AA HL Trig [855 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 19] SPM.2.AHL.TZ0.12

(a) [1]
2

Show that cot 2θ =

1−tan

2 tan θ
θ
.

(b) Verify that x = tan θ and x = − cot θ satisfy the equation

+ (2 cot 2θ)x − 1 = 0. [7]
2
x

(c) Hence, or otherwise, show that the exact value of tan π

12
= 2 − √3 . [5]

(d) Using the results from parts (b) and (c) find the exact value of
tan
π
− cot
24
.π

24

Give your answer in the form a + b√3 where a, b ∈ Z . [6]

2. [Maximum mark: 25] SPM.3.AHL.TZ0.2
This question asks you to investigate some properties of the sequence of functions of
the form f (x) = cos (n arccos x), −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and n ∈ Z .
n
+

Important: When sketching graphs in this question, you are not required to find
the coordinates of any axes intercepts or the coordinates of any stationary points unless
requested.

(a) On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = f 1 (x) and y = f 3 (x)

for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. [2]

For odd values of n > 2, use your graphic display calculator to systematically vary
the value of n. Hence suggest an expression for odd values of n describing, in terms of n
, the number of

(b.i) local maximum points; [3]

(b.ii) local minimum points; [1]

(c) On a new set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = f 2 (x) and y = f 4 (x) for
−1 ≤ x ≤ 1. [2]

For even values of n > 2, use your graphic display calculator to systematically vary the
value of n. Hence suggest an expression for even values of ndescribing, in terms of n, the
number of

(d.i) local maximum points; [3]

(d.ii) local minimum points. [1]

(e) Solve the equation f n

′
(x) = 0 and hence show that the stationary
points on the graph of y = f n (x) occur at x = cos
kπ

n
where k ∈ Z
+

and 0 < k < n. [4]

The sequence of functions, f n (x) , defined above can be expressed as a sequence

of polynomials of degree n.

(f ) Use an appropriate trigonometric identity to show that f 2 (x) = 2x

2
− 1

. [2]
 Consider f n+1 (x) = cos ((n + 1) arccos x) .

(g) Use an appropriate trigonometric identity to show that

f n+1 (x) = cos (n arccos x)cos (arccos x) − sin (n arccos x)sin (arccos x)

. [2]

(h.i) Hence show that f n+1 (x) ,

+ f n−1 (x) = 2xf n (x) n ∈ Z
+
. [3]

(h.ii) Hence express f 3 (x) as a cubic polynomial. [2]

3. [Maximum mark: 5] EXN.1.AHL.TZ0.7

Consider quadrilateral PQRS where [PQ] is parallel to [SR].

In PQRS, PQ , ,
= x SR = y RŜP = α and QR̂S .
= β

Find an expression for PS in terms of x, y, sin β and sin (α + β). [5]

4. [Maximum mark: 20] EXN.1.AHL.TZ0.12
(a) Use the binomial theorem to expand (cos θ + i sin θ) . Give your
4

answer in the form a + bi where a and b are expressed in terms of sin θ

and cos θ. [3]

(b) Use de Moivre’s theorem and the result from part (a) to show that
4 2

cot 4θ =
cot

4 cot
θ−6 cot
3
θ−4 cot θ
θ+1
. [5]

(c) Use the identity from part (b) to show that the quadratic equation
π π
x
2
− 6x + 1 = 0 has roots cot 2
8
and cot 2 3
8
. [5]

(d) π
Hence find the exact value of cot 2 3
8
. [4]

(e) Deduce a quadratic equation with integer coefficients, having roots

π π
and cosec . [3]
2 2 3
cosec
8 8
5. [Maximum mark: 26] EXM.3.AHL.TZ0.5
This question investigates the sum of sine and cosine functions

(a.i) Sketch the graph y = 3 sin x + 4 cos x , for −2π ⩽ x ⩽ 2π [1]

(a.ii) Write down the amplitude of this graph [1]

(a.iii) Write down the period of this graph [1]

The expression 3 sin x + 4 cos x can be written in the form A cos(Bx + C) + D, where
A, B ∈ R and C, D ∈ R and −π < C ⩽ π.
+

(b.i) Use your answers from part (a) to write down the value of A, B and D. [1]

(b.ii) Find the value of C . [2]

(c.i) Find arctan , giving the answer to 3 significant figures.

3

4
[1]

(c.ii) Comment on your answer to part (c)(i). [1]

The expression 5 sin x + 12 cos x can be written in the form A cos(Bx + C) + D,

where A, B ∈ R and C, D ∈ R and −π < C ⩽ π.
+

(d) By considering the graph of y = 5 sin x + 12 cos x , find the value of A,

B, C and D. [5]

In general, the expression a sin x + b cos x can be written in the form

A cos(Bx + C) + D, where a, b, A, B ∈ R and C, D ∈ R and −π .
+
< C ⩽ π

Conjecture an expression, in terms of a and b, for

(e.i) A . [1]

(e.ii) B . [1]

(e.iii) C . [1]

(e.iv) D . [1]

The expression a sin x + b cos x can also be written in the form

√a 2 + b 2 (
a

√ a 2 +b 2
sin x +
b

√ a 2 +b 2
cos x) .
Let a

√ a 2 +b 2
= sin θ

(f.i) Show that b

.
= cos θ [2]
√ a 2 +b 2

(f.ii) Show that a

b
= tan θ . [1]

(g) Hence prove your conjectures in part (e). [6]

6. [Maximum mark: 26] EXM.3.AHL.TZ0.5
This question investigates the sum of sine and cosine functions

(a.i) Sketch the graph y = 3 sin x + 4 cos x , for −2π ⩽ x ⩽ 2π [1]

(a.ii) Write down the amplitude of this graph [1]

(a.iii) Write down the period of this graph [1]

The expression 3 sin x + 4 cos x can be written in the form A cos(Bx + C) + D, where
A, B ∈ R and C, D ∈ R and −π < C ⩽ π.
+

(b.i) Use your answers from part (a) to write down the value of A, B and D. [1]

(b.ii) Find the value of C . [2]

(c.i) Find arctan , giving the answer to 3 significant figures.

