1.

MODELLING AND COMPUTATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE

PARAMETERS USING SUITABLE SIMULATION TOOL

Ex.1A COMPUTATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

AIM:

To develop a coding to compute the inductance and capacitance of

(i) single phase transmission line

(ii) three phase line with conductors symmetrically spaced
(iii) three phase line with conductors unsymmetrically spaced

SOFTWARE USED:

SCILAB

FORMULAE USED:

Single phase transmission line,

Inductance /km = 10-7 [1+4(log (d/r))]*l*1000

𝜋 𝑥 𝜀𝑜
Capacitance / km = 𝑑 x l x 1000
log 𝑟
Three phase line symmetrically spaced conductor,

Inductance /km= 10-7 [0.5+2(log (d/r))]*l*1000

2𝑥𝜋 𝑥 𝜀𝑜
Capacitance / km = 𝑑 x l x 1000
log 𝑟
Three phase line unsymmetrically spaced conductor,

deq = (d12x d23x d31)(1/3)

Inductance /km= 10-7 [0.5+2(log (deq/r))]*l*1000

2𝑥𝜋 𝑥 𝜀𝑜
Capacitance / km = 𝑑𝑒𝑞 x l x 1000
log 𝑟
 (I) INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE PHASE
TRANSMISSION LINE

PROBLEM:

A single phase line has two parallel conductors 2 m apart. The diameter of each conductor is
1.2 cm. Calculate the loop inductance per km of the line.

CODING:
clear all;
clc;
d=input('Enter spacing between conductors in meter: ');
dia=input('Enter diameter of the conductor in meter: ');
r=dia/2;
l=input('Enter Length of the line in km: ')
// Loop Inductacne of the line per km
I=10^(-7)*(1+4*(log(d/r)))*l*1000
disp(I,"Loop Inductance of the line in Henry per km")
// Capacitance of the line per km
C=(3.14*8.854*10^-12*l*1000)/log(d/r)
disp(C,"Capacitance of the line in Farad per km")

OUTPUT:
 (II) INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE
SYMMETRICAL TRANSMISSION LINE

PROBLEM:

Calculate the inductance and capacitance of a conductor of a 3 phase system which has 1.2
cm diameter and conductors are placed at the edge of an equilateral triangle of side 1.5m.
CODING:
clear all;
clc;
d=input('Enter the distance between the conductor in meter: ')
dia=input('Enter the diameter of the conductor in meter: ')
r=dia/2;
l=input('Enter the length of the line in km: ')
// Inductance of the line per km
li=10^(-7)*(0.5+2*(log(d/r)))*l*1000
disp(li,'The Inductance of the line in Henry : ')
//Capacitance of the line per km
C=(2*3.14*8.854*10^-12*l*1000)/log(d/r)
disp(C,'Capaciatnce of the line in Farad : ')

OUTPUT:
 (III) INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE
UNSYMMETRICAL TRANSMISSION LINE

PROBLEM:

The three phase conductors of a three phase line are arranged at the corners of the triangle
2m, 2.5 m and 4.5 m. Calculate the inductance and capacitance per km of the line when the
conductors are regularly transposed. Diameter of each conductor is 1.24 cm.
CODING

clear all;
clc;
d12=input('Enter the distance between the conductor 1 and 2 in meter: ')
d23=input('Enter the distance between the conductor 2 and 3 in meter: ')
d31=input('Enter the distance between the conductor 3 and 1 in meter: ')
deq=(d12*d23*d31)^(1/3);
dia=input('Enter the diameter of the conductor in meter: ')
r=dia/2;
l=input('Enter the length of the line in km: ')
// Inductance of the line per km
li=10^(-7)*(0.5+2*(log(deq/r)))*l*1000
disp(li,'The Inductance of the line in Henry : ')
//Capacitance of the line per km
C=(2*3.14*8.854*10^-12*l*1000)/log(deq/r)
disp(C,'Capaciatnce of the line in Farad : ')

OUTPUT
RESULT:

Thus the transmission line parameters were computed using SCILAB coding.
 Ex.1B MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINE

AIM:

To develop program for modelling the given transmission line.

