Collins Mechanics PDF

Cambridge International
AS & A Level Mathematics
Mechanics
STUDENT’S BOOK: Worked solutions
Tom Andrews, Michael Kent

Series Editor: Dr Adam Boddison
Pure Mathematics 1 International Students Book Title page.indd 1 14/11/17 10:46 pm

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AM
1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Worked solutions
1 Forces and equilibrium
Please note: Full worked solutions are provided as an aid to learning, and represent one approach to answering
the question. In some cases, alternative methods are shown for contrast.
All sample answers have been written by the authors. Cambridge Assessment International Education bears no
responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers, which are contained in
this publication.
Non-exact numerical answers should be given correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in
degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Prerequisite knowledge c R
1 5x + 4y = 46 1
2x = 3y 2 P
Rearrange equation 2 .
x= 3y W
2 2 A = C, B = D
Substitute for x in equation (1). 3
( )
R
5 3 y + 4y = 46
2
15y + 8y = 92
X T
23y = 92
y=4
2x = 3 × 4 = 12
4N
x=6 4 a 58 N
2 14 ÷ sin 58 = 16.5 cm
3 cos–1(15 ÷ 19) = 37.9°
12 N
4 a d2 = 192 + 132 − 2 × 19 × 13 × cos 122° = 791.78 T
d = 791.78 = 28.1 cm
b sin BAD = sin122° W

13 28.1
b T − 12 = 0
sin BAD = 0.392
T = 12 N
∠ BAD = 23.1° c W − 58 = 0
Exercise 1.1A W = 58 N
1 a R Exercise 1.2A
1 a R F
q
mg mg

b
R b R T
F T
F 60°
W mg
1
©HarperCollinsPublishers 2018 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Mechanics 9780008257750
57750_P001_012_WB.indd 1 7/10/18 11:14 PM

c R − X sin θ
R T c W = X cosθ − F =
sin θ cosθ
30º mg X cos2 θ – F cos θ = R sin θ – X sin2 θ
X(sin2 θ + cos2 θ) = R sin θ + F cos θ
d R X = R sin θ + F cos θ
D
8 X cos 12° = F + 250 sin 12°
F R = X sin 12° + 250 cos 12°
q mg
1 1
F= R = (X sin 12° + 250 cos 12°)
e 4 4
R 1
X cos 12° = (X sin 12° + 250 cos 12°) + 250 sin 12°
P 4
F
26° mg 4X cos 12° = X sin 12° + 250 cos 12° + 1000 sin 12°
X(4 cos 12° – sin 12°) = 250 cos 12° + 1000 sin 12°
f R F 250 cos12° + 1000 sin 12°
X= = 122 N
P 4 cos12° − sin 12°
26° mg
9 T cos 30 = F
g T sin 30 + R = W
50° 20° F
W = cos 30° sin 30° + R
T1 T2
F 1
W= × +R
3 2
mg 2
2 a 2T sin θ − W = 0 b T= W
2sin θ 3F
W= +R
3
3 a T cos 19° − F = 0 b T sin 19 + R − W = 0
3R + 3F
4 a TB cos 65° − TA cos 25° = 0 W= .
3
b TA sin 25° + TB sin 65° − W = 0
10 T cos 15° = F + W sin 27°
5 a Mary has not included X. R + T sin 15° = W cos 27°
Correct answer: R = W cos 24 + X sin 24 1
F= R
b Mary has written X cos 24° rather than X. 2
1
T cos 15° – W sin 27° = (W cos 27° – T sin 15°)
Correct answer: F + X = W sin 24° 2
c Mary has written W cos 24° rather than W sin 24°. 2T cos 15° – 2W sin 27° = W cos 27° – T sin 15°
Correct answer: X cos 24° = F + W sin 24° 2T cos 15° + T sin 15° = W cos 27° + 2W sin 27°
d Mary has written X cos 24° rather than X sin 24°. T(2 cos 15° + sin 15°) = W(cos 27° + 2 sin 27°)
Correct answer: R = X sin 24° + W cos 24° T cos 27° + 2sin 27°
=
W 2 cos15° + sin 15°
e Mary has written X cos 64° rather than X cos 40°.
Correct answer: X cos 40° = F + W sin 24° Exercise 1.2B
6 F = W sin θ 1 1 a R( )
→
R = W cos θ 2 R − 50 cos 28° = 0