3

4
[1]

(c.ii) Comment on your answer to part (c)(i). [1]

The expression 5 sin x + 12 cos x can be written in the form A cos(Bx + C) + D,

where A, B ∈ R and C, D ∈ R and −π < C ⩽ π.
+

(d) By considering the graph of y = 5 sin x + 12 cos x , find the value of A,

B, C and D. [5]

In general, the expression a sin x + b cos x can be written in the form

A cos(Bx + C) + D, where a, b, A, B ∈ R and C, D ∈ R and −π .
+
< C ⩽ π

Conjecture an expression, in terms of a and b, for

(e.i) A . [1]

(e.ii) B . [1]

(e.iii) C . [1]

(e.iv) D . [1]

The expression a sin x + b cos x can also be written in the form

√a 2 + b 2 (
a

√ a 2 +b 2
sin x +
b

√ a 2 +b 2
cos x) .
 Let a

√ a 2 +b 2
= sin θ

(f.i) Show that b

.
= cos θ [2]
√ a 2 +b 2

(f.ii) Show that a

b
= tan θ . [1]

(g) Hence prove your conjectures in part (e). [6]

7. [Maximum mark: 6] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.3

Solve cos 2x = sin x, where −π .
≤ x ≤ π [6]

8. [Maximum mark: 5] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.6

The side lengths, x cm, of an equilateral triangle are increasing at a rate of
4 cm s . −1

Find the rate at which the area of the triangle, A cm , is increasing when the
2

side lengths are 5√3 cm.

[5]
9. [Maximum mark: 6] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.5
The function f is defined by f (x) = sin qx, where q > 0. The following diagram shows
part of the graph of f for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4m, where x is in radians. There are x-intercepts at
x = 0, 2m and 4m.

(a) Find an expression for m in terms of q. [2]

The function g is defined by g(x) , for 0 .

2qx
= 3 sin ≤ x ≤ 6m
3

(b) On the axes above, sketch the graph of g. [4]

10. [Maximum mark: 19] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.11
Consider the following diagram, which shows the plan of part of a house.

diagram not to scale

A narrow passageway with m width is perpendicular to a room of width 6 m. There is a

3

corner at point C. Points A and B are variable points on the base of the walls such that A,
C and B lie on a straight line.

Let L denote the length AB in metres.

Let α be the angle that [AB] makes with the room wall, where 0 < α <
π

2
.

(a) Show that L =

3
4
sec α + 6 cosec α . [2]

(b.i) Find dL

dα
. [1]

(b.ii) When dL

dα
= 0 , show that α = arctan 2 . [4]

(c.i) [3]
2

Find d L

dα
2
.

(c.ii)
2

When α = arctan 2 , show that d L

dα
2 =
45
4
√5 . [4]
(d.i) Hence, justify that L is a minimum when α = arctan 2 . [1]

(d.ii) Determine this minimum value of L. [2]

Two people need to carry a pole of length 11. 25 m from the passageway into the room. It
must be carried horizontally.

(e) Determine whether this is possible, giving a reason for your answer. [2]
 11. [Maximum mark: 21] 23M.1.AHL.TZ1.12
Two lines, L and L , intersect at point P. Point A(2t, 8, 3) , where t
1 2 > 0, lies on L . This is
2

shown in the following diagram.

not to scale

The acute angle between the two lines is π

3
.

1 2t
−⎛ ⎞ → ⎛ ⎞

The direction vector of L is 1 1 , and PA = 0 .

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
0 3 + t

(a) Show that 4t 2

= √ 10t + 12t + 18 .

[4]

(b) Find the value of t. [4]

(c) Hence or otherwise, find the shortest distance from A to L . 1

[4]

A plane, Π , contains L and L .

1 2

(d) Find a normal vector to Π . [2]

 The base of a right cone lies in Π centred at A such that L is a tangent to its base. The
1

volume of the cone is 90π √3 cubic units.

(e) Find the two possible positions of the vertex of the cone. [7]

12. [Maximum mark: 9] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.9

−
−→ →
The following diagram shows parallelogram OABC with OA ,
= a OC = c and
|c| = 2|a| , where |a| ≠ 0 .

−
−→ →
The angle between OA and OC is θ, where 0 < θ < π .

−
−
−
−→ → → →
Point M is on [AB] such that AM = k AB , where 0 ≤ k ≤ 1 and OM ∙ MC = 0

−
−→ → (a)
Express OM and MC in terms of a and c. [2]

(b) Hence, use a vector method to show that

.
2
|a| (1 − 2k)(2 cos θ − (1 − 2k)) = 0 [3]

(c) Find the range of values for θ such that there are two possible positions
for M. [4]
13. [Maximum mark: 22] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.11
Consider the complex number u = −1 + √ 3i .

(a) [3]
2π

By finding the modulus and argument of u, show that u = 2e

i
3
.

(b.i) Find the smallest positive integer n such that u is a real number.
n
[3]

(b.ii) Find the value of u when n takes the value found in part (b)(i).
n
[2]

(c) Consider the equation z 3

+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 , where z ∈ C .

(c.i) Given that u is a root of z 3

+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 , find the other roots. [5]

(c.ii) By using a suitable transformation from z to w, or otherwise, find the

roots of the equation 1 + 5w + 10w + 12w = 0, where w ∈ C.
2 3
[4]

(d) Consider the equation z 2

= 2z
*
, where z ,
∈ C z ≠ 0 .

