MATH BOOK

3D GEOMETRY
Textbook booklet with Theories &
Exercises

Short Book
JEE MAIN | CBSE

WITH SOLUTION BOOK

SUMIT K. JAIN
 Math Book

3D Geometry
Textbook Booklet with Theories and Exercises

Short Book
JEE Main | CBSE

SUMIT K. JAIN
Page # 2 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

JEE Syllabus :
Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space, equation of a plane, distance
of a point from a plane.
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 3

A. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

Let P and Q be two given points in space. Let the co-ordinates of the points P and Q be (x1, y1 z1) and
(x2, y2, z2) with respect to a set OX, OY, OZ of rectangular axes. The position vectors of the points P

and Q are given by OP = x1 î + y1 ĵ + z1 k̂ and OQ = x2 î + y2 ĵ + z2 k̂

  
Now we have PQ  OQ  OP . = (x2 î + y2 ĵ + z2 k̂ ) – (x1 î + y1 ĵ + z1 k̂ )

= (x2 – x1) î – (y2 – y1) ĵ – (z2 – z1) k̂ .

 2 2 2
 PQ = | PQ |  (x 2  x1)  (y 2  y1)  (z2  z1)
Distance (d) between two points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is

d= ( x 2  x1 )2  ( y 2  y1 )2  ( z 2  z1 )2

B. SECTION FORMULA

m 2 x1  m1x 2 m 2 y1  m1y 2 m 2 z1  m1z 2

x= ; y=
m1  m2 m1  m2 ; z=
m1  m2

(for external division take –ve sign)

To determine the co-ordinates of a point R which divides the joining of two points P(x1, y1, z1) and
Q(x2, y2, z2) internally in the ratio m1 : m2. Let OX, OY, OZ be a set of rectangular axes.
The position vectors of the two given points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) are given by

OP = x1 î + y1 ĵ + z1 k̂ ....(1) and OQ = x2 î + y2 ĵ + z2 k̂ ....(2)

m1 m2
P Q
R
(x1,y1,z1) (x2,y2,z2)

Also if the co-ordinates of the point R are (x, y, z), then OR = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ . .....(3)

Now the point R divides the join of P and Q in the ratio m1 : m2, so that

m1OQ  m 2 OP
Hence m 2 PR  m1RQ or m2 ( OR  OP ) = m1 (OQ  OR ) or OR 
m1  m2

(m1x2  m2 x1) ˆi  (m1y 2  m2 y1) ˆj  (m1z2  m2 z1)kˆ

or x î + y ĵ + z k̂ = [Using (1), (2) and (3)]
(m1  m2 )

m1x 2  m2 x1 m1y 2  m2 y1 m1z 2  m 2 z1

Comparing the coefficients of î , ĵ , k̂ we get x =
m1  m2 , y = m1  m2 , z = m1  m2

Remark : The middle point of the segment PQ is obtained by putting m1 = m2 . Hence the

1 1 1 
co-ordinates of the middle point of PQ are  ( x1  x 2 ), ( y1  y 2 ), ( z1  z 2 ) 
2 2 2 
 Page # 4 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

CENTROID OF A TRIANGLE :
Let ABC be a triangle. Let the co-ordinates of the vertices A, B and C be (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2)
and (x3, y3, z3) respectively. Let AD be a median of the ABC. Thus D is the mid point of BC.

 x 2  x 3 y 2  y 3 z2  z3 
 The co-ordinates of D are  , , 
 2 2 2 

Now if G is the centroid of ABC, then G divides AD in the ratio 2 : 1. Let the co-ordinates of G be

 x  x3 
2.  2   1.x1
 2  x  x 2  x3 A
(x, y, z). Then x  , or x  1 .
2 1 3
2

1 1 G
Similarly y = (y1 + y2 + y3), z = (z + z2 + z3). 1
2 2 1 B D C

CENTROID OF A TETRAHEDRON :

Let ABCD be a tetrahedron, the co-ordinates of whose vertices are (xr, yr, zr), r = 1, 2, 3, 4.
Let G1 be the centroid of the face ABC of the tetrahedron. Then the co-ordinates of G1 are

 x 1  x 2  x 3 y 1  y 2  y 3 z1  z 2  z 3 
 , , 
 3 3 3 

The fourth vertex D of the tetrahedron does not lie in the plane of ABC. We know from statics that
the centroid of the tetrahedron divides the line DG1 in the ratio 3 : 1. Let G be the centroid of the
tetrahedron and if (x, y, z) are its co-ordinates, then

x1  x 2  x3
3.  1.x 4 1
3 x  x 2  x3  x 4 1
x or x  1 . Similarly y  (y1 + y2 + y3 + y4), z  (z1 + z2 + z3 + z4).
3 1 4 4 4

Ex.1 P is a variable point and the co-ordinates of two points A and B are (–2, 2, 3) and (13, –3, 13)
respectively. Find the locus of P if 3PA = 2PB.
Sol. Let the co-ordinates of P be (x, y, z).

 PA = ( x  2 ) 2  ( y  2 ) 2  ( z  3 ) 2 ....(1) and PB = ( x  1 3 ) 2  ( y  3 ) 2  ( z  1 3 ) 2 ....(2)

Now it is given that 3PA = 2PB i.e., 9PA2 = 4PB2. ....(3)

Putting the values of PA and PB from (1) and (2) in (3), we get
9{(x + 2)2 + (y – 2)2 + (z – 3)2} = 4 {(x – 13)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z – 13)2}
or 9 {x2 + y2 + z2 + 4x – 4y – 6z + 17} = 4{x2 + y2 + z2 – 26x + 6y – 26z + 347}
or 5x2 + 5y2 + 5z2 + 140x – 60 y + 50 z – 1235 = 0 or x2 + y2 + z2 + 28x – 12y + 10z – 247 = 0
This is the required locus of P.
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 5

Ex.2 Find the ratio in which the xy-plane divides the join of (–3, 4, –8) and (5, –6, 4). Also find the point of
intersection of the line with the plane.
Sol. Let the xy-plane (i.e., z = 0 plane) divide the line joining the points (–3,4, –8) and (5, –6, 4) in the ratio
: 1, in the point R. Therefore, the co-ordinates of the point R are

 5  3 6  4 4  8 
 , ,  ....(1)
  1  1  1 
But on xy-plane, the z co-ordinate of R is zero
 (4– 8) / ( + 1) = 0, or  = 2. Hence : 1 = 2 : 1. Thus the required ratio is 2 : 1.
Again putting  = 2 in (1), the co-ordinates of the point R become (7/3, –8/3, 0).

Ex.3 ABCD is a square of side length ‘a’. Its side AB slides between x and y-axes in first quadrant. Find the
locus of the foot of perpendicular dropped from the point E on the diagonal AC, where E is the midpoint
of the side AD.
Sol. Let vertex A slides on y-axis and vertex B slides on x-axis coordinates of the point A are
(0, a sin ) and that of C are (a cos  + a sin , a cos )

a a a 3a
In AEF, AF = cos 45  and FC = AC – AF = 2a  
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a 3a
 AF : FC = : =1:3
2 2 2 2
 Let the coordinates of the point F are (x, y)

3  0  1(a cos   a sin ) a(sin   cos )

 x= 
4 4

4x 3a sin   a cos  4y
 = sin  + cos  ....(1)and y =  = 3sin + cos ...(2)
a 4 a

2( y  x ) 6 x  2y
Form (1) and (2), sin  = and cos  =
a a

a2
 (y – x)2 + (3x – y)2 = is the locus of the point F..
4

C. DIRECTION COSINES OF A LINE

If are the angles which a given directed line makes with the positive directions of the axes. of x,
y and z respectively, then cos , cos  cos  are called the direction cosines (briefly written as d.c.’s)
of the line. These d.c.’s are usually denote by , m, n.
Let AB be a given line. Draw a line OP parallel to the line AB and passing through the origin O. Measure
angles , then cos , cos , cos  are the d.c.’s of the line AB. It can be easily seen that , m, n,
are the direction cosines of a line if and only if  î + m ĵ + n k̂ is a unit vector in the direction of that line.
Clearly OP(i.e. the line through O and parallel to BA) makes angle 180° – , 180°– , 180° –  with OX,
OY and OZ respectively. Hence d.c.’s of the line BA are cos (180° – ), cos (180º – ), cos (180° – )
i.e., are –cos , –cos , – cos .
If the length of a line OP through the origin O be r, then the co-ordinates of P are (r, mr, nr) where ,
m, n are the d c.’s of OP.
If , m, n are direction cosines of any line AB, then they will satisfy 2 + m2 + n2 = 1.
 Page # 6 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

DIRECTION RATIOS :
If the direction cosines , m, n of a given line be proportional to any three numbers a, b, c respectively,
then the numbers a, b, c are called direction ratios (briefly written as d.r.’s of the given line.

RELATION BETWEEN DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS :

Let a, b, c be the direction ratios of a line whose d.c.’s are , m, n. From the definition of d.r.’s. we
have /a = m/b = n/c = k (say). Then  = ka, m = kb, n = kc. But 2 + m2 + n2 = 1.

1
 k2 (a2 + b2 + c2) = 1, or k2 = 1/(a2 + b2 + c2) or k = ± .
(a  b 2  c 2 )
2

a b c
Taking the positive value of k, we get  = ,m= ,n=
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a  b  c ) (a  b  c ) (a  b 2  c 2 )
2

a b c
Again taking the negative value of k, we get = , m= ,n= .
2
(a  b  c )2 2 2 2
(a  b  c ) 2
(a  b 2  c 2 )
2

Remark. Direction cosines of a line are unique. But the direction ratios of a line are by no means
unique. If a, b, c are direction ratios of a line, then ka, kb, kc are also direction ratios of that line where

k is any non-zero real number. Moreover if a, b, c are direction ratios of a line, then a î + b ĵ + c k̂ is a

vector parallel to that line.

Ex.4 Find the direction cosines  + m + n of the two lines which are connected by the relation  + m + n = 0
and mn – 2n –2m = 0.
Sol. The given relations are  + m + n = 0 or  = –m – n ....(1) and mn – 2n – 2m = 0 ...(2)
Putting the value of  from (1) in the relation (2), we get
mn – 2n (–m –n) – 2(–m – n) m = 0 or 2m2 + 5mn + 2n2 = 0 or (2m + n) (m + 2n) = 0.

m 1  m  n m
   and –2. From (1), we have   –1 ...(3)
n 2 n n n

m 1  1 1 m n  n
Now when =– , (3) given = –1=– .  = and =
n 2 n 2 2 1 2 1 2

 m n (  2  m 2  n2 ) 1 1 1 2
i.e. 1  1  2    The d.c.’s of one line are , , .
2 2 2 6 6 6 6
{1  1  ( 2) }

m 
Again when = –2, (3) given = 2 – 1 = 1.
2 n

 m n ( 2  m 2  n2 ) 1 1 2 1
i.e. 1  2  1    The d.c.’s of the other line are , , .
2 2 2 6 6 6 6
{1  ( 2)  1 }
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 7

To find the projection of the line joining two points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) on the another
line whose d.c.’s are , m, n.

Let O be the origin. Then OP = x1 î + y1 ĵ + z1 k̂ and OQ = x2 î + y2 ĵ + z2 k̂ .

 PQ  OQ  OP = (x2 – x1) î + (y2 – y1) ĵ + (z2 – z1) k̂ .

Now the unit vector along the line whose d.c.’s are ,m,n =  î + m ĵ + n k̂ .

 projection of PQ on the line whose d.c.’s are , m, n

= [(x2 – x1) î + (y2 – y1) ĵ + (z2 – z1) k̂ ] . ( î + m ĵ + n k̂ ) = (x2 – x1) + m (y2 – y1) + n(z2 – z1).

a1a 2  b1b 2  c 1c 2
The angle  between these two lines is given by cos  =
(a12  b12  c 12 ) (a 22  b 22  c 22 )

If 1, m1, n1 and 2 , m2, n2 are two sets of real numbers, then
(  1 2 + m 1 2 + n1 2 ) (  2 2 + m 2 2 + n2 2 ) – (  1  2 + m 1 m 2 + n1 n2 ) 2
= (m1n2 – m2n1)2 + (n12 – n21)2 + (1m2 – 2m1)2
Now, we have
sin2  = 1 – cos2 = 1 – (12 + m1m2 + n1n2)2 = (12 + m12 + n12) (22 + m22 + n22) – (12 + m1m2 + n1n2)2

2 2 2
m n n m
= (m1n2 – m2n1)2 + (n12 – n21)2 + (1m2 – 2m1)2 = m1 n1   1 n1   1 m1
 
2 2 2 2 2 2

Condition for perpendicularity  12 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0.

a1 b1 c1
Condition for parallelism  1 = 2, m1 = m2, n1 = n2.   
a2 b2 c 2

Ex.5 Show that the lines whose d.c.’s are given by  + m + n = 0 and 2mn + 3n – 5m = 0 are at right angles.
Sol. From the first relation, we have  = –m – n. ....(1)
Putting this value of  in the second relation, we have
2mn + 3 (–m –n) n – 5 (–m –n) m = 0 or 5m2 + 4mn – 3n2 = 0 or 5(m/n)2 + 4(m/n) – 3 = 0 ....(2)
Let 1, m1, n1 and 2, m2, n2 be the d,c,’s of the two lines. Then the roots of (2) are m1/n1 and m2/n2.

m1 m2 3
 product of the roots = .   or m1m 2  n1n2 . ....(3)
n1 n2 5 3 5

Again from (1), n = –  – m and putting this value of n in the second given relation, we have
2m (– – m) + 3(– – m) – 5m = 0 or3(/m)2 + 10 (/m) + 2 = 0.

1  2 2 mm 1 2 m1m2 n1n2

 or 1 2  1 2

 . From (3) and (4) we have  = k (say)
m1 m2 3 2 3 2 3 5

 12 + m1m2 + n1n2 = (2 + 3 – 5) k = 0 . k = 0. The lines are at right angles.

 Page # 8 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

Remarks :
(a) Any three numbers a, b, c proportional to the direction cosines are called the direction ratios

 m n 1
i.e.    same sign either +ve or –ve should be taken throughout.
a b c a  b2  c 2
2

Note that d.r’s of a line joining x1, y1, z1 and x2, y2, z2 are proportional to x2 – x1, y2 – y1 and
z2 – z1
(b) If  is the angle between the two lines whose d.c’s are  1 , m1, n1 and  2 , m2, n2

cos  =  1 2 + m1m2 + n1n2

Hence if lines are perpendicular then  1 2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0.

 1 m1 n1
if lines are parallel then  
 2 m2 n2

1 m1 n1
Note that if three lines are coplanar then  2 m2 n2 =0
 3 m3 n3

(c) Projection of the join of two points on a line with d.c’s , m, n are

 (x2 – x1) + m(y2 – y1) + n(z2 – z1)

(d) If 1, m1, n1 and 2, m2, n2 are the d.c.’s of two concurrent lines, show that the d.c.’s of two lines
bisecting the angles between them are proportional to 1 ± 2, m1 ± m2, n1 ± n2.

D. AREA OF A TRIANGLE

Show that the area of a triangle whose vertices are the origin and the points A(x1 , y1 , z 1 ) and

1
B(x2 , y2, z2) is (y1z2  y 2 z1)2  (z1x 2  z2 x1)2  (x1y 2  x 2 y1)2 .
2
The direction ratios of OA are x1, y1, z1 and those of OB are x2, y2, z2.

Also OA = (x1  0)2  (y1  0)2  (z1  0)2  (x12  y12  z12 )

and OB = (x 2  0)2  (y 2  0)2  (z2  0)2  (x 22  y 22  z22 ) .

x1 y1 z1
, ,
 the d.c.’ s of OA are
( x12  y12  z12 ) ( x 12  y12  z12 ) ( x12  y12  z12 )

x2 y2 z2
, ,
and the d.c.’s of OB are
( x 22  y 22  z22 ) ( x 22  y 22  z 22 ) ( x 22  y 22  z 22 )

Hence if  is the angle between the line OA and OB, then

{( y1z 2  y 2 z 2 )2 } {( y1z 2  y 2 z1 )2 }

sin  = 
( x12  y12  z12 ) ( x 22  y 22  z 22 ) OA.OB
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 9

1
Hence the area of OAB = . OA . OB sin  [ AOB = ]
2

1 {( y1z2  y 2 z2 )2 } 1
= . OA. OB. = {( y1z 2  y 2 z 2 )2 } .
2 OA.OB 2

Ex.6 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(1, 2, 3), B(2, –1, 1)and C(1, 2, –4).
Sol. Let x, y, z be the areas of the projections of the area  of triangle ABC on the yz, zx and
xy-planes respectively. We have

1 y1 z1 1 1 2 3 1 21 1 x1 z1 1 1 1 3 1 7
x = y 2 z2 1  1 1 1  ; y = x 2 z2 1  2 1 1 
2 y z 1 2 2 4 1 2 2 x z 1 2 1 4 1 2
3 3 3 3

1 x1 y1 1 1 1 2 1 7 10
z = x 2 y2 1  2 1 1  0  the required area  = [ 2x   2y  2z ] = sq. units.
2 x y 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 3

Ex.7 A plane is passing through a point P(a, –2a, 2a), a  0, at right angle to OP, where O is the origin to
meet the axes in A, B and C. Find the area of the triangle ABC.