F sin θ R = 44.1 N
1 ÷ 2 : R = cosθ = tan θ
b R( )
→
F = R tan θ.
F − 50 sin 28° = 0
7 a X cos θ = F + W sin θ
F = 23.5 N
b R = X sin θ + W cos θ 2 R(↑)
2T sin θ − W = 0
2
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1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
W = 2 × 32 × 12
35 sin θ = 412 − 402 = 9
41 41
= 21.9 N 9
F = 20 − 120 × = −6.34
41
3 Both solutions are correct. Victrix’s solution
requires resolving twice whereas Colin’s solution Hence friction is acting up the slope with a
requires resolving once. Victrix’s solution is magnitude of 6.34 N.
possibly simpler since it just requires horizontal 7 Let the tension in the string at 55° be T1 and the
and vertical resolving. By resolving perpendicular tension in the string at 35° be T2.
to the tension, Colin’s solution does not require the
R(→)
tension to be found.
T2 cos 35° − T1 cos 55° = 0 1
4 a
All three forces are in the horizontal
R(↑)
plane, whereas weight acts vertically and
perpendicular to all the three forces. T1 sin 55° + T2 sin 35° − 15 = 0 2
b R(→) Make T1 the subject of equation 1 .

A cos 30° − Q = 0 T2 cos 35°
T1 =
cos 55°
Q = A cos 30°
Substitute for T1 in equation 2 .
R(↑)
T2 cos 35°
P − A sin 30° = 0 sin 55° + T2 sin 35° − 15 = 0
cos 55°
( cos ) = 15
P = A sin 30°
35° sin 55° + sin 35°
T2
Since Q is 4 N larger than P cos 55°
A cos 30° = 4 + A sin 30° 15
T2 = cos35° = 8.60 N
A cos 30° − A sin 30° = 4 sin 55° + sin 35°
cos55°
A(cos 30° − sin 30°) = 4 T1 = T2 cos35° = 8.60 × cos35° = 12.3 N
A= 4 = 10.9 N cos55° cos55°
cos30° − sin 30°
The tensions are 8.60 N and 12.3 N.
5 Let the angle between the cord and the floor be θ.
8 a R (→) U cos 2a = T cos a
R(→)
U cos2α
T cos θ − 6 = 0 T=
cosα
T= 6
cosθ R (↑) 20 = U sin 2a + T sin a
sin θ = 1 U cos 2α
20 = U sin 2 a + sin a
5 cosα
cos θ = 52 − 12 = 24 U sin 2α cosα + U cos2α sin α

5 5 20 =
cosα
6 U(sin 2α cosα + cos2α sin α )

T= = 2.5 N 20 =
24 cos α
5
R(↑) 20cosα
U=
cos 2α sin α + sin 2α cos α
R + T sin θ − 30 = 0
20 cos α 20cos 30
R = 30 − T sin θ b U= =
sin(2α + α ) sin(90)
= 30 − 2.5 × 0.2
= 29.5 N 20 3
U= = 10 3
2
6 Let the angle between the plane and the horizontal
1
be θ and assume the friction is acting down the 10 3 cos 60° 10 3 × 2
T= = = 10
slope cos 30° 3
2
R( )
→
20 − 120 sin θ − F = 0
cos θ = 40
41
3
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9 Q = P cos(180° – b ) = –P cos b 5 a
Hita has drawn out the diagram with the forces
R = P cos(b – 90°) = P sin b tip to tail.
Q + R = P sin b – P cos b She has applied the cosine rule to the 3 N and 5 N
forces to obtain the resultant of these two as 7 N.
Q + R = P(sin b – cos b )
She has then applied the sine rule to obtain the
12 35
10 Given that cos a = , sin a = angle opposite the 5 N force as 38.2°.
37 37
T1 cos a = T2 cos b Using alternate angles she has calculated the
angle opposite the overall resultant force as
T1 = 2T2
(90 + 38.2) = 128.2°.
T1
cos b = cosα = 2 cos a She has then applied the cosine rule again
T2
to the 4 N and 7 N forces to obtain the overall
12 24 resultant force of 9.98 N.
cos b = 2 × =
37 37
She has then applied the sine rule again to
( ) obtain the angle opposite the 4 N force as 18.4°.