By expressing z in the form a + bi, find the roots of the equation. [5]
14. [Maximum mark: 17] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.12
(a) By using an appropriate substitution, show that
∫ cos √xdx = 2√x sin √x + 2 cos √x + C . [6]

The following diagram shows part of the curve y = cos √x for x ≥ 0 .

The curve intersects the x-axis at x , x , x , x ….

1 2 3 4

2 2

The nth x-intercept of the curve, x , is given by x , where n .

(2n−1) π +
n n = ∈ Z
4

(b) Write down a similar expression for x n+1 . [1]

The regions bounded by the curve and the x-axis are denoted by R , R , R , … , as 1 2 3

shown on the above diagram.

(c) Calculate the area of region R .n

Give your answer in the form knπ, where k ∈ Z

+
. [7]

(d) Hence, show that the areas of the regions bounded by the curve and the
x-axis, R , R , R , … , form an arithmetic sequence.
1 2 3 [3]
15. [Maximum mark: 6] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.1
The following diagram shows a circle with centre O and radius 4 cm.

diagram not to scale

The points P, Q and R lie on the circumference of the circle and PÔR , where θ is
= θ

measured in radians.

The length of arc PQR is 10 cm.

(a) Find the perimeter of the shaded sector. [2]

(b) Find θ. [2]

(c) Find the area of the shaded sector. [2]

16. [Maximum mark: 7] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.8
The functions f and g are defined by

,
f (x) = cos x 0 ≤ x ≤
π

,
g(x) = tan x 0 ≤ x <
π

2
.

The curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) intersect at a point P whose x-coordinate is k, where
0 < k <
π

2
.

(a) Show that cos 2

k = sin k . [1]

(b) Hence, show that the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at P and the tangent
to the curve y = g(x) at P intersect at right angles. [3]

(c) Find the value of sin k. Give your answer in the form a+√ b
, where a,
c

c ∈ Z and b ∈ Z . [3]
+
17. [Maximum mark: 17] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.12
(a) By using an appropriate substitution, show that
∫ cos √xdx = 2√x sin √x + 2 cos √x + C . [6]

The following diagram shows part of the curve y = cos √x for x ≥ 0 .

The curve intersects the x-axis at x , x , x , x ….

1 2 3 4

2 2

The nth x-intercept of the curve, x , is given by x , where n .

(2n−1) π +
n n = ∈ Z
4

(b) Write down a similar expression for x n+1 . [1]

The regions bounded by the curve and the x-axis are denoted by R , R , R , … , as 1 2 3

shown on the above diagram.

(c) Calculate the area of region R .n

Give your answer in the form knπ, where k ∈ Z

+
. [7]

(d) Hence, show that the areas of the regions bounded by the curve and the
x-axis, R , R , R , … , form an arithmetic sequence.
1 2 3 [3]
18. [Maximum mark: 6] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.1
The following diagram shows a circle with centre O and radius 4 cm.

diagram not to scale

The points P, Q and R lie on the circumference of the circle and PÔR , where θ is
= θ

measured in radians.

The length of arc PQR is 10 cm.

(a) Find the perimeter of the shaded sector. [2]

(b) Find θ. [2]

(c) Find the area of the shaded sector. [2]

 19. [Maximum mark: 9] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.9
−
−→ →
The following diagram shows parallelogram OABC with OA ,
= a OC = c and
|c| = 2|a| , where |a| ≠ 0 .

−
−→ →
The angle between OA and OC is θ, where 0 < θ < π .

−
−
−
−→ → → →
Point M is on [AB] such that AM = k AB , where 0 ≤ k ≤ 1 and OM ∙ MC = 0

−
−→ → (a)
Express OM and MC in terms of a and c. [2]

(b) Hence, use a vector method to show that

.
2
|a| (1 − 2k)(2 cos θ − (1 − 2k)) = 0 [3]

(c) Find the range of values for θ such that there are two possible positions
for M. [4]
20. [Maximum mark: 7] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.8
The functions f and g are defined by

,
f (x) = cos x 0 ≤ x ≤
π

,
g(x) = tan x 0 ≤ x <
π

2
.

The curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) intersect at a point P whose x-coordinate is k, where
0 < k < .
π

(a) Show that cos 2

k = sin k . [1]

(b) Hence, show that the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at P and the tangent
to the curve y = g(x) at P intersect at right angles. [3]

(c) Find the value of sin k. Give your answer in the form a+√ b
, where a,
c

c ∈ Z and b ∈ Z . [3]
+

21. [Maximum mark: 22] 23M.1.AHL.TZ2.11

Consider the complex number u = −1 + √ 3i .

(a)
2π

By finding the modulus and argument of u, show that u = 2e

i
3
. [3]

(b.i) Find the smallest positive integer n such that u is a real number.
n
[3]

(b.ii) Find the value of u when n takes the value found in part (b)(i).
n
[2]

(c) Consider the equation z 3

+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 , where z ∈ C .

(c.i) Given that u is a root of z 3

+ 5z
2
+ 10z + 12 = 0 , find the other roots. [5]

(c.ii) By using a suitable transformation from z to w, or otherwise, find the

roots of the equation 1 + 5w + 10w + 12w = 0, where w ∈ C.
2 3
[4]

(d) Consider the equation z 2

= 2z
*
, where z ,
∈ C z ≠ 0 .

By expressing z in the form a + bi, find the roots of the equation. [5]
22. [Maximum mark: 5] 22N.1.AHL.TZ0.8
Let f (x) = cos(x − k), where 0 ≤ x ≤ a and a, k ∈ R
+
.

π
(a) Consider the case where k = .
2

By sketching a suitable graph, or otherwise, find the largest value of a for

which the inverse function f exists.
−1
[2]

(b) Find the largest value of a for which the inverse function f −1
exists in the
case where k = π. [1]

(c) Find the largest value of a for which the inverse function f −1
exists in the
case where π < k < 2π. Give your answer in terms of k.