Sol. OP = a 2  4a 2  4a 2 = |3a|.
Equation of plane passing through P(a, –2a, 2a) is
A(x – a) + B(y + 2a) + C(z – 2a) = 0.
 the direction cosines of the normal OP to the
plane ABC are proportional to
a – 0, –2a – 0, 2a – 0 i.e. a, –2a, 2a.
 equation of plane ABC is
a(x – a) – 2a(y + 2a) + 2a(z – 2a) = 0
or ax – 2ay + 2az = 9a2 ....(1)
Now projection of area of triangle ABC on ZX, XY and YZ
planes are the triangles AOC, AOB and BOC respectively.
 (Area ABC)2 = (Area AOC)2 + (Area AOB)2 + (Area BOC)2

2 2 2
1  1  1 
=  . AO . OC    . AO . BO    . BO . OC 
2  2  2 

2 2 2
1  9   9    9 9   1 812 a 4  1
= 4   9 a. a    9 a . a    a. a   , 1  1  
 2   2   2 2   4 4  4

95 4 3 5 2 243 2
 (Area ABC)2 = 3 a  Area of ABC =
a  a .
4 23 8
 Page # 10 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

E. PLANE

(i) General equation of degree one in x, y, z i.e. ax + by + cz + d = 0 represents a plane.

(ii) Equation of a plane passing through (x1, y1, z1) is a(x – x1) + b (y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0
where a, b, c are the direction ratios of the normal to the plane.

x y z
(iii) Equation of a plane if its intercepts on the co-ordinate axes are x1, y1, z1 is  
x1 y1 z1 = 1.

(iv) Equation of a plane if the length of the perpendicular from the origin on the plane is ‘p’ and d.c’s of the
perpendiculars as  , m, n is x + my + nz = p

(v) Parallel and perpendicular planes :

Two planes a1 x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0 are

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c 1 d1
Perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0, parallel if   and Coincident if   
a2 b2 c 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d2

(vi) Angle between a plane and a line is the complement of the angle between the normal to the plane and

   
Line : r  a  b  b.n
the line. If   then cos (90 – ) = sin  =   .
Plane : r .n  d  | b |.| n |

where  is the angle between the line and normal to the plane.

ax1  by1  cz1  d

(vii) Length of the ar from a point (x1, y1, z1) to a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is p =
a2  b2  c 2

d1  d2
(viii) Distance between two parallel planes ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 and ax + by + cz + d2 = 0 is
a  b2  c 2
2

(ix) Planes bisecting the angle between two planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2y + c2 z + d2 = 0

a1x  b1y  c 1z  d1 a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2 z  d2
is given by  of these two bisecting planes, one bisects
a12  b12  c 12 a 22  b 22  c 22

the acute and the other obtuse angle between the given planes.

(x) Equation of a plane through the intersection of two planes P1 and P2 is given by P1 + P2 = 0
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 11

Ex.8 Reduce the equation of the plane x + 2y – 2z – 9 = 0 to the normal form and hence find the length
of the perpendicular drawn form the origin to the given plane.
Sol. The equation of the given plane is x + 2y – 2z – 9 = 0
Bringing the constant term to the R.H.S., the equation becomes x + 2y – 2z = 9 ...(1)
[Note that in the equation (1) the constant term 9 is positive. If it were negative, we would have
changed the sign throughout to make it positive.]
Now the square root of the sum of the squares of the coefficients of x, y, z in (1)

= (1) 2  (2) 2  (  2) 2  9 3.

1 2 2
Dividing both sides of (1) by 3, we have x  y  z 3. ....(2)
2 3 3

The equation (2) of the plane is in the normal form x + my + nz = p.

1 2 2
Hence the d.c.’s , m, n of the normal to the plane are , ,  and the length p of the
2 3 3
perpendicular from the origin to the plane is 3.

Ex.9 Find the equation to the plane through the three points (0, –1, –1), (4, 5, 1) and (3, 9, 4).
Sol. The equation of any plane passing through the point (0, –1, –1) is given by
a(x – 0) + b{y – (–1)} + c{z – (–1)} = 0 or ax + b(y + 1) + c (z + 1) = 0 ....(1)
If the plane (1) passes through the point (4, 5, 1), we have 4a + 6b + 2c = 0 ....(2)
If the plane (1) passes through the point (3, 9, 4), we have 3a + 10b + 5c = 0 ....(3)

a b c
Now solving the equations (2) and (3), we have   =  (say).
30  20 6  20 40  18
 a = 10, b = –14, c = 22.
Putting these value of a, b, c in (1), the equation of the required plane is given by
[10x – 14(y + 1) + 22(z + 1)] = 0 or 10x – 14(y + 1) + 22(z + 1) = 0 or 5x – 7y + 11z + 4 = 0.

Ex.10 Find the equation of the plane through (1, 0, –2) and perpendicular to each of the planes
2x + y – z – 2 = 0 and x – y – z – 3 = 0.
Sol. The equation of any plane through the point (1, 0, –2) is
a (x – 1) + b (y – 0) + c(z + 2) = 0. ...(1)
If the plane (1) is perpendicular to the planes 2x + y – z – 2 = 0 and x – y – z – 3 = 0, we have
a (2) + b(1) + c(–1) = 0 i.e., 2a + b – c = 0, ...(2)
and a(1) + b(–1) + c(–1) = 0 i.e., a – b – c = 0. ...(3)

3 1
Adding the equation (2) and (3), we have c = a. Subtracting (3) from (2), we have b = – a.
2 2
Putting the values of b and c in (1), the equation of the required plane is given by

1 3
a (x – 1) – ay + a (z + 2) = 0 or 2x – 2 – y + 3z + 6 = 0 or 2x – y + 3z + 4 = 0.
2 2
 Page # 12 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

Ex.11 Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
2x – 7y + 4z = 3, 3x – 5y + 4z + 11 = 0, and the point (–2, 1, 3)
Sol. The equation of any plane through the line of intersection of the given plane is
(2x – 7y + 4z – 3) +  (3x – 5y + 4z + 11) = 0. ....(1)
If the plane (1) passes through the point (–2, 1, 3), then substituting the co-ordinates of this point in
the equation (1), we have
{2(–2) – 7(1) + 4(3) – 3} + {3 (–2) – 5(1) + 4(3) + 1} = 0 or (–2) + (12) = 0 or  = 1/6.
Putting this value of  in (1), the equation of the required plane is
(2x – 7y + 4z – 3) + (1/6) (3x – 5y + 4z + 11) = 0 or 15x – 47y + 28z = 7.

Ex.12 A variable plane is at a constant distance 3p from the origin and meets the axes in A, B and C. Prove
that the locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is x–2 + y–2 + z–2 = p–2.
Sol. Let the equation of the variable plane be x/a + y/b + z/c = 1. .....(1)
It is given that the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane (1) is 3p.

1 1 1 1 1
 3p = or    , .....(2)
2
(1 / a  1 / b  1/ c ) 2 2
9p 2 a 2 b 2 c 2

The plane (1) meets the coordinate axes in the points A, B and C whose co-ordinates are respectively
given by (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c). Let (x, y, z) be the co-ordinates of the centroid of the
triangle ABC. Then x = (a + 0 + 0)/3, y = (0 + b + 0)/3, z = (0 + 0 + c)/3

1 1 1
i.e., x = a, y = b, z = c.  a = 3x, b = 3y, c = 3z. .....(3)
3 3 3
The locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is obtained by eliminating a, b, c between the equation
(2) and (3). Putting the value of a, b, c from (3) in (2), the required locus is given by

1 1 1 1
2
 2
 2
 or x–2 + y–2 + z–2 = p–2.
9p 9x 9y 9z2

Ex.13 Show that the origin lies in the acute angles between the planes x + 2y + 2z – 9 = 0 and
4x – 3y + 12z + 13 = 0. Find the planes bisecting the angles between them and point out the one which
bisects the acute angle.
Sol. In order that the constant terms are positive, the equations of the given planes may be written as
–x – 2y – 2z + 9 = 0 ...(1) and 4x – 3y + 12z + 13 = 0.
We have a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (–1).4 + (–2). (–3) + (–2).(12) = – 4 + 6 – 24 = – 22 = negative.
Hence the origin lies in the acute angle between the planes (1) and (2)
The equation of the plane bisecting the angle between the given planes (1) and (2) when contains the

x  2 y  2z  9 4 x  3 y  12 z  13
origin is 
(1  4  4 ) (16  9  144 )

or 13 (–x – 2y – 2z + 9) = 3(4x – 3y + 12z + 13) or 25x + 17y + 62z – 78 = 0 ...(3)

We have proved above that origin lies in the acute angle between the planes and so the equation (3)
is the equation of the bisector plane which bisects the acute angle between the given planes.
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 13

The equation of the other bisector plane (i.e., the plane bisecting the obtuse angle) is

x  2y  2z  9 4x  3y  12z  13
  or x + 35y – 10z – 156 = 0 ....(4)
(1  4  4) (16  9  144)

the equation (3) and (4) given the planes bisecting the angle between the given planes and the
equation (3) is the bisector of the acute angle.

Ex.14 The mirror image of the point (a, b, c) about coordinate planes xy, xz and yz are A, B and C. Find the
orthocentre of the triangle ABC.
Sol. Let the point P be (a, b, c)  A  (a, b, –c), B  (a, –b, c) and C  (–a, b, c)
Let the orthocentre of ABC be H  (x, y, z)
 (x – a) (2a) + (y – b) (–2b) + (z + c) 0 = 0  ax – by = a2 – b2 ...(1)
2 2
Similarly, by – cz = b – c ...(2)

x a y b zc A(a, b, –c)

Also 0 2b 2c = 0 (As A, B, C and H are coplanar)
2a 0 2c

H(x)
 bcx + acy + abz = abc ...(3)

for solving (1), (2) and (3),

B(a,–b, c) C(–a, b, c)

a b 0 a2  b2 b 0
2 2
D = 0 b c = a2b2 + b2c2 + a2c2 , D1 = b  c b c = a2 (b2 + c2) – b2c2
bc ac ab abc ac ab

 Similarly D2 = b2(c2 + a2) – a2c2 and D3 = c2(a2 + b2) – a2b2

 a 2 (b 2  c 2 )  b 2 c 2 b 2 ( c 2  a 2 )  a 2 c 2 c 2 ( a 2  b 2 )  a 2 b 2 
 Orthocentre is H   2 2 2 2 2 2
, 2 2 2 2 2 2
, 2 2 2 2 2 2 .

a b b c c a a b b c c a a b b c c a 

F. STRAIGHT LINE

(i) Equation of a line through A(x1, y1, z1) and having direction cosines  , m , n are

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
  and the lines through (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2)
 m n

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1

(ii) Intersection of two planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 together represent
the unsymmetrical form of the straight line.

x  x 1 y  y 1 z  z1
(iii) General equation of the plane containing the line   is
 m n
A(x – x1) + B(y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0 where A  + bm + cn = 0.
 Page # 14 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

(iv) Line of Greatest Slope

AB is the line of intersection of G-plane and H is the h
orizontal plane. Line of greatest slope on a given plane,
drawn through a given point on the plane, is the line
through the point ‘P’ perpendicular to the line of
intersection of the given plane with any horizontal
plane.

x  2 y 1 z  2
Ex.15 Show that the distance of the point of intersection of the line   and the plane
3 4 12

x – y + z = 5 from the point (–1, –5, –10) is 13.

x  2 y 1 z  2
Sol. The equation of the given line are   = r (say). ....(1)
3 4 12

The co-ordinates of any point on the line (1) are (3r + 2, 4r - 1, 12 r + 2). If this point lies on the plane
x – y + z = 5, we have 3r + 2 – (4r – 1) + 12r + 2 = 5, or 11r = 0, or r = 0.
Putting this value of r, the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of the line (1) and the given plane
are (2, –1, 2).
 The required distance = distance between the points (2, –1, 2) and (–1, –5, –10)

= (2  1)2  ( 1  5)2  (2  10)2 = (9  16  144)  (169)  13

Ex.16 Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane 3x + 4y – 6z
+ 1 = 0. Find also the co-ordinates of the point on the line which is at the same distance from the foot
of the perpendicular as the origin is.
Sol. The equation of the plane is 3x + 4y – 6z + 1 = 0. ....(1)
The direction ratios of the normal to the plane (1) are 3, 4, –6. Hence the line normal to the plane (1)
has d.r.’s 3, 4, –6, so that the equations of the line through (0, 0, 0) and perpendicular to the plane (1)
are x/3 = y/4 = z/–6 = r (say) ....(2)
The co-ordinates of any point P on (2) are (3r, 4r, – 6r) ....(3)
If this point lies on the plane (1), then 3(3r) + r(4r) – 6(–6r) + 1 = 0, or r = –1/61.
Putting the value of r in (3), the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular P are (–3/61, –4/61, 6/61).
Now let Q be the point on the line which is at the same distance from the foot of the perpendicular as
the origin. Let (x1, y1, z1) be the co-ordinates of the point Q. Clearly P is the middle point of OQ.

x1  0 3 y  0 4 z1  0 6
Hence we have  , 1  , 
2 61 2 61 2 61

or x1 = 6/61, y1 = –8/61, z1 = 12/61.

 The co-ordinates of Q are (–6/61, –8/61, 12/61).
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 15

Ex.17 Find in symmetrical form the equations of the line 3x + 2y – z – 4 = 0 & 4x + y – 2z + 3 = 0

and find its direction cosines.
Sol. The equations of the given line in general form are 3x + 2y – z – 4 = 0 & 4x + y – 2z + 3 = 0 ..(1)
Let , m, n be the d.c.’s of the line. Since the line is common to both the planes, it is perpendicular to
the normals to both the planes. Hence we have 3 + 2m – n = 0, 4 + m – 2n = 0.

 m n  m n (  2  m 2  n2 ) 1
Solving these, we get   or    
4  1  4  6 3  8 3 2  5 (9  4  25) 38)

3 2 5
 the d.c.’s of the line are – , ,
(38 ) (38 ) (38 ) .

Now to find the co-ordinates of a point on the line given by (1), let us find the point where it meets the
plane z = 0. Putting z = 0 i the equations given by (1), we have 3x + 2y – 4 = 0, 4x + y + 3 = 0.

x y 1
Solving these, we get   , or x = –2, y = 5.
6  4 16  9 3  8

x 2 y 5 z0
Therefore the equation of the given line in symmetrical form is   .
3 2 5

Ex.18 Find the equation of the plane through the line 3x – 4y + 5z = 10, 2x + 2y – 3z = 4
and parallel to the line x = 2y = 3z.
Sol. The equation of the given line are 3x – 4y + 5z = 10, 2x + 2y – 3z = 4 ...(1)
The equation of any plane through the line (1) is (3x – 4y + 5z – 10) +  (2x + 2y – 3z – 4) = 0
or (3 + 2)x + (–4 +2) y + (5 – 3) z – 10 – 4 = 0. ...(2)

x y z
The plane (1) will be parallel to the line x = 2y = 3z i.e.   if
6 3 2

4
(3 + 2) . 6 + (–4 + 2). 3 + (5 – 3).2 = 0 or (12 + 6 – 6) + 18 – 12 + 10 = 0 or  = – .
3
Putting this value of  in (2), the required equation of the plane is given by

 8  8 16
 3   x    4   y  (5  4 )z  10  0 or x – 20y + 27z = 14.
 3  3 3

x 1 y  2 z  2
Ex.19 Find the equation of a plane passing through the line   and making an angle of 30°
1 1 2
with the plane x + y + z = 5.
Sol. The equation of the required plane is (x – y + 1) +  (2y + z – 6) = 0  x + (2 – 1) y + z + 1 – 6 = 0
Since it makes an angle of 30° with x +y + z = 5

| 1  ( 2  1)   | 3
   |6| = 3 52  4  2  42 = 52 – 4 + 2
3 . 1  2  ( 2  1)2 2

 2— – 4 + 2 = 0   = (2 ± 2 )  (x – y + 1) + (2 ± 2 ) (2y + x – 6) = 0 are two required planes.

 Page # 16 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

Ex.20 Prove that the lines 3x + 2y + z – 5 = 0 = x + y – 2z – 3 and 2x – y – z = 0 = 7x + 10y – 8z – 15 are

perpendicular.
Sol. Let 1, m1, n1 be the d.c.’s of the first line. Then 31 + 2m1 + n1 = 0, 1 + m1 – 2n1 = 0. Solving, we get

1 m n m n
 1  1 or 1  1  1 .

4  1 1  6 3  2 5 7 1

Again let 2, m2,n2 be the d.c.’s of the second line, then 22 – m2 – n2 = 0, 72 + 10m2 – 8n2 = 0.

2 m2 n2 m n
or 2  2  2 .

Solving,  
8  10 7  16 20  7 2 1 3

Hence the d.c.’s of the two given lines are proportional to –5, 7, 1 and 2, 1, 3. We have
–5.2 + 7.1 + 1.3 = 0  the given lines are perpendicular.