2
24 793
sin2 b = 1 – =
37 1369 She has then added 38.2° and 18.4° to obtain the
angle 56.6°. The direction of the resultant force
793
sin b = is 56.6° to the horizontal.
37
b R(→) (3 + 5 cos 60°) N
W = T1 sin a + T2 sin b
R(↑) (4 + 5 sin 60°) N
35 793
W = 2T2 × + T2 ×
37 37 Magnitude = (3 + 5cos60°)2 + ( 4 + 5sin 60°)2
W=
(
T2 70 + 793 ) = 9.98 N
( )
37
Angle = tan−1 4 + 5sin 60° = 56.6°
3 + 5cos60°
Exercise 1.3A
6 Can answer parts a and b in either order.
1 a Magnitude = 152 + 8 2 = 17 N
Let the angle at the top right of the triangle be
( )
b tan−1 8 = 28.1°
15
X and the direction of the resultant force be Y.
sin X sin128
=
2 a Magnitude = 38 2 + 232 = 44.4 N 18 28
( )
sin X = 0.507
b tan−1 23 = 31.2°
38 X = sin−1 (0.507) = 30.4°
Bearing = 270° − 31.2° = 239° Y = 180 − (128 + 30.4) = 21.6°
The direction of the resultant force is 21.6° to Ox.
3 a R(→) (9 + 7 cos 50°) N
R(↑) (7 sin 50°) N D2 = 282 + 182 − 2 × 28 × 18 × cos 21.6°
Magnitude = (9 + 7cos50°)2 + (7sin 50°)2 D = 170.55 = 13.1 N

The magnitude of the resultant force is 13.1 N.
= 14.5 N
( )
7 a R(→) (3 + 3 cos 40° − 5 cos 40° − 5 sin 40°) =
b Angle = tan−1 7sin 50° = 21.7°
9 + 7cos50° (3 − 2 cos 40° − 5 sin 40°) N
R(↑) (3 sin 40° + 5 sin 50° − 5 sin 40°) =
4 R(→) (11 − 7 cos 70°) N (5 sin 50° − 2 sin 40°) N
R(↑) (7 sin 70°) N
Magnitude = (11 − 7cos70°)2 + (7sin 70°)2
Angle = tan−1 ( 5sin 50° − 2sin 40°
3 − 2cos 40° − 5sin 40° )= – 55.5.
= 10.8 N Hence the resultant force acts at approximately
( )
−1 7sin 70° 124° to Ox measured anticlockwise.
Angle = tan = 37.4° to Ox
11 − 7cos70°
b Magnitude =
( 3 − 2cos 40° − 5sin 40°)2 + ( 5sin 50° − 2sin 40°)2
4 = 3.09 N.
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1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
8 a Let resultant force = F N

From F = µR, µ = F .
F 2 = x2 + (2x)2 – x × 2x × cos a R
F 2 = 5x2 – 2x2 cos a µ = 80sin 28° = tan 28° = 0.532
80cos 28°
F 2 = x2 (5 – 2 cos a)
F = x 5 − 2 cos α 2 R( )
→
R − 6000 cos 8° = 0
b 2x = x 5 − 2 cos α
R = 6000 cos 8°
2 = 5 − 2 cos α
F = µR
4 = 5 – 2 cos a
= 0.12 × 6000 cos 8° = 713 N
2 cos a = 1
R( )
→
1
cos a = D − F − 6000 sin 8° = 0
2
D = F + 6000 sin 8°
a = 60°
= 713 + 6000 sin 8°
9 a R(→) S cos θ = 2S sin θ
= 1548 N
1
tan θ = The driving force is 1550 N to 3 s.f.
2
1 1 2 3 a R(→)
b When tan θ = , sin θ = and cos θ =
2 5 5
T cos 20° − F = 0
R(↑) T = S sin θ + 2S cos θ
F = T cos 20°
1 2
T=S× + 2S × R(↑)
5 5
R + T sin 20° − 50 = 0
S 4S 5S
T = + = =S 5 R = 50 − T sin 20°
5 5 5
10 a a2 = 5002 + 1002 – 2 × 500 × 100 cos 70° F = µR
a = 475.182 T cos 20° = 1 (50 − T sin 20°)

