poles and on the speed at which the field pole are rotated.

One complete cycle of voltage is generated in an armature coil when

a pair of field poles passes over the coil.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Principle of Operation
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

18
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Important term related to speed of rotating resultant MMF :

4. Synchronous speed :

For a fixed number of poles, alternator has to be rotated at a

particular speed to keep the frequency of the generated emf
constant at the required value. Such a speed is called synchronous
speed of the alternator denoted as Ns .

120f
N =
P
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Principle of Operation
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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Construction of Induction Motor

Definition:

Three phase Induction motor mainly consists of two parts called as

the Stator and the Rotor.

The stator is the stationary part of the induction motor, and the rotor
is the rotating part.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Construction
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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Stator

Stator is a stationary part of induction motor.

A stator winding is placed in the stator of induction motor and the

three phase supply is given to it. Shape of stator is hollow
cylindrical.

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Stator
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EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Stator

The stator of the three-phase induction

motor consists of three main parts :

1. Stator frame

2. Stator core

3. Stator winding or field winding

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Stator
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EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Stator

1. Stator frame

The frame of a three-phase induction motor supports the stator core

and field winding, protects inner parts and provides mechanical
strength.

It is usually made of die-cast or fabricated steel and needs to be strong

and rigid to maintain concentricity between the rotor and stator,
preventing unbalanced magnetic pull.

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Rotor
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Stator
2. Stator core

The stator core's main function is to carry the alternating flux, and it is
made up of laminated stampings to reduce eddy current loss.

The stampings, which are about 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick, are made of
silicon steel to reduce hysteresis loss in the motor.

The stator core is then housed in the stator frame.

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Rotor
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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Stator
3. Stator winding or field winding

The stator core of a three-phase induction motor has slots carrying

three-phase windings, which are excited by three-phase AC supply to
produce a rotating magnetic field.

The winding is also known as the field winding and can be connected in
star or delta, depending on the starting method used.

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Three Main Parts of Stator
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Stator
3. Stator winding or field winding

The squirrel cage motor is typically started with a star-delta starter, while
the slip ring induction motor is started by inserting resistances to allow
for a star or delta connection.

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Three Main Parts of Stator
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Shapes of stator slots (types of slots)

Three types of slots can be used in three phase induction machines,

namely

1. Open slots

2. Semi-closed slots

3. Closed slots

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Shapes of stator slots
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EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Open slots

Advantages:

1. When open slots are used, winding coils can

be formed and insulated completely before they
are inserted in the slots.
2. Easy for repair.
3. Avoids excessive slot leakage.
4. Leakage reactance is less in open type slot. Therefore, more amount of power
will be transferred from stator to rotor and torque production is high.

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Shapes of stator slots
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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Open slots

Disadvantages:

1. Inserting winding into the slots is difficult.

2. More leakage flux, reactance of leakage flux is

high. Therefore, less amount of power
will be transferred from stator to rotor and
torque production is less.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Shapes of stator slots
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Semi-closed slots

Advantages:

1. The average air gap length between stator

and rotor is less as shown below figure.

2. Flux distribution is uniform and harmonics are less.

3. The operation of motor is smooth.
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Shapes of stator slots
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

24
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Semi-closed slots

Disadvantages:

1. Inserting windings into the slot is difficult task.

2. More leakage flux.

3. Less amount of power will be transferred from stator to rotor. Hence, torque
production is less.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Shapes of stator slots
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Closed slots

Advantages:

1. The average air gap length between stator

and rotor is very less therefore machine draw
very less exciting current as shown in below
figure,

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Shapes of stator slots
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

25
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Closed slots

Advantages:

2. Flux distribution is uniform. Hence, harmonics

are almost absent.

3. The operation of motor is very smooth.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Shapes of stator slots
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Closed slots

Disadvantages:

1. It is very difficult to place windings into slots.

2. The leakage flux is very high.

3. Power transfer from stator to rotor is very less. Hence, production of torque is
also very less.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Shapes of stator slots
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

26
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Conclusion

 Magnetizing current, 𝐼 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 > 𝐼 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 > 𝐼 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑

 No load power factor, cos ∅ 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 < cos ∅ 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 < cos ∅ 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒
 Leakage reactance, 𝑋 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 < 𝑋 (𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛) < 𝑋 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑

 Torque production, 𝑇 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 > 𝑇(𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛) > 𝑇 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑

 Harmonic torque, 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛 > 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 > 𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Shapes of stator slots
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Comparison of different slot in stator :

Open slots Closed slots Semi closed

Net air gap is more. Net air gap is least. Moderate.

Requires more magnetizing Less magnetizing

current to maintain flux. current. Moderate magnetizing.

W.r.t. magnetising current

Better power factor. Moderate power factor.
operating PF is low.

Offers more reluctance to Moderate.

High leakage and high
leakage flux and less leakage leakage reactance.
reactance.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Shapes of stator slots
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

27
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Comparison of different slot in stator :

Open slots Closed slots Semi closed

W.r.t. leakage reactance

Moderate operating power
operating power factor is Low operating power factor.
factor.
better.

Non uniform air gap produce No slot harmonics. Moderate slot harmonics.
slot or teeth or space
harmonic.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Shapes of stator slots
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor
 The rotor is a part of a machine that rotates and is connected to a
mechanical load through a shaft.
 It converts electrical power to mechanical power and is located
inside the stator.
 The rotor core is made of laminated cast iron and has slots on its
outer edge.
 The rotor conductors or winding is placed in the rotor slots.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

28
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor

The two types of rotor constructions which are used for induction
motors are,

1. Squirrel cage rotor

2. Slip ring or wound rotor

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Types of Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

The rotor core is a cylindrical component with
slots around its circumference. Copper or
aluminum bars, called rotor conductors, are
inserted into these slots. The rotor conductors
are shorted permanently at each end by Basic squirrel-cage rotor without
conducting copper rings known as end rings. laminations

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

29
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

To enhance mechanical strength, the bars are
typically brazed to the end rings, creating a
cage-like structure that forms a closed
electrical circuit.
Basic squirrel-cage rotor without
As a result, the rotor is referred to as a laminations
squirrel cage rotor.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

Because the bars are permanently connected to
each other via the end ring, the rotor has an
extremely low resistance. As a result, it is also
referred to as a short-circuited rotor.
Basic squirrel-cage rotor without
Since the rotor is already short-circuited, external laminations
resistance cannot have any impact on the rotor's
resistance.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