Ex.21 Find the equation of the plane which contains the two parallel lines

x 1 y  2 z x  3 y  4 z 1
  and   .
3 2 1 3 2 1

Sol. The equation of the two parallel lines are

(x + 1)/3 = (y – 2)/2 = (z – 0)/1 ....(1) and (x – 3)/3 = (y + 4)/2 = (z – 1)/1. ....(2)
The equation of any plane through the line (1) is
a(x + 1) + b (y – 2) + cz = 0, ....(3) where 3a + 2b + c = 0. ....(4)
The line (2) will also lie on the plane (3) if the point (3, –4, 1) lying on the line (2) also lies on the plane
(3), and for this we have a (3 + 1) + b (–4 – 2) + c. 1 = 0 or 4a – 6b + c = 0. ....(5)

a b c
Solving (4) and (5), we get   .
8 1  26

Putting these proportionate values of a, b, c in (3), the required equation of the plane is
8(x + 1) + 1.(y – 2) – 26z = 0, or 8x + y – 26 + 6 = 0.

x 1 y  3 z  2
Ex.22 Find the distance of the point P(3, 8, 2) from the line   measured parallel to the
2 4 3
plane 3x + 2y – 2z + 17 = 0.
Sol. The equation of the given line are (x – 1)/2 = (y – 3)/4 = (z – 2)/3 = r, (say). ...(1)
Any point Q on the line (1) is (2r + 1, 4r + 3, 3r + 2).
Now P is the point (3, 8, 2) and hence d.r.’s of PQ are
2r + 1 – 3, 4r + 3 – 8, 3r + 2 – 2 i.e. 2r – 2, 4r – 5, 3r.
It is required to find the distance PQ measured parallel to the plane 3x + 2y – 2z + 17 = 0 ...(2)
Now PQ is parallel to the plane (2) and hence PQ will be perpendicular to the normal to the plane (2).
Hence we have (2r – 2) (3) + (4r – 5) (2) + (2r) (–2) = 0 or 8r – 16 = 0, or r = 2.

Putting the value of r, the point Q is (5, 11, 8) = [(3  5 )2  (8  11)2  (2  8)2 ]  ( 4  9  36 )  7 .
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 17

Ex.23 Find the projection of the line 3x – y + 2z = 1, x + 2y – z = 2 on the plane 3x + 2y + z = 0.

Sol. The equations of the given line are 3x – y + 2z = 1, x + 2y – z = 2. ....(1)
The equation of the given plane is 3x + 2y + z = 0. ....(2)
The equation of any plane through the line (1) is (3x – y + 2z – 1) + (x + 2y – z – 2) = 0
or (3 + ) x + (–1 + 2) y + (2 – ) z – 1 – 2 = 0 ....(3)

3
The plane (3) will be perpendicular to the plane (2), if 3(3 + )+ 2(–1 + 2) + 1 (2 – ) = 0 or  = – .
3

Putting this value of in (3), the equation of the plane through the line (1) and perpendicular to the

 3  3
plane (2) is given by  3   x + (–1 –3) y +  2   z – 1 + 3 = 0 or 3x – 8y + 7z + 4 = 0. ....(4)
 2  2

 The projection of the given line (1) on the given plane (2), is given by the equations (2) and (4)
together.

4 2
x
y
Note : The symmetrical form of the projection given above by equations (2) and (4) is 5  5 z.
 11 9 5

x 1 y 1 z  3
Ex.24 Find the image of the line   in the plane x + 2y + z = 12
2 1 4

Sol. Any point on the given line is 2r + 1, –r – 1, 4r + 3. If this point lies on the planes,

5
then 2r + 1 – 2r – 2 + 4r + 3 = 12  r = .
2

 7 
Hence the point of intersection of the given line and that of the plane is  6, ,13  .
 2 

Also a point on the line is (1, –1, 3).

 1  1   3
Let () be its image in the given plane. In such a case   
1 2 1

  =  + 1,  = 2 – 1,  =  + 3. Now the midpoint of the image and the point (1, –1, 3) lies on the

 8 7 14 
,   1, 3   lies in the plane  = 10 . Hence the image of (1, –1, 3) is  , ,  .
  
plane i.e.  1 
 2 2 3 3 3 3 

7 7
y y
x6 2 z  13 x  6 2 z  13
 
Hence the equation of the required line is
10  35 25 or 4   7  10 .
3 6 3
 Page # 18 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

Ex.25 Find the foot and hence the length of the perpendicular from the point (5, 7, 3) to the line
(x – 15)/3 = (y – 29)/8 = (z – 5)/(–5). Find the equations of the perpendicular. Also find the equation
of the plane in which the perpendicular and the given straight line lie.
Sol. Let the given point (5, 7, 3) be P.
The equations of the given line are (x – 15)/3 = (y – 29)/8 = (z – 5)/(–5)= r (say). ...(1)
Let N be the foot of the perpendicular from the point P to the line (1). The co-ordinates of N may be
taken as (3r + 15, 8r + 29, – 5r + 5). ...(2)
 the direction ratios of the perpendicular PN are
3r + 15 – 5, 8r + 29 – 7, – 5r + 5 – 3, i.e. are 3r + 10, 8r + 22, –5r + 2. ...(3)
Since the line (1) and the line PN are perpendicular to each other, therefore
3 (3r + 10) + 8 (8r + 22) – 5(–5r + 2) = 0 or 98r + 196 = 0 or r = –2
Putting this value of r in (2) and (3), the foot of the perpendicular N is (9, 13, 15) and the direction
ratios of the perpendicular PN are 4, 6, 12 or 2, 3, 6.
 the equations of the perpendicular PN are (x – 5)/2 = (y – 7)/3 = (z – 3)/6. ...(4)
Length of the perpendicular PN

= the distance between P(5, 7, 3) and N(9, 13, 15) = (9  5 ) 2  (13  7 ) 2  (15  3 ) 2 = 14.
Lastly the equation of the plane containing the given line (1) and the perpendicular (4) is given by

x  15 y  29 z  5
3 8 5 =0
2 3 6

or (x – 15) (48 + 15) – (y – 29) (18 + 10) + (z – 5) (9 – 16) = 0 or 9x – 4y – z =– 14 = 0.

Ex.26 Show that the planes 2x – 3y – 7z = 0, 3x – 14y – 13z = 0, 8x – 31y – 33z = 0 pass through the one
line find its equations.

2  3 7 0
Sol. The rectangular array of coefficient is 3 14 13 0 .
8 31 33 0

2  3 7 2 1 1
We have, 4 = 3 14 13  3 11 4 (by C2 + C1, C2 + 3C1)
8 31 33 8 23 9

0 0 1
= 5 7 4 = –1(70 – 70) = 0, (by C1 + 2C2, C2 – C2)
10 14 9

since 4 = 0, therefore, the three planes either intersect in a line or form a triangular prism.

2 3 0
Now 3 = 3 14 0 = 0 Similarly 2 = 0 and 1 = 0,
8 31 0

Hence the three planes intersect in a common line.

Clearly the three planes pass through (0, 0, 0) and hence the common line of intersection will pass
through (0, 0, 0). The equations of the common line are given by any of the two given planes.
Therefore the equations of the common line are given by 2x – 3y – 7z = 0 and 3x – 14y – 13z = 0.

x y z x y z
 the symmetric form of the line is given by   or   .
39  98  21  26  28  9  59 5  19
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 19

Ex.27 For what values of k do the planes x – y + z + 1 = 0, kx + 3y + 2z – 3 = 0, 3x + ky + z – 2 = 0

(i) intersect in a point ; (ii) intersect in a line ; (iii) form a triangular prism ?

1 1 1 1
Sol. The rectangular array of coefficients is k 3 2 3
3 k 1 2

Now we calculate the following determinants

1 1 1 0 1 0
4 = k 3 2  k3 3 5 (adding 2nd column to 1st and 3rd)
3 k 1 3  k k k 1

0 1 0
= (k + 3) 1 3 5 = (k + 3) (k + 1 – 5) = (k + 3) (k – 4).
1 k k 1

1 1 1 0 1 0
2 = k 3 3  k  3 3 0 = (k + 3) (k – 2), (adding 2nd column to 1st and 3rd)
3 k 2 3k k k2

1 1 1 0 1 0
2 = k 2 3  k  2 2  5 (adding (–1) times 2nd column to 1st and 3rd)
3 1 2 2 1 3

= –{(k – 2) (–3) + 10} = 3k – 16,

1 1 1 0 1 1
and 1 = 3 2 3  0 2 3 = –5 (k – 2) (adding 3rd column to 1st)
k 1 2 k  2 1 2

(i) The given planes will intersect in a point if 4  0 and so we must have k  –3 and k  4. Thus the
given planes will intersect in a point for all real values of k other than –3 and 4.
(ii) If k = –3, we have 4 = 0, 3 = 0 but 2  0. Hence the given planes will form a triangular prism if
k = –3.
(iii) If k = 4, we have 4 = 0 but 3  0. Hence the given planes will form a triangular prism if k = 4.
We observe that for no value of k the given planes will have a common line of intersection.

Ex.28 Find the equation of the line passing through (1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the line of intersection of
the planes x + 2y – 4z = 0 and 2x – y + 2z = 0.
Sol. Equation of the plane through the lines x + 2y – 4z = 0 and 2x – y + 2z = 0 is
x + 2y – 4z +  (2x – y + 2z) = 0 ...(1)
If (1, 1, 1) lies on this plane, then –1 + 3 = 0

1
 = , so that the plane becomes 3x + 6y – 12z + 2x – y + 2z = 0  x + y – 2z = 0 ....(2)
3
 Page # 20 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

11
Also (1) will be perpendicular to (2) if 1 + 2 + 2 –  – 2(–4 + 2) =   = .
3
 Equation of plane perpendicular to (2) is 5x – y + 2z = 0. ...(3)
Therefore the equation of line through (1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the given line is parallel to the

x 1 y 1 z 1
normal to the plane (3). Hence the required line is  
5 1 2
Alternate :

x y z
Solving the equation of planes x + 2y – 4z = 0 and 2x – y + 2z = 0, we get   ...(1)
0  10  5
Any point P on the line (1) can be written as (0, –10, –5).
Direction ratios of the line joining P and Q(1, 1, 1) is (1, 1, + 10, 1 + 5).
Line PQ is perpendicular to line (1)  0(1) – 10(1 + 10) – 5(1 + 5) = 0

 15  3  6 3
0 – 10 – 100 – 5 – 25x = 0 or 125 + 15 = 0  =   P =  0, , 
125 25  5 5

 1  2 x 1 y 1 z 1
Direction ratios of PQ =   1, ,  . Hence equations of lien are   .
 5 5  5 1 2

x 3 y 8 z3 x 3 y 7 z6
Ex.29 Find the shortest distance (S.D.) between the lines   ,   .
3 1 1 3 2 4
Find also its equations and the points in which it meets the given lines.
Sol. The equations of the given lines are (x – 3)/3 = (y – 8)/–1 = (z – 3)/1 = r1 (say) ...(1)
and (x + 3)/(–3) = (y + 7)/2 = (z – 6)/4 = r2 (say) ...(2)
Any point on line (1) is (3r1 + 3, –r1 + 8, r1 + 3), say P. ...(3)
any point on line (2) is (–3r2 – 3, 2r2 – 7, 4r2 + 6), say Q. ...(4)
The d.r.’s of the line PQ are (–3r2 – 3) – (3r1 + 3), (2r2 – 7) – (–r1 + 8), (4r2 + 6) – (r1 + 3)
or –3r2 – 3r1– 6, 2r2 + r1 – 15, 4r2 – r1 + 3. ...(5)
Let the line PQ be the lines of S.D., so that PQ is perpendicular to both the given lines (1) and (2), and
so we have 3 (–3r2 – 3r1 – 6) – 1 (2r2 + r1 – 15) + 1. (4r2 – r1 + 3) = 0
and –3(–3r2 – 3r1 – 6) + 2. (2R2 + r1 – 15) + 4 (4r2 – r1 + 3) = 0
or –7r2 – 11r1 = 0 and 11r2 + 7r1 = 0. Solving these equations, we get r1 = r2 = 0.
Substituting the values of r1 and r2 in (3), (4) and (5), we have P(3, 8, 3), Q(–3, –7, 6)
And the d.r.’s of PQ (the line of S.D.) are –6, –15, 3 or –2, –5, 1.

The length of S.D. = the distance between the points P and Q = ( 3  3)2  ( 7  8)2  (6  3)2  3 30 .

Now the line PQ of shortest distance is the line passing through P(3, 8, 3) and having d.r.’s –2, –5, 1

x 3 y 8 z3 x 3 y 8 z3
and hence its equations are given by   or   .
2 5 1 2 5 1
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 21

Ex.30 A square ABCD of diagonal 2a is folded along the diagonal AC so that the planes DAC, BAC are at right
angles. Find the shortest distance between DC and AB.
Sol. ABCD is a square of diagonal 2a, so that AC = BD = 2a. Let
O, the centre of the square, be chosen as origin of co-
ordinates and the diagonal CA be taken along x-axis. Hence
the co-ordinates of the vertices A and C are
(a, 0, 0) and (–a, 0, 0) respectively.
Now as given in the problem, the square is folded over
along the diagonal AC so that the planes DAC and BAC are
at right angles. This implies that the lines OB and OD become
z
at right angles. Also OA is perpendicular to the plane DOB.
Hence the lines OA, OB, OD are mutually orthogonal. Let us D(0,0, )
now take OB and OD as y
and z axes respectively. (– ,0,0)
 The co-ordinates of B and D are (0, a, 0) and (0, 0, a) C x
A( ,0,0)
respectively.
B(0, ,0)
xa y0 z0 y
The equations to AB are   .....(1)
a a 0

x0 y0 za

The equation to DC are   .....(2)
a 0 a

The equation of any plane through DC and parallel to AB [i.e. through the line (2) and parallel to the

x 0 y0 z0
line (1)] is a 0 a = 0 or x(a2) – y (–a2) + (z – a) (–a2) = 0 or x + y – z + a = 0 ...(3)
a a 0

 The S.D. between DC and AB

= the length of perpendicular from a point (a, 0, 0) on AB [i.e. (1)] to the plane (3)

a00a 2a
= .
2 2 2 3
{(1)  (1)  ( 1) }

Ex.31 Find the condition that the equation (x, y, z)  ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2fyz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0 may represent
a pair of planes, passing through the origin
Sol. Since it passes through the origin, let it represent the planes
 1 x + m 1 y + n1 z = 0 ...(1) and 2 x + m2 y + n2 z =0 ...(2)
 a x2 + b y2 + c z2 2 f y z + 2 g z x + 2 h x y  (1 x + m1 y + n1 z) (2 x + m2 y + n2 z) = 0
comparing the coefficients of x2, y2, z2, yz, zx and xy of both sides, we get,
1 2 = a; m1 m2 = b; n1 n2 = c;
m1 n2 + m2 n1 = 2 f; n2 2 + n2 1 = 2 g and 1 m2 + 2 m1 = 2 h ...(3)
 Page # 22 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

1  2 0  2 1 0
consider the product of two zero determinants m1 m2 0 = 0 and m2 m1 0 = 0
n1 n2 0 n2 n1 0

1  2 0  2 1 0 21 2 1m2   2m1 1n2   2n1

i.e. m1 m2 0  m2 m1 0 = 0 or 1m2   2m1 2m1m2 m1n2  m2n1 =0
n1 n2 0 n2 n1 0 1n2   2n1 m1n2  m2n1 2n1n2

putting the values of 1 2, m1 m2 ...... etc. from (4), we get

2a 2h 2g a h g
2h 2b 2f  0 or h b f = 0 i.e. a b c + 2 f g h – a f2 – b g2 – c h2 = 0
2g 2f 2c g f c

which is the required condition for  (x, y, z) = 0 to represent pair of planes passing through origin.

Ex.32 Prove that the product of distances of the planes represented by

(a, b, c )
(x, y, z) = a x2 + b y2 + c z2 + 2 f y z + 2 g z x + 2 h x y = 0 from (a, b, c) is 2 2 .
a 4 h 2
 ab
Sol. Let the equation of two planes be 1 x + 1 y + 1 z = 0 and 2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 0
So, that (x, y, z)  (1 x + 1 y + 1 z) (2 x + 2 y + 2 z) = 0 ....(1)
Comparing the coefficients, we get  = a,  = b,  = c
= 2 f;  = 2 g;  = 2h
Let p1 and p2 be the perpendiculars distances of the point (a, b, c) from the two planes then

1a  1b   1c  2 a   2b   2 c
p1 p2 =
12  12   12  22   22   22

(1 2a2  1 2b 2   1 2c 2 )(1 2  1 2 )ab  (1 2  2 1 )bc  (1 2   2  1 )ac
=
12 22  1222  12  22  (1222  1222 )  (12  22  1222 )  ( 12 22  12  22 )

a . a 2  b . b 2  c . c 2  2hab  2fbc  2gac (a, b, c )

= 2 2 2 2 = 2 2
a b c   [(  1 2   2 1 )  21 2 .1 2 ]  a   [4h  2ab]

(a, b, c )
 p1p2 = 2 2 .
a a h 2  ab
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 23

Ex.33 From a point (1, 1, 21), a ball is dropped onto the plane x + y + z = 3, where x, y-plane is horizontal
and z-axis is along the vertical. Find the co-ordinates of the point where the ball hits the plane the
second time. (use s = ut – 1/2gt2 and g = 10 m/s2)
Sol. Since it falls along the vertical, the x-y coordinates of the ball will not change before it strikes the
plane  If Q be the point where the ball meets the plane 1st time, then Q  (1, 1, 1)

Speed of the balls just before striking the plane is 2  10  20 = 20 m/s.