4
sin θ sin 70° 4T cos 20° = 50 − T sin 20°
= 475.182
100
4T cos 20° + T sin 20° = 50
sin θ = 0.197 75
T(4 cos 20° + sin 20°) = 50
θ = 11 50
T=
Bearing = 50° + 11° = 061° 4cos 20° + sin 20°
b Let bearing be a = 12.2 N
sin(50° − α ) = sin110° b There would be no friction.
100 500
4 Let the total weight of the cyclist and bicycle be
sin(50° – a) = 0.187 94
W N:
50° – a = 11° →
R( )
a = 039°
W sin α − F = 0
Exercise 1.4A F = W sin α
R( )
→
1 R( ) R − W cos α = 0
→
F − 80 sin 28° = 0 R = W cos α

F = 80 sin 28°
From F = µR, µ = F .
R( ) R
→
R − 80 cos 28° = 0 0.3 = W sin α = tan α

W c osα
R = 80 cos 28°
α = tan−1 0.3 = 16.7°
5
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5 R( ) 1
→
8 a R( ) W cos θ = F + W sin θ
→
F + P cos 25° − 32 sin 25° = 0 2
F = 32 sin 25° − P cos 25° 1
R( ) R + W sin θ = W cos θ
→
2
R( )
→
R − P sin 25° − 32 cos 25° = 0 1

F= W cos θ – W sin θ
2
R = 32 cos 25° + P sin 25°
1
F = µR R = W cos θ – W sin θ
2
32 sin 25° − P cos 25° = 0.15(32 cos 25° + P sin 25°)
1 W cos θ − W sin θ
F
= 4.8 cos 25° + 0.15P sin 25° m= = 2
R W cos θ − 1 W sin θ
32 sin 25° − 4.8 cos 25° = P cos 25° + 0.15P sin 25° 2
= P(cos 25° + 0.15 sin 25°)
cosθ − 2sin θ
m=
P = 32sin 25° − 4.8cos 25° 2 cos θ − sin θ
cos 25° + 0.15sin 25°
1 − 2tan θ
= 9.46 N m=
2 − tan θ
6 Let the angle of slope be θ : 1 − 2tan θ
b m=
R( ) 2 − tan θ
→
560 − F − W sin θ = 0 2m – m tan θ = 1 – 2 tan θ
F = 560 − W sin θ 2m – 1 = m tan θ – 2 tan θ
R( ) 2m – 1 = tan θ (m – 2)
→
R − W cos θ = 0 2µ − 1
tan θ =
µ−2
R = W cos θ
2µ − 1
F = µR Since tan θ > 0, >0
µ−2
560 − W sin θ = 2 × W cos θ
7 2m – 1 > 0
3920 – 7W sin θ = 2W cos θ 1
m>
3920 = 7W sin θ + 2W cos θ 2
3920 = W(7 sin θ + 2 cos θ) 3 1 − 2tan θ
c =
3920 10 2 − tan θ
W=
7sin θ + 2cosθ 6 – 3 tan θ = 10 – 20 tan θ
sin θ = 1 4
10 tan θ =
17
2 2
cos θ = 10 − 1 = 99
10 10 9 a R( ) P + F = 30 sin 30°
→
3920 R( ) R = 30 cos 30°

→
W= 99
7 × 10
1
+2× 10 F = mR
= 1457 N 30 sin 30° – P = 0.1(30 cos 30°)
= 1460 N correct to 3 s.f. P = 30 sin 30° – 0.1(30 cos 30°)
7 a P = 8500 sin 50° + F P = 30 ×
1
–3×
3
= 12.4 N
2 2
R = 8500 cos 50°
b R( ) P = 30 sin 30° + F
m = F = 15 000 − 8500 sin 50° = 1.55
→
R 8500 cos50° R( ) R = 30 cos 30°