30
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

As there is no need to introduce external

resistance into the rotor circuit, slip ring and
brush assembly are not required for this type of
rotor. Basic squirrel-cage rotor without
laminations
As a result, the construction of a squirrel cage
rotor is very simple.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

In this type of rotor, the slots are not arranged parallel to the
shaft axis but are skewed as shown:

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

31
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

Advantages of skewing are :

1. A magnetic hum i.e. noise gets reduced due to skewing hence

skewing makes the motor operation quieter.
2. It makes the motor operation smooth.
3. The stator and rotor teeth may get magnetically locked. Such a
tendency of magnetic locking gets reduced due to skewing.
4. It increases the effective transformation ratio between stator and
rotor.
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

Advantages of squirrel cage induction motor :

1. They are low cost.

2. Require less maintenance (as there are no slip rings or brushes).

3. Good speed regulation (they are able to maintain a constant

speed).
4. High efficiency in converting electrical energy to mechanical
energy (while running, not during startup).

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

32
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

Advantages of squirrel cage induction motor :

5. Have better heat regulation (i.e. don’t get as hot).

6. Small and lightweight.

7. Explosion proof (as there are no brushes which eliminate the risks
of sparking).

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

Disadvantages of squirrel cage induction motor :

1. Very poor speed control.

2. Although they are energy efficient while running at full load

current, they consume a lot
of energy on startup.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

33
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

Disadvantages of squirrel cage induction motor :

3. They are more sensitive to fluctuations in the supply voltage.

When the supply voltage is reduced, induction motor draws more
current. During voltage surges, increase in voltage saturates the
magnetic components of the squirrel cage induction motor.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

Disadvantages of squirrel cage induction motor :

4. They have high starting current and poor starting torque (the
starting current can be 5-9 times the full load current; the starting
torque can be 1.5-2 times the full load torque).

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

34
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

Application of squirrel cage induction motor :

1. Squirrel cage induction motors are commonly used in many

industrial applications.

2. They are particularly suited for applications where the motor must
maintain a constant speed, be self-starting, or there is a desire for
low maintenance.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Squirrel cage rotor

Application of squirrel cage induction motor :

(iii)These motors are commonly used in :

 Centrifugal pumps
 Industrial drives (e.g. to run conveyor belts)
 Large blowers and fans
 Machine tools
 Lathes and other turning equipment

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Squirrel Cage Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

35
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip ring rotor/Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor

The rotor has a three-phase distributed winding that is connected in

a star or delta configuration and is wound for the same number of
poles as the stator

The rotor is laminated, slotted, and the winding is contained within

the slots. The three ends of the three-phase winding are
permanently connected to the slip rings, which are mounted on the
same shaft as the rotor.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip ring rotor/Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor

Slip rings are used in rotor

designs to connect external
stationary circuits to the
internal rotating circuit.

This allows for the addition of

external resistances in series with
each phase of the rotor winding,
achieved through the use of
brushes and slip ring arrangement.
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

36
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip ring rotor/Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor

Advantages of slip ring induction motor :

1. High starting torque with low starting current. The maximum

starting can be achieved in the slip ring motor compared to the
squirrel-cage motor by inserting an external resistor in each phase of
the rotor circuit and cutting the resistance during start-up.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip ring rotor/Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor

Advantages of slip ring induction motor :

2. The main advantage of slip ring induction motor is that its speed
can be controlled easily.

3. The speeds can be adjusted in the case of the slip ring induction
motor (wound rotor) by inserting a resistor. Therefore, slip ring
motors are considered variable speed motors.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

37
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip ring rotor/Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor

Advantages of slip ring induction motor :

4. A squirrel cage induction motor takes 600% to 700% of the full

load current. But a slip ring induction motor takes a very low starting
current approximately 250% to 350% of the full load current.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip ring rotor/Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor

Disadvantages of slip ring induction motor :

1. The initial and maintenance cost is more compared to the squirrel

cage motor due to the presence of slip rings, brushes, short circuit
devices, etc.

2. The speed regulation is deficient when operating with external

resistors in the rotor circuit.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

38
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip ring rotor/Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor

Disadvantages of slip ring induction motor :

3. The efficiency and power factor of the slip ring motor are lower
compared to the squirrel cage induction motor.

4. Sensitivity to fluctuations in supply voltage.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip ring rotor/Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor

Application of slip ring induction motor :

1. They are used in areas where high starting torque is required. And
where squirrel cage induction motors cannot be used because of
their high starting currents.

2. These motors are used with high inertia loads.

3. Wound Rotor Induction Motor is used in applications which require

smooth start and adjustable speed.
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

39
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip ring rotor/Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor

Application of slip ring induction motor :

4. Some of the applications of this motor include cranes, mills, hoists

and conveyors.

5. Wound rotor induction motor is also used in fans, blowers and

mixers.

6.They are used in large pumps in water industry.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip ring rotor/Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor

Function of external resistance in slip ring induction motor :

1. It increases the starting torque produced by induction motor.

2. It is also increases the rotor power factor at the time of starting.

3. It limits the starting current drawn by induction motor. Therefore

no external starting methods are required to start this induction
motor.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

40
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip ring rotor/Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor

Function of external resistance in slip ring induction motor :

4. If external resistance is varied on running condition then the speed

of induction motor will be controlled. This method of speed
controlling is called resistance speed controlling.

 In running condition leakage flux is high and hence leakage

reactance of rotor is high. Therefore power transfer from stator to
rotor is less and the machine has less running torque.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip ring rotor/Slip ring induction motor or wound rotor

Function of external resistance in slip ring induction motor :

 Slip ring induction motor has good starting performance but

inferior running performance (high excitation current, low no load
and full load power factor, low torque under running condition)
when compared to squirrel cage induction machine.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip Ring or Wound Rotor
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

41
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Comparison of squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor/Slip ring rotor :

Slip Ring Rotor or Wound Rotor Squirrel Cage Rotor

Rotor consists of a three phase winding Rotor consists of bars which are shorted
similar to the stator winding. at the ends with the help of end rings.

Construction is complicated. Construction is very simple.