1 1 2 2
Now let  be the angle between PQ and normal to the plane  cos  =  cos 2 = – , sin 2 =
3 3 3

Now component of velocity in the direction of z-axis after it strikes the plane

  20
= – 20 sin  2   m/s
 2 3

Hence in ‘t’ time the z-coordinate of ball becomes

20 1 20
1– t  × 10t2 = 1 – t – 5t2
3 2 3

The component of velocity in x-y plane is

 = 20 sin 2 = 20  2 2  40 2
 
20 cos  2 
 2 3 3

40 40
Using symmetry, the component along the x-axis = & the component along the y-axis =
3 3

40
Hence x and y coordinates of the ball after t time = 1 + t
3

 40 40 20 
 after t time the coordinate of the ball will become  1  t,1  t,1  t  5t 2 
 3 3 3 

80 20
Its lies on the plane t t  5t 2  0  20t – 5t2 = 0  t = 4
3 3

163 163  317 

 coordinate of the point where the ball strikes the plane the second time =  , , .
 3 3 3 
 Page # 24 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

EXERCISE – I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. If the sum of the squares of the distances of a 9. The reflection of the point (2, –1, 3) in the plane
point from the three coordinate axes be 36, then its 3x – 2y – z = 9 is
distance from the origin is  26 15 17   26  15 17 
(A)  , ,  (B)  , , 
(A) 6 (B) 3 2 (C) 2 3 (D) 6 2  7 7 7   7 7 7 
 15 26  17   26 15  15 
(C)  , ,  (D)  , , 
2. The locus of a point P which moves such that  7 7 7   7 7 7 
PA2 – PB2 = 2k2 where A and B are (3, 4, 5) and
(–1, 3, –7) respectively is 10. The distance of the point (–1, –5, –10) from the
(A) 8x + 2y + 24z – 9 + 2k2 = 0 x  2 y 1 z  2
point of intersection of the line,  
(B) 8x + 2y + 24z – 2k2 = 0 3 4 12
(C) 8x + 2y + 24z + 9 + 2k2 = 0 (D) None of these and the plane, x – y + z = 5, is
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) 12 (D) 13
3. A line makes angles with the coordinates axes.
If  = 90°, then  equal to 11. The distance of the point (1, –2, 3) from the
(A) 0 (B) 90° (C) 180° (D) None of these plane x – y + z = 5 measured parallel to the line,

x y z
4. The coordinates of the point A, B, C, D are   is
(4, , 2), (5, –3, 2), (, 1, 1) & (3, 3, – 1). Line AB 2 3 6
would be perpendicular to line CD when (A) 1 (B) 6/7 (C) 7/6 (D) None of these
(A)  = –1,  = –1 (B)  = 1,  = 2
(C)  = 2,  = 1 (D)  = 2,  = 2 x 1 y  2 z  3
12. The straight lines   and
1 2 3
5. The locus represented by xy + yz = 0 is x 1 y  2 z  3
  are
(A) A pair of perpendicular lines 2 2 2
(B) A pair of parallel lines (A) Parallel lines (B) intersecting at 60°
(C) A pair of parallel planes (C) Skew lines (D) Intersecting at right angle
(D) A pair of perpendicular planes
13. If plane cuts off intercepts OA = a, OB = b, OC = c
6. The equation of plane which passes through from the coordinate axes, then the area of the triangle
(2, –3, 1) & is normal to the line joining the points (3, ABC equal to
4, –1) & (2, – 1, 5) is given by 1 2 2 1
(A) x + 5y – 6z + 19 = 0 (B) x – 5y + 6z – 19 =0 (A) b c  c 2a 2  a 2b 2 (B) (bc + ca + ab)
2 2
(C) x + 5y + 3z + 19 = 0 (D) x – 5y – 6z – 19 = 0
1 1
(C) abc (D) (b  c )2 (c  a)2  (a  b)2
7. The equation of the plane passing through the 2 2
point (1, – 3, –2) and perpendicular to planes
x + 2y + 2z = 5 and 3x + 3y + 2z = 8, is 14. A point moves so that the sum of the squares of
(A) 2x – 4y + 3z – 8 = 0 (B) 2x – 4y – 3z + 8 = 0 its distances from the six faces of a cube given by
(C) 2x – 4y + 3z + 8 = 0 (D) None of these x = ± 1, y = ± 1, z = ± 1 is 10 units. The locus of the
point is
8. A variable plane passes through a fixed point (A) x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 (B) x2 + y2 + z2 = 2
(1, 2, 3). The locus of the foot of the perpendicular (C) x + y + z = 1 (D) x + y + z = 2
drawn from origin to this plane is
(A) x2 + y2 + z2 – x – 2y – 3z = 0 15. A variable plane passes through a fixed point
(B) x2 + 2y2 + 3z2 – x – 2y – 3z = 0 (a, b, c) and meets the coordinate axes in A, B, C.
(C) x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 + x + 2y + 3 = 0 Locus of the point common to the planes through
(D) x2 + y2 + z2 + x + 2y + 3z = 0 A, B, C and parallel to coordinate plane, is
 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 25

21. The coplanar points A, B, C, D are

a b c x y z (2 – x, 2, 2), (2, 2 – y, 2), (2, 2, 2 – z) and (1, 1, 1)
(A)     =1
x y z =1 (B)
a b c respectively. Then
1 1 1
(C) ax + by + cz = 1 (D) None of these (A)  
x y z =1 (B) x + y + z = 1

16. Two systems of rectangular axes have same origin. 1 1 1

(C)  
If a plane cuts them at distances a, b, c and a1, b1, c1 1  x 1  y 1  z = 1 (D) None of these
from the origin, then
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A)  2  2  2  2  2 22. The direction ratios of a normal to the plane
2
a b c a1 b1 c1 through (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), which makes an angle of
/4 with the plane x + y = 3 are
1 1 1 1 1 1
(B) 2
 2  2  2  2  2 (A) (1, 2 , 1) (B) (1, 1, 2)
a b c a1 b1 c1
(C) (1, 1, 2) (D) ( 2 , 1, 1)

(C) a2 + b2 + c2 = a12  b12  c 12

23. Let the points A(a, b, c) and B(a, b, c) be at
distances r and r from origin. The line AB passes
(D) a2 – b2 + c2 = a12  b12  c 12
through origin when

a b c
17. Equation of plane which passes through the point (A)   (B) aa + bb + cc = rr
a b c
x 1 y  2 z  3 (C) aa + bb + cc = r2 + r2 (D) None of these
of intersection of lines   and
3 1 2
24. The base of the pyramid AOBC is an equilateral
x  3 y 1 z  2
  and at greatest distance from the triangle OBA with each side equal to 4 2 , ‘O’ is the
1 2 3
origin of reference, AC is perpendicular to the plane of
point (0, 0, 0) is
 OBC and | AC | = 2. Then the cosine of the angle
(A) 4x + 3y + 5z = 25 (B) 4x + 3y + 5z = 50
(C) 3x + 4y + 5z = 49 (D) x + 7y – 5z = 2 between the skew straight lines one passing through
A and the mid point of OB and the other passing
18. The angle between the plane 2x – y + z = 6 and a through O and the mid point of BC is
plane perpendicular to the planes x + y + 2z = 7 and 1 1 1
(A) – (B) 0 (C) (D)
x – y = 3 is 2 6 2
(A) /4 (B) /3 (C) /6 (D) /2
25. In the adjacent figure ‘P’ is any arbitrary interior
19. The non zero value of ‘a’ for which the lines point of the triangle ABC such that
2x – y + 3z + 4 = 0 = ax + y – z + 2 and the lines AA1,BB1,CC1
x – 3y + z = 0 = x + 2y + z + 1 are co-planar is are concurrent at P.
(A) –2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 0
PA 1 PB1 PC1
Value of  
AA 1 BB1 CC1
x y z x 1 y  2 z  3
20. If the lines   ,   and is always equal to
1 2 3 3 1 4
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
x  k y 1 z  2
  are concurrent then
3 2 h 26. Let L be the line of intersection of the planes
1 2x + 3y + z = 1 and x + 3y + 2z = 2. If L makes an
(A) h = –2, k = – 6 (B) h = , k = 2
2 angle  with the positive x-axis, the cos  equals
1 1 1
(C) h = 6, k = 2 (D) h = 2, k = 1
2 (A) (B) (C) 1 (D)
3 2 2
 Page # 26 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

 34. The two lines x = ay + b, z = cy + d and

27. If a line makes an angle of with the positive
4 x = a y + b, z = c y + d will be perpendicular, iff
directions of each of x-axis and y-axis, then the angle
that the line makes with the positive direction of the (A) aa +bb + cc + 1 = 0
z-axis is (B) aa + bb +cc = 0
(C) (a + a) (b + b) + (c + c) = 0
    (D) aa + cc + 1 = 0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 4 2

35. The equation of plane which meet the co-ordinate

x 1 y 1 z  2 axes whose centroid is (a, b, c)
28. If the angle  between the line  
1 2 2 x y z x y z
1 (A)   =1 (B)   =0
and the plane 2x – y +  z + 4 = 0 is such that sin = . a b c a b c
3
The value of  is x y z x y z 1
(C)   =3 (D)   
4 3 3 5 a b c a b c 3
(A) – (B) (C) – (D)
3 4 5 3
36. Let O be the origin and P be the point at a distance
29. A line makes the same angle  with each of the x
3 units from origin. If D.r.’s of OP are (1, –2, –2), then
and z-axis. If the angle , which it makes with y-axis
co-ordinates of P is given by
is such that sin2  = 3 sin2 , then cos2 equals
(A) 1, –2, –2 (B) 3, –6, –6
(A) 2/3 (B) 1/5 (C) 3/5 (D) 2/5
(C) 1/3, –2/3, –2/3 (D) 1/9, –2/9, –2/9

30. Distance between two parallel planes 2x + y + 2z = 8

and 4x + 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 is 37. Angle between the pair of lines
(A) 3/2 (B) 5/2 (C) 7/2 (D) 9/2
x  2 y 1 z  3 x 1 y  4 z  5
  and  
31. A line with direction cosines proportional to 1 5 3 1 8 4
2, 1, 2 meets each of the lines x = y + a = z and  13   26 
(A) cos–1   (B) cos–1  
x + a = 2y = 2z. The co-ordinates of each of the  9 38   9 38 
points of intersection are given by
(A) (3a, 3a, 3a), (a, a, a) (B) (3a, 2a, 3a), (a, a, a)  4  2 2
(C) cos–1   (D) cos–1 
 

(C) (3a, 2a, 3a), (a, a, 2a) (D) (2a, 3a, 3a,), (2a, a, a)  38   19 

32. A tetrahedron has vertices at

O(0, 0, 0), A(1, 2, 1), B(2, 1, 3) and C(–1, 1, 2). Then 38. A variable plane is at a constant distance p from
the angle between the face OAB and ABC will be the origin and meets the axes in A, B and C. The locus
of the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC is
 19 
–1 
 17 
(A) cos  (B) cos –1 
 (A) x–2 + y–2 + z–2 = 16p–2
 35   31 
1 1 1 16
(C) 30° (D) 90° (B)  2  2 
2
x y z p
x2 y3 z4 1 1 1
  (C) 2  2  2 = 16 (D) None of these
33. The lines
1 1 k
and x y z
39. ABC is a triangle where A = (2, 3, 5), B = (–1, 2, 2)
x 1 y  4 z  5 and C(, 5, ). If the median through A is equally
  are coplanar if
k 2 1 inclined to the axes then
(A) k = 0 or –1 (B) k = 1 or –1 (A)  = 5 (B)  = 5,  = 7
(C) k = 0 or –3 (D) k = 3 or –3 (C)  = 6,  = 9 (D)  = 0,  = 0
 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 27

40. A mirror and a source of light are situated at the 47. If the line joining the origin and the point (–2, 1, 2)
origin O and at a point on OX, respectively. A ray of makes angle and 3 with the positive direction of
light from the source strikes the mirror and is reflected. the coordinate axes, then the value of
If the D.r.’s of the normal to the plane are 1, –1, 1, cos 21 + cos 22 + cos 23 is
then D.C.’s of the reflected ray are (A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) –2
1 2 2 1 2 2
(A) , , (B) – , , 48. The square of the perpendicular distance of point
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 2 1 2 2 P(p, q, r) from a line through A(a, b, c) and whose
(C) – , , (D)  , , direction cosine are  , m, n is
3 3 3 3 3 3
(A) {(q–b) n–(r–c) m)2 (B) {(q + b) n–(r+c) m)2
41. The shortest distance between the z-axis and (C) {(q–b) n + (r–c) m)2 (D) None of these
the line, x + y + 2z – 3 = 0, 2x + 3y + 4z – 4 = 0 is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these

x  2 y 1 z 1
42. The line,   intersects the curve
3 2 1
xy = c2, z = 0 then c is equal to
1
(A) ±1 (B) ± (C) ± 5 (D) None of these
3

43. The equation of motion of a point in space is

x = 2t, y = –4t, z = 4t where t measured in hours and
the co-ordinates of moving point in kilometers. The
distance of the point from the starting point O(0, 0, 0)
in 10 hours is
(A) 20 km (B) 40 km (C) 60 km (D) 55 km

44. Minimum value of x2 + y2 + z2 when ax+by+cz=p is

p p2 a 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) 0
a a 2 p

45. The direction cosines of a line equally inclined to

three mutually perpendicular lines having D.C.’s as  1 ,

m1, n1 ;  2 , m2, n2 ;  3 , m3, n3 are

(A)  1   2   3 , m1 + m2 + m3, n1 + n2 + n3
 1   2   3 m1  m 2  m 3 n1  n 2  n3
(B) , ,
3 3 3
 1   2   3 m1  m 2  m3 n1  n2  n3
(C) , ,
3 3 3
(D) None of these
46. The co-ordinates of the point where the line joining
the points (2, –3, 1), (3, –4, –5) cuts the plane
2x + y + z = 7 are
(A) (2,1,0) (B) (3,2,5) (C) (1,–2,7) (D) None of these
 Page # 28 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

EXERCISE – II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

5. The equations of the planes through the origin which
1. Equation of the plane passing through A(x1, y1, z1)
x 1 y  3 z 1
x  x 2 y  y2 z  z2 are parallel to the line   and
and containing the line   is 2 1 2
d1 d2 d3
5
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 distance from it are
3
(A) x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1 = 0
d1 d2 d3 (A) 2x + 2y + z = 0 (B) x + 2y + 2z = 0
(C) 2x – 2y + z = 0 (D) x – 2y + 2z = 0
x  x 2 y  y 2 z  z2
(B) x1  x 2 y1  y 2 z1  z 2 = 0 6. If the edges of a rectangular parallelopiped are
d1 d2 d3
3, 2, 1 then the angle between a pair of diagonals is
x  d1 y  d2 z  d3 given by
(C) x1 y1 z1 =0
x2 y2 z2 6 3 2
(A) cos–1 (B) cos–1 (C) cos–1 (D) None of these
7 7 7
x y z
(D) x1  x 2 y1  y 2 z1  z 2 = 0
d1 d2 d3
x y z x y z
7. Consider the lines   and   the
2 3 5 1 2 3
2. The equation of the line
x + y + z – 1 = 0, 4x + y – 2z + 2 = 0 written in the equation of the line which
symmetrical form is x y z
(A) bisects the angle between the lines is  
3 3 8
x 1 y  2 z  0 x y z
(A)   (B)   x y z
1 2 1 1 2 1 (B) bisects the angle between the lines is  
1 2 3
x  1/ 2 y  1 z  1/ 2 x 1 y  2 z  2 (C) passes through origin and is perpendicular to the
(C)   (D)  
1 2 1 2 1 2 given lines is x = y = –z
(D) None of these

3. The acute angle that the vector 2 î  2 ĵ  k̂ makes 8. The direction cosines of the lines bisecting the angle
between the lines whose direction cosines are
with the plane contained by the two vectors 2 î  3 ĵ  k̂
 1 , m1, n1 and  2 ,m2, n2 and the angle between
and î  ĵ  2k̂ is given by these lines is , are

 1   2 m1  m 2 n1  n 2
 1   1  (A) , ,
(A) cos –1   (B) sin –1     
 3  3 cos cos cos
2 2 2
 1   2 m1  m2 n1  n 2
(C) tan–1  2 (D) cot–1  2 (B) , ,
  
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos
2 2 2
4. The ratio in which the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 504    2 m1  m 2 n1  n 2
(C) 1 , ,
  
divides the line joining the points (12, –4, 8) and sin sin sin
(27, –9, 18) is 2 2 2
   2 m1  m 2 n1  n 2
(A) 2 : 3 internally (B) 3 : 4 internally (D) 1 , ,
  
(C) 2 : 3 externally (D) 3 : 4 externally 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
2 2 2
 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 29

x y z
9. The equation of line AB is   . Through a
2 3 6
point P(1, 2, 5), line PN is drawn perpendicular to AB
and line PQ is drawn parallel to the plane 3x + 4y + 5z = 0
to meet AB is Q. Then

 52 78 156 
(A) co-ordinate of N is  , , 
 49 49 49 

x 1 y  2 z  5
(B) the equation of PN is  
3  176  89

 9 
(C) the co-ordinates of Q is  3, ,9 
 2 
x 1 y  2 z  5
(D) the equation of PQ is  
4  13 8

10. The planes 2x – 3y – 7z = 0, 3x – 14y – 13z = 0

and 8x – 31y – 33z = 0
(A) pass through origin (B) intersect in a common line
(C) form a triangular prism (D) None of these

11. If the length of perpendicular drawn from origin

on a plane is 7 units and its direction ratios are
–3, 2, 6, then that plane is
(A) –3x + 2y + 6z – 7=0 (B) –3x + 2y + 6z – 49=0
(C) 3x – 2y – 6z – 49=0 (D) –3x + 2y – 6z – 49=0

12. Let a perpendicular PQ be drawn from P(5, 7, 3)

x  15 y  2 z  6
to the line   when Q is the foot.
3 8 5
Then
(A) Q is (9, 13, –15) (B) PQ = 14
(C) the equation of plane containing PQ and the given
line is 9x – 4y – z – 14 = 0
(D) None of these
 Page # 30 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

EXERCISE – III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

12. Find the equation of image of the line
1. Show that points (0, 7, 10), (–1, 6, 6) and (–4, 9, 6)
x 1 y  2 z  3
form an isosceles right angled triangle.   in the plane 3x – 3y + 10z = 26.
9 1 3
2. Prove that the tetrahedron with vertices at the
points (0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0) is a 13. Find the distance between points of intersection of
regular tetrahedron. Find also the co-ordinates of its x 1 y  2 z  3 x  4 y 1
centroid. (i) Lines   &  =z
2 3 4 5 2
3. Find the coordinates of the point equidistant
from the point (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0), (0, 0, c) and  
ˆ  (3iˆ  ˆj) & r  (4iˆ  k)
ˆ  (2iˆ  3k)
ˆ
(ii) Lines r  (iˆ  ˆj  k)
(0, 0, 0,).

