Assessment in Learning 2 - Module No. 5
Assessment in Learning 2 - Module No. 5
0 10-July-2020
MODULE OVERVIEW
The measurement of student learning through assessment is vital because it provides valuable feedback to
both educators and learners about the magnitude to which pupils/students are efficaciously meeting course
learning outcomes.
For educational purposes, self-assessment occurs when students engage in an activity in order to gain
discernment into their level of understanding. The activity can be initiated either by the learner or the teacher.
Furthermore, to qualify as self-assessment, the learner must understand and utilize the feedback from the activity.
Self-assessment involves students learning the importance and utility of self-assessments, teachers or students
creating opportunities for self-assessment, and students learning how to use the results to improve their learning
(Kostons, van Gog, & Paas, 2012).
Since assessment enables educators to determine the metrics of measurement for pupil/student
understanding of lessons and proficiency in course learning objectives. It is argue that assessment provides the
evidence needed to document and validate that meaningful learning has occurred in the four corners of the
classroom. Assessment is so vital in their pedagogical design thus, this module presents the importance, effect
and benefits of assessing one’s teaching practice. It also exemplifies reflective practice using learner attainment
data and practice through performance evaluation. Further this module “encourages educators and curriculum
planners to first ‘think like an assessor’ before designing specific units and lessons, and thus to consider up front
how they will determine if learners have attained the desired outcomes.
As you undertake each activity in this module, you will be able to translate your understanding on how
assessment works for one’s teaching practice.
INTRODUCTION
Learnings need to be continuously monitored, reviewed and renewed to ensure the teaching (including
the teaching and learning activities and the assessment) and course (objectives, learning outcomes and contents)
quality are up to-standards and up-to-date. This is the core duty of any teacher; rather novice or an experienced
one. Evaluating teachers’ own teaching is a way to identify the strong aspects of practice, as well as weaknesses
which may need to be changed and improved. Teachers and pre-service teachers should take initiatives and
responsibility to evaluate one’s teaching and make improvements over time. It is important to understand that
evaluating our teaching does not mean we are a bad teacher, in fact, it means quite the opposite.
IMPORTANCE
Student self-assessment occurs when learners (students) assess their own performance and is primarily
used to help students develop specific learning skills that they will need for professional competence. This process
may assist in making students more aware of and more responsible for their own learning process.
Skilled self-assessment can be as reliable as other forms of assessment, however as an educator you
must provide students with the right guidance and practice if you want results to closely align with the results from
other assessors’. In most cases it is beneficial to introduce your students to the idea of self-assessment using
— formative learning. Early on, this can be achieved by using an online quiz that gives each student instant
feedback on their performance, for example. As student progress they can be guided to use a more summative
form of self-assessment for example, grading their own performance.
The importance of learning effective self-assessment is grounded in a sound empirical and theoretical
foundation. Teaching students to conduct self-assessment will help them to become aware of and correct faulty
metacognition, which in turn should contribute to more successful self-regulated learning (see Pintrich, 2004).
Self-assessment also involves student recall and application of information, facilitating learning through the testing
effect (see Roediger & Karpicke, 2006, for a review). The proper use of feedback has also been shown to improve
student learning (Hattie & Yates, 2014). Finally, self-assessment activities can also provide feedback to teachers
on the student level of understanding so that they can adjust their pedagogy accordingly.
EFFECT
Teachers play a critical role in both designing rich activities for self-assessment and also teaching
students how to recognize valuable opportunities for self-assessment and to take advantage of them. I believe
research on self-assessment would be highly valuable for teachers. Some of the key research questions are:
• How can students be convinced of the importance of self-assessment?
• Can self-assessment improve metacognition and self-regulation?
• Can self-assessment improve student study strategies?
• Can self-assessment improve long-term learning?
• What are the best ways to design and implement self-assessments?
• When and how often should opportunities for self-assessment be given?
• What kind of feedback is most effective for different learning goals?
• How can students be taught to use the feedback from self-assessments effectively?
BENEFITS
6. Possibly, in the long run, reduces the teacher’s assessment workload—although on its own this benefit
is not sufficient to introduce student self-assessment.
Design self-assessment carefully, and ensure that you integrate its use into the assessment plan. This way
you optimize the benefits to learning, appropriately engage students in the process by giving them clear directions
and explanations, and ensure that contingency plans are in place for if issues arise. Combining student self and
peer assessment with tutor assessment makes for a more reliable grade (Dancer & Kamvounias, 2005).
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1
1. Explain this quote from Carol Ann Tomlinson “Assessment is today’s means of modifying tomorrow’s
instruction”.
2. As would be teachers, how should we implement effective student’s self-assessment of their learning?
Suggest ways and improvements.
Introduction
Understanding the following key concepts facilitates deeper appreciation of the indicator and helps you
practice monitoring and evaluation of learner progress and achievement effectively.