Resistance can be added externally. As permanently shorted, external

resistance cannot be added.
Slip rings and brushes are present to add
Slip rings and brushes are absent.
external resistance.
The construction is delicate and due to brushes, The construction is robust and
frequency maintenance is necessary. maintenance free.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Comparison…
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Comparison of squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor/Slip ring rotor :

Slip Ring Rotor or Wound Rotor Squirrel Cage Rotor

Due to simple construction, the rotors
The rotors are very costly. are cheap.
Only 5% of induction motors in industry Very common and almost 95%
use slip ring rotor. induction motors use this type of rotor..

High starting torque can be obtained. Moderate starting torque which

cannot be controlled.

Rotor resistance starter can be used. Rotor resistance starter cannot be used.

Rotor must be wound for the same number of The rotor automatically adjusts itself for the
poles as that of stator. same number of poles as that of stator.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Comparison…
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

42
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Comparison of squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor/Slip ring rotor :

Slip Ring Rotor or Wound Rotor Squirrel Cage Rotor

Speed control by rotor resistance is possible. Speed control by rotor resistance is not possible.

Rotor copper losses are high hence efficiency is Rotor copper losses are less hence have
less. higher efficiency.

Used for lifts, hoists, cranes, elevators, Used for lathes, drilling machines, fans,
compressors etc. blowers, water pumps, grinders, printing
machines etc.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Comparison…
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Comparison of squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor/Slip ring rotor :

Slip Ring Rotor or Wound Rotor Squirrel Cage Rotor

Speed control by rotor resistance is possible. Speed control by rotor resistance is not possible.

Rotor copper losses are high hence efficiency is Rotor copper losses are less hence have
less. higher efficiency.

Used for lifts, hoists, cranes, elevators, Used for lathes, drilling machines, fans,
compressors etc. blowers, water pumps, grinders, printing
machines etc.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Comparison…
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

43
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip

The rotor of an electric motor accelerates in the direction of the

rotating field, but it can never reach the speed of the stator flux.

If it did, there would be no induced rotor currents, no torque to drive

the rotor, and it would slow down due to friction and windage.

Therefore, the rotor speed is always less than the stator field speed,
and this difference depends on the motor's load.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip

The difference between the synchronous speed Ns of the rotating

stator field and the actual rotor speed N is called slip. It is usually
expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed:
𝑁 −𝑁
% 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝, 𝑠 = 𝑥 100
𝑁
The quantity Ns - N is sometimes called slip speed.
When the rotor is stationary, N = 0, slip, s = 1 or 100%
In an induction motor, the change in slip from no-load to full-load is hardly 0.1% to 3%
so that it is essentially a constant-speed motor.
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Slip
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

44
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Current Frequency

The frequency of a voltage or current induced due to the relative

speed between a vending and a magnetic field is given by the
general formula;
NP
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
120
Where:
N = Relative speed between magnetic field and the winding
P = Number of poles

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor Current Frequency
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Current Frequency

For a rotor speed N, the relative speed between the rotating flux
and the rotor is Ns - N.
Consequently, the rotor current frequency f' is given by;

N −N P
f =
120
sN P
= → sf
120

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor Current Frequency
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

45
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Current Frequency

Rotor current frequency = Fractional slip x Supply frequency

(1) When the rotor is at standstill or stationary (i.e., s = 1), the

frequency of rotor current is the same as that of supply frequency

(2) As the rotor picks up speed, the relative speed between the
rotating flux and the rotor decreases. Consequently, the slip s and
hence rotor current frequency decreases.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor Current Frequency
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Current Frequency

Note: The relative speed between the rotating field and stator winding is
Ns – 0 = Ns. Therefore, the frequency of induced current or voltage in the
stator winding is f = Ns P/120—the supply frequency.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor Current Frequency
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

46
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit

When the rotor is stationary, s = 1, the per phase rotor

e.m.f. E2 has a frequency equal to that of supply frequency f.

At any slip s, the relative speed between stator field and the rotor
is decreased.
Consequently, the rotor e.m.f. and frequency are reduced
proportionally to sEs and sf respectively. At the same time, per
phase rotor reactance X2, being frequency dependent, is reduced
to sX2.
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit

Consider a 6-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor. It has

synchronous speed Ns = (120 f)/P = (120 x 50)/6 = 1000 r.p.m.

At standstill, the relative speed between stator flux and rotor is

1000 r.p.m. and rotor e.m.f./phase = E2(say).

If the full load speed of the motor is 960 r.p.m., then,

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

47
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit

If the full load speed of the motor is 960 r.p.m., then,

1000 − 960
𝑠 = = 0.04
1000

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit

(i) The relative speed between stator flux and the rotor is now
only 40 r.p.m. Consequently, rotor e.m.f./phase is reduced to:

40
𝐸 𝑥 = 0.04𝐸 or 𝑠𝐸
1000

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

48
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit

(ii) The frequency is also reduced in the same ratio to:

40
50 𝑥 = 50 𝑥 0.04 or sf
1000

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit

(iii) The per phase rotor reactance X2 is likewise reduced to:

40
𝑋 𝑥 = 0.04𝑋 or 𝑠𝑋
1000

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

49
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit

Thus, at any slip s,

Rotor e.m.f./phase = sE2

Rotor reactance/phase = sX2
Rotor frequency = sf

where E2,X2 and f are the corresponding values at standstill.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip Speed (Nslip)

The difference between the synchronous speed Ns of the rotating

stator field and the actual rotor speed Nr.

N = N − 𝑁 𝑥 100

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

50
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Slip (s)

The ratio of the slip speed to synchronous speed.

N N −N
s = =
N N

N = N (1 − s)

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Frequency (fr)

The emf induced in the rotor has a certain frequency that depends
upon the slip speed.

𝑓 = P(N − N )
120

𝑓 = 𝑠𝑓

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Slip
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

51
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem
1. A 3 phase, 6 pole, 50 Hz induction motor has a slip of 1 % at no
load and 3% at full load. Determine:

(a) Synchronous speed

(b) No load speed
(c) Full load speed
(d) Frequency of rotor current at stand still
(e) Frequency of rotor current at full load.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem
2. A 12 pole, 3 phase alternator is coupled to an engine running
at 500 rpm. It supplies an induction motor which has a full load
speed of 1440 rpm. Find the slip of the motor.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

52
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem
2. A 12 pole, 3 phase alternator is coupled to an engine running
at 500 rpm. It supplies an induction motor which has a full load
speed of 1440 rpm. Find the slip of the motor.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem
3. A three phase induction motor run at 290 rpm at full load with 50
Hz supply. Find number of pole of motor and slip.