14. Find the equation of the sphere described on the

4. Find the ratio in which the line joining the points
line (2, –1, 4) and (–2, 2, –2) as diameter. Also find
(3, 5, –7) and (–2, 1, 8) is divided by the y-z plane.
the area of the circle in which the sphere is intersected
Find also the point of intersection on the plane and
by the plane 2x + y – z = 3.
the line.
15. Find the plane  passing through the points of
5. What are the direction cosines of a line that intersection of the planes 2x + 3y – z + 1 = 0 and
passes through the points P(6, –7, –1) and x + y – 2z + 3 = 0 and is perpendicular to the
Q(2, –3, 1) and is so directed that it makes an acute plane 3x – y – 2z = 4. Find the image of point
angle  with the positive direction of x-axis. (1, 1, 1) in plane .

6. Find the angle between the lines whose direction 16. Find the equation of the straight line which passes
cosines are given by  + m + n = 0 and  2 + m = n .
2 2 through the point (2, –1, –1); is parallel to the plane
4x + y + z + 2 = 0 and is perpendicular to the line
of intersection of the planes 2x + y = 0, x – y + z.
7. Show that the foot of the perpendicular from the
origin to the join of A(–9, 4, 5) and B(11, 0, –1) is the
17. If the distance between point (, 5, 10) from
mid point of AB. the point of intersection of the lines

8. P and Q are the points (–1, 2, 1) and (4, 3, 5). Find r  ( 2 î  ĵ  2k̂ )  (2 î  4 ĵ  12k̂ ) and
the projection of PQ on a line which makes angles of 
plane r  ( î  ĵ  k̂ ) = 5 is 13 units.
120° and 135° with y and z axes respectively and an
acute angle with x-axis. Find the possible values of .

9. Find the equation of the planes passing through 18. The edges of a rectangular parallelepiped are a,
points (1, 0, 0) and (0, 1, 0) and making an angle of b, c; show that the angles between the four diagonals
0.25  radians with plane x + y – 3 = 0.  a2  b2  c 2
are given by cos–1 .
a2  b2  c 2
10. Find the angle between the plane passing through
point (1, 1, 1), (1, –1, 1), (–7, –3, –5) & x-z plane. 19. Find the equation of the two lines through the

x3 y 3 z
11. Find the equation of the plane containing parallel origin which intersect the line   at an
2 1 1
3y z2
lines (x – 4) =  and (x – 3) =  (y + 2) = z. angle of /3.
4 5
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 31

20. Find the equation of the projection of line

3x – y + 2z – 1 = 0, x + 2y – z – 2 = 0 on the plane
3x + 2y + z = 0.

21. Find the acute angle between the lines

x 1 y 1 z x 1 y  3 z 1
  &   where  > m > n
 m n m n 
and  , m, n are the roots of the cubic equation
x3 + x2 – 4x = 4.

22. Let P(1, 3, 5) and Q(–2, 1, 4) be two points from

which perpendiculars PM and QN are drawn to the x-z
plane. Find the angle that the line MN makes with the
plane x + y + z = 5.

23. If 2d be the shortest distance between the lines

y z x z
 = 1; x = 0  = 1; y = 0 then prove that
b c a c

1 1 1 1
2
 2  2  2.
d a b c

x 1 y  2 z  3
24. Prove that the line   lies in the
2 3 1
plane 3x + 4y + 6z + 7 = 0. If the plane is rotated
about the line till the plane passes through the origin
then find the equation of the plane in the new position.
 Page # 32 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

EXERCISE – IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

8. Find the equations of the two lines through the
x  2 y 3 zk
1. A line   cuts the y-z plane
1 2 3 x3 y 3 z
and the x-y plane at A and B respectively. If origin which intersect the line   at an
2 1 1

AOB = , then find k, where O is the origin. 
2 angle of .
3
2. Find the volume of the tetrahedron with vertices
9. Find the distance of the point P(–2, 3, –4) from the
P(2, 3, 2), Q(1, 1, 1), R(3, –2, 1) and S(7, 1, 4).
x  2 2y  3 3 z  4
line   measured parallel to the
   
3. A sphere has an equation | r  a |2  | r  b |2 = 72 3 4 5

  plane 4x + 12y – 3z + 1 = 0.
where a  î  3 ĵ  6k̂ and b  2 î  4 ĵ  2k̂ . Find

(i) the centre of the sphere 10. Find the equation to the line passing through the
point (1, –2, –3) parallel to the line
(ii) the radius of the sphere 2x + 3y – 3z + 2 = 0 = 3x – 4y + 2z – 4.

(iii) perpendicular distance from the centre of the 11. Find the equation of the line passing through the
 point (4, –14, 4) and intersecting the line of
sphere to the plane r  ( 2 î  2 ĵ  k̂ ) = –3.
intersection of the planes 3x + 2y – z = 5 and
x – 2y – 2z = –1 at right angles.
4. Find the equation of the sphere which is tangential
to the plane x – 2y – 2z = 7 at (3, –1, –1) and passes 12. Let P = (1, 0, –1); Q = (1, 1, 1) and R = (2, 1, 3)
through the point (1, 1, –3). are three points.
(a) Find the area of the triangle having P, Q and R as
5. Let PM be the perpendicular from the point P(1, 2, 3) its vertices.
to the x-y plane. If OP makes an angle  with the
positive direction of the z-axis and OM makes an (b) Given the equation of the plane through P, Q and
angle  with the positive direction of the x-axis, R in the form ax + by + cz = 1.
where O is the origin, then find  and .
(c) Where does the plane in part (b) intersect the
y–axis.
x y z 1
6. Prove that the line   lies in the plane
1 1 2
(d) Give parametric equations for the line through R
x + y + z = 1. Find the lines in the plane through the that is perpendicular to the plane in part (b).
point (0, 0, 1) which are inclined at an angle
13. Find the point where the line of intersection of
 1 
cos –1   with the line. the planes x – 2y + z = 1 and x + 2y – 2z = 5,
 6 intersect the plane 2x + 2y + z + 6 = 0.

7. Find the equations of the straight line passing 14. Feet of the perpendicular drawn from the point
through the point (1, 2, 3) to intersect the straight P(2, 3, –5) on the axes of coordinates are A, B and C.
line x + 1 = 2 (y – 2) = z + 4 and parallel to the plane Find the equation of the plane passing through their
x + 5y + 4z = 0. feet and the area of ABC.
 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 33

15. Find the equation to the line which can be drawn

from the point (2, –1, 3) perpendicular to the lines

x 1 y  2 z  3 x4 y z3
  and  
2 2 2 3 2 1

16. Find the equation of the plane containing the

x 1 y  2 z
straight line   and perpendicular to the
2 3 5
plane x – y + z + 2 = 0.

17. Find the value of p so that the lines

x 1 y p z  2 x y 7 z7
  and   are in the
3 2 1 1 3 2
same plane. For this value of p, find the coordinates
of their point of intersection and the equation of the
plane containing them.

18. Find the equations to the line of greatest slope

through the point (7, 2, –1) in the plane
x – 2y + 3z = 0 assuming that the axes are so placed
that the plane 2x + 3y – 4z = 0 is horizontal.

x  6 y  10 z  14
19. The line   is the hypotenuse
5 3 8
of an isosceles right angled triangle whose opposite
vertex is (7, 2, 4). Find the equation of the remaining
sides.

20. Find the equation of the line which is reflection

x 1 y  2 z  3
of the line   in the plane
9 1 3
3x – 3y + 10z = 26.

21. Find the equation of the plane containing the line

x 1 y z x3 y z2
  and parallel to the line   .
2 3 2 2 5 4
Find the also the S.D. between the two lines.
 Page # 34 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

EXERCISE – V JEE PROBLEMS

1. (i) Find the equation of the plane passing through

the points (2, 1, 0), (5, 0, 1) and (4, 1, 1). 1 0 1 0

(C)  (1  y 2 ) dy + (y 2  1) dy (R)  1  x dx +  1  x dx
 0 1
(ii) If P is the point (2, 1, 6) then find the point Q 0 1
such that PQ is perpendicular to the plane in (i) and
(D) In a ABC, if
the mid point of PQ lies on it. [JEE 2003, 4]
sin A sin B sin C + cos A cos B = 1, (S) 1
then the value of sin C equal
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 3 y k z
2. If the lines = = and = =
2 3 4 1 2 1 (c) Match the following [JEE 2006, 6]
intersect, then k equals [JEE 2004(Scr.)] Column–I Column–II
(A) 2/9 (B) 9/2 (C) 0 (D) –1 
 1 
3. Let P be the plane passing through (1, 1, 1) and
(A)  tan1  2i2   t, then tan t equal (P) 0
i 1
parallel to the lines L1 and L2 having direction ratios (B) Sides a, b, c of a triangle ABC
(1, 0, –1) and (–1, 1, 0) respectively. If A, B and C a
are the points at which P intersects the coordinate are in A.P. and cos 1 = , (Q) 1
bc
axes, find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices
b c 5
are A, B, C and the origin. [JEE 2004, 2] cos 2 = , cos 3 = (R)
ac ab 3
 
4. (a) A variable plane at a distance of 1 unit from then tan2 1 + tan2 3 equal
the origin cuts the co-ordiante axes at A, B and C. If 2 2
(C) A line is perpendicular to (S) 2/3
the centroid D (x, y, z) of triangle ABC satisfies
x + 2y + 2z = 0 and passes
1 1 1 through (0, 1, 0). The perpendicular
the relation    k , then the values of k is
2 2
x y z2 distance of this line from the origin is
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 1/3 (D) 9
[JEE 2005 (Scr.), 3] 6.(a)Consider the planes 3x – 6y – 2z = 15 and
2x + y – 2z = 5. [JEE 2007, 3+6]
(b) Find the equation of the plane containing the line Statement-I : The parametric equations of the
2x – y + z – 3 = 0, 3x + y + z = 5 and at a distance of 1/ 6 line of intersection of the given planes are
from the point (2, 1, –1). [JEE 2005 (Mains), 4] x = 3 + 14t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 15t.
because

5.(a) A plane passes through (1, –2, 1) and is Statement-II : The vector 14 î + 2 ĵ + 15 k̂ is parallel
perpendicular to two planes 2x – 2y + z = 0 and to the line of intersection of given planes.
x – y + 2z = 4. The distance of the plane from the (A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true;
point (1, 2, 2) is [JEE 2006, 3] Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true; Statement-II
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 2 2 is NOT correct explanation for Statement-I
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is False
(b) Match the following [JEE 2006, 6]
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True
Column–I Column–II
(A) Two rays in the first quadrant (P) 2
MATCH THE COLUMN
x + y = | a | and ax – y = 1
intersects each other in the interval (b) Consider the following linear equations
a  (a0, ), the value of a0 is ax + by + cz = 0
(B) Point (, , ) lies on the plane (Q) 4/3 bx + cy + az = 0
x + y + z = 2. Let cx + ay + bz = 0
  Match the conditions/expressions in Column–I with
a   ˆi  ˆj  kˆ . kˆ  (kˆ  a)  0, then  equal
statements in Column–II.
 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 35

Column–I Column–II (iii) The distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the plane
(A) a + b + c  0 and (P) the equation passing through the point (–1, –2, –1) and whose
a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca represent planes normal is perpendicular to both the lines L1 and L2 is
meeting only at a 2 7 13 23
single point. (A) (B) (C) (D)
75 75 75 75
(B) a + b + c = 0 and (Q) the equation
a2 + b2 + c2  ab + bc + ca represent the line
8. (a) Let P(3, 2, 6) be a point in space and Q be a
x=y=z

(C) a + b + c  0 and (R) the equation point on the line r  ( î  ĵ  2k̂ )  ( 3 î  ĵ  5k̂ ) . Then the
a2 + b2 + c2  ab + bc + ca represent identical
planes value of  for which the vector PQ is parallel to the
(D) a + b + c = 0 and (S) the equation plane x – 4y + 3z = 1 is [JEE 2009, 3+3+4]
a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca represent the
1 1 1 1
whole of the three (A) (B) – (C) (D) –
4 4 8 8
dimensional space.

7.(a)Consider three planes [JEE 2008, 3+4+4+4] (b) A line with positive direction cosines passes through
P1 : x – y + z = 1 the point P(2, –1, 2) and makes equal angles with the
P2 : x + y – z = –1 coordiantes axes. The line meets the plane 2x + y + z = 9
P3 : x – 3y + 3z = 2 at point Q. The length of the line segment PQ equals
Let L1, L2, L3 be the lines of intersection of the planes 3
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) 2
P2 and P3, P3 and P1 & P1 and P2 respectively.
Statement-I : At least two of the lines L1, L2 and L3
(c) Let (x, y, z) be points with integer coordinates
are non-parallel.
satisfying the system of homogeneous equations
because
3x – y – z = 0 & – 3x + z = 0, –3x + 2y + z = 0 Then
Statement-II : The three planes do not have a
the number of such points for which x2+ y2 + z2  100
common point.
is
(A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true;
Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I
9. Equation of the plane containing the straight line
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true; Statement-II
is NOT correct explanation for Statement-I x y z
  and perpendicular to the plane containing
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is False 2 3 4
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True
x y z x y z
the straight lines   and   is [JEE 2010]
Paragraph for Question Nos. (i) to (iii) 3 4 2 4 2 3
x 1 y2 z 1 (A) x + 2y - 2z = 0 (B) 3x + 2y - 2z = 0
(b) Consider the lines L1 : = = ;
3 1 2 (C) x - 2y + z = 0 (D) 5x + 2y - 4z = 0

x2 y2 z3

L2 : = = 10. If the distance between the plane Ax – 2y + z = d
1 2 3
x 1 y  2 z  3
(i) The unit vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 is and the plane containing the lines  
2 3 4
ˆi  7ˆj  7kˆ  î  7 ĵ  5k̂
(A) (B) x2 y3 z4
99 5 3 and
3

4

5
is 6 , then |d| is [JEE 2010]
 î  7 ĵ  5k̂ 7 ˆi  7 ˆj  kˆ
(C) (D)
5 3 99 11. If the distance of the point P(1, –2, 1) from the
plane x + 2y – 2z = , where  > 0 is 5, then the foot
(ii) The shortest distance between L1 and L2 is
of the perpendicular from P to the plane is [JEE 2010]
17 41 17
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
3 5 3 5 3
 Page # 36 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

(A) 5x – 11y + z = 17 (B) 2x+y=3 2 –1

8 4 7 4 4 1
(A)  , ,   (B)  ,  , 
3 3 3 3 3 3 (C) x + y + z = 3 (D) x – 2y=1– 2

 1 2 10  2 1 5
(C)  , ,  (D)  ,  ,  x 1 y 1 z
3 3 3   3 3 2 15. If the straight lines = = and
2 k 2

12. Match the statements in Column I with the values x 1 y 1 z

= = are coplanar, then the plane(s)
5 2 k
in Column II [JEE 2010]
Column–I Column–II containing these two lines is (are) [JEE 2012]
(A) y + 2z = –1 (B) y + z = –1
(A) A line from the origin meets the lines (P) – 4
(C) y – z = –1 (D) y – 2z = –1
8
x  2 y 1 z 1 x
  & 3  y  3  z 1
1 2 1 2 1 1

at P and Q respectively. If length

2
PQ = d, then d is
(B) The values of x satisfying (Q) 0

1 3 
tan (x+3)–tan (x–3)= sin   are
–1 –1
5
  
(C) Non-zero vectors a , b and c (R) 4
     
satisfy a . b = 0, ( b - a ).( b + c ) = 0
      
and 2| b + c | = | b - a |, If a = µ b +4 c ,
then the possible values of µ are
(D) Let f be the function on [–,] given by (S) 5