→
F P − 8500 sin 50° F = mR

b m= = 1
R 8500 cos 50 ° P – 30 sin 30° = 0.1(30 cos 30°)
P – 8500 sin 50°  8500 cos 50°
P = 30 sin 30° + 0.1(30 cos 30°)
P  8500(cos 50° + sin 50°)
1 3
P  12 000 N P = 30 × +3× = 17.6 N
2 2
6
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1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
  11 R( )
→
c max P – min P = 30 × 1 + 3 × 3 
 2 2  T cos 15° + F − 210 sin 30° = 0
 1 3 F = 210 sin 30° − T cos 15°
– 30 × 2 − 3 × 2 
R( )
→
1 3 1
0×
max P – min P = 3 +3× – 30 × R + T sin 15° − 210 cos 30° = 0
2 2 2
3 R = 210 cos 30° − T sin 15°
+3×
2
3 3 F = µR
max P – min P = 3 × +3× =3 3
2 2 210 sin 30° − T cos 15° = 2 (210 cos 30° − T sin 15°)
9
10 a R( ) 1890 sin 30° − 9T cos 15° = 420 cos 30° − 2T sin 15°
→
40 − F − 170 sin α = 0 1890 sin 30° − 420 cos 30° = 9T cos 15° − 2T sin 15°
F = 40 − 170 sin α
= T(9 cos 15° − 2 sin 15°)
R( )
→
R − 170 cos α = 0 T = 1890sin 30° − 420cos30°

9cos15° − 2sin15°
R = 170 cos α
= 71.1 N
F = µR
40 − 170 sin α = µ(170 cos α) 1
12 a T = W
2
From F = µR, µ = F
R 1
W cos θ = F
µ= 40 − 170 sin α = 4 − 17sin α 2
170 cos α 17cos α
1
R+ W sin θ = W
2
b tan α = 13
84 1 W cos θ
F cos θ
sin α = 13 = 13 m=
= 2 =
85 R W − 1 W sin θ 2 − sin θ
132 + 84 2 2
cos α = 84
85 5 2
b If cos θ = , sin θ =
4 − 17 × 13 340 − 221 17 × 20 − 17 × 13 3 3
µ= 85 = =
17 × 84 17 × 84 17 × 84 5
85
m=
3 = 5 = 5
= 17 × 7 = 1 2− 2 6−2 4
17 × 84 12 3
c Let the weight of the shopping be W N: 13 a R( ) X cos a = F + W sin a

→
R( ) R( ) R = X sin a + W cos a
→
100 − F − (170 + W) × 13 = 0 F X cosα − W sin α

85 m= =
R X sin α + W cosα
F = 100 − 13 (170 + W)
85 3W cosα − W sin α
cos a =
R( ) 3W sin α + W cosα
→
R − (170 + W) × 84 = 0 3 sin a cos a + cos2 a = 3 cos a – sin a

85
3 sin a cos a + sin a = 3 cos a – cos2 a
R = 84 (170 + W)
85 sin a(3 cos a + 1) = cos a(3 – cos a)
F = µR
sin2 a(3 cos a + 1)2 = cos2 a(3 – cos a)2
100 − 13 (170 + W) = 1 × 84 (170 + W) (1 – cos2 a)(3 cos a + 1)2 = cos2 a(3 – cos a)2
85 12 85
102 000 – 26 520 – 156W = 14 280 + 84W (1 – cos2 a)(9 cos2 a + 6 cos a + 1) =
cos2 a(9 – 6 cos a + cos2 a)
61200 = 240W
9 cos2 a + 6 cos a + 1 – 9 cos4 a – 6 cos3 a –
W = 255 cos2 a = 9 cos2 a – 6 cos3 a + cos4 a
There is 255 N of shopping in the trolley. 10 cos4 a + cos2 a = 6 cos a + 1
7
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b f(a) = 10 cos4a + cos2 a – 6 cos a – 1 = 0 1.8