[2]

23. [Maximum mark: 20] 22N.1.AHL.TZ0.10

The function f is defined by f (x) = cos
2
x − 3 sin
2
x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π.

(a) Find the roots of the equation f (x) = 0 . [5]

(b.i) Find f ′(x). [2]

(b.ii) Hence find the coordinates of the points on the graph of y = f (x)

where f ′(x) = 0. [5]

(c) Sketch the graph of y = |f (x)|, clearly showing the coordinates of any
points where f ′(x) = 0 and any points where the graph meets the
coordinate axes. [4]

(d) Hence or otherwise, solve the inequality |f (x)| > 1 . [4]

24. [Maximum mark: 18] 22N.1.AHL.TZ0.12
Let z be the complex number defined as z
n n = (n
2
+ n + 1) + i for n ∈ N.

(a.i) Find arg(z ).

0 [2]

(a.ii) Write down an expression for arg(z n) in terms of n. [1]

Let w n = z 0 z 1 z 2 z 3 … z n−1 z n for n .

∈ N

(b.i) Show that arctan (a) + arctan (b) = arctan (

a+b

1−ab
) for
a, b ∈ R
+
, ab < 1 . [2]

(b.ii) Hence or otherwise, show that arg(w 1) = arctan (2) . [3]

(c) Prove by mathematical induction that arg(w n) = arctan(n + 1) for

n ∈ N. [10]
25. [Maximum mark: 8] 22N.2.AHL.TZ0.9
Consider a quadrilateral ABCD such that AB = 2, BC = 4, CD = 6 and DA = 8, as

shown in the following diagram. Let α = AB̂C and β = AD̂C .

(a.i) Find AC in terms of α. [2]

(a.ii) Find AC in terms of β. [1]

(a.iii) Hence or otherwise, find an expression for α in terms of β. [1]

(b) Find the maximum area of the quadrilateral ABCD. [4]

26. [Maximum mark: 6] 22N.2.AHL.TZ0.7

Consider the vectors u = i + j and v = (cos
1

n
)i + (sin
1

n
)j , where n ∈ Z
+
.

Let θ be the angle between u and v.

(a) Find an expression for cos θ in terms of n. [3]

(b) Find the exact value of the limit approached by θ as n → ∞ . [3]

27. [Maximum mark: 27] 22N.3.AHL.TZ0.2
In this question you will investigate curved surface areas and use calculus to derive key
formulae used in geometry.

Consider the straight line from the origin, y = mx , where 0 ≤ x ≤ h and m, h are
positive constants.

When this line is rotated through 360° about the x-axis, a cone is formed with a curved
surface area A given by:

A = 2 π∫ 2
y√ 1 + m d x .
0

(a) Given that m = 2 and h = 3 , show that A = 18√ 5 π. [2]

Now consider the general case where a cone is formed by rotating the line y = mx where
0 ≤ x ≤ h through 360° about the x-axis.

(b.i) Deduce an expression for the radius of this cone r in terms of h and m. [1]

(b.ii) Deduce an expression for the slant height l in terms of h and m. [2]

(b.iii) Hence, by using the above integral, show that A = πrl. [3]

Consider the semi-circle, with radius r, defined by y 2

= √r − x
2
where −r ≤ x ≤ r .
(c) Find an expression for
dy

dx
. [2]

A differentiable curve y = f (x) is defined for x ≤ x ≤ x and y ≥ 0. When any such

1 2

curve is rotated through 360° about the x-axis, the surface formed has an area A given by:

x2 2

.
dy
A = 2 π ∫ y√ 1 + (
dx
) d x
x1

(d) A sphere is formed by rotating the semi-circle y = √r − x where 2 2

−r ≤ x ≤ r through 360° about the x-axis. Show by integration that

the surface area of this sphere is 4πr . 2

[4]

Let f (x) 2
= √r − x
2
where −r ≤ x ≤ r .

The graph of y = f (x) is transformed to the graph of y = f (kx), k > 0 . This forms
a different curve, called a semi-ellipse.

(e.i) Describe this geometric transformation. [2]

(e.ii) Write down the x-intercepts of the graph y = f (kx) in terms of r and k. [1]

(e.iii) For y = f (kx), find an expression for

dy

dx
in terms of x, r and k. [2]
(e.iv) The semi-ellipse y = f (kx) is rotated 360° about the x-axis to form a
solid called an ellipsoid.

Find an expression in terms of r and k for the surface area, A, of the

ellipsoid.
x2

Give your answer in the form 2π ∫ √ p(x) d x , where p(x) is a

x1

polynomial. [4]

(e.v) Planet Earth can be modelled as an ellipsoid. In this model:

the ellipsoid has an axis of rotational symmetry running from the

North Pole to the South Pole.

the distance from the North Pole to the South Pole is 12 714 km.

the diameter of the equator is 12 756 km.

By choosing suitable values for r and k, find the surface area of Earth in
km correct to 4 significant figures. Give your answer in the form a × 10
2 q

where 1 ≤ a < 10 and q ∈ Z . +

[4]
28. [Maximum mark: 15] 22M.1.AHL.TZ1.11
Consider the three planes

∏ : 2x − y + z = 4
1

∏ : x − 2y + 3z = 5
2

∏ : −9x + 3y − 2z = 32
3

(a) Show that the three planes do not intersect. [4]

(b.i) Verify that the point P(1, − 2, 0) lies on both ∏ and ∏ .

1 2
[1]

(b.ii) Find a vector equation of L, the line of intersection of ∏ and ∏ . 1 2

[4]

(c) Find the distance between L and ∏ . 3

[6]

29. [Maximum mark: 6] 22M.1.AHL.TZ1.9

Consider the complex numbers z 1 = 1 + bi and z 2
2
= (1 − b ) − 2bi , where
b ∈ R, b ≠ 0.