 9x  x
f(0) = 9 and f(x) = sin   / sin 
 2  2

2 
for x  0. Then the value of  f ( x ) dx is (T) 6
 

13. The point P is the intersection of the straight line

joining the points Q(2, 3, 5) and R(1, –1, 4) with the
plane 5x – 4y – z = 1. If S is the foot of the
perpendicular drawn from the point T(2, 1, 4) to QR,
then the length of the line segment PS is [JEE 2012]
1
(A) (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2 2
2

14. The equation of a plane passing through the line

of intersection of the planes x + 2y + 3z = 2 and
2
x – y + z = 3 and at a distance from the point
3
(3, 1, –1) is [JEE 2012]
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D) Page # 37

Answer Ex–I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. A 8. A

9. B 10. D 11. A 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. A 16. A

17. B 18. D 19. A 20. D 21. A 22. B 23. A 24. D

25. A 26. A 27. D 28. D 29. C 30. C 31. B 32. A

33. C 34. D 35. C 36. A 37. B 38. A 39. C 40. D

41. B 42. C 43. C 44. B 45. B 46. C 47. A 48. A

Answer Ex–II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. AB 2. AB 3. BD 4. AC 5. AD 6. ABC 7. C 8. BD

9. ABCD 10. AB 11. BC 12. BC

Answer Ex–III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

2. (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) 3. (a/2, b/2, c/2) 4. 3 : 2 ; (0, 13/5, 2)

5. (2/3, –2/3, –1/3) 6. 60° 8. 2 – 2 2

9. x + y ± 2 z=1 10. /2 11. 11x – y – 3z = 35

x  4 y 1 z  7 2 2 2 317
12.   13. 26 14. x + y + z – y – 2z – 14 = 0,
9 1 3 24

 12  78 57  x 2 y 1 z 1
15. 7x + 13y + 4z – 9 = 0 ;   ,  16.  
 117 117 117  1 13 9

80 x y z x y z
17. = –1, 19.   ;  
63 1 2 1 1 1 2

x 1 y 1 z 1 –1 4 –1
4
20.   21. cos 22. sin 24. x + y + z = 0
11 9  15 9 30
 Page # 38 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

Answer Ex–IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

9 3 7  39
1. 2. 1/2 units 3. (i)  , ,2  (ii) (iii) 5 unit
2 2 2  2

2 2 2 –1
3 –1
1
4. x + (y – 5) + (z – 5) = 81 5.  = cos and  = cos
14 5

x 1 y  2 z  3 x y z x y z 17
7.   8.   or   9.
2 2 3 1 2 1 1 1  2 2

x 1 y  2 z  3
10.   11. x = 2t + 2; y = 2t + 1 and z = –t + 3
6 13 17

3 2 x 2y z  3  x  2 y 1 z  3
12. (a) , (b)   = 1, (c)  0, ,0  , (d)   13. (1, –2, –4)
2 3 3 3  2  11  10 2

x y z 19 x  2 y 1 z  3
14.   = 1, Area = sq. units 15.  
2 3 5 2 11  10 2

x  7 y  2 z 1
16. 2x + 3y +z + 4 = 0 17. p = 3, (2, 1, –1); x + y + z = 0 18.  
22 5 4

x7 y2 z4 x7 y2 z4 x  4 y 1 z  7

19.   ;   20.   21. x – 2y + 2z – 1 = 0; 2 units
3 6 2 2 3 6 9 1 3

Answer Ex–V JEE PROBLEMS

1. (i) x + y – 2z = 3 ; (ii) (6, 5, –2) 2. B 3. 9/2 cubic units

4. (a) D ; (b) 2x – y + z – 3 = 0 and 62x + 29y + 19z – 105 = 0

5. (a) D ; (b) (A)–S, (B)–P, (C)–Q, R, (D)–S ; (c) (A)–Q, (B)–S, (C)–R

6. (a) D ; (b) (A)–R ; (B)–Q ; (C)–P ; (D)–S 7. (a) D ; (b) (i) B ; (ii) D ; (iii) C

8. (a) A ; (b) C ; (c) 7 9. C 10. 6 11. A

12. (A)–T ; (B)–P,R ; (C)–Q ; (D)–R 13. A 14. A 15. B,C

 Math Book

3D Geometry
Textbook Booklet with Theories and Exercises

Short Book
JEE Main | CBSE

SUMIT K. JAIN
 Page # 1 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics)

THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (3-D)

EXERCISE – I HINTS & SOLUTIONS

Sol.1 B
 
Given 2x2 + 2y2 + 2z2 = 36 Normal vector of plane = n1 × n1
x2 + y2 + z2 = 18
Distance from origin ˆ
î ĵ k
= x 2  y 2  z2 = 18 = 3 2 =
1 2 2 ˆ
= – 2 î + 4 ĵ + 3 k
3 3 2
Sol.2 C
Equation of plane
PA2 – PB2 = 2k2
–2x + 4y – 3z = k
(x – 3)2 + (y – 4)2 + (z – 5)2 – (x + 1)2
passing through (1, – 3, –2)
– (y – 3)2 – (z + 7)2 – 2k2
k = –8
8x + 2y + 24z + 9 + 2k2 = 0
– 2x + 4y – 3z = – 8
2x – 4y + 8z – 8 = 0
Sol.3 B
 +  = 90º
Sol.8 A
 = 90 – 
Let N be foot of poerpendicular = (, , )
cos  = sin 
N(, , ) O
cos2  = 1 – cos2 
cos2  + cos2  = 1 ....(1)
A (1, 2, 3)
& cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
Equation of plane willk be
cos2 = 0  = 90º
x + y + z = k
A
passing through (1, 2, 3)
Sol.4 A
k =  + 2 + 3 N
AB = (1, – 3 – , 0)
x + y + z =  + 2 + 3
CD = (3 – , 2, –2)
this plane passes through (, , ) also
AB  CD
2 +2 + 2 =  + 2 + 3
(3 – ) + 2(–3 – ) + 0 = 0
x2 + y2 + z3 – x – 2y – 3z = 0
 + 2 + 3 = 0
Sol.9 B
Sol.5 D
N (, , )
(xy + yz) = 0
3x – 2y – z = 9
x + z = 0 and y = 0
Two perpendicular plane. 2  1  3
= = =
3 2 1
Sol.6 A  = 3 + 2,  = – 2 –1,  = –  + 3
Normal vector of plane N point lies on the plane
= (2 – 3, –1 –4, 5 + 1) = (–1, –5, 6) 3(3 + 2) – 2(–2 + 1) – (– + 3) = 9
Equation of plane
–x – 5y + 6z = k 2 P(2, –1, 3)
 =
passes through (2, –3, 1) 7
–2 + 15 + 6 = k  k = 19
 20  11 19 
–x – 5y + 6z = 19 N  , , 
x + 5y – 6z +19 = 0  7 7 7 

P  P
Sol.7 A N=  P1=2N–P N
2

x + 2y + 2z = 5 n1 = (1, 2, 2)  26  15 17 
P1  , , 
 7 7 7 

3x + 3y + 2z = 8 n2 = (3, 3, 2) P' (a, b, c)
Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics) Page # 2

Sol.10 D
1
x 2 y 1 z2 = |(–a, b, 0) × (–a, 0, c)|
= = 2
3 4 12
Use pases through P(2, –1, 2) 1
point P =
2 a2b2  b2c2  c2a2
So P0I of line and plane is P (2, –1, 2)
(–1, –5, –10) so PQ = 13
Sol.14 B
Sol.11 A Let Point P (, , )
 1 2  3 Given that
= = =
2 3 6 ( – 12) + ( + 1)2 + ( – 1) + ( + 1)2 +
 = 2 + 1, b = 3l –2,  = –6 + 3 ( – 1)2 + ( + 1)2 = 10
(, , ) lie on the plane x + y + z= 5 22 + 22 + 22 + 6 = 0
1 P(2, –1, 3) 2 + 2 + 2 = 2  x2 + y2 + z2 = 2
 =
7
d Sol.15 A
 9  11 15 
Q , , 
(2, 3, –6) Let the Eqn of plane
7 7 7 
d = PQ = 1 Q(, , ) x y z
+ + =1
  
Sol.12 D passes through (a, b, c)
x 1 y 2 z3
= = a b c
1 2 3 + + =1
  
x 1 y 2 z3
& = = common point will be (, , )
2 2 3
so locus
Both lines poasing through same point
(1, 2, 3) that they intersect each other
a b c
at point P. + + =1
x y z
(1.2)  (2.2)  (3.(2))
Angle cos  = =0
1 49 4 4 4
Sol.16 A
 Let the equation of planes
 =
2
x y z x y z
Sol.13 A + + = 1 & a + b + c =1
a b c 1 1 1

1   perpendicular distance from orign will be

Area = | AB  AC |
2 same
y p1 = p2

B(0, b, 0)
1 1
1 1 1 = 1 1 1
   
2
a b2
c 2 a12 b12 c12
x
A(a, 0, 0)

1 1 1 1 1 1
c(0, 0, c)
+ + = + +
a2 b2 c2 a12 b12 c12
z
Page # 3 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics)

Sol.17 B Sol.20 D

x 1 y 2 z3 x y z
= = = ....(1) = = =   point (, 2, 3)
3 1 2 1 2 3

x 3 y 1 z2 x 1 y 2 z3
= = =  ....(2) = = =M
1 2 3 3 1 4
Variable point on line (1) & (2)
Point (3M + 1, –M + 2, 4M + 3)
(3 + 1,  + 2, 2 + 3) & ( + 3, 2 + 1, 3 – 2)
3 + 1 =  + 3 x k y 1 z2
+ 2 = 2 + 1 = = =t
3 2 h
2 + 3 = 3 + 2 Point (3t – k, 2t + 1, ht + 2)
2+ 3 = 3 + 2 If all three lines are concurrent
2 + 3 = 3 + 2
 = 3 + 1; 2 = – + 2; 3 = 4 + 3
By solving = 1,  = 1
 = 1  = 1
Intersection point (4, 3, 5)
Equation of plane 1 1
4x + 3y + 5z = k 3t –k = 1 ; 2t +1 = 2 k = t =
2 2
passes through (4, 3, 5)  k = 50 ht + 2 = 3
4x + 3y + 5z = 50
ht = 1  h = 2

Sol.18 D
Sol.21 A
 A (2 –x, 2, 2) B (2, 2 – y, 2) C (2, 2, 2 – z)
2x – y + z = 6 n1
= (2, –1, 1)
D(1, 1, 1)
normal vector of other plane
 
AB = (x, – y, 0), AC = (x, 0, –2),
î ĵ ˆ
k
 1 1 2 
n2 = ˆ
= 2 î + 2 ĵ – 2 k AD = (x –1, –1, –1)
1 1 0
If A, B, C, D are coplanar points then

  
  [ AB AC AD ] = 0
n1 . n 2 
angle cos  =   = 0  =
| n1 || n 2 | 2 x y 0
x 0 2 1 1 1
=0  + + =1
x 1 1 1 x y z
Sol.19 A

î ĵ ˆ
k Sol.22 B
 1 3 1 ˆ
n1 = 1 2 1 = –5 î + 5 k | AC | = 2
   
| a| = |b | = | a – b | = 4 2
ˆ
ˆi ˆj k  
|a – c | = 2
 2 1 3 ˆ
n2 = = –2 î + (2 + 3a)j + (2 + a) k
a 1 1   
 b   b  c 
  a      
p (0, –5, –3) ; R(0, –1/5, –3/5) 2  2  (b  2a).(b  c) 1
   
For compaire lines cos =  =     =
b  bc b  2a . b  c 2
  a
[ PQ n1 n2 ] = 0  a = –2 2 2
 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics) Page # 4

Sol.23 A Sol.28 D
A (a, b, c) B(a’, b’, c’) Direction of line = (1, 2, 2)
 normal vector of plane = (2, –1, )
Line AB = (a, b, c) +  (a’ –a, b’ – b, c’ – c)
= (a + a’, b + b’, c + c’) – (a, b, c) 222  1
It will passes through origin when sin  = =
1 4  4 4 1  3
a + a’ = b + b’ = c + c’ =0
4 = 5 + 
a b c
 = = 5
a' b' c' =
3

Sol.24 D Sol.29 C
 
 
| AC | = 2 ; | a | = | b | = | a – b | = 4 2 cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
  2cos2  = 1 – cos2  = sin2 
|a – b| = 2 2cos2  = 3 sin2  = 3 – 3 cos2 
cos2  = 3/5
  
b  b  c 
  a .   Sol.30 C
2   2 

cos  =     2x + y + 2z = 8 ....(1)
 
b  bc
a 5
2 2 2x + y + 2z = – ....(2)
2

5
=
b  2a . b  c  Distance =
8
2 =
21
=
7
b  2a b  c 4 1 4 23 2

1 Sol.31 B
put all the values cos  = x=y+a=z ....(1)
2
x + a = 2y = 2z ....(2)
we have option (B) & (C)
Sol.25 A
but ifwe look at option B
Assume P is centroid
it will satisfy the given equation
Sol.26 A Sol.32 A
Angle between two faces is equal to the
î ˆ
ĵ k
 
ˆ
Direction of line = 2 3 1 = 3 î –3 ĵ +3 k angle between the normals n 1 and n 2 .
1 3 2 
n1  normal of OAB

3 1
O.D. (x-axis) = = n 2 = normal of ABC
a a a 3
ˆ
ˆi ˆj k
  
Sol.27 D n1 = OA × OB = 1 2 1
2 1 3
1
 = cos  =
2
ˆ
=5 î – ĵ – 3 k ...(1)
1
 = cos  = ˆi ˆ
ˆj k
2   
n 2 = AB × AC = 1 1 2
 2 + m 2 + n2 = 1 2 1 1

n = 0  cos  = 0  =
2 ˆ
= î –5 ĵ – 3 k ...(2)
 Page # 5 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics)

  
n1 . n 2 19  19  =c  = 3c
cos = =  = cos–1   3
  35  35 
| n 2 || n 2 | x y z x y z
+ + =1  + + =3
3a 3b 3c a b c
Sol.33 C
Sol.36 A
x 2 y 3 z4 D.R. of OP = (1, –2, –2)
= = ;
1 1 k y
P
x 1 y4 z5
= =
k 2 1
A(2, 3, 4) B (1, 4, 5) 3
D.R. (1, 1, –k) D.R. (k, 2, 1)

1 1 1
1 1 k O x
Coplanar then = =0
k 2 1
 k = 0 or k = –3 z
1  2  2
Sol.34 D D.C. of OP =  , , 
x = ay + b, z = cy+ d 3 3 3 
and x = a’y + b’, z = c’h + d’
  1  2  2
x b zd Vector OP = | OP |  , , 
=y= 3 3 3 
a c = (1, –2, –2)
x  b' z  d'
and =y= Sol.37 B
a' c' 
poerpendicular then a = (1, 5, –3)

aa’ + 1 + cc’ = 0 b = (–1, 8, 4)
 
Sol.35 C a. b
Let the equation of plane : cos  =  
| a || b |
y
Sol.38 A
Ley the equation of plane
B(0, ,0)
x y z
+ + =1
a b c

x B(0, b, 0)
A(,0,0)

C(0,0, )
z
A (a, 0, 0)
x y z
+ + =1 ....(1)
  
C(0, 0, c)

=a  = 3a
3 1
given that p =
 1 1 1
 
=b  = 3a a2 b2 c2
3
 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics) Page # 6

Sol.40 D
1 1 1 1 The DC's of incident RAy arew (1, 0, 0).
or + + = ....(1)
a2 b2 c2 p2 Let the D.C's of reflectd ray be (, m, n)
Let centroid (u, v, w)

1
u= a = 4u (, m, n) M(1, –1, 1)
4

b
v= b = 4v
4

c (1, 0, 0)
w= c = 4w
4

1 1 1 1
+ + =
16u 2
16v 2
16w 2 p2
The D.R.'s of the normal to polane of
1 1 1 16 mirror is (l – 1, m, n)
+ + =
u2 2
v w2 p2
 1 m n
u–2 + v–2 + z–2 = 16p–2 = =
1 1 1
 =  + 1, m = – , n = 
Sol.39 C  2 + m 2 + n2 = 1
A (2, 3, 5) B(–1, 2, 2) C(, 5, 4) ( + 1)2 + 2 + 2 = 1
32 + 2 = 0
A(2, 3, 5)  = –2/3

1 2  2
D.C's of reflected Ray  , , 
3 3 3 

 1 2 2
or   , , 
 3 3 3

Sol.41 B
B(–1,2, 2) m C(,5,4)
ˆ
î ĵ k
 1 7   2 1 1 2
m , ,  dirn of line = 2 3 4 = –2 î + k
ˆ
 2 2 2 
D.R> of median through A : DR’ & = (–2, 0, 1)
 
 1 7 2  (n1  n2 ) × k
ˆ = (–2 î + k
ˆ) × k
ˆ = 2 ĵ
  2  3,  5
 2 2 2   distance = 2