T2 = cos 7° = 8.62 N
f(30°) = 0.1788 cos 5° sin 5° + sin 7°
f(31°) = –0.0099 T2 cos7°
T1 = = 8.62 × cos7° = 8.59 N
Since f(30°) > 0 and f(31°) < 0 and f(a ) is cos5° cos5°
continuous, 30° < a < 31° The tensions are 8.62 N and 8.59 N.
Exam-style questions 4 a R(↑)
R – 70 – P sin 8° = 0
1 Let the angle of slope be θ and the weight of the R = 70 + P sin 8°
wardrobe be W N.
b R(→)
R( )
→
P cos 8° – F = 0
F − W sin θ = 0
F = P cos 8°
F = W sin θ
c Substitute into F = µ R:
R( )
→
P cos 8° = 1 × (70 + P sin 8°)

R − W cos θ = 0 12
R = W cos θ 12P cos 8° = 70 + P sin 8°
F 12P cos 8° – P sin 8° = 70
From F = µR, µ = .
R P(12 cos 8° – sin 8°) = 70
µ = W sin θ = tan θ P= 70
W cosθ 12cos8° − sin 8°
sin θ = 5 = 5.96 N
13
cos θ = 5 = 5 5 a Cosine rule: H2 = 162 + 242 – 2 × 16 × 24 × cos 50

13 − 52 12
2
H2 = 338.3
tan θ = 5 ÷ 5 = 12 H = 18.4 N
13 12 13
2 a R(↑) sin X sin 50°
b Sine rule: = 18.4
16
P cos 35° – 25 = 0
sin X = 0.666
P = 30.5 N
X = sin–1(0.666) = 41.8°
b R(→)
Angle with positive x-axis = –138.2°.
Q – P cos 55° = 0
6 R( )
→
Q = 30.5 cos 55° = 17.5 N

G cos β − 6 sin β = 0
3 Let the tension in the string at 5° be T1 and the
tension in the string at 7° be T2. G cos β = 6 sin β
G = 6 tan β
R(→)
= 6 × 3 = 4.5 N
T2 cos 7° − T1 cos 5 = 0 1 4
R(↑) 7 a R(→)
T1 sin 5° + T2 sin 7° – 1.8 = 0 2 (6 + 10 cos 50°) N

R(↑)
Make T1 the subject of equation 1 :
(9 + 10 sin 50°) N
T2 cos7°
T1 =
cos5° Magnitude = (6 + 10 cos50°)2 + (9 + 10sin 50°)2
Substitute for T1 in equation 2 : = 20.8 N.
T2 cos7°
cos5°
sin 5° + T2 sin 7° − 1.8 = 0
(
b Angle = tan−1 9 + 10sin 50° = 53.3°.
6 + 10cos50° )
T2 ( cos7°
cos5°
sin 5° + sin 7° ) = 1.8
8
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1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
8 R( )
→ Sine rule: 10.4 = X
40 cos 35° − F − W sin 35° = 0 sin 40° sin14.5°
F = 40 cos 35° − W sin 35° X = 10.4 × sin 14.5° = 4.07 N

sin 40°
R( )
→
R − 40 sin 35° − W cos 35° = 0 c R2 = (5 + 7 cos60°)2 + (4.07 + 7sin 60°)2 = 13.2 N