(a) Find an expression for z 1 z2 in terms of b. [3]

π
(b) Hence, given that arg(z 1 z2 ) = , find the value of b. [3]
4

30. [Maximum mark: 6] 22M.1.AHL.TZ2.7

By using the substitution u = sec x or otherwise, find an expression for
π

∫ sec
n
x tan x d x in terms of n, where n is a non-zero real number.
0
[6]
31. [Maximum mark: 20] 22M.1.AHL.TZ2.11
A function f is defined by f (x) = 2
x −2x−3
1
, where x ∈ R, x ≠ −1, x ≠ 3 .

(a) Sketch the curve y = f (x), clearly indicating any asymptotes with their
equations. State the coordinates of any local maximum or minimum
points and any points of intersection with the coordinate axes. [6]

A function g is defined by g(x) =

x 2 −2x−3
1
, where x ∈ R, x > 3 .

The inverse of g is g −1
.

(b.i) Show that g −1

(x) = 1 +
√ 4x 2 +x
. [6]
x

(b.ii) State the domain of g −1

. [1]

A function h is defined by h(x) = arctan

x

2
, where x ∈ R .

π
(c) Given that (h ∘ g)(a) = , find the value of a.
4

Give your answer in the form p + , where p, . [7]

q +
√r q, r ∈ Z
2

32. [Maximum mark: 8] 22M.2.AHL.TZ2.7

arctan(cos x)−k
Consider lim x
2
, where k ∈ R .
x→0

π
(a) Show that a finite limit only exists for k =
4
. [2]

(b) Using l’Hôpital’s rule, show algebraically that the value of the limit is − . 1

4
[6]
33.

rA =

rB =

(c)

(d.ii)

(e)

⎜⎟
[Maximum mark: 20]
Two airplanes, A and B, have position vectors with respect to an origin O given
respectively by

⎝
−1

12
19

⎠
⎞
⎞

⎠
+ t

+ t
⎛

⎝
⎛

⎝
−6

−2
⎞

⎠
2

2
⎠

where t represents the time in minutes and 0 ≤ t ≤ 2. 5 .

22M.2.AHL.TZ2.11

Entries in each column vector give the displacement east of O, the displacement north of
O and the distance above sea level, all measured in kilometres.

(a)

(b)
Find the three-figure bearing on which airplane B is travelling.

Show that airplane A travels at a greater speed than airplane B.

Find the acute angle between the two airplanes’ lines of flight. Give your
answer in degrees.

The two airplanes’ lines of flight cross at point P.

(d.i) Find the coordinates of P.

Determine the length of time between the first airplane arriving at P and
the second airplane arriving at P.

Let D(t) represent the distance between airplane A and airplane B for
0 ≤ t ≤ 2. 5.

Find the minimum value of D(t).

[2]

[2]

[4]

[5]

[2]

[5]
34. [Maximum mark: 15] 22M.2.AHL.TZ2.10
A scientist conducted a nine-week experiment on two plants, A and B, of the same
species. He wanted to determine the effect of using a new plant fertilizer. Plant A was
given fertilizer regularly, while Plant B was not.

The scientist found that the height of Plant A, h cm, at time t weeks can be modelled
A

by the function h (t) = sin(2t + 6) + 9t + 27, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 9.

A

The scientist found that the height of Plant B, h cm, at time t weeks can be modelled
B

by the function h (t) = 8t + 32, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 9.

B

Use the scientist’s models to find the initial height of

(a.i) Plant B. [1]

(a.ii) Plant A correct to three significant figures. [2]

(b) Find the values of t when h A (t) .

= h B (t) [3]

(c) For t > 6 , prove that Plant A was always taller than Plant B. [3]

(d) For 0 ≤ t ≤ 9, find the total amount of time when the rate of growth of
Plant B was greater than the rate of growth of Plant A. [6]
35. [Maximum mark: 15] 21N.2.AHL.TZ0.9
The height of water, in metres, in Dungeness harbour is modelled by the function
H (t) = a sin(b(t − c)) + d, where t is the number of hours after midnight, and a, b, c

and d are constants, where a > 0, b > 0 and c > 0.

The following graph shows the height of the water for 13 hours, starting at midnight.

The first high tide occurs at 04 : 30 and the next high tide occurs 12 hours later.
Throughout the day, the height of the water fluctuates between 2. 2 m and 6. 8 m.

All heights are given correct to one decimal place.

π
(a) Show that b = . [1]
6

(b) Find the value of a. [2]

(c) Find the value of d. [2]

(d) Find the smallest possible value of c. [3]

(e) Find the height of the water at 12 : 00 . [2]

(f ) Determine the number of hours, over a 24-hour period, for which the tide
is higher than 5 metres. [3]

(g) A fisherman notes that the water height at nearby Folkestone harbour
follows the same sinusoidal pattern as that of Dungeness harbour, with
 the exception that high tides (and low tides) occur 50 minutes earlier
than at Dungeness.

Find a suitable equation that may be used to model the tidal height of [2]
water at Folkestone harbour.

36. [Maximum mark: 6] 21N.2.AHL.TZ0.7

A continuous random variable X has a probability density function given by

arccos x 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
f (x) = {
0 otherwise

The median of this distribution is m.

(a) Determine the value of m. [2]

(b) Given that P (|X − m| ≤ a) = 0. 3 , determine the value of a. [4]

37. [Maximum mark: 4] 21M.1.AHL.TZ1.6

π π
It is given that cosec θ =
3

2
, where 2
< θ <
3

2
. Find the exact value of cot θ. [4]
38. [Maximum mark: 20] 21M.1.AHL.TZ1.12
Let f (x) = √1 + x for x > −1 .