SOFTWARE USED:

SCILAB

FORMULAE USED:

1. SHORT LINE MODEL:

(i) Receiving end current IR =PR(3ph) */3VR *

(ii) Sending end voltages=VR +ZIS

(ii) Sending end power PS (3ph) =3VSIS

(iv)Voltage regulation=(VR (NL) - VR(FL)) ⁄ VR(FL) X100

(V)Transmission line efficiency = PS (3ph) / PR (3ph)

Where

PR = receiving end power

VR = receiving end voltage

Z=line series impedance

IS = Sending end current

Vs = Sending end voltages

VR(NL) = receiving end voltage at no load

VR(FL) = receiving end voltage at full load

PS = sending end power

 2. MEDIUM LINE MODEL:

(i)Receiving end current,IR=P/3VRCOS r

(ii)Sending end voltage, Vs=VR +ZIl
(iii) Line current,,I1=Ir+Ic1
(iv) Shunt current,Ic1=Y/2Vr
(v) Shunt current,Ic2=Y/2*Vs
(vi) Sending end current,Is=I1+Ic2
(vii) No-load voltage,VR(NL)=|Vs/1+(ZY/2)|
(viii) Voltage Regulation= |VR (NL)| -|VR (FL)|⁄ VR(FL)X100
(ix)Transmission line Efficiency, PR=P/P+3I1^2R
Y=shunt admittance
VR =receiving end voltage
Z=line series impedance
IS = Sending end current
Vs = Sending end voltages
VR(NL) =receiving end voltage at no load
VR(FL) =receiving end voltage at full load
PR=receiving end real power

COS r =receiving end power factor

MODELLING OF SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE

PROBLEM:

[1] An overhead 3 phase transmission line delivers 5000KW at 22 KV at 0.8 pf lagging. The

resistance and reactance of each conductor is 4 Ω and 6 Ω respectively. Determine (i)

sending end voltage (ii) percentage regulation (iii) transmission efficiency.

CODING

clear all;
clc;
f=input('Enter frequency in HZ : ')
//'Modeling and Performance of short transmission lines'
P=input('Enter receiving end power in watts: ')
Vr=input('Enter receiving end voltage in volts: ')
pf=input('Enter receiving end powerfactor: ')
R=input('Enter resistance of the conductor/ph in ohms: ')
X=input('Enter reactance of the conductor/ph in ohms: ')
//Receiving end voltage per phase
disp('Receiving end phase voltage')
Vr1=Vr/sqrt(3)
disp(Vr1)
z=R+(%i*X)
'Line current in Amps'
Iline=P/(3*Vr1*pf)
disp(Iline,'Current in amps: ')
angle=sind(acosd(pf))
Vr1p=Vr1+(%i*0)
I1=Iline*(pf-(%i*angle))
disp('sending end voltage per phase')
Vs=abs(Vr1+(I1*z))
disp(Vs,'Phase Voltage : ')
'Line voltage in V'
Vsline=Vs*sqrt(3)
disp(Vsline,'line voltage: ')
//Regulation
Regn=((Vs-Vr1)/Vr1)*100
disp(Regn,'Percentage Regulation: ')
//Line loss in W
lineloss=abs(3*I1^2*R)
disp(lineloss,'Line losses in watts: ')
//Transmission Efficiency'
teff=(P/(P+lineloss))*100
transeff=abs(teff)
disp(transeff,'Transmission Efficiency: ')

OUTPUT

Enter frequency in HZ : 50

Enter receiving end power in watts: 5000000

Enter receiving end voltage in volts: 22000

Enter receiving end powerfactor: 0.8

Enter resistance of the conductor/ph in ohms: 4

Enter reactance of the conductor/ph in ohms: 6

Receiving end phase voltage

12701.706

Current in amps:

164.01996

sending end voltage per phase

Phase Voltage :

13822.648

line voltage:

23941.529

Percentage Regulation:

8.8251306

Line losses in watts:

322830.58

Transmission Efficiency:

93.934983

MODELLING OF MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE

PROBLEM:

A 100 Km long 3 phase 50 Hz transmission line has the following line parameters
Resistance/Phase/Km=0.1 Ω,
Reactance/Phase/Km=0.5 Ω,
Susceptance/Phase/Km=10x10-6 S
If the line supplies load of 20 MW at 0.9 pf lagging at 66KV at the receiving end,
calculate (i) Regulation and (ii) transmission Efficiency.
CODING:

clear all;
clc;
f=input('Enter frequency in HZ : ')
'Modelling and Performance of Medium transmission lines'
L=input('Enter length of the transmission line in km')
r=input('Enter Resistance of the line/phase: ')
R=r*L
disp(R,'Total Resistance :')
x=input('Enter Reactance of the line/phase: ')
X=x*L
disp(X,'Total Reactance :')
y=input('Enter suceptance of the line/phase: ')
Y=y*L
disp(Y,'Total Suceptance :')
Pr=input('Enter power at receiving end: ')
Vr=input('Enter Receiving end voltage in volts: ')
pf=input('Enter power factor of the load : ')
'Receiving end voltage per phase'
Vph=Vr/3^(1/2)
disp(Vph,'Phase voltage : ')
'Load current'
Iload=Pr/(3*Vph*pf)
disp(Iload,'Receiving end current in amps: ')
angle=sin(acos(0.9))
disp(angle,'Sintheta: ')
Iload1=Iload*(pf-(%i*angle))
'Charging current at receiving end in Amps'
Icr=%i*(Y/2)*Vph
disp(Icr,'Charging current at receiving end :')
'Line current'
Il=Iload1+Icr
'Sending end voltage in volts'
Vs=Vph+(Il*(R+%i*X))
Vsend=abs(Vs)
disp(Vsend,'Sending end voltage in volts: ')
'charging current at sending end in Amps'
Ics=%i*(Y/2)*Vs
'sending end current in Amps'
Is=Il+Ics
disp(Is,'Sending end current in amps: ')
'Percentage Regulation'
Reg=((Vsend-Vph)/Vph)*100
disp(Reg,'Percentage regulation :')
'Transmission efficiency'
Ploss=3*abs(Il)^2*R
disp(Ploss,'Transmission losses: ')
Eff=(Pr/(Pr+Ploss))*100
disp(Eff,'Efficiency of the line: ')
OUTPUT:

Enter frequency in HZ : 50

Enter length of the transmission line in km100

Enter Resistance of the line/phase: 0.1

Total Resistance :

10.

Enter Reactance of the line/phase: 0.5

Total Reactance :

50.

Enter suceptance of the line/phase: 10*10^-6

Total Suceptance :

0.001

Enter power at receiving end: 20*10^6

Enter Receiving end voltage in volts: 66000

Enter power factor of the load : 0.9

Phase voltage :

38105.118

Receiving end current in amps:

194.39403

Sintheta:

0.4358899

Charging current at receiving end :

19.052559i

Sending end voltage in volts:

43890.946

Sending end current in amps:

170.90917 - 44.112456i
Percentage regulation :

15.183861

Transmission losses:

1047696.7

Efficiency of the line:

95.022274

RESULT:

Thus coding to model short and medium transmission line was developed using
SCIALAB.
 2. FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX WITH AND WITHOUT
MUTUAL ELEMENT USING SUITABLE SIMULATION TOOL

AIM:

To write a program for constructing a bus admittance matrix.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

SCILAB

PROBLEM:

Form bus admittance matrix for the given line data

From To Bus R jX Half Line Charging

Bus admittance
1 2 0.02 0.04 0.02
2 3 0.04 0.2 0.02
3 5 0.15 0.4 0.025
3 4 0.02 0.06 0.01
4 5 0.02 0.04 0.01
1 5 0.08 0.2 0.02
CODING:

clear all;
clc;
linedata=input('Enter line data in the order of start bus, end bus, series resistance,
series reactance, shunt suceptance: ');
sb=linedata(:,1) // Starting bus number
eb=linedata(:,2) //Ending bus number
lz=linedata(:,3)+linedata(:,4)*%i; // lineimpedance= R+jX
sa=-linedata(:,5)*%i; //shuntadmittance=−jB
nb=max(max(sb,eb));
ybus=zeros(nb,nb);
for i=1:length(sb)
m=sb(i);
n=eb(i);
ybus(m,m)=ybus(m,m)+1/lz(i)+sa(i);
ybus(n,n)=ybus(n,n)+1/lz(i)+sa(i);
ybus(m,n)=-1/lz(i);
ybus(n,m)=ybus(m,n);
end
disp(ybus,'The bus admittance matrix is: ')
OUTPUT:

Enter line data in the order of start bus, end bus, series resistance, series reactance, shunt
suceptance: [1 2 0.02 0.04 0.02;2 3 0.04 0.2 0.02;3 5 0.15 0.4 0.025;3 4 0.02 0.06 0.01;4
5 0.02 0.04 0.01;1 5 0.08 0.2 0.02]

The bus admittance matrix is:

column 1 to 3

11.724138 - 24.350345i -10. + 20.i 0.

-10. + 20.i 10.961538 - 24.847692i -0.9615385 + 4.8076923i

0. -0.9615385 + 4.8076923i 6.7834563 - 22.054473i

0. 0. -5. + 15.i

-1.7241379 + 4.3103448i 0. -0.8219178 + 2.1917808i

column 4 to 5

0. -1.7241379 + 4.3103448i

0. 0.

-5. + 15.i -0.8219178 + 2.1917808i

15. - 35.02i -10. + 20.i

-10. + 20.i 12.546056 - 26.557126i

RESULT

Thus bus admittance matrix was constructed using SCILAB.

 Zbus

clc;
clear;
linedata=input('Enter line data values in the order of starting bus, ending bus, resistance, reactance:')
// note : enter 0 for reference bus
sb=linedata(:,1)
eb=linedata(:,2)
z=linedata(:,3)+linedata(:,4)*%i //impedance z=R+ jX
zbus=[];
check=[];
for i=1:length(sb)
m=sb(i);
n=eb(i);
mn=min(m,n);
nm=max(m,n);
ncheck=length(find(check==nm)); // Variable used for checking whether bus nm is already existing
mcheck=length(find(check==mn)); // Variable used for checking whether bus mn is already existing
[rows columns]=size(zbus);
// Condition for connection of line between reference bus and new bus
if mn==0 & ncheck==0
zbus=[zbus zeros(rows ,1);zeros(1,rows) z(i) ];
check=[check nm];
 // Condition for connection of line between existing bus and new bus
else if mcheck >0 & ncheck==0
zbus=[zbus zbus(:,mn);zbus(mn,:) zbus(mn ,mn)+z(i)];
check=[check nm];
// Condition for connection of line between reference bus and existing bus
elseif mn==0 & ncheck >0
zbus=[zbus zbus(:,nm);zbus(nm,:) zbus(nm ,nm)+z(i)];
// Modifying Z bus size using Kron ’ s reduction tehnique
zbusn=zeros(rows ,rows);
for r=1:rows
for t=1:columns
zbusn(r,t)=zbus(r,t)-(zbus(r, rows+1)*zbus(rows+1,t))/(zbus (rows+1,rows+1));
end
end
zbus=zbusn
// Condition for connection of line between two existing buses
elseif mcheck >0 & ncheck >0
zbus=[zbus zbus(:,nm)-zbus(:,mn);zbus(nm ,:)-zbus(mn,:),z(i)+zbus(mn,nm)+zbus( nm,nm)-
2*zbus(nm,mn)];
// Modifying Z bus size using Kron ’ s reduction tehnique
zbusn=zeros(rows ,rows);
for r=1:rows
for t=1:columns
zbusn(r,t)=zbus(r,t)-(zbus(r,rows +1)*zbus(rows+1,t))/(zbus(rows +1,rows+1));
end
end
zbus=zbusn;
end
end
end
disp(zbus,'The bus impedance matrix is: ')

Enter line data values in the order of starting bus, ending bus, resistance, reactance:[1 0 0
0.2;1 2 0 0.8;0 2 0 0.4;1 3 0 0.4;2 3 0 0.4]

The bus impedance matrix is:

0.1571429i 0.0857143i 0.1071429i

0.0857143i 0.2285714i 0.1857143i

0.1071429i 0.1857143i 0.2821429i