PART III: ENTROPY AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1 Suppose 4.00 mol of an ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion

from volume V1 to volume V2 = 2.00V1 at temperature T = 400 K. Find (a) the work done
by the gas and
(b) the entropy change of the gas.
(c) If the expansion is reversible and adiabatic instead of isothermal, what is the entropy
change of the gas?
2 An ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion at 77.0 0C, increasing its
volume from 1.30 L to 3.40 L. The entropy change of the gas is 22.0 J/K. How many
moles of gas are present?
3 How much energy must be transferred as heat for a reversible isothermal
expansion of an ideal gas at 132 0C if the entropy of the gas increases by 46.0 J/K?
4 Find
(a) the energy absorbed as heat and
(b) the change in entropy of a 2.00 kg block of copper whose temperature is increased
reversibly from 25.00C to 1000C. The specific heat of copper is 386 J/kg.K.
5 (a) What is the entropy change of a 12.0 g ice cube that melts completely in a
bucket of water whose temperature is just above the freezing point of water?
(b) What is the entropy change of a 5.00 g spoonful of water that evaporates completely
on a hot plate whose temperature is slightly above the boiling point of water?
6 A 364 g block is put in contact with a thermal reservoir. The block is initially at a
lower temperature than the reservoir. Assume that the consequent transfer of energy as
heat from the reservoir to the block is reversible. Figure below gives the change in
entropy ∆ S of the block until thermal equilibrium is reached. The scale of the horizontal
axis is set by Ta = 280 K and Tb = 380 K. What is the specific heat of the block?
7 (a) For 1.0 mol of a monatomic ideal gas taken through the cycle in Fig. 20-24,
where V1 = 4.00V0, what is W/p0V0 as the gas goes from state a to state c along path abc?
What is ∆ Eint/p0V0 in going (b) from b to c and (c) through one full cycle? What is ∆ S in
going (d) from b to c and (e) through one full cycle?

8 In Fig. below, where V23 = 3.00V1, n moles of a diatomic ideal gas are taken
through the cycle with the molecules rotating but not oscillating. What are (a) p2/p1, (b)
p3/p1, and (c) T3/T1? For path 1  2, what are (d) W/nRT1, (e) Q/nRT1, (f) ∆ Eint/nRT1, and
(g) ∆ S/nR? For path 2  3, what are (h) W/nRT1, (i) Q/nRT1, (j) ∆ Eint/nRT1, (k) ∆ S/nR?
For path 3  1, what are (l) W/nRT1, (m) Q/nRT1, (n) ∆ Eint/nRT1, and (o) ∆ S/nR?

9 Suppose 1.00 mol of a monatomic ideal gas is taken from initial pressure p1 and
volume V1 through two steps: (1) an isothermal expansion to volume 2.00V1 and (2) a
pressure increase to 2.00p1 at constant volume. What is Q/p1V1 for (a) step 1 and (b) step
2? What is W/p1V1 for (c) step 1 and (d) step 2? For the full process, what are (e) ∆
Eint/p1V1 and (f) ∆ S? The gas is returned to its initial state and again taken to the same
final state but now through these two steps: (1) an isothermal compression to pressure
2.00p1 and (2) a volume increase to 2.00V1 at constant pressure. What is Q/p1V1 for (g)
step 1 and (h) step 2? What is W/p1V1 for (i) step 1 and (j) step 2? For the full process,
what are (k) ∆ Eint/p1V1 and (l) ∆ S?
10 A Carnot engine whose low-temperature reservoir is at 17 0C has an efficiency of
40%. By how much should the temperature of the high-temperature reservoir be
increased to increase the efficiency to 50%?
11 A Carnot engine absorbs 52 kJ as heat and exhausts 36 kJ as heat in each cycle.
Calculate (a) the engine’s efficiency and (b) the work done per cycle in kilojoules.
12 A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 22.0%. It operates between constant-
temperature reservoirs differing in temperature by 75.0 0C. What is the temperature of the
(a) lower-temperature and (b) higher-temperature reservoir?
13 Figure below shows a reversible cycle through which 1.00 mol of a monatomic
ideal gas is taken. Assume that p = 2p0, V = 2V0, p0 = 1.01 x 105 Pa, and V0 = 0.0225 m3.
Calculate (a) the work done during the cycle, (b) the energy added as heat during stroke
abc, and (c) the efficiency of the cycle. (d) What is the efficiency of a Carnot engine
operating between the highest and lowest temperatures that occur in the cycle? (e) Is this
greater than or less than the efficiency calculated in (c)?