(a) Show that f ′′(x) = −

1
.
4√ (1+x)
3
[3]

(b) Use mathematical induction to prove that

1
n−1 (2n−3)!
for n .
1 −n
[9]
(n)
f (x) = (− ) (1 + x) 2
∈ Z, n ≥ 2
4 (n−2)!

(c) Let g(x) = e

mx
, m ∈ Q .

Consider the function h defined by h(x) = f (x) × g(x) for x > −1 .

It is given that the x term in the Maclaurin series for h(x) has a
2

coefficient of 7

4
.

Find the possible values of m. [8]

39. [Maximum mark: 7] 21M.1.AHL.TZ2.2

Solve the equation 2 cos 2
x + 5 sin x = 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π. [7]
40. [Maximum mark: 19] 21M.1.AHL.TZ2.12
π
The following diagram shows the graph of y = arctan(2x + 1) +
4
for x ∈ R , with
π π
asymptotes at y and y .
3
= − =
4 4

(a) Describe a sequence of transformations that transforms the graph of

π
y = arctan x to the graph of y = arctan(2x + 1) +
4
for x ∈ R . [3]

(b) Show that arctan p + arctan q ≡ arctan(

p+q
) where p, q > 0 and
1−pq

pq < 1 . [4]

π
(c) Verify that arctan (2x + 1) = arctan (
x
)+ for x ∈ R, x > 0 . [3]
x+1 4

(d) Using mathematical induction and the result from part (b), prove that
n

Σ arctan(
1

2r 2
) = arctan(
n+1
n
) for n ∈ Z
+
. [9]
r=1
41. [Maximum mark: 7] 21M.2.AHL.TZ1.9
Two boats A and B travel due north.

Initially, boat B is positioned 50 metres due east of boat A.

The distances travelled by boat A and boat B, after t seconds, are x metres and y metres
respectively. The angle θ is the radian measure of the bearing of boat B from boat A. This
information is shown on the following diagram.

(a) Show that y = x + 50 cot θ . [1]

(b) At time T , the following conditions are true.

Boat B has travelled 10 metres further than boat A.

Boat B is travelling at double the speed of boat A.
The rate of change of the angle θ is −0. 1 radians per second.

Find the speed of boat A at time T . [6]

42. [Maximum mark: 21] 21M.2.AHL.TZ2.12
2

A function f is defined by f (x) = arcsin(

x −1
2
x +1
), x ∈ R .

(a) Show that f is an even function. [1]

(b) By considering limits, show that the graph of y = f (x) has a horizontal
asymptote and state its equation. [2]

(c.i) Show that f ′(x) =

2x

√ x 2 (x 2 +1)
for x ∈ R, x ≠ 0 . [6]

(c.ii) By using the expression for f ′(x) and the result √x 2

= |x| , show that f
is decreasing for x < 0.

[3]

A function g is defined by g(x) = arcsin(

x −1
2
x +1
), x ∈ R, x ≥ 0 .

(d) Find an expression for g −1

(x) , justifying your answer. [5]

(e) State the domain of g −1

. [1]

(f ) Sketch the graph of y = g (x), clearly indicating any asymptotes with

−1

their equations and stating the values of any axes intercepts. [3]
43. [Maximum mark: 28] 21M.3.AHL.TZ1.2
This question asks you to examine various polygons for which the numerical value of
the area is the same as the numerical value of the perimeter. For example, a 3 by 6
rectangle has an area of 18 and a perimeter of 18.

For each polygon in this question, let the numerical value of its area be A and let
the numerical value of its perimeter be P .

(a) Find the side length, s, where s > 0 , of a square such that A = P . [3]

An n-sided regular polygon can be divided into n congruent isosceles triangles. Let x be
the length of each of the two equal sides of one such isosceles triangle and let y be the
length of the third side. The included angle between the two equal sides has magnitude
π
.
2

Part of such an n-sided regular polygon is shown in the following diagram.

(b) Write down, in terms of x and n, an expression for the area, A , of one of
T

these isosceles triangles. [1]

π
(c) Show that y = 2x sin . [2]
n

Consider a n-sided regular polygon such that A = P .

 π
(d) Use the results from parts (b) and (c) to show that A = P = 4n tan . [7]
n

3 5

The Maclaurin series for tan x is x + x

3
+
2x

15
+ …

(e.i) Use the Maclaurin series for tan x to find

π
.
lim (4n tan
n→∞
n
)
[3]

(e.ii) Interpret your answer to part (e)(i) geometrically. [1]

Consider a right-angled triangle with side lengths a, b and √a 2

+ b
2
, where a ≥ b ,
such that A = P .

(f ) Show that a =
8

b−4
+ 4 . [7]

(g.i) By using the result of part (f ) or otherwise, determine the three side
lengths of the only two right-angled triangles for which a, b, A, P ∈ Z . [3]

(g.ii) Determine the area and perimeter of these two right-angled triangles. [1]
44. [Maximum mark: 20] 20N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_11
A particle P moves in a straight line such that after time t seconds, its velocity, v in m s , is −1

π
given by v = e
−3t
, where 0
sin 6 t < t <
2
.

(a) Find the times when P comes to instantaneous rest. [2]

At time t, P has displacement s(t); at time t ,

= 0 s(0) = 0 .

(b) Find an expression for s in terms of t. [7]

(c) Find the maximum displacement of P , in metres, from its initial position. [2]

(d) Find the total distance travelled by P in the first 1. 5 seconds of its
motion. [2]

At successive times when the acceleration of P is 0 m s , the velocities of P form−2

a geometric sequence. The acceleration of P is zero at times t , t , t where 1 2 3

t < t < t and the respective velocities are v , v , v .

1 2 3 1 2 3

(e.i) Show that, at these times, tan 6t = 2 . [2]

π
(e.ii) Hence show that
v2
=
v3
= −e
−
2
. [5]
v1 v2

45. [Maximum mark: 7] 19N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_4

A and B are acute angles such that cos A =
2

3
and sin B =
1

3
.