Test 1. Q.1

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

53
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem
4. The frequency of the supply to the stator of an 8-pole induction
motor is 50 Hz and the rotor frequency is 3 Hz.

Determine :

(a) The slip

(b) The rotor speed.

Test 1. Q.2

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem
5. The frequency of the e.m.f. in the stator of a 4 pole induction motor
is 50 Hz and that in the rotor is 1.5 Hz. What is the slip? At what speed
is the motor running?

Test 1. Q.3

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

54
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem
6. A 3-phase slip-ring induction motor is wound for 4 poles on stator
and 6 poles on rotor. When 3-phase balanced voltage source at 50 Hz
is applied to the motor, it will run at :

(A)1500 rpm
(B) 1000 rpm
(C) 750 rpm
(D) zero speed

Test 1. Q.4

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem
7. A 6 pole, 50 Hz wound rotor induction motor when supplied at the
rated voltage and frequency with slip ring open circuited, developed a
voltage of 100 V between any two rings. If the rotor is driven by an
external means at 1000 rpm opposite to the direction of stator field,
the frequency of voltage across slip rings will be:

(A)zero
(B) 50 Hz
(C) 100 Hz
(D) 200 Hz
Test 1. Q.5

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

55
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem
8. A 3-phase induction motor has 2 poles and is connected to 400 V,
50 Hz supply. When the slip is 4%, calculate the actual rotor speed
and rotor frequency.

(A) 2880 rpm, 2 Hz

(B) 3120 rpm, 2 Hz
(C) 2880 rpm, 48 Hz
(D) 3120 rpm, 48 Hz

Test 1. Q.6

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem
9. In a 4 pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz induction machine the slip rings are
open circuited. The frequency of the voltage across slip rings is 75 Hz.
The rotor is driven at speeds of:

(A) 750 rpm, 3750 rpm

(B) 750 rpm, 2250 rpm
(C) 1500 rpm, 2250 rpm
(D) 1500 rpm, 3750 rpm

Test 1. Q.7

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

56
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem
10. A 3- φ , 4 pole slip ring induction motor is connected to 3- φ , 50
Hz supply from the rotor side through slip rings. The stator terminals
are shorted and machine is found to be running at 1440 rpm.

Determine :

(a) Frequency of stator current

Test 2. Q.1

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Current
The rotor is assumed
to be of wound type
and star connected.

the circuit of a 3-phase induction motor at any slip s

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor Current
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

57
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Current
At standstill. Figure shows one phase of the rotor circuit at standstill.

Induced emf of rotor/phase = E2

Rotor winding resistance/phase = R2
Rotor winding reactance/phase, X2 = 2πfL2
Rotor impedance/phase, Z2 = R +X
E E
Rotor current/phase, I =Z =
𝑅 +𝑋

R R
Rotor pf, cos Φ2 = =
Z 𝑅 +𝑋

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor Current
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Current
When running at slip s. Figure shows one phase of the rotor circuit when the motor is running at
slip s.
Induced emf of rotor/phase = sE2
Rotor winding resistance/phase = R2
Rotor winding reactance/phase, sX2 = s(2πfL2)
Rotor impedance/phase, Z’2 = R + sX
sE sE
Rotor current/phase, I′ = =
Z′ R + sX

R R
Rotor pf, cos Φ2 = =
Z′ R + sX

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor Current
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

58
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor EMF
When the rotor is stationary, an induction motor is equivalent to a 3-phase transformer with
secondary short-circuited.

Therefore, the induced e.m.f. per phase E2 in the rotor at the instant of starting is given as:

N
E =E x
N
where:

E₁ = applied voltage per phase to primary, i.e., stator winding;

N₁ = number of stator turns;
N2 = number of rotor turns.
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Equivalent Circuit per phase of a Wound Rotor Induction Motor at Standstill

Ip I1

r1 x1 I0

Vp Rc X M E1

Stator Rotor

a:1

r1 = stator winding resistance per phase x2 = reactance of rotor winding per phase
Rx = external resistance connected to the rotor circuit per
r2 = rotor winding resistance per phase
phase
x1 = reactance of stator winding per phase Rc = resistance representing the core loss and the windage
and friction losses (constant loss)
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

59
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Equivalent Circuit per phase of a Wound Rotor Induction Motor at Standstill

Ip I1

r1 x1 I0

Vp Rc X M E1

Stator Rotor

a:1

XM = magnetizing reactance of the core

a = turns ratio of stator to rotor windings
s = slip

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Equivalent Circuit per phase of a Wound Rotor Induction Motor

Ip I1

r1 x1 I0 sX2

Vp Rc X M E1 sE2

Stator Rotor

a:1

r1 = stator winding resistance per phase x2 = reactance of rotor winding per phase
Rx = external resistance connected to the rotor circuit per
r2 = rotor winding resistance per phase
phase
x1 = reactance of stator winding per phase Rc = resistance representing the core loss and the windage
and friction losses (constant loss)
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

60
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Equivalent Circuit per phase of a Wound Rotor Induction Motor

Ip I1

r1 x1 I0 sX2

Vp Rc X M E1 sE2

Stator Rotor

a:1

XM = magnetizing reactance of the core

a = turns ratio of stator to rotor windings
s = slip

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Simplified Equivalent Circuit neglecting the Magnetic Branch

Note: The magnetic circuit branch
will be included only when given or
when solving for the efficiency.

Let: R2 = r2 + Rx

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

61
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

EXAMPLE
A 1100-V, 50-Hz, delta-connected induction motor has a star-connected slip
ring rotor with a phase transformation ratio of 3.8. The rotor resistance and
standstill leakage reactance are 0.012 ohm and 0.25 ohm per phase
respectively. Neglecting stator impedance and magnetizing current, determine

(a) the rotor current and pf at start with slip rings shorted
(b) the rotor current and pf at 4% slip with sliprings shorted
(c) the external rotor resistance per phase required to obtain a starting current
of 100 A the stator supply lines

Note: Turns ratio is always phase value. Since delta in the stator, then E₁ = 1100 V. When slip ring is
short circuited, Rx = 0.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Torque
The torque T developed by the rotor is directly proportional to:

(i) rotor current

(ii) rotor e.m.f.
(iii) power factor of the rotor circuit

Therefore;
T ∝ E I cos ∅ or T = k E I cos ∅
where:
I2 = rotor current at standstill cos Ø2 = rotor p.f. at standstill
E2 = rotor emf at standstill
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Rotor Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