 5 1  8 Sol.42 C
 , , 
 2 2 2 
x 2 y 1 z 1
= = =
As thje median through A is equally inclined 3 2 1
to He axis (3 +2, 2 –1, 1 – )
 D.R.'s will be and equal to k. z=0  =1
xy = c2
 5 8 (3 + 2) (2 – 1) = c2
2 1
= = 2  = 6 and  = 9 put  = 1 c2 = 5  c=± 5
k 2k k
 Page # 7 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics)

Sol.43 C Sol.47 A
Direction ratio's of line = (–2, 1, 2)
Distance = x 2  y 2  z2
 2 1 2
Direction cosine's =  , , 
 3 3 3
= (2t)2  (4t)2  (4t)2
2 1 2
= 6t t = 10 cos = , cos2 = ; cos3 =
3 3 3
Distance = 60 km
cos21 + cos22 + cos23
= 2 [cos21 + cos22 + cos23] – 3
Sol.44 B
Let the point P(x, y, z) 4 1 4
=2     –3=–1
Asking minimum value of OP2 3 3 3 
 r distance of origin from plane
Sol.48 A

P P2 xa
=
y b
=
zc
Point (p, q, r)
d=  d2 = 2  m n
a2  b2  c2 a

P(p, q, r)
Sol.45 B
Since three lines are m utually
perpendicular
d
12 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 ; 23 + m2m3

+ n2n3 = 0
31 + m3m1 + n3n1 = 0
(a, b, c) d'c's
(, m, n)
Also 12 + m12 + n12 = 1; 22 + m22 + n22 = 1;
(1 + 2 + 3)2 + (m1 + n2 + m3)2

+ (n1 + n2 + n3)2 Let r1 = (p – a) î +(q – b) ĵ + (r – c) ĵ
= (12 + 22 + 132 + 212
 ˆ
+ 223 + 231) = 3 r2 =  î + m ĵ + n k
(1 + 2 + 3)2 + (m1 + m2 + m3)2
 
+ (n1 + n2 + m3)2 = 3 r1 . r 2
Hence direction cosines of OP are cos =  
| r1 | r 2 |
 1   2   3 m1  m2  m3 n1  n2  n3 
 , ,  
 3 3 3  also d = | r1 | sin 


Sol.46 C d2 = | r1 |2 sin2
Equation of lines : 
= | r1 |2 (1 – cos2)
x 2 y3 z 1
= =    2 
32 43 5 1
  ( r1 . r 2 ) 
= | r1 |2    
x 2 y3 z 1 z 1 | r 1 |2| r 2 |2 
= = = =
1 1 6 6
Points ( + 2, – – 3, –6 + 1)   
d2 = | r1 |2 – ( r1 . r 2 )2
Point will be on given plane
= [(P – a)2 + (q – b)2 + (r – c)2]
2( + 2) + (– – 3) + (–6 +1) = 7 – [ (p – a) + m(q – b) + n(r – c)]2
 = –1
Intersection point (1, –2, 7)
 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics) Page # 8

EXERCISE – II HINTS & SOLUTIONS

Sol.1 A,B
î ĵ ˆ
k
A(x 1, y 1, z 1) Normal vector = 2 3  1 = 5(1, –1, –1)

R( r ) 1 1 1

2  2 1 1
P(d1, d2, d3) cos (90 – ) = =
9 3 3
B(x2, y2, z2)
1
sin  =  cot  = 2
 
3

[ AR AB P ] = 0
Sol.4 A,C
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
1
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
=0
d1 d2 d3 P(12,–4,8) R Q(27,–9,18)
 27  12  9  4 18  8 
R  , ,
x  x2 y  y2 z  z2   1  1   1 
x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2 Put R in given sphere
or =0
d1 d2 d3 2 2 2
 27  12   9  4   18  8 
  +  +  = 504
  1    1    1 
Sol.2 A,C
  = 2/3 internally
x + y + z – 1 = 0 & 4x + y – 2z + 2 = 0
 = –2/3 externally
put z = 0
x+y=1 Sol.5 A,D
4x + y = – 2 > x = –1, y = 2
Point (–1, 2, 0) x 1 y3 z 1
= =
2 1 2
î ĵ ˆ
k 
Direction of line b = (2, –1, –2)
Direction = 1 1 1

4 1 2
(A) Normal of plane n = (2, 2, 1)
 
ˆ (1 – 4)
= î (–2 – 1) – ĵ (–2 – 4) + k b . n =4–2–2=0
 
ˆ = –3 (1, –2, 1)
= –3 î + 6 ĵ – 3 k (B) b . n =2–2+4=4
Equation of line in symmetrical form  
x 1 y 2 z0 (C) b . n = 4 + 2 – 2= 4
= =  
1 2 1
(D) b . n =2+2–4=0
(C) will also satisfy
Sol.6 A,B,C
Sol.3 C,D
G(3, 2, 1)
OG = (3, 2, 1)

BF = (3, –2, 1)

 (3,2,1).(3,2,1)
cos  =
14 14

3 3
cos  =   = cos–1
7 7
Similarly ratate the length 2 get all angle.
 Page # 9 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics)

Sol.7 C
x = y = –z 3
 =
DR’S (1,1,–1) = 0 2
 (2, 3, 5). (1, 1, –1) = 0
2 (1, 2, 3). (1, 1, –1) = 0  9 
Q  3, ,9 
 2 
Sol.8 B,D
Equaton of PR
ˆ
(1   2 ) î  (m1  m2 ) ĵ  (n1  n2 )k
DC’S = x 1 y 2 z 5
(1   2 )2  (m1  m2 )2  (n1  n2 )2 = =
2  1  3  2 6  5

|n | = (1   2 )2  (m1  m2 )2  (n1  n2 )2
3
Put  =
= 2  21 2  m1m2  n1n2 2
cos  = 1 2  m1m2  n1n2
x 1 y 2 z5
= =
  4  13 8
|n | = 2  2 cos  = 2 cos 2
angle is  –  Sol.10 A,B
  2x – 3y – 7z = 0
|n | = 2  2 cos  = 2 sin
2 3x – 14y – 13z = 0
8x – 31y – 33z = 0
Sol.9 A,B,C,D Above three planes are passing thorugh
origin.
(2,3,6)
N Q and passes through common line.
A B (2, –3, 6)
Sol.11 B,C

  3,2,6  3 2 6
n̂ = ±  = ±  , , 
 7   7 7 7
P(1, 2, 5)
3x 2y 6z
– + + =7
PN = (2 – 1, –3 + 2, 6 – 5) 7 7 7
 – 3x + 2y + 6z – 49 = 0
PN . (2, –3, 6) = 0
2(2 – 1) + 3 (3 + 2) + 6 (6 – 5) = 0 3x 2y 6z
and – – =7
26  52  79 156  7 7 7
=  N  , , 
49  49 49 49  3x – 2y – 6z – 49 = 0
Equation of PN
Sol.12 B,C
x 1 y 2 z 5
= = Let a point Q (3 + 15, 8 + 2, –5 + 6)
2  1  3  2 6  5
PQ = (2 + 10, 8 – 5, –5 + 3)
26
Put  = 3(3 + 10) + 8 (8 – 5) – 5(–5 + 3) = 0
49
9 + 30 + 64 – 40 + 25 – 15 = 0
x 1 y2 z5 98 = 35
= =
3  176  89
Let a point Q(2, –3, 6) 35
=  PQ = 14 (B)
PQ will be n to normal vector of given 98
plane. and plane equation 9x – 4y – 14 = 0
{(2 –1), (–3 – 2), (6 – s), (3, 4, 5)} = 0
3(2 – 1) + 4 (–3 – 2) + 5 (6 – 5) = 0
 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics) Page # 10

EXERCISE – III HINTS & SOLUTIONS

Sol.1 A (0, 7, 10) ; B(–1, 6, 6) ; C (–4, 9, 6)
 1 1
AB  1  1  16  18  So (1,m1, n1) =  ,0,  ;
  2 2
AC  16  4  16  9  AB = BC so isoceles .
BC  9  9  10  18 
  1 1 
(1, m2, n2) =  0, ,  ;  = 60º
Sol.2  2 2

0  0 11 0 1 0 1 0 11 0

G=  , , 
 4 4 4  Sol.7 Equation of line joining A & B

x9 y4 z5

1 1 1 = = =  (Let)
= , ,   20 4 6
2 2 2
Let a point C oin the line is
(–20 – 9, 4 + 4, 6 + 5)
Sol.3 Point equidistant from the points is center
Now Co (where O is origin)
of tetrahedron.
CO = (–20 – 9, 4 + 4, 6 + 5)
 1 & CO . AB = 0 (Q CO is r to line)
Sol.4
(3,5,–7) P (–2,1,8)  400 + 180 + 16 + 16 + 36 +30 = 0

  2  3   5 8  7  1
P  , , =–
  1   1   1  2
So point C = (1, 2, 2)
2  3 which is also the mid point of A & B.
= 0   = 3/2
 1

 13  Sol.8 cos2 + cos2 + cos 2 = 1 ;

P  0, ,2  where = 120º,  = 135º
 5 

1 1  3  
 
Sol.5 QP = (4, –4, –2) = 2 (2, –2, –1) So (, m, n) =  2 , 2 , 2  , = d (say)
 
So direction Ratio of line = (2, –2, –1)

2  2 1  
direction cosine =  , ,    PQ . d
3 3 3 
Projected PQ on d = =2–2 3

| d|
Sol.6  + m + n = 0 & 2 + m2 = n2 (given)
 = (m +n) put in IInd relatiin
Sol.9 Let the equation of plane is
Ax + By + Cz + 1 = 0
(i) m  0 (ii) m  n  0
m n  using points (1, 0, 0) & (0, 1, 0)
 n  0    A = –1 & B = –1
1 1 0
m  n l2  m2  n2 1 1
     A.(1)  B.(1)
0 1 1 2 2 2 & angle ; =
 1  0 2 1  12  C2 . 2
2
2 2 2
 m n 1
 
2 2 2 2  C=±
O 1   2
 Page # 11 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics)


4 + 3 = 
 
Sol.10 Let a (1,1,1); b (1,–1,1)& c (–7, –3, –5) a = –1
normal of the plane P(–1, –1, –1)
Similarly
    
n1 = (b –a ) × (b –c ) PoI of other two lines
Q(4, 0, –1)

& n2 = (0, 1, 0) PQ = 26


angle =
2  1 
Sol.14 Certre  0, ,1 
 2 
x4 y 3 z2
Sol.11 Equation of L1 : = =
1 4 5
Diameter= (2  2)2  (1  1  2)2  (4  2)2 = 61
x 3 y2 z
& of L2 : = = ( || lines)
1 4 5 61
=
Equation of any plane through L1 2
a(x – 4) + b (y – 3) + C (z – 2) = 0 ...(i) Eqn of sphere
where a – 4b + 5c = 0 ...(ii)
2
also (3, –2, 0) lie oin plane (i)  1 61
(x – 0)2 +  y   + (z – 1)2 =
using (ii) & (iii)  2 4
a + 5b + 2c = 0 ...(iii)
 x2 + y2 + z2 – y – 2z – 14 = 0
a b c
= =
11 1 3 
Sol.15 1 : 2x + 3y – z + 1 = 0 ; n1 = (2, 3, –1)
So Equation of plane 11x – y – 3z = 35

2 : x + y – 2z + 3 = 0 ; n 2 = (1, 1, –2)
Sol.12 Line and plane are parallel.
Let the equation of the required polane :
So image of (1, 2, –3) about the plane
 = 1 + 2 ...(i)
3x – 3y + 10z = 26
is (4, –1/7) 
& normal of 5 plae is (2 + , 3 + , –1 – 2) = n
So equation of line is

also fn3 : 3x – y – 2z = 4 ; n3 = (3, –1, –2)
x4 y 1 z7
= =
9 1 3   5
& n . n 3 = 0  = –
6
Put in (i) plane is 7x + 13y + 4z – 9 = 0
x 1 y 2 z3
Sol.13 = = =
2 3 4
Sol.16 Line of intersection of planes
p (2 + 1, 3 + 2, 4 + 3) 2x + y = 0 & x – y + z = 0
x4 y 1 z
2 = = = Sol.17 Point of intersection of line & plane
5 2 1
= (2, –1, 2)
(5 + 4, 2 + 1, )
using distance formula
2 + 1 = 5 = 4
80
3 + 2 = 2 = 1  = –1,
63
 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics) Page # 12

Sol.18 Angle between diagonals

y m  mn  n
Sol.21 cos  =
(0, b, 0) 2  m2  n2

using the given equation

4
 = cos–1  
9
x
(0, 0, 0) (a, 0, 0)
Sol.22 M(1, 0, 5) & N (–2, 0, 4)
(0, 0, c) Equation of MN
z x 1 y0 z5
= =
  a2  b2  c2  3 0 1
 
= cos–1  a2  b2  c2  angle between line & plane is
 
(3, 0, 1) .(1, 1, 1)
sin =
32  12 . 12  12  12
x y z
Sol.19 = =
a b c
 4 
lines will be coplanar so  = sin–1  
 30 
a b c
2 1 1 =0a+b+c
3 3 0
y z
Sol.23 x = 0; + =1
b c
2a  b  c
cos 60° = is a line in (y – z) plane with y intercept
a  b2  c2 6
2
‘b’ & zintercept ‘c’.
2b2 + 2c2 + 5bc = 0
x z
(b + 2c) (2b + c) = 0 y = 0; – =1
a c
b = –2c or b = –c/2
a = –c or a = c/2 is a line in (x – z) plane with
x intercept ‘a’ & z intercept ‘–c’.
x y z x y z So using distancer between two skew lines
= = or = =
c 2c c c /2 c / 2 c
1 1 1 1
2 = 2 + 2 + .
x y z x y z d a b c2
= = or = =
1 2 1 1 1 2

Sol.24 Now plane passing through origin

Sol.20 Equation of plane through given line’s  
(3x – y + 2z – 1) + (x + 2y – z – 2) = 0 ...(i) Normal of plane = a  b
This is perpoendicular to = (1, 2, –3) × (2, –3, 1)
3x + 2y + z = 0 ...(ii)
ˆ
= –7 î – 7 ĵ – 7 k
2
So  = – ˆ)
= –7 ( î + ĵ + k
3
Putting this in (i) ; so Eqn of plane is
3x – 8y + 7z + 4 = 0 ...(iii) x+y+z=0
using (ii) & (iii) equation of line.
 Page # 13 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics)

EXERCISE – IV HINTS & SOLUTIONS

Sol.1 Let a Point ( – 2, 2 + 3, 3 + k) Sol.5 M (1, 2, 0)

In y – z plane x = 0   = 2
OP = (1, 2, 3)
A (0, 7, 6 + k)
In x – y lane z = 0   = –k/3 OM = (1, 2, 0)

k  2k  3 3
B   2,  3,0  cos  =   = cos–1
 3 3  14 14

1 1
 2k  cos  =   = cos–1
A.B = 0   3
 3 = 0 5 5


9
k= x y z 1
2 Sol.6 = =
1 1 2

a = DR’S = (1, 1, –2) Fixed point P(0, 0, 1)
Sol.2 PQ = (–1, –2, –1)
x +y + z = 1 ; n = (1, 1, 1)


PR = (1, –5, –1)  

n.a = 1 + 1 – 2 = 0
& point P satisfy the plane
PS = (5, –2, 2)
 line lies is the plane.
1 1
volume = [ PQ PR PS ] = x y z 1
6 2 Let the line = =
a b c

Sol.3 (i)
1 a  b  2c
(x – 1)2 + (y – 3)2 + (z + 6)2 + (x – 2)2 + (y – 4)2 cos  = =
6 a  b2  c2
2
6
+ (z – 2)2 = 72
 x2 + y2 + z2 – 3x – 7y + 4z – 1 = 0 squareing
3c2 + 2ab = 4c(a + b) .........(1)
3 7 
Center  , ,2  let the point is plane (1, 0, 0)
 2 2 
 condition of copalanarity

2 2 1 0 1
3  7  2 a b c =0
(ii) r =  2  1    2  3   (2  6) ........(2)
    1 1 2

Solve (1) & (2) and get (a, b, c)

33
=
2
x 1 y 2 z3
(iii) plane: 2x + 2y – z + 3 = 0 Sol.7 = =
a b c

2(3 / 2)  2(7 / 2)  2  3
d= =5 x 1 y 2 z4
3 = =
2 1 2
 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics) Page # 14

Lines are coplaner.