R = 40 sin 35° + W cos 35°
12 a R( )
→
F = µR
F – F cos 55° – 36 sin 85° = 0
40 cos 35° − W sin 35° = 1 (40 sin 35° + W cos 35°) F(1 – cos 55°) = 36 sin 85°
3
40 cos 35° − W sin 35° = 40 sin 35° + 1 W cos 35° F = 36sin 85° = 84.1 N
3 3 1 − cos55°
1
40 cos 35° − 40 sin 35° = W sin 35° + W cos 35° b R( )
→
3 3
40 cos 35° − 40 sin 35° = W(sin 35° + 1 cos 35°) X + 36 cos 85° – F cos 35° = 0
3 3
X = 84.1 cos 35° – 36 cos 85° = 65.8 N
40 cos 35° − 403 sin 35°
W= = 29.7 N
sin 35° + 13 cos 35° 13 a R( ) F + 8 cos 20° = W sin 20°
→
9 a R( ) R( ) R = W cos 20 + 8 sin 20°
→
→
F + 20 cos θ – 50 sin θ = 0 F = mR
F = 50 sin θ – 20 cos θ W sin 20° – 8 cos 20° = 0.18(W cos 20° + 8 sin 20°)
R( )
→
W sin 20° – 8 cos 20° = 0.18W cos 20° + 1.44 sin 20°
R – 20 sin θ − 50 cos θ = 0
W sin 20° – 0.18W cos 20° = 1.44 sin 20° + 8 cos 20°
R = 20 sin θ + 50 cos θ
W(sin 20° – 0.18 cos 20°) = 1.44 sin 20° + 8 cos 20°
F = µR
1.44 sin 20° + 8 cos 20°
50 sin θ – 20 cos θ = 0.1(20 sin θ + 50 cos θ) W= = 46.3 N
sin 20° − 0.18 cos 20°
= 2 sin θ + 5 cos θ b R( ) F + P cos 30° = W sin 30°
→
48 sin θ = 25 cos θ R( ) R = W cos 30° + P sin 30°

→
tan θ = 25 F = mR
48
b θ = tan–1 ( )
25 = 27.5°
48
W sin 30° – P cos 30° = 0.18(W cos 30° + P sin 30°)
W sin 30° – P cos 30° = 0.18W cos 30° + 0.18P sin 30°
F = 50 sin 27.5° – 20 cos 27.5° = 5.36 N
0.18P sin 30° + P cos 30° = W sin 30° – 0.18W cos 30°
10 2T sin θ = 24
P(0.18 sin 30° + cos 30°) = W sin 30° – 0.18W cos 30°
12
T= = 12 = 20 N 46.3(sin 30° − 0.18 cos 30°)
sin θ 3 P= = 16.7 N
5 0.18 sin 30° + cos 30°
11 a R(↑) T = 20N
14 a R( )
→
7 sin 60°
T cos θ + F − W sin θ = 0
R(→)
F = W sin θ − T cos θ
5 + 7 cos 60°
R( )
→
R= (7sin 60°) + (5 + 7 cos60°) = 109 = 10.4 N

2 2
R + T sin θ − W cos θ = 0
b Sine rule: sin A = sin120° R = W cos θ − T sin θ
7 10.4
F = µR
sin A = 0.581
W sin θ − T cos θ = µ(W cos θ − T sin θ)
A = sin–1 0.581 = 35.5°
= µW cos θ − µT sin θ
50° – 35.5° = 14.5°
µT sin θ − T cos θ = µW cos θ − W sin θ
Obtuse angle = 180° – (30° + (180° – (120° + 35.5°))
= 125.5°. T(µ sin θ − cos θ) = µW cos θ − W sin θ
Third angle = 180° – (14.5° + 125.5) = 40°.

9
57750_P001_012_WB.indd 9 7/10/18 11:15 PM

T = µW cosθ − W sin θ 17 a Let the angle of inclination be θ. Hence sin θ = 3

µ sin θ − cosθ 5
and cos θ = 4
5
W ( µ cosθ − sin θ )
= On the point of slipping up
µ sin θ − cosθ
R( )
→
b 15 = 80 ( µ cos 20° − sin 20° ) X – F – W sin θ = 0
µ sin 20 − cos 20
42 – F – 3 W = 0 1
15µ sin 20° − 15 cos 20° = 80µ cos 20° − 80 sin 20° 5
15µ sin 20° − 80µ cos 20° = 15 cos 20° − 80 sin 20° On the point of slipping down
R( )
→
µ(15 sin 20° − 80 cos 20°) = 15 cos 20° − 80 sin 20°
X + F – W sin θ = 0
µ = 15cos 20° − 80sin 20°
15sin 20° − 80 cos 20° 30 + F – 3 W = 0 2
5
= 0.189 Add 1 and 2 :
15 Let the friction force be F N and the reaction force 72 – 6 W = 0
be R N 5
→ W = 5 × 72 = 60 N
R( ) 6
50 sin α – X cos α – F = 0 b F = 3 W – 30 = 36 – 30 = 6 N
5
R( )
→
R( )
→
R – X sin α – 50 cos α = 0
R – 60 cos θ = 0
On the point of sliding, F = µR R = 4 × 60 = 48 N
5
50 sin α – X cos α = µ(X sin α + 50 cos α) F
From F = µR, µ =
= µX sin α + 50µ cos α R
µ= 6 = 1
50 sin α – 50µ cos α = µX sin α + X cos α 48 8
50 tan α – 50µ = µX tan α + X
18 R( ) F + P cos θ = W sin θ
→
X(1 + µ tan α) = 50(tan α – µ)