1. MONITORING. This refers to the continuous and systematic use of data in order to track learner progress
through a variety of forms such as daily learning log, class record, progress chart, checklist, and
anecdotal record. Formative assessment, checking for understanding, providing feedback, and other
strategies that are not standardized are used to monitor learner progress in order for teachers to
appropriately address misconceptions and other learning problems.
2. EVALUATION. This refers to the periodic and systematic use of assessment forms and strategies (e.g.,
quarterly assessments, pretest & posttest) in order to judge learner achievement; that is, how well the
learner has learned the knowledge and/ or skills covered in a unit. Summative assessment, essays,
presentation, group work, performances and standardized tests are used to inform the teachers about
their teaching. Learners are marked on formal evaluation tasks and this mark is usually part of their report
card grade.
3. LEARNER ATTAINMENT DATA. This pertains to evidence(s) and results of various assessments that
are used in the monitoring and evaluation of learner progress and achievement.
1. Plan monitoring and evaluation activities. Before the school year begins, we may identify monitoring and
evaluation activities to be conducted daily, weekly, quarterly, and yearly. The documents or school forms
needed for these activities may already be prepared and saved in folders or in the computer.
2. Monitor and evaluate learners’ performance regularly and consistently. A day without monitoring and
evaluation may cause us to miss serious problems in the learners’ learning. If left unchecked, this will
certainly hamper the learners’ academic success. Monitoring and evaluating learners’ performance
religiously according to plan is the best way to avoid potential problems in the process.
3. Explore varied monitoring and evaluation documents. Although our schools provide us with the standard
documents and school forms, such as DLL and ECR, we can always find or create additional ones that
can help us in the monitoring and evaluation process. For instance, we may also use a daily checklist to
track our learners’ performance. A daily progress chart, not just quarterly, may give us immediate
information about the learners’ achievement of the daily target so as to provide a prompt intervention.
Another strategy is to have an anecdotal record of each learner in order to gain a more individualized
assessment of the learner’s progress.
4. Validate monitoring and evaluation documents to ensure accuracy of learner attainment data. A number
of monitoring and evaluation documents maybe used. However, we must ensure that these documents
are validated and reliable such as those provided by DepEd. Do some research and testing of the
assessment documents before using them so that the learners are evaluated accurately and fairly.
5. Involve the learners in certain types of monitoring and evaluation. Monitoring and evaluation is definitely
hard work especially for teachers handling large classes. As a strategy, we may also instruct our learners
to have group or peer monitoring within the class and check their progress weekly. This may help the
learners become more conscious of the quality of their performance and aim for a higher achievement.
Most teachers monitor learner progress informally, that is, they may not always record their impressions
in any formal way or undertake more formal tasks. Monitoring and evaluating learner progress and achievement
will only be effective if done religiously, systematically and accurately. In this line, the table below presents a year-
round plan of monitoring and evaluation practices done by teachers:
Item analysis is a process which examines learner responses to individual test items in order to assess the
quality of each test item and of the test as a whole. This is to improve test items and to enhance the teacher’s
skills in test construction, and to identify specific areas which need improvement. An effective item analysis starts
from a carefully written test based on the table of specifications (TOS). The competencies covered for the
grading period are included and organized according to the domains of learning. The teacher makes sure that
the test construction aligns with the TOS.
In this example of test item analysis of a Grade 9 class, you can evaluate the achievement of the class in
their respective learning areas.
You can also determine the least mastered skills or competencies and evaluate their attainment data. In
addition, you can compare the mastery level of a group of learners with other groups. You may also change the
item that only a few learners answered correctly which may indicate that the question is ambiguous or is not part
of the learning competency.
Frequency Table with Mean Score, Standard Deviation and Mean Percentage (Evaluation
In addition to item analysis, you may also measure learner achievement by using a frequency table for pretest
and posttest results.
The mean score, standard deviation, and mean percentage of pretest and posttest are computed and
compared.
By analyzing tests results, we can evaluate learner achievement in several areas. Specific weaknesses of an
individual learner or a class can also be determined using this approach. The results of item analysis may inform
us of the necessary interventions (e.g. enrichment, activities, reteaching, remediation) that we can provide to the
learners.
Aside from analyzing test results, the following tips may be useful:
1. Monitor and evaluate learners’ progress and achievement based on their formative and summative
assessments (written work or performance task) and determine if they meet the learning goals each week.
3. Track and evaluate learners’ progress and achievement using graphs or charts to see if they attain the
learning goals. Write a succinct interpretation of these graphs.
The major purpose of a working portfolio is to serve as a holding tank for learner work (Danielson &
Abrutyn, 2000). A portfolio may also be used to diagnose learners’ needs. Both learners and teachers should
have evidence of the learners’ strengths and weaknesses in achieving learning objectives. This type of
assessment allows teachers to be more accurate in evaluating learners’ mastery of the content.