 9 5  8 
PQ =  3, 2 – 2 , 3 

a b c 
2 1 2 = 0  7a – 10b – 2c = 0 ......(1) 
2 0 7 n = (4, 12, –3)

and a + 5b + 4c = 0 ....(2) PQ . n = 0   = 2
from (1) & (2)
 1 
PQ =  6, 2 ,6 
3  
a = k, b = k, c = – k
2
17
distance = |PQ | =
z3 2
x 1 y 1
= = 3
k k  k
2 Sol.10 Direction of line

x 1 y 1 z3 î ĵ ˆ
k
= = 2 3 3
2 2 3 = 3  4 2 = –6 î –13 ĵ – 17 k
ˆ

x y z x 1 y2 z3
Sol.8 = = line : = =
a b c 6 13 17
Lines will be coplaner so
x 1 y2 z3
or = =
6 13 17
a b c
2 1 1 =0 a=b+c
3 3 0
x4 y  14 z4
Sol.11 = =
a b c
2a  b  c  
cos60° = direction of intersecting line = n1 × n2 = (–6, 5, –8)
2 2 2
a b c 6
Put z = 0 in both the planes
2 2
 2b + 2c + 5b c = 0 3x + 2y = 5
x = 1, y = 1
 (b + 2c) (2b + c) = 0 x – 2y = –1
P (1, 1, 0)
b = –2c or b = –c/2
a = –c a = c/2 x 1 y 1 z0
Another line = =
6 5 8
x y z x y z
= = or = = –6a + 5b – 8c = 0
c 2c c c /2 c / 2 c
both lines will be coplanar

x y z x y z a b c
= = or = =  6 5  8 =0
1 2 1 1 1 2   4a = 3c
3  15 4

x2 y3 z4 /3

Sol.9 = = = 4 10
3 2 5/3 If a = k, c = k, b = k
3 3

 5  4  x4 y  14 z4
Q  3 –2, 2 –3, = =
 3  3 10 4
 Page # 15 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics)

Sol.12 (a) Sol.14 A(2, 0, 0) ; B(0, 3, 0) ; C(0, 0, –5)

 normal of plane = AB × AC
PQ = (0, 1, 2) PR = (1, 1, 4)
= (–15, –10, 6)
 Equation of plane
PQ × PR = 2 î + 2 ĵ – k
ˆ
–15(x – 2) – 10(y – 0) + 6(z – 0) = 0

1 3 x y z
Area = PQ  PR = + + =1
2 2 2 3 (5)

(b)
1
2(x – 1) + 2 (y – 0) – (z + 1) = 0 Area = | × AC |
2 AB
2x + 2y – z – 3 = 0
19
=
2 2 1 2
x+ y– z=1
3 3 3

ˆ
(c) î ĵ k
Sol.15 direction of line = 2 2 2
x = 0, z = 0 3 2 1
y = 3/2

= – 2 î + 4 ĵ – 2 k
ˆ
 3 
point  0, ,0 
 2  equation of line

(d) x2 y 1 z3

= =
2 4 2
dir of line will be along the normal of plane
z2 y 1 z3
x 2 y 1 z3 = =
= = 1 2 1
2 2 1

Sol.13 Direction of intersection line î ˆ

ĵ k
2 3 5
 
= n1 × n2 Sol.16 Normal of plane = 1  1 1

put z = 0 in both planes

x – 2y = 1 x = 3, y = 1 = 2 î  3 ĵ  k
ˆ
x + 2y = 5 equation of plane
point (3, 1, 0) 2(x – 1) + 3(y – 2) + 1(z – 0) = 0
2x + 3y + z + 4 = 0
x 3 y 1 z0
line : = =
2 3 4
3 2 1
variable point (2 + 3, 3 + 1, 4) 1 3 2 =0  p=1
Sol.17 coplanar 
1 p7 5
2(2 + 3) + 2(3 + 1) + 4 + 6 = 0
 = –1
x 1 y 1 z2
point (1, –2, –4) = = =
3 2 1
 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics) Page # 16

x y7 z7 7  6 2  10 4  14
& = = = a b c
1 3 2 =0
5 3 8
– 3 + 1 =  ....(1)
2 + 1 = – 3 + 7 ....(2)
13 12 16
 – 2 = 2 – 7 ....(3) a b c =0 ........(2)
5 3 8
 = – 3/7 &  = 16/7

 16 1  17  Solve (1) & (2) & get a, b, c

Point of intersection  , , 
 7 7 7 
Sol.20 Line & plane are r to each other
image of (1, 2, –3) in the plane is foot of r
î ĵ ˆ
k (,,)
 (7, 7, 7)
3 2 1
Normal of plane = 1  3 2  (1, 1, 1)  1 2 3
= = =
3 3 10
Equation of plane (x – 1) + (y – 1) + (z + 2) = 0 N(3 + 1, –3 + 2, 10 – 3)
x+y+z=0  3(3 + 1) – 3(–3 + 2) + 10(10 – 3) = 26
  = 1/2 P (1,2,–3)
 
Sol.18 n1 = (1, –2, 3) ; n2 = (2, 3, –4)
   5 1  N
Directionof line = n1 × ( n1 × n2 ) N  , , 2
2 2 
= (–44, –10, 8) P'
P  P'
x7 y2 z 1 = N  P’ = 2N – P
= = 2
 44  10 8
 P’  (4, –1, 7)
x7 y2 z 1 equation of line
or = =
22 5 4
x4 y 1 z7
= =
9 1 3
Sol.19 Let the DR’s of AB = (a, b, c)

5a  3b  8c ˆ
î ĵ k
cos 45º = 2 2 2 2 3 2
a b c 96 Sol.21 Normal of plane = 2 5 4 = 2 î  4 ĵ  4k
ˆ

C
45° plare will passes through (1, 0, 0)
 1(x – 1) – 2y + 2z = 0
x – 2y + 2z = 1

45°
A B
(7,2,4)

48(a2 + b2 + c2) = (5a + 3b + 8c)2 .....(1)

condition of coplanarity
 Page # 17 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics)

EXERCISE – V HINTS & SOLUTIONS

Sol.1 (i) Let the equation of plane be

ax + by + cz + d = 0 ....(1) n = (1, 1, 1)
(1) passes through (2,1,0),(5,0,1)&(4,2,1) Equation of plane
d d 2 x + y + z = d passes through (1, 1, 1)
 a= ;b=– ;c= d d=3
3 3 3
x + y + z= 3
 x + y – 2z – 3 = 0 ....(2)
A (3, 0, 0) ; B(0, 3, 0), C (0, 0, 3)
(ii) P (2, 1, 6)

2  1  6 3 0 0
= = = 1 27 9
1 1 2 Volumeof OABC = 0 3 0 = =
6 6 2
 =  + 2;  =  + 1,  = –2 + 6 0 0 3
P(2, 1, 6)
cubic units.

Sol.4 D

x y z
(a) Let + + = 1 be the variable plane
N(, , ) a b c
so

P' 1
Point N lie on plane (2) =1
1 1 1
( + 2) + ( + 1) – 2 (–2 + 6) – 3 = 0  
 = 2 a2 b2 c2
a (a, 0, 0) B(a, b, 0) C(0, 0, c)
N (4, 3, 2)
2N = P + P1  P1 = 2N – P a b c
= (8, 6, 4) – (2, 1, 6) Centroid G of ABC is G  , , 
c 3 3
= (6, 5, –2)
a b c
Sol.2 B x= ;y= ,z=
3 3 3
x 1 y 1 z 1
= = = ....(1) 1 1 1
2 3 4 & 2 + 2 + =1
a b c2
x 3 y k z
= = =H ....(2) 1 1 1
1 2 1
 + + =9
General point on (1) is (2 + 1, 3 – 1, 4 + 1) x 2 y2 z2
and on (2) is ( + 3, 2 + k, ) So k = 9
so 2 + 1 =  + 3
3 – 1 = 2 + k (b) Reqd. plane , + 2 = 0
4 + 1 =  2x – y + z – 3 +  (3x + y + z – 5) = 0
(3 + 2) x + ( – 1) y + (+ 1) z
9
So after solving we get k = – 5 – 3 = 0 ...(1)
2
Distance of plane (1) from point

  1
Sol.3 Direction of plane = L1 × L 2 (2, 1, –1) is
6

î ĵ ˆ
k
ˆ 6  2    1    1  5  3 1
= 1 0  1 = î + ĵ + k  =
6
1 1 0 (3  2)2  (  1)2  (  1)2
Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics) Page # 18

 6 ( –1)2 = 112 + 12 + 6

1 0 1

 1  x dx +  1  x dx = 2 1  x dx
 = 0, –
2y 
5 0 1 0

The planes are

1
2x – y + z– 3 = 0 4
=2 x dx = (Q)
and 62x + 29y + 19z – 109 = 0  3
0

(D) sin A sin B sin C + cos A cos B

   sinA sin B + cosA cosB
Sol.5 (a) n1 = (2, –2, 1) n = (1, –1, 2)  cos (A – B)
2
cos (A – B)  1
ˆi ˆj ˆ
k
  cos (A – B) = 1  sin C = 1
Normal vector of n = 2 2 1
1 1 2

 1 
ˆ
= –3 î – 3 ĵ – 0 k (C) (A) t=  tan1 2i2 
i1

n = (–3, –3, 0) 
 2 
So plane will be =  tan1 4i2  1  1 
–3x – 3y = k i1

passes through (1, –2, 1) k = 3


–3x – 3y = 3
x +y + 1 = 0
=  [tan1(2i  1)  tan1(2i  1)]
i1
=[(tan–13–tan–1 1)+(tan–15–tan–13)+.....
12 1 4 ..... + tan–1 (2n+1) – tan–1 (2n–1) .... ]
d= = =2 2
2 2 t = tan–1 (2n + 1) – tan–1 1
(b) (A) Solving the two equations 2n
t = nlim
 tan
–1
1  (2n  1)
| a | 1 | a | 1
x= > 0 and y = >0
a1 a1 n
tan t = nlim
 =1 (Q)
when a + 1 > 0 we get a > 1 n1
 a0 = 1 (S) (B) We have

  
(B) ˆ =
a = (, , )  a . k 1  tan2 1
cos 1 = 2 = a
2 1 bc
   1  tan
ˆ × (k
k ˆ × a ) = (k
ˆ . a )k
ˆ – (k
ˆ –k
ˆ) a 2

ˆ – ( î + ĵ + k
= k ˆ) 1 bca
 tan2 =
2 bca
 î + ĵ = O   = 0,  = 0

 +  +  = 2  = 2 (P) 1  tan2 3
Also cos 3 = 2 = c
2 3 ab
1 1 1  tan
2 2 2
(C)  (1  y )dy +  (y  1)dy
0 0
3 abc
 tan2 =
2 ab c
1

=2  (1  y
2
)dy = 4 tan2
1 
+ tan2 3 =
2b
=
2
(S)
3 2 2 3b 3
0
Page # 19 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics)

(C) Line through (0, 1, 0) and n to plane Sol.7 (a) D

x + 2y + 2z = 0 Given equations are
x–y+z=1
x0 y 1 z0 x + y – z = –1
is = = =
1 2 2 x – 3y + 3z = 2
Let P(, 2 + 1, 2) be the foot of n on The system of equations can be put in
the straight line then matrix from as
.1 + (2 + 1) 2 + 2(2) = 0 Ax = B

2 1  1 1   1 
 k=–    
9 1 1  1  1
1  3 3   2 
 2 5  4
P  , , 
 9 9 9 
1  1 1  x  1 
      R 2  R 2  R1
0 2  2 y    2
4  25  16 5 =  =
n distance = = unit. 0  2 2   z   1  R 3  R 3  R1
81 3
(R)
1  1 1  x   1 
     
Sol.6 (a) 3x – 6y – 2z = 15 & 2x + y – 2z = 5 0 2  2 y   2
~  = R3  R3 + R2
for z= 0 we get x = 3, y = –1 0 0 0   z    1
Direction vector of planes are Which is inconsistent as (A : B)  (A)
(3, –6, –2) & (2, 1, –2)  The three planes do not have a common
then the D.R.'s of line of intersection of point.
plane is (14, 2, 15)  Statement-2 is true.
Since, planes P 1, P 2, P 3 are pairmise
x 3 y 1 z0 intersection, then their lines of intersection
= = =
14 2 15 are parallel.
statement-2 is correct. Statement-1 is false.

a b c ˆ
ˆi ˆj k
1
(b) D = b c a = – (a + b + c) ˆ
(b) (i) 3 1 2 = – î –7 ĵ +5 k
c a b 2
1 2 3
[(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
(A) If a + b + c  0 and a2 = ab
ˆ
 î  7 ĵ  5k
D = 0 and a = b = c Hence unit vector will be =
Equation represents identical planes 5 3
(B) D = 0  Equation will have infinite (ii) Shortest distance
many solution
(1  2)(1)  (2  2)(7)  C(1  3)5
ax + by = (a + b)z =
5 3
bx + cy = (b + c)z
(b2 – ac)y = (b2 – ac)z 17
y=z =
5 3
 ax + by + cy = 0
(iii) Plane is given by
 ax = ay  x = y x = y = z
–(x+1) –7(y + 2) + 5(z + 1) = 0
(C) D0
x + 7y – 5z + 10 = 0
Planes meeting at only one point
(D) a+b+c=0 1  7  5  10 13
a2 = ab distance = =
75 75
 a=b=c=0
 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics) Page # 20

Sol.8 (a) A Sol.10 2 + 3m + 4n = 0

Any point Q on the line 3 + 4m + 5n = 0
Q  {(1 – 34), ( – 1), (5 + 2)}
 m n
 = =
1 2 1
PQ = {–3 – 2,  –3, 5 – 4}
Equation of plane will be
Now 1 (–3 – 2) – 4( – 3) +3 (5 – 4) = 0
a (x – 1) + b(y – 2) + c (z – 3) = 0
1 –1(x – 1) + 2(y – 2) – 1 (z – 3) = 0
 = –x + 2y – z = 0
4
(b) C x –2y + z = 0

1 1 1 | d|
D.C. of the line are , , = 6 |d| = 6
3 3 3 6
Equation of line
Sol.11 A
  1 1 1  Distance of point P(1, –2, 1) from plane
r = (2, –1, 2) +   , , 
 3 3 3 x + 2y – 2z = d is 5  = 10
where  is the distance. x 1 y2 z 1
variable point on lie is Equation of PQ = = =t
1 2 2
Q  (t + 1, 2t – 2, –2t + 1)
  1  2  
 2  , , 
 3 3 3  5 5
PQ = 5  t = =
Which lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 9 9 3

 = 3 [C] 8 4 7

 Q  , , 
3 3 3 
(C) 3x – y – z = 0
y=0
–3x + z = 0 and z = 3x Sol.12 (A) Let the line
–3x + 2y + z = 0
x y z
x2 + y2 + z2 = x2 + z2 = = intersect the lines
a b c
= 9x2 + x2 10x2  100  a + 3b + 5c = 0
x2  10 x = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3 [7] and 3a + b – 5 c = 0
 a : b : c :: 5t : –5t : 2t
Sol.9 C on solving with given lines we get points
Plane 1 : ax + by + cz = 0 of intersection P  (5, –5, 2) and
x y z
containing line = =  10  10 8 
2 3 4 Q  , , 
 3 3 3
2a + 3b + 4c = 0 ....(i)
Plane 2 : a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 is n to PQ2 = d2 = 6
plane containg lines

x y z x y z 3
 
= = and = = (B) tan–1 (x + 3) – tan–1 (x – 3) = sin–1  5 
3 4 2 4 2 3
3a’ + 4b’ + 2c’ = 0
and 4a’ + 2b’ + 3c’ = 0  (x  3)  (x  3) 
tan–1  2
 = tan–1 3
a' b' c'  1  (x  9)  4
= =
12  4 89 6  16
 8a – b – 10c = 0 ....(ii) 6 3
 2 =  x=±4
Equation of plane 1 : x – 2y + z = 0 [C] x 8 4
Page # 21 Solution Slot – 3 (Mathematics)

Sol.13 A
     
(C) a =  b + 4 c  m(| b |)2 =–4b . c
x 2 y 3 z 5
Line     (Let)
     1 4 1
and | b |2 + b . c – a . c = 0
dso ( + 2, 4 + 3,  + 5)
   
Again as 2| b + c | = | b – a | Line on plane 5x – 4y – z = 1
5 + 10 – 16 – 12 –  – 5 = 1
  –12 = 8
Solving and e liminating b . c and

  4 1 13 
eliminating | a |2  = – 2/3 so P  , , 
3 3 3 
We get (22 – 10) |b|2 = 0  = 0, 5
for foot of perpendiuclar of T(2, 1, 4)
( 4 + 2,  + 1) . (1, 4, 1) = 0

  + 16 + 8 +  + 1 = 0
2 sin 9(x / 2)
(D) I = 5 f(x) dx =
 
2   sin(x / 2)
dx   = – 9/18   = – 1/2

So R(3/2, 1, 9/2), distance a = 1/ 2

2 sin 9(x / 2)
=

×2  sin(x / 2)
dx Sol.14 A
0
(x + 2y + 3z – 2) + (x – y + z – 3) = 0
(1 + )x + (2 – ) y + ( + 3)z – (2 + 3) = 0
x
Let = dx = 2d
2 | (1  ) . 3  (2  )1  (  3)  (2  3) | 2
 =
 /2 (1  )2  (2  )2  (  3)2 3
8 sin 9
I=

 sin  d 2
0
 32  4  14 =
3
 /2
8 (sin 9  sin 7)
I=

 sin 

| 2 |
=
2
0 2
3  4  14 3

(sin 7  sin 5)  sin 5  sin   = 32 + 4 + 14

+ +  
sin   sin    = –7/2
(x + 2y + 3z – z) – 7/2 (x – y + z – 3) = 0
sin d –5x + 11y – z + 17 = 0
+
sin  5x – 11y + z = 17
 /2
16 Sol.15 B, C
=
  (cos 9  cos 6  cos 4  cos 2) d

2 0 0
 /2 2 k 2 0  k= 2
8
+
  d 5 2 k
0
use the value of k for finding the equation
 /2
16  sin 8 sin 6 sin 4 sin 2  8 of planes
=     + []0/2
  8 6 4 2  0 

8 
=0+ × =4
 2