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Tutorial Sheet 1 - Unit 1correct

This document contains a tutorial sheet for a logic module that includes: 1) Questions to distinguish sentences from statements and identify examples of statements. 2) True/false questions about statements, arguments, validity, and soundness. 3) Examples of arguments to identify as valid or invalid. 4) Definitions of key logic terms like validity, soundness, and argument forms. 5) Examples of arguments to analyze for validity using argument forms and provide counterexamples for invalid arguments.

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43 views

Tutorial Sheet 1 - Unit 1correct

This document contains a tutorial sheet for a logic module that includes: 1) Questions to distinguish sentences from statements and identify examples of statements. 2) True/false questions about statements, arguments, validity, and soundness. 3) Examples of arguments to identify as valid or invalid. 4) Definitions of key logic terms like validity, soundness, and argument forms. 5) Examples of arguments to analyze for validity using argument forms and provide counterexamples for invalid arguments.

Uploaded by

nervasmith21
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION


MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC (ECO1015)
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022/23

TUTORIAL SHEET # 1 – Unit 1

1. What distinguishes a sentence from a statement?


A statement has true or false value(fact or opinion) while a sentence has a subject or verb and
information about the subject.
2. Which of the following is most likely to be classified as a statement?
A. Please turn off the lights!
B. The largest car in the Pacific Ocean.
C. Vicky is very angry and depressed.
D. Who are you?

3. All of the following are arguments except:


A. All dogs are animals. All cats are animals. Hence, all dogs are cats.
B. All dogs are ants. All ants are mammals. So, all dogs are mammals
C. Some Jamaicans are women. Lady Diana is a Jamaican. Therefore, Lady Diana is
a woman.
D. If scientists discovered many years ago that the world is round, then the world is
round.

Questions 4 to 7 are True and False items. Please indicate your answers accordingly.

4. Which of the following is FALSE?


A. Every sentence is a statement.
B. Every statement is a sentence.
C. A command is not a statement.
D. A statement is either true or false.

5. Which of the following is TRUE?


A. A rhetorical question can be a statement.
B. Questions can be statements.
C. A command can be a statement.
D. A statement can be valid.
6. Choose the option that is FALSE:
A. A statement can be invalid.
B. Statements can either be true or false.
C. Statements make up arguments.
D. Arguments can be invalid but statements cannot.

7. It is False that which of the following option is a statement?


A. “I am hungry”.
B. “Mariah is a singer”.
C. “Let’s have lunch”.
D. “I am a teacher”.

For questions 8 to 11, state which of the following is a statement.

8. Despite the weather.


9. If punishment deters crime.
10. Stand at attention!
11. Murder is illegal.

Questions 12 to 17 are True and False items. If the answer is true write T and if false write
F, in addition to giving a brief reason for your answer.

12. Some arguments are false. FALSE


13. An argument is any set of statements. FALSE
14. All arguments have more than one premise. FALSE
15. The conclusion of an argument could be anywhere in the argument.
16. An argument must always have a sub-conclusion. FALSE
17. An argument’s conclusion is affirmed on the basis of its premises. TRUE

18. Which of the following is FALSE?


A. Every unsound argument is invalid.
B. Every unsound argument has at least one false premise.
C. Every sound argument is valid.
D. Every sound argument has all true premises.

19. The main feature of a valid argument is:


A. it is possible for the conclusion to be true.
B. it is not possible for the conclusion to be false.
C. it is not necessary that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.
D. it is necessary that if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.
20. An argument is inductive where the premises:
A. make the conclusion probable
B. do not make the conclusion probable
C. make the conclusion valid
D. guarantee the conclusion

21. The relationship between validity and truth is that:


A. there is no necessary relationship
B. If the premise is true, however, the conclusion must be true for it to be valid.
C. The premise or conclusion of a valid argument could either be true or false
D. All of the above

22. A sound argument has:


A. No valid component to it
B. guaranteed conclusion plus true premises.
C. premises that are contrary.
D. three terms and three statements in all cases.

Which of the following claims are true, which false, and why?

23. Every sound argument has a true conclusion. TRUE


24. A sound argument can have false conclusion. FALSE
25. Every sound argument is valid. TRUE
26. Every invalid argument is unsound. TRUE
27. Every unsound argument is invalid. TRUE
28. If all of the premises of an argument are true, then it is sound. FALSE
29. If an argument has one false premise, then it is unsound. TRUE
30. Every valid argument with a true conclusion is sound. FALSE
31. A sound argument cannot have a false conclusion. TRUE
32. Some sound arguments are invalid.FALSE
\

Based on the definitions of validity, identify the validity of following arguments by placing (V)
for valid and (I) for invalidity in the space provided.

33. All spiders have ten legs. All ten-legged creatures have wings. Therefore, all spiders have
wings. _V____premises support conclusion
34. All mammals have wings. All whales have wings. Therefore, all mammals are whales.
__I__talking about wings all along does not support the premise.
35. If I win the Super Lotto then I would be wealthy. I did not win the Super Lotto.
Therefore, I am not wealthy _I____
36. Every liar is a thief. Every thief is a murderer. So, every liar is a murder. _V____

37. Which of the following statements is FALSE?


A. The substitution instance of an argument form is an argument form that results
from uniformly replacing statements with letters in an original argument.
B. A valid argument form is one in which every substitution instance is a valid
argument.
C. In determining whether an argument is a substitution instance of an argument
form, we must be careful to take the order of the premises into account.
D. If an argument -form is invalid, at least one substitution instance has true premises
and false conclusion.

38. Use argument forms to determine whether the following arguments are valid or are
fallacies. Give a reason to justify your answers.

1. Jamaica will experience a severe depression given that the economy collapses. The
economy collapses if inflation soars. So, inflation soars only if a severe depression will
occur.
 Let A= Jamaica will experience a severe depression Let B= the economy collapses Let
C=Inflation soars
 So C only if A will occur. A given B if C- Not a valid argument/
A. If Jane goes to UTECH then Fred will turn down the job in St. Elizabeth. Fred
turned down the job in St. Elizabeth. So, Jane must be going to UTECH.
B. If either Bolt or Asafa won, then both Walker and Frazer lost. Since I know that
either Bolt or Asafa won, it must follow that both walker and Fraser lost.
C. If you marry, you will get bored. If you stay single then you will be lonely. You
have got to either be married or single. So, you are going to either be bored or
lonely. VALID

39. Use counterexamples to show that the following arguments are invalid.

A. If Susan is a famous author then she knows how to write. Moreover, Susan knows
how to write. So, she is a famous author.
B. If Lewis is a famous author then he knows how to write. But Lewis is not a famous
author. Hence, Lewis does not know how to write.
C. “No people whose attention is easily distracted while they are working are people
who are keenly interested in their work. No successful people are people whose
attention is easily distracted while they are working. So, all successful people are
people who are keenly interested in their work.”

D. “All zoologists are natural scientists. No historians are zoologists. So, no historians
are natural scientists.”

E. “Some people who endanger the social order are not mean-spirited people. All
intolerant people are people who endanger the social order. Hence, some intolerant
people are not mean-spirited people.”

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