From a teacher’s perspective, a portfolio can provide a holistic evaluation of the learners’ written language
proficiency. These products or outputs can be used as concrete evidence and as bases for teachers’ instructional
decisions because they provide learners’ general and individual performance. For the learners, a portfolio can
serve as tool for self-reflection. Questions like, “What have I learned?’” “What do I still need to learn?” and “How
can I get through it?” can be provided to learners as reflection guides for their own learning.
The contents of a portfolio vary based on its type (working, display, or assessment). This should be
communicated clearly to the learners.
Learners can access their portfolios regularly by hanging them on a specific spot in the classroom or by
keeping them in shelves and safety lockers.
You may let your learners note the following tips to help them produce a well-organized portfolio:
If properly utilized, a portfolio assessment can help teachers monitor and evaluate their learners’
progress and achievement effectively.
1. Communicate clearly to the learners the objectives and rubric for the portfolio.
2. Ensure that the collected works of learners are related to the learning objectives. With this, sufficient work must
be collected to provide ample evidence of learners’ achievement.
3. The teacher may provide an individual record of the learner for him or her to monitor his or her own progress
weekly.
4. Keep a daily checklist of each learner’s outputs. The checklist shows all the portfolio requirements for a
particular grading period with the names of each learner.
5. Monitor the completeness of the portfolio. If the work is not complete, the learner may be given a chance to
finish it.
6. Review and evaluate the component and items in the portfolios to determine whether the learners complied
with the requirements.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 2
1. Explain the relevance of using item analysis is assessing the following areas:
o Quality of test items
o Performance of students
o Improvement of curriculum contents
o Teaching pedagogies
2. Look for abstract or research (at least 1) that studies the importance of rubrics in assessing students’
performance. Copy the Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations of the study and make your own
reflection.
I - STUDENTS AS EVALUATORS
Student evaluations are often reviewed as evidence of teaching, but they should not be viewed in
isolation. Student evaluation can often be useful for information of how students respond personally to their
teacher/instructor, but students are not qualified to assess content knowledge or modality of instruction, that is
specifically enhanced by curriculum planners and implementers.
By involving students as evaluators, schools can develop purposeful, impacting, and authentic
assessments of classes, schools, teachers, and enact accountability and ownership for all participants in the
learning process. Effective evaluations may include student evaluations of classes and schools; student
evaluations of teachers; student evaluations of self, and; student-led parent-teacher conferences, where students
present their learning as partners with teachers and parents, instead of as passive recipients of teaching done
“to” them.
II - PEERS AS EVALUATORS
Peer Evaluation of Teaching consists of the review of teaching performance by colleagues, usually in
the same or a similar discipline, with the purpose of assessing and improving the quality of teaching.
Peer review puts faculty in charge of the quality of their teaching. Peer collaboration and review enables
instructors to actively improve the quality of teaching in their own classroom and in their department. “Excellent
teachers ...set out to inquire into their own practice, identifying key issues they want to pursue, posing questions
for themselves, exploring alternatives and taking risks, and doing all of this in the company of peers who can offer
critique and support. These are the habits of mind we expect, after all, in scholarly work, and we should expect
them in teaching as much as in research.” [England 1996] It is the responsibility of professional teachers to
monitor the quality of the teaching in their departments and institutions.
Review of a faculty member’s teaching by his/her peers has two distinct purposes.
1. Formative reviews are intended to develop or improve teaching. Formative reviews should be intended
for the personal use of the observed teacher/instructor. Regular conversation among colleagues about
teaching should be a hallmark of every department or school’s culture, and formative peer review
processes for pre-tenure, non-tenure-track, and tenured faculty should be designed in every department
or school to suit that culture.
2. Summative, or evaluative, reviews are intended for judgments in increment, contract renewal, or
promotion processes.
Evaluation of an instructor by their peers has become an integral part of teaching at schools. This results
from several sources. Motivations can be intrinsic as teachers/instructors seek to improve their teaching, but
they can also be extrinsic. Peer evaluation can be beneficial for your long term teaching goals and a necessity
to professional advancement. Similarly, service as an observer is important for the professional participation of
faculty and allows the faculty to maintain ownership of the quality and content of the curriculum.
Teacher evaluation is defined as a systematic procedure for reviewing the performance of a teacher in
a classroom and analyzing the review to provide constructive feedback for the teacher’s professional growth.
• Assignment of precise ranks to all the teachers according to their respective abilities and contribution.
• Unproductive teachers can be asked to quit and efficient teachers must be hired to maintain a quality of
education.
• Collection of feedback to make well-informed decisions about appraisals and promotions.
• Creating a job description for prospective teachers.