62
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Starting Torque
The torque developed by the motor at the instant of starting is called starting torque. In some
cases, it is greater than the normal running torque, whereas in some other cases it is somewhat
less.
Z2 = rotor impedance/phase at standstill

Let: 𝑍 = 𝑅 +𝑋
E2 = rotor e.m.f. per phase at standstill; Then,
𝐸
R2 = rotor resistance/phase 𝐼 = 𝐸 =
X2 = rotor reactance/phase at standstill 𝑍 𝑅 +𝑋
𝑅 𝑅
cos ∅ = =
𝑍 𝑅 +𝑋

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Starting Torque

Standstill or starting torque: 𝑇 = 𝑘 𝐸 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅

If supply voltage V is constant, then the
or flux Φ and hence, E2 both are constant.
𝐸 𝑅
𝑇 = 𝑘 𝐸 𝑥 𝑥
𝑅 +𝑋 𝑅 +𝑋

𝑘 𝐸 𝑅
=
𝑅 +𝑋
3 𝐸 𝑅
∴ 𝑇 = 𝑥
2𝜋𝑁 𝑅 +𝑋
Ns is in r.p.s.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Condition for Maximum Starting Torque

Starting torque will be maximum when rotor resistance/phase is equal to standstill rotor
reactance/phase.

R =X

It can be proved that starting torque will be maximum when rotor resistance/phase is equal to
standstill rotor reactance/phase.
Differentiating this equation w.r.t. R2 and
equating the result to zero, we get,
k R
T =
R +X R X = 2R

or R2 = X 2
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Rotor Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Condition for Maximum Starting Torque

Hence, starting torque will be maximum when:

Rotor resistance/phase = Standstill rotor reactance/phase

Under the condition of maximum starting

torque, Ø2 = 45° and rotor power factor
is 0.707 lagging.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

64
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Effect of Change of Supply Voltage

Tst = Hence:

Since, E2 ∝ Supply Voltage, V 𝑇𝑠 ∝ 𝑉

Therefore:
the starting torque is very
Tst = sensitive to changes in the
value of supply voltage.

where k2 is another constant.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Effect of Change of Supply Voltage

Hence;

Tst ∝ V2

the starting torque is very sensitive to changes in the value of supply voltage

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

65
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Starting Torque of a Squirrel-cage Motor

Squirrel-cage motors have a fixed and small resistance compared to their large reactance,
especially at the start when the frequency of the rotor currents is equal to the supply
frequency. This results in a poor starting torque per ampere because the starting current lags
behind E2 by a large angle.

Although the starting current is 5 to 7 times the full-load current, the starting torque per
ampere is roughly 1.5 times the full-load torque, which makes these motors unsuitable for
starting against heavy loads.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Starting Torque of a Slip-ring Motor

Adding external resistance to the rotor circuit of a slip-ring motor initially increases its starting
torque by improving its power factor.

However, the increase in rotor impedance due to the added resistance eventually reduces the
rotor current, resulting in decreased torque beyond a certain point. It is crucial to balance the
power factor improvement and the rotor impedance to achieve the best motor performance.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Rotor Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

66
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Motor Under Load

(1) When a mechanical load is applied to the shaft of a motor, the motor will begin to slow
down.

As the speed decreases, the flux generated by the stator will cut the rotor conductors at a
higher rate, inducing a higher voltage and current in the rotor conductors.

This will produce a greater torque to counteract the mechanical load.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Starting Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Motor Under Load

(2) The motor and mechanical load will soon reach a state of equilibrium
when the motor torque is exactly equal to the load torque

When this state is reached, the speed will cease to drop any more and the
motor will run at the new speed at a constant rate.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Starting Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

67
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Motor Under Load

(3) Induction motors have a small drop in speed when there is an increased load due to
their low rotor impedance, which produces a higher torque to meet the load.

This is why they are known as constant-speed machines, even though they never turn at
synchronous speed.

The adjustment of slip allows the motor to meet changes in load, with an increase in slip
resulting in a higher rotor current and torque to meet increased load, and a decrease in
slip resulting in the opposite.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Starting Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Motor Under Load

(4) Increasing load in an induction motor causes load currents that decrease the stator flux
and counter e.m.f. in the stator windings. This allows for an increase in motor stator current
and power input to meet the load. This adjustment of stator current with changes in rotor
current is similar to changes in a transformer with changes in load.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Starting Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

68
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Torque under Running Conditions

Let the rotor at standstill have per phase induced e.m.f. E2, reactance X2 and resistance R2.

Then under running conditions at slip s,

Rotor e.m.f. per phase, E’2 = sE2

Rotor reactance/phase, X’2 = sX’2

Rotor impedance/phase, Z’2 = 𝑅 + 𝑠𝑋

E′ 𝑠𝐸
Rotor current/phase, I’2 = =
Z′ 𝑅 + 𝑠𝑋
𝑅
Rotor pf, cos ∅′ =
𝑅 + 𝑠𝑋

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Starting Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Torque under Running Conditions

Running Torque, Tr ∝ E’2 I’2 cos ∅′

∝ ∅ I’2 cos ∅′ ∴ E’2 ∝ ∅

∝ ∅x x

∅
∝

∅ → = ∴ E2 ∝ ∅
=

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Starting Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

69
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Torque under Running Conditions

If the stator supply voltage V is constant, then stator flux and hence E2 will be constant.

∴ Tr = where k2 is another constant.

It may be seen that running torque is:

(i) directly proportional to slip i.e., if slip increases (i.e., motor speed decreases), the torque will
increase and vice-versa.

(ii) directly proportional to square of supply voltage ∴ E2 ∝ V

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Starting Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Maximum Torque under Running Conditions

Tr =

For maximum torque (Tm) under running conditions :

Rotor resistance/phase = Fractional slip x Standstill rotor reactance/phase

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Starting Torque
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

70
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Maximum Torque under Running Conditions

Now

Tr ∝

For maximum torque (Tm), R2 = sX2.

Tm ∝

Slip corresponding to maximum torque; s = R2/X2.

Tm = N-m

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Maximum Torque under Running Conditions

(i) The value of rotor resistance does not alter the value of the maximum torque but only the
value of the slip at which it occurs.

(ii) The maximum torque varies inversely as the standstill reactance. Therefore, it should be
kept as small as possible.

(iii) The maximum torque varies directly with the square of the applied voltage.