Show that cos (2A + B) = −

2√ 2

27
−
4√ 5

27
. [7]
46. [Maximum mark: 14] 19N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_9
(a) Given that cos 75 ∘
= q , show that cos 105 ∘
= −q . [1]

In the following diagram, the points A, B, C and D are on the circumference of a circle
with centre O and radius r. [AC] is a diameter of the circle. BC = r, AD = CD and
∧ ∧

ABC = ADC = 90
∘
.

(b) ∧

Show that BAD = 75

∘
. [3]

(c.i) By considering triangle ABD, show that BD 2

= 5r
2 2
− 2r q√ 6 . [4]

(c.ii) By considering triangle CBD, find another expression for BD in terms 2

of r and q. [3]

(d) Use your answers to part (c) to show that cos 75 ∘

=
1

√ 6+√ 2
. [3]
47. [Maximum mark: 7] 19N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_4
The following shape consists of three arcs of a circle, each with centre at the opposite
vertex of an equilateral triangle as shown in the diagram.

For this shape, calculate

(a) the perimeter. [2]

(b) the area. [5]

48. [Maximum mark: 4] 19M.1.AHL.TZ1.H_3
A sector of a circle with radius r cm , where r > 0, is shown on the following
diagram.
The sector has an angle of 1 radian at the centre.

Let the area of the sector be A cm2 and the perimeter be P cm. Given that
A = P , find the value of r. [4]

49. [Maximum mark: 15] 19M.1.AHL.TZ1.H_9

(a) Show that (sin x + cos x)
2
= 1 + sin 2x . [2]

(b) Show that sec 2x + tan 2x =

cos x+sin x

cos x−sin x
. [4]

(c)
π

Hence or otherwise find ∫ 0

6
(sec 2x + tan 2x)dx in the form
ln (a + √ b) where a, b ∈ Z . [9]

50. [Maximum mark: 7] 19M.1.AHL.TZ1.H_4

The lengths of two of the sides in a triangle are 4 cm and 5 cm. Let θ be the angle
between the two given sides. The triangle has an area of 5√ 15

2
cm2.

(a) Show that sin θ =

√ 15
. [1]
4

(b) Find the two possible values for the length of the third side. [6]
51. [Maximum mark: 17] 19M.1.AHL.TZ2.H_9
Consider the functions f and g defined on the domain 0 < x < 2π by f (x) = 3 cos 2x

and g (x) = 4 − 11 cos x.

The following diagram shows the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g (x)

(a) Find the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the two graphs. [6]

(b) Find the exact area of the shaded region, giving your answer in the form
pπ + q√ 3 , where p, q ∈ Q . [5]

(c) At the points A and B on the diagram, the gradients of the two graphs are
equal.

Determine the y-coordinate of A on the graph of g. [6]

52. [Maximum mark: 20] 19M.2.AHL.TZ1.H_10
The voltage v in a circuit is given by the equation

v (t) = 3 sin (100πt) t ⩾ 0 , where t is measured in seconds.

(a) Write down the maximum and minimum value of v. [2]

The current i in this circuit is given by the equation

i (t) = 2 sin (100π (t + 0.003)) .

(b) Write down two transformations that will transform the graph of
y = v (t) onto the graph of y = i (t). [2]

The power p in this circuit is given by p (t) = v (t) × i (t) .

(c) Sketch the graph of y = p (t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.02 , showing clearly the
coordinates of the first maximum and the first minimum. [3]

(d) Find the total time in the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.02 for which p (t) ≥ 3.

[3]

The average power p av in this circuit from t = 0 to t = T is given by the equation

T
p av (T ) =
1

T
∫
0
p (t)dt , where T > 0 .

(e) Find p (0.007).

av

[2]

(f ) With reference to your graph of y = p (t) explain why p av (T ) > 0 for all
T > 0.

[2]

(g) Given that p (t) can be written as p (t) = a sin (b (t − c)) + d where a,
b, c, d > 0, use your graph to find the values of a, b, c and d.

[6]
53. [Maximum mark: 5] 19M.2.AHL.TZ2.H_1
In triangle ABC, AB = 5, BC = 14 and AC = 11.

Find all the interior angles of the triangle. Give your answers in degrees to one
decimal place. [5]

54. [Maximum mark: 8] 19M.2.AHL.TZ2.H_3

Iqbal attempts three practice papers in mathematics. The probability that he passes the
first paper is 0.6. Whenever he gains a pass in a paper, his confidence increases so that
the probability of him passing the next paper increases by 0.1. Whenever he fails a paper
the probability of him passing the next paper is 0.6.

(a) Complete the given probability tree diagram for Iqbal’s three attempts,
labelling each branch with the correct probability.

[3]

(b) Calculate the probability that Iqbal passes at least two of the papers he
attempts. [2]

(c) Find the probability that Iqbal passes his third paper, given that he passed
only one previous paper. [3]
55. [Maximum mark: 16] 18N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_11
(a) Find the roots of z 24
= 1 which satisfy the condition 0 < arg (z) <
π

, expressing your answers in the form re

iθ
, where ,r θ ∈ R
+
. [5]

Let S be the sum of the roots found in part (a).

(b.i) Show that Re S = Im S. [4]

(b.ii) By writing π
as ( π
−
π
) , find the value of cos π
in the form
√a+√ b

12 4 6 12 c

, where a, b and c are integers to be determined. [3]

(b.iii) Hence, or otherwise, show that S = 1

(1 + √ 2) (1 + √ 3) (1 + i) .
2 [4]

56. [Maximum mark: 7] 18N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_3

Consider the function g (x) = 4 cos x + 1 , a ⩽ x ⩽
π

2
where a <
π

2
.