• A school’s management is responsible for the all-round growth of their teachers and thus, the main purpose
of conducting teacher evaluation is to empower all the teachers who contribute towards imparting education
to their students in the best possible manner.
• The principal or management is in charge of empowering the teachers to perform better in the same
manner as the teachers are responsible to empower the students.
• A teacher performs better in case the management communicates and appreciates his/her work which
contributes to continuous improvement in their performance.
• Assessment - Various component of proper planning can be evaluated. For examples, use of assessment
information for proper planning – All the teachers will be evaluated on the effectiveness of the use of the
assessment of information.
✓ Ineffective
✓ Scope of improvement
✓ Effective
✓ Extremely Effective
• Observation - Observation of the teacher performance can be done using open-ended questions such as
inputs for observation and feedback.
• Compliance - Compliance of the teachers can be audited. This survey can contain multiple-choice
questions such as “Are the strengths mentioned and are they relevant?”
• School’s Performance - The school culture and management performance can also be evaluated. For
examples, questions such as “I exhibit excellence in my teaching delivery” can be asked to understand the
school’s culture.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 3
After you have explored the different key concepts on assessing one’s teaching practice, you now have a
better appreciation of the indicator. Based on your learning in this module, think of what you can do to
enhance your professional development.
SUMMARY
• Student self-assessment occurs when learners (students) assess their own performance and is primarily
used to help students develop specific learning skills that they will need for professional competence.
• Teachers play a critical role in both designing rich activities for self-assessment and also teaching
students how to recognize valuable opportunities for self-assessment and to take advantage of them.
• Design self-assessment carefully, and ensure that you integrate its use into the assessment plan.
• MONITORING. This refers to the continuous and systematic use of data in order to track learner progress
through a variety of forms such as daily learning log, class record, progress chart, checklist, and
anecdotal record.
• EVALUATION. This refers to the periodic and systematic use of assessment forms and strategies (e.g.,
quarterly assessments, pretest & posttest) in order to judge learner achievement; that is, how well the
learner has learned the knowledge and/ or skills covered in a unit.
• LEARNER ATTAINMENT DATA. This pertains to evidence(s) and results of various assessments that
are used in the monitoring and evaluation of learner progress and achievement.
• ITEM ANALYSIS is a process which examines learner responses to individual test items in order to
assess the quality of each test item and of the test as a whole.
• RUBRIC as an assessment tool has two types: holistic and analytic. The type of rubric to be used in
assessing learners’ output or performance depends on the objectives and type of the activity.
• ANALYTIC RUBRIC - Each criterion (dimension, trait) is evaluated separately.
• HOLISTIC RUBRIC - All criteria (dimensions, traits) are evaluated simultaneously.
• STUDENT EVALUATION is an assessment by learners of the service provided by an educational
institution, be it solely of the classroom experience or of all aspects of the learning experience.
• PEER EVALUATION OF TEACHING consists of the review of teaching performance by colleagues,
usually in the same or a similar discipline, with the purpose of assessing and improving the quality of
teaching.
• FORMATIVE reviews are intended to develop or improve teaching.
• SUMMATIVE, or evaluative, reviews are intended for judgments in increment, contract renewal, or
promotion processes.
• TEACHER EVALUATION is defined as a systematic procedure for reviewing the performance of a
teacher in a classroom and analyzing the review to provide constructive feedback for the teacher’s
professional growth.
REFERENCES
• https://www.improvewithmetacognition.com/the-importance-of-teaching-effective-self-assessment/
• https://academ.com.au/importance-student-self-assessment/
• https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/student-assessment-in-teaching-and-
learning/#:~:text=Student%20assessment%20enables%20instructors%20to,ineffective%20ones%20in
%20their%20pedagogy.
• Chan C.(2010) Assessment: Evaluating your own Teaching, Assessment Resources@HKU, University
of Hong Kong [http://ar.cetl.hku.hk]: Available: Accessed: DATE
• https://ar.cetl.hku.hk/pdf/EvaluatingTeaching.pdf
• https://soundout.org/2015/03/31/students-as-learning-evaluators/
• https://www.nmu.edu/ctl/peer-evaluation-
teaching#:~:text=of%20New%20Jersey)-,What%20is%20Peer%20Evaluation%20of%20Teaching%3F,t
he%20quality%20of%20their%20teaching.
• http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/110019/chapters/A-Brief-History-of-Supervision-and-
Evaluation.aspx
• https://www.questionpro.com/blog/teacher-
evaluation/#:~:text=Teacher%20evaluation%20is%20defined%20as,for%20the%20teacher's%20profes
sional%20growth.
• https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rP5qcbVGhvNp1i5OU-GZdsbpjBPryGEM/view
• https://depedtambayan.org/ppst-resource-package-with-12-modules-for-rpms-2018/