(iv) To obtain maximum torque at starting (s = 1), the rotor resistance must be made equal
to rotor reactance at standstill.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

71
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Torque-Slip Characteristics

(i) At s = 0, T = 0 so that torque-slip curve starts

from the origin.

(ii) At normal speed, slip is small so that s X2 is

negligible as compared to R2.

∴ T ∝ s/R2

∝s as R2 is constant

Hence, torque slip curve is a straight line from zero slip to a slip that corresponds to full-load.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Torque-Slip Characteristics

(iii) As slip increases beyond full-load slip, the

torque increases and becomes maximum at s =
R2/X2 called pull-out torque or break-down torque.

Its value is at least twice the full-load value when

the motor is operated at rated voltage and
frequency.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

72
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Torque-Slip Characteristics

(iv) to maximum torque, the term s2X22 increases

very rapidly so that R22 may be neglected as
compared to s2X22.

∴ T ∝ s/s2X22

∝ 1/s as X2 is constant

Thus the torque is now inversely proportional to slip. Hence, torque-slip curve is a rectangular
hyperbola.
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Torque-Slip Characteristics

(v) The maximum torque remains the same and is

independent of the value of rotor resistance.

Therefore, the addition of resistance to the rotor

circuit does not change the value of maximum
torque but it only changes the value of slip at
which maximum torque occurs.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

73
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Full-Load, Starting and Maximum Torques

Tf ∝ Tst ∝ Tm ∝

Note that s corresponds to full-load slip.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Full-Load, Starting and Maximum Torques

Tf ∝ Tst ∝ Tm ∝

Note that s corresponds to full-load slip.

T R +X
∴ =
T 2R + X

T R /X +1 𝑎 +1
∴ = =
T 2 R /X 2a

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

74
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem

1. A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 16-pole induction motor has a rotor impedance of (0.02 + j0.15) ohms at
standstill. Calculate the speed for maximum torque.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem

2. Calculate the torque developed per phase by a 6-pole, 60-Hz, 3-phase induction motor at a slip
of 5%, if the motor develops a maximum per phase torque of 300 N-m while running at 780 rpm.
The rotor leakage reactance is 3 per phase.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

75
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Sample Problem

3. A 3-phase induction motor having a star-connected rotor has an induced e.m.f. of 80 volts
between slip-rings at standstill on open-circuit.

The rotor has a resistance and reactance per phase of 1 Ω and 4 Ω respectively.

Calculate current/phase and power factor when:

(a) slip-rings are short-circuited

(b) slip-rings are connected to a star-connected rheostat of 3 Ω per phase.

Example 34.6.
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Induction Motor and Transformer Compared

An induction motor may be considered to be a transformer with a rotating short-circuited

secondary. The stator winding corresponds to transformer primary and rotor winding to
transformer secondary. However, the following differences between the two are worth noting:

(i) Unlike a transformer, the magnetic circuit of a 3-phase induction motor has an air gap.
Therefore, the magnetizing current in a 3-phase induction motor is much larger than that of
the transformer.

For example, in an induction motor, it may be as high as 30-50 % of rated current whereas it is
only 1- 5% of rated current in a transformer.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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76
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Induction Motor and Transformer Compared

(ii) In an induction motor, there is an air gap and the stator and rotor windings are distributed
along the periphery of the air gap rather than concentrated on a core as in a transformer.
Therefore, the leakage reactances of stator and rotor windings are quite large compared to that
of a transformer.

(iii) In an induction motor, the inputs to the stator and rotor are electrical but the output from the
rotor is mechanical. However, in a transformer, input as well as output is electrical.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Induction Motor and Transformer Compared

(iv) The main difference between the induction motor and transformer lies in the fact that the
rotor voltage and its frequency are both proportional to slip s. If f is the stator frequency, E2 is
the per phase rotor e.m.f. at standstill and X2 is the standstill rotor reactance/phase, then at any
slip s, these values are:

Rotor e.m.f./phase, E'2 = s E2

Rotor reactance/phase, X'2 = sX2

Rotor frequency, f' = sf

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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77
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Speed Regulation of Induction Motors

The speed regulation of an induction motor is given by:

N −N
% speed regulation = 𝑥 100
N

N0 = no-load speed of the motor

NFL = full-load speed of the motor

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motors

The speed N of an induction motor can be varied by changing:

(i) supply frequency f

(ii) number of poles P on the stator

(ii) slip s

The practical methods of speed control are either to change the number of stator poles or the
motor slip.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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78
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motors

1. Squirrel cage motors

The speed of a squirrel cage motor is changed by changing the number of stator poles. Only
two or four speeds are possible by this method. Two-speed motor has one stator winding that
may be switched through suitable control equipment to provide two speeds, one of which is
half of the other.

For instance, the winding may be connected for either 4 or 8 poles, giving synchronous speeds
of 1500 and 750 r.p.m. Four-speed motors are equipped with two separate stator
windings each of which provides two speeds.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motors

1. Squirrel cage motors

The disadvantages of this method are:

(i) It is not possible to obtain gradual continuous speed control.

(ii) Because of the complications in the design and switching of the interconnections of the
stator winding, this method can provide a maximum of four different synchronous speeds for
any one motor.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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79
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motors

2. Wound rotor motors

The speed of wound rotor motors is changed by changing the motor slip. This can be achieved by;

(i) varying the stator line voltage

(ii) varying the resistance of the rotor circuit
(iii) inserting and varying a foreign voltage in the rotor circuit

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Power Factor of Induction Motor

Like any other a.c. machine, the power factor of an induction motor is given by;

,( ∅)
Power factor, cos ∅ =
()

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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80
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Power Factor of Induction Motor

The presence of air-gap between the stator and rotor of an induction motor greatly increases the
reluctance of the magnetic circuit.

Consequently, an induction motor draws a large magnetizing current (Im) to produce the required
flux in the air-gap.

(i) At no load, an induction motor draws a large magnetizing current and a small active component
to meet the no-load losses. Therefore, the induction motor takes a high no-load current lagging
the applied voltage by a large angle.

Hence the power factor of an induction motor on no load is low i.e., about 0.1 lagging.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Power Factor of Induction Motor

(ii) When an induction motor is loaded, the active component of current increases while the
magnetizing component remains about the same.

Consequently, the power factor of the motor is increased. However, because of the large value of
magnetizing current, which is present regardless of load, the power factor of an induction motor
even at ful lload seldom exceeds 0.9 lagging.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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81
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Power Stages in an Induction Motor

The input electric power fed to the stator of the motor is converted into mechanical power at the
shaft of the motor.