(a) For a = − , sketch the graph of y = g (x). Indicate clearly the

π

maximum and minimum values of the function. [3]

(b) Write down the least value of a such that g has an inverse. [1]

(c.i) For the value of a found in part (b), write down the domain of g −1
. [1]

(c.ii) For the value of a found in part (b), find an expression for g −1
(x) . [2]
57. [Maximum mark: 19] 18N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_10
(a) Use integration by parts to show that
[5]
x x

∫ e
x
cos 2xdx =
2e

5
sin 2x +
e

5
cos 2x + c , c ∈ R .

(b)
x x x

Hence, show that ∫ e

x
cos
2
xdx =
e

5
sin 2x +
e

10
cos 2x +
e

2
,
+ c

c ∈ R . [3]

The function f is defined by f (x) = e cos x, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 5. The curve y = f (x) is

x 2

shown on the following graph which has local maximum points at A and C and touches
the x-axis at B and D.

(c) Find the x-coordinates of A and of C , giving your answers in the form
a + arctan b, where a, b ∈ R. [6]

(d) Find the area enclosed by the curve and the x-axis between B and D, as
shaded on the diagram. [5]
repeated
58. [Maximum mark: 7] 18N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_3
Consider the function g (x) = 4 cos x + 1 , a ⩽ x ⩽
π

2
where a <
π

2
.

(a) For a = − , sketch the graph of y = g (x). Indicate clearly the

π

maximum and minimum values of the function. [3]

(b) Write down the least value of a such that g has an inverse. [1]

(c.i) For the value of a found in part (b), write down the domain of g −1
. [1]

(c.ii) For the value of a found in part (b), find an expression for g −1
(x) . [2]

repeated
59. [Maximum mark: 16] 18N.1.AHL.TZ0.H_11
(a) Find the roots of z 24
= 1 which satisfy the condition 0 < arg (z) <
π

, expressing your answers in the form re , where r, θ iθ

∈ R
+
. [5]

Let S be the sum of the roots found in part (a).

(b.i) Show that Re S = Im S. [4]

(b.ii) By writing π
as ( π
−
π
) , find the value of cos π
in the form
√a+√ b

12 4 6 12 c

, where a, b and c are integers to be determined. [3]

(b.iii) Hence, or otherwise, show that S = 1

(1 + √ 2) (1 + √ 3) (1 + i) .
2 [4]
60. [Maximum mark: 6] 18N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_7
Boat A is situated 10km away from boat B, and each boat has a marine radio
transmitter on board. The range of the transmitter on boat A is 7km, and the
range of the transmitter on boat B is 5km. The region in which both transmitters
can be detected is represented by the shaded region in the following diagram.
Find the area of this region.

[6]
61. [Maximum mark: 13] 18N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_11
Consider the rectangle OABC such that AB = OC = 10 and BC = OA = 1 , with the points P , Q
and R placed on the line OC such that OP = p, OQ = q and OR = r, such that 0 < p < q < r <
10.

Let θ be the angle APO, θ be the angle AQO and θ be the angle ARO.
p q r

(a) Find an expression for θ in terms of p.

p [3]

Consider the case when θ p = θq + θr and QR = 1.

(b)
2

Show that p .
q +q−1
=
2q+1
[6]

(c) By sketching the graph of p as a function of q, determine the range of

values of p for which there are possible values of q. [4]

62. [Maximum mark: 5] 18M.1.AHL.TZ1.H_8

Let a = sin b, 0 < b <
π

2
.

Find, in terms of b, the solutions of sin 2x = −a, 0 ⩽ x ⩽ π . [5]

63. [Maximum mark: 5] 18M.2.AHL.TZ1.H_3

Let f (x) = tan (x + π)cos (x − π

2
) where 0 < x <
π

2
.

Express f (x) in terms of sin x and cos x. [5]

64. [Maximum mark: 8] 18M.2.AHL.TZ2.H_4
Consider the following diagram.

The sides of the equilateral triangle ABC have lengths 1 m. The midpoint of [AB] is denoted
by P. The circular arc AB has centre, M, the midpoint of [CP].

(a.i) Find AM. [3]

(a.ii) ∧

Find AMP in radians. [2]

(b) Find the area of the shaded region. [3]

65. [Maximum mark: 4] 17N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_3
This diagram shows a metallic pendant made out of four equal sectors of a larger
circle of radius OB = 9 cm and four equal sectors of a smaller circle of radius
OA = 3 cm.

The angle BOC = 20°.

Find the area of the pendant. [4]

66. [Maximum mark: 6] 17N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_5
Barry is at the top of a cliff, standing 80 m above sea level, and observes two
yachts in the sea.
“Seaview” (S) is at an angle of depression of 25°.
“Nauti Buoy” (N ) is at an angle of depression of 35°.
The following three dimensional diagram shows Barry and the two yachts at S
and N.
X lies at the foot of the cliff and angle SXN = 70°.

Find, to 3 significant figures, the distance between the two yachts. [6]
67. [Maximum mark: 18] 17N.2.AHL.TZ0.H_11
Consider the function f (x) = 2 sin
2
x + 7 sin 2x + tan x − 9, 0 ⩽ x <
π

2
.

(a.i) Determine an expression for f ′

(x) in terms of x. [2]

(a.ii) Sketch a graph of y ′

= f (x) for 0 ⩽ x <
π

2
. [4]

(a.iii) Find the x-coordinate(s) of the point(s) of inflexion of the graph of

y = f (x), labelling these clearly on the graph of y = f (x). [2]
′

Let u = tan x .

(b.i) Express sin x in terms of u. [2]

(b.ii) Express sin 2x in terms of u. [3]

(b.iii) Hence show that f (x) = 0 can be expressed as

u
3
− 7u
2
+ 15u − 9 = 0 . [2]

(c) Solve the equation f (x) = 0 , giving your answers in the form arctan k
where k ∈ Z. [3]

© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2024