14 The efficiency of a particular car engine is 25% when the engine does 8.2 kJ of
work per cycle. Assume the process is reversible. What are (a) the energy the engine
gains per cycle as heat Qgain from the fuel combustion and (b) the energy the engine
loses per cycle as heat Qlost? If a tune-up increases the efficiency to 31%, what are (c)
Qgain and (d) Qlost at the same work value?
15 An ideal gas (1.0 mol) is the working substance in an engine that operates on the
cycle shown in Fig. below Processes BC and DA are reversible and adiabatic. (a) Is the
gas monatomic, diatomic, or polyatomic? (b) What is the engine efficiency
16 The cycle in Fig. below represents the operation of a gasoline internal combustion
engine. Volume V3 = 4.00V1. Assume the gasoline–air intake mixture is an ideal gas with
γ = 1.30. What are the ratios (a) T2/T1, (b) T3/T1, (c) T4/T1, (d) p3/p1, and (e) p4/p1? (f) What
is the engine efficiency?

17 How much work must be done by a Carnot refrigerator to transfer 1.0 J as heat (a)
from a reservoir at 7.00C to one at 270C, (b) from a reservoir at -73 0C to one at 270C, (c)
from a reservoir at -1730C to one at 270C, and (d) from a reservoir at -2230C to one at
270C?
18 A heat pump is used to heat a building. The external temperature is less than the
internal temperature. The pump’s coefficient of performance is 3.8, and the heat pump
delivers 7.54 MJ as heat to the building each hour. If the heat pump is a Carnot engine
working in reverse, at what rate must work be done to run.
19 To make ice, a freezer that is a reverse Carnot engine extracts 42 kJ as heat at -
0
15 C during each cycle, with coefficient of performance 5.7. The room temperature is
30.30C. How much (a) energy per cycle is delivered as heat to the room and (b) work per
cycle is required to run the freezer?
20 The motor in a refrigerator has a power of 200 W. If the freezing compartment is
at 270 K and the outside air is at 300 K, and assuming the efficiency of a Carnot
refrigerator, what is the maximum amount of energy that can be extracted as heat from
the freezing compartment in 10.0 min?
21 Figure below represents a Carnot engine that works between temperatures T1 400
K and T2 = 150 K and drives a Carnot refrigerator that works between temperatures T3 =
325 K and T4 = 225 K. What is the ratio Q3/Q1?

MCQs :

1. Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of 80 MW. If the rate of waste heat
rejection to a nearby river is 50 MW, determine the net power output and thermal efficiency for this heat
engine:

a) 30 MW & 37.5 %
b) 40 MW & 0.375 %
c) 50 MW & 35.7 %
d) 60 MW & 0.357 %
2. A car engine with a power output of 50 kW has a thermal efficiency of 24 percent. Determine the fuel
consumption rate of this car if the fuel has a heating value of 44,000 kJ/kg
a) 0.00273 kg/s
b) 0.00373 kg/s
c) 0.00473 kg/s
d) 0.00573 kg/s
3. A machine which can do work by making use of heat that flows out spontaneously from a high
temperature source to a low temperature sink is called:
a. Carnot engine
b. Cyclic machine
c. Heat engine
d. Heat machine
4. What is true about entropy?
a. if it increases in one place, it must decrease elsewhere
b. If it decreases in one place, it must increase elsewhere
c. It must decrease in the universe
d. It must stay constant in the universe
5. Efficiency of a heat engine is the ratio of:
a. Heat taken from the high temperature reservoir (Q) to the work obtained in a cyclic process (W)
b. Work obtained in a cyclic process (W) to the heat taken from the high temperature reservoir (Q H)
c. Work obtained in a cyclic process (W) to the heat taken from the low temperature sink (Q L)
d. Heat taken from the low temperature sink (QL) to the work obtained in a cyclic process (W)
6. In a heat engine, what is the relationship between QH, QL and W?
a. W = QH + QL
b. W = QL - QH
c. W = QH - QL
d. W + QH + QL = 0
7. An air conditioner provides 1 kg/s of air at 15 oC cooled from outside atmospheric air at 35 oC.
Estimate the amount of power needed to operate the air-conditioner:
(Cp of air = 1.005 kJ/kgK)
a. 1.09 kW
b. 1.19 kW
c. 1.29 kW
d. 1.39 kW
8. A car engine operates with a thermal efficiency of 35 %. Assuming the air-conditioner has a coefficient
of performance (COP) of 3 working as a refrigerator cooling the inside using engine shaft work to drive
it. How much extra fuel needed to remove 1 kJ from the inside of the car?
a. 0.752 kJ
b. 0.952 kJ
c. 0.852 kJ
d. None of the above
9. A cyclic machine receives 325 kJ from a 1000 K energy reservoir. It rejects 125 kJ to a 400 K reservoir
and the cycle produces 200 kJ of work as output. This cycle is:
a. reversible
b. irreversible
c. impossible
d. None of the above
10. The increase in entropy when one mole of ice melts to form water is: (Latent heat of fusion of ice is
80 cal/g)
a. 0.293 Cal/molK
b. 0.65 Cal/molK
c. 5.275 Cal/molK
d. 3.41 Cal/molK