The various losses during the energy conversion are:

1. Fixed losses

(i) Stator iron loss

(ii) Friction and windage loss

The rotor iron loss is negligible because the frequency of rotor currents under normal running
condition is small.

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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Power Stages in an Induction Motor

2. Variable losses

(i) Stator copper loss

(ii) Rotor copper loss

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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82
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Power Stages in an Induction Motor

Stator
Stator
Iron
Cu loss
loss Windage and friction loss
Rotor
Cu loss
Mechanical Power
Active power
to stator

Active
Power Rotor Pout Shaft power
supplied
to rotor

Stator input, Pi = Stator output + Stator losses

= Stator output + Stator Iron loss + Stator Cu loss

Rotor input, Pr = Stator output

Mechanical power available, Pm = Pr - Rotor Cu loss

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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Power Stages in an Induction Motor

Stator
Stator
Iron
Cu loss
loss Windage and friction loss
Rotor
Cu loss
Mechanical Power
Active power
to stator

Active
Power Rotor Pout Shaft power
supplied
to rotor

Mechanical power at shaft, Pout = Pm - Friction and windage loss

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Induction Motor Torque

The mechanical power P available from any electric motor can be expressed as:

where:
2πNT
P= ; watts N = speed of the motor in r.p.m.
60
T = torque developed in N-m

60 P P
T= = 9.55 ; N-m
2π N N

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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Induction Motor Torque

If the gross output of the rotor of an induction motor is Pm and its speed is N r.p.m., then gross
torque T developed is given by:

P
T = 9.55 ; N-m
N
Similarly;
P
T = 9.55 ; N-m
N

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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Output

If Tg newton-meter is the gross torque developed and N r.p.m. is the speed of the
rotor, then,

2πNTg
Gross rotor output = ; watts
60

If there were no copper losses in the rotor, the output would equal rotor input and
the rotor would run at synchronous speed Ns.

Therefore,
2πNsTg
Rotor input = ; watts
60
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Output
Rotor Cu loss = Rotor input - Rotor output
2πNTg (N – N)
= s
60

(i) Rotor Cu loss Ns – N

= =s
Rotor input Ns

Therefore,

Rotor Cu loss = s x Rotor input

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Output

(ii) Gross rotor output, Pm = Rotor input - Rotor Cu loss

= Rotor input – s x Rotor input

Therefore, Pm = Rotor input (1 – s)

Gross rotor output N

(iii) =1–s=
Rotor input Ns

Rotor Cu loss s
(iv) =
Gross rotor output 1 − s

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Rotor Output
If the stator losses as well as friction and windage losses arc neglected, then,

Gross rotor output = Useful output

Rotor input = Stator input

Therefore,

Useful output
= 1 – s = Efficiency
Stator output

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Induction Motor Torque Equation

The gross torque Tg developed by an induction motor is given by;

Rotor input
Tg = Ns in r.p.s.
2πNs

60 x Rotor input Ns in r.p.s.

=
2πNs

2
3 I′ R2
Rotor Cu loss 2
Now, Rotor input = =
s s
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Induction Motor Torque Equation

Under running conditions,

sE2 sKE1
I’2 = =
2 2
R2 sX2 R2 sX2
2 2

Rotor turns/phase
where K = Transformation ratio =
Stator turns/phase

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 12-pole 3-phase alternator driven at 600 rpm supplies power to an 8-pole, 3-
phase induction motor. If the slip of the motor at full load is 3%, compute the the
full load speed of the motor in rpm.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. A 3-phase induction motor running with 3% slip takes 100 kW from the source.
If the stator copper and core losses amount to 2 kW, the mechanical power
developed in kilowatts is :

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A 6-pole, 3-phase induction motor runs at a speed of 1170 rpm when the shaft
torque is 140 N-m and the frequency is 60 Hz. If the friction and windage losses
are 150 watts. The rotor copper loss is equal to

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. A 3-phase, 6-pole, 60-Hz, induction motor has a full load output torque of 135.7
N-m. The rotor emf has a frequency of 108 cycles/min. The total stator losses is
750 W. Determine motor efficiency if total mechanical losses is 1.2 Hp.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

89
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. The losses in a 3-phase, 60-Hz, 4-pole induction motor at full load are:

Core 3%
Friction & windage 2%
Rotor copper 3%
Stator copper 5%

Calculate the speed and efficiency at 75% of full load.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. A 15-HP, 60-Hz, 4-pole, 3-phase, 208-V induction motor draws 13 kW from the
line. Its losses are as follows:

Core loss 800 W

SCL 900 W
RCL 300 W
F&W 150 W

Calculate the speed of this motor.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

90
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Relation Between Torque, Slip, Rotor Resistance & Rotor Voltage

T= → 𝑠 𝑋 ≪𝑅

T= where E2 ∝ E1 ∝ Vs

Note: E2 is proportional to E1 and E1 is proportional to the supply voltage V applied to the stator
terminals.
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SAMPLE PROBLEM

A 550-V, 3-phase induction motor has a starting torque of 160% of full load torque If the motor is
used on a 440-volt, what is the starting torque expressed in percent of full load values?

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

91
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SAMPLE PROBLEM

An 8-pole, 50 Hz induction motor is running at 4% slip when delivering full load torque. It has a
standstill rotor resistance of 0.1 and reactance of 0.6 Ω per phase. Solve the speed of the motor if an
additional resistance of 0.5 Ω per phase is inserted in the rotor circuit. The full load torque remains
constant.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SAMPLE PROBLEM

When the supply voltage for an induction motor is increased by 10%, the running
torque will increase by how much percent?

