DATA ANALYSIS

TRAINING
MR M. MUSUTE (B.A, ZICA, MANGO, M&E)
PROJECT MANAGER AT C.R.O.C
Data

 Facts and statistics collected together for

reference or analysis.
 Data are individual facts, statistics, or items of
information, often numeric, that are collected
through observation.
Data vs Information

 Although the terms "data" and "information" are

often used interchangeably, these terms have
distinct meanings.
 In some popular publications, data are sometimes
said to be transformed into information when they
are viewed in context or in post-analysis.
 However, in academic treatments of the subject
data are simply units of information.
Types of Data

 Quantitative data
 Qualitative data
 Nominal data
 Ordinal data
 Discrete data
 Continuous data
Quantitative data
 Quantitative data can be expressed as a number or can be
quantified. Simply put, it can be measured by numerical
variables.
 Quantitative data are easily amenable to statistical
manipulation and can be represented by a wide variety of
statistical types of graphs and charts such as line, bar graph,
scatter plot, and etc.
 Examples
 Scores on tests and exams e.g. 85, 67, 90 and etc.
 The weight of a person or a subject.
 Your shoe size.
 The temperature in a room.
 There are 2 general types of quantitative data: discrete data
and continuous data.
Qualitative data
 Qualitative data can’t be expressed as a number and can’t
be measured. Qualitative data consist of words, pictures, and
symbols, not numbers.
 Qualitative data is also called categorical data because the
information can be sorted by category, not by number.
 Examples
 Colors e.g. the color of the sea
 Holiday destination such as S.A Hawaii, Dubai, etc.
 Names as John, Patricia, Taonga…..
 Ethnicity such as African, American, Indian, Asian, etc.
 There are 2 general types of qualitative data: nominal data
and ordinal data.
 Nominal data
 Nominal data is used just for labeling variables, without any type of
quantitative value. The name ‘nominal’ comes from the Latin word
“nomen” which means ‘name’.
 The nominal data just name a thing without applying it to order.
Actually, the nominal data could just be called “labels.”
 Examples
 Gender (Women, Men)
 Hair color (Blonde, Brown, Brunette, Red, etc.)
 Marital status (Married, Single, Widowed)
 Ethnicity (Hispanic, Asian)
 As you see from the examples there is no intrinsic ordering to the
variables.
 Eye color is a nominal variable having a few categories (Blue,
Green, Brown) and there is no way to order these categories from
highest to lowest.
 Ordinal data
 Ordinal data is data which is placed into some kind of order by
their position on a scale. Ordinal data may indicate superiority.
 Ordinal variables are considered as “in between” qualitative and
quantitative variables.
 In other words, the ordinal data is qualitative data for which the
values are ordered.
 In comparison with nominal data, the second one is qualitative
data for which the values cannot be placed in an ordered.
 Examples
 The first, second and third person in a competition.
 Letter grades: A, B, C, and etc.
 When a company asks a customer to rate the sales experience on a
scale of 1-10.
 Economic status: low, medium and high.
 Discrete data
 Discrete data is a count that involves only integers. The discrete
values cannot be subdivided into parts.
 For example, the number of children in a class is discrete data.
You can count whole individuals. You can’t count 1.5 kids.
 To put in other words, discrete data can take only certain values.
The data variables cannot be divided into smaller parts.
 It has a limited number of possible values e.g. days of the month.
 Examples of discrete data
 The number of students in a class.
 The number of workers in a company.
 The number of home runs in a baseball game.
 The number of test questions you answered correctly
Continuous data

 Continuous data is information that could be

meaningfully divided into finer levels. It can be
measured on a scale or continuum and can have
almost any numeric value.
 You can record continuous data at so many
different measurements – width, temperature, time,
and etc. This is where the key difference from
discrete types of data lies.
 Examples
 The amount of time required to complete a project.
 The height of children.
 The square footage of a two-bedroom house.
 The speed of cars
THANK YOU!!!