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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92
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SAMPLE PROBLEM

A 3-phase induction motor having a synchronous speed of 1200 rpm runs at 1140
rpm when connected to a 215 V line. Calculate the speed if the line voltage
increases to 240 V.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Equivalent Circuit/Phase Referred to the Stator Side

R2
R01= r1 + a2
s

R01 = equivalent resistance referred to stator side X01= x1 + a2X2

X01 = equivalent reactance referred to stator side

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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93
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Equivalent Circuit/Phase Referred to the Stator Side

Active power absorbed by the motor per phase

2
V
P = p + I12 R01 ; watts
Rc

Reactive power absorbed by the motor per phase

2
Vp
P= + I12 X01 ; vars
XM

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Equivalent Circuit/Phase Referred to the Stator Side

Apparent power absorbed by the motor per phase

S = P + Q ; VA

Active power supplied to the rotor per phase

R2
Pr = I12 a2 s ; watts

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Equivalent Circuit/Phase Referred to the Stator Side

Power loss as I2R losses in the rotor circuit per phase

Pcu(r) = I12 (a2R2) ; watts

Pcu(r) = sPr

Mechanical power developed by the motor per phase

Pm = Pr – Pcu(r) ; watts

Pm = Pr (1 – s)

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
Semester, AYAY 2022-2023
2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

SAMPLE PROBLEM

Given an induction motor with the following data:

stator impedance = 1.2 +j3 Ω;

rotor standstill impedance = 1.2 +j2 Ω;
no-load equivalent shunt impedance = 12+ j55 Ω;
supply voltage per phase = 240 V;
Slip = 5%.

Calculate
(a) stator current
(b) rotor current
(c) mechanical power developed
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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95
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Relation Between Torque, Slip and Stator Current

R2
P = I12 a2 s ; P = 2𝜋NsT

T= → T=k

Note: Refer to the equivalent circuit referred to stator.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Relation Between Torque, Slip and Stator Current

SAMPLE PROBLEM: A 3-phase motor is designed to run at 5% slip on full load. If motor draws
6 times the full load current at starting at rated voltage, estimate the ratio of starting torque to
full load torque.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Stator Current at Starting

Note: The stator starting current I, is directly proportional to the starting voltage applied to the
stator terminals.

I∝V

Istart(reduced−voltage) Vreduced−voltage
=
Istart(full−voltage) V(full−voltage)

Vreduced−voltage
Let: k = , called percentage tap.
V(full−voltage)

Derive I start (reduced-voltage)

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Stator Current at Starting

SAMPLE PROBLEM: An induction motor is to be started at a reduced voltage such that the
starting current will not exceed 4 times the full load current, while developing a starting torque of
25% of the full load torque. The full load slip is 3%. Determine the factor by which the motor
terminal voltage must be reduced at starting

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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97
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Wye-delta Starting Method

Starting current is proportional the phase voltage (voltage applied to motor windings). In a
Y-∆ starting, the motor is connected in wye at starting then delta at running conditions.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Wye-delta Starting Method

SAMPLE PROBLEM: A 3-hp, 208 V three-phase induction motor s started by the Y- ∆ method.
If the starting current is 54 A when rated voltage is applied, what current will flow when the Y- ∆
switch is used?

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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98
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

DC Resistance Test on Induction Motor

This test is used to measure the dc resistance of the stator windings per phase.

1
r = R → for wye − connected windings
2

3
r = R → for delta − connected windings
2

r₁ = dc resistance of the stator windings per phase

Rt = resistance of the dc ohmmeter

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

No-Load Test on Induction Motor

This test is used to determine the constant losses of the motor. The motor is unloaded during
the test with rated supply voltage applied at the stator windings.

PNL = sum of two wattmeter readings (power input)

ENL = voltmeter reading (line to line voltage)
INL = ammeter reading (line current drawn)

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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99
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

No-Load Test on Induction Motor

Pin = Pout + Pco + Pcu + Pfw + PSL

Pin = Pco + Pfw + PSL

If not specified, Pfw & PSL are negligible at no load,

thus the sum of the two wattmeter readings are
approximately equal to the core loss.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

No-Load Test on Induction Motor

The copper losses at no load is negligible since current I1 is very small. At no load, s = 0

E E
R = X = P ≅P
P Q

Q = S −P S = 3𝐸 𝐼

Equivalent Circuit per Phase of the No-Load Test

XM= magnetizing reactance of the core, in ohms
Rc = resistance representing the core loss, in ohms

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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100
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

No-Load Test on Induction Motor

SAMPLE PROBLEM: The result of no-load test on a 3-phase Y-connected induction motor are as
follows: line to line voltage = 400 V; input power = 1770 W; input current = 18.5 A; friction and
windage loss = 600 W. Determine (a) resistance per phase representing the core loss (b) the
magnetizing reactance per phase of the core

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
Second Semester,
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2022-2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Locked Rotor or Blocked Rotor Test on Induction Motor

This test is used to determine the full load copper loss of the motor. The rotor of the motor is blocked
or not allowed to rotate. The stator supply voltage is adjusted to make the motor line current equal to
rated value.

PLR = sum of two wattmeter readings (power input)

ELR=voltmeter reading (line to line voltage)
ILR = ammeter reading (line current drawn

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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101
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Locked Rotor or Blocked Rotor Test on Induction Motor

P Q
R = X =
3I 3I

P ≅P

Q = S −P S = 3E I

R = equiv. resistance referred to the stator

X = equiv. resistance referred to the stator
EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2
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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Locked Rotor or Blocked Rotor Test on Induction Motor

SAMPLE PROBLEM: A blocked-rotor test was performed on the motor of the following were
obtained: line to line voltage = 26 V; total input current = 32 A; input wattmeter readings, W1 =
1430W; W2 = - 860W Calculate the equivalent resistance and reactance of the motor referred to
stator.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME
Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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102
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Locked Rotor or Blocked Rotor Test on Induction Motor

SAMPLE PROBLEM: The following are the locked rotor tests results conducted on a 440-V, 60-Hz, 3-
phase, wye- connected squirrel-cage induction motor: Line to line voltage = 163 V; Line current = 60
A; Power drawn = 7200 W; Resistance between any two stator terminals = 0.5 ohm. Determine rotor
resistance per phase.

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Concatenation Method Of Speed Control

Two motors maybe coupled together to drive a common load. If the stator winding of one of them, a
wound rotor motor, is connected to the source, and its rotor winding is then joined to the stator
windings of the second motor, the speed of the combination will be determined by the sum of the
number of poles in the two machines.

120f
N =
P + P

Ns = synchronous speed (rpm)

f = frequency of stator voltage applied to motor 1
P₁ = number of poles of motor 1
P2 = number of poles of motor 2

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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103
 07/05/2023

THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Concatenation Method Of Speed Control

SAMPLE PROBLEM: Two 60-Hz motors having 10 and 14 poles are connected in concatenation.
What is the synchronous speed of combination?

EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2

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Engr. Ian D. Valdeztamon, REE, RME EE 32/L Electrical Machines 2 Second
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104