R( ) R = W cos θ + P sin θ
→
X = 50(tan α − µ) F = mR
1 + µ tan α
2
W sin θ – P cos θ = (W cos θ + P sin θ)
16 R( ) 7
→
2
P cos 25° – F − 12 sin 15° = 0 5P sin θ – P cos θ = (5P cos θ + P sin θ)
7
F = P cos 25° − 12 sin 15° 35 sin θ – 7 cos θ = 10 cos θ + 2 sin θ
R( ) 33 sin θ = 17 cos θ
→
R – P sin 25° − 12 cos 15° = 0 17

tan θ =
R = P sin 25° + 12 cos 15° 33
19 a R( ) F + P cos 60° = W sin 30°
→
F = µR
R( ) R = W cos 30° + P sin 60°
→
P cos 25° − 12 sin 15° = 0.32(P sin 25° + 12 cos 15°)

F W sin 30° − P cos 60°
= 0.32P sin 25° + 3.84 cos 15° m= =
R W cos 30° + P sin 60°
P cos 25° − 0.32P sin 25° = 12 sin 15° + 3.84 cos 15° 1W − 1 P
2 2 W −P
P(cos 25° − 0.32 sin 25°) = 12 sin 15° + 3.84 cos 15° m= =
3W + 3 P 3W + 3 P
P = 12sin15° + 3.84 cos15° 2 2
cos 25° − 0.32sin 25°
= 8.84 N m= (
3 W −P
3 W +P )
10
57750_P001_012_WB.indd 10 7/10/18 11:15 PM

1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b m>0 0.28(125) − 5 1
b m= =
( )
0.96(125) 4
3 W −P
>0
3 W +P
12 5
22 a When sin a = , cos a =
W–P>0 13 13
W>P T cos a = F
20 a 63 in the ratio 4 : 3 = 36 : 27 R + T sin a = W
Therefore the triangle has sides of 27 cm, F = mR
36 cm and 45 cm. T cos a = m(W – T sin a)
This is a 3 : 4 : 5 triangle and is right-angled.
Let the angle at A be θ.
5
13
T=
5
23 (
W –
12
13
T )
3 4 5 5 60
Hence sin θ = and cos θ = . T= W– T
5 5 13 23 299
R(↑) TA cos θ = TB sin θ + 2.2g 175 5

T= W
299 23
2
TB = T
3 A 4025T = 1495W
35T = 13W
3
TA × 4 = 2 TA × + 22 5 12
5 3 5 b When sin a = , cos a =
13 13
2
T = 22 13
5 A T= W
35
TA = 55 N
b R(→) F = TA sin θ + TB cos θ ( )
12 13
13 35
W = m  W −

5 13
13 35 ( )
W 

F = 55 × 3 + 2 × 55 × 4 12 6
5 3 5 = m
F = 62.3 N 35 7
21 a When sin θ = 0.28, cos θ = 0.96 2

m=
5
Slipping down
R( ) F + P = W sin θ 3 4
23 a When sin a = , cos a =
→
5 5
R( ) R = W cos θ
→
R( ) P = F + W sin a
→
F W sin θ − P
m= = R( ) R = W cos a
R W cos θ
→
3
F 0.28W − 5 F P − W sin α P − 5 W
m= = m= = =
R 0.96W R W cos α 4W
5
Slipping up
5P − 3W
R( ) P = F + W sin θ m=
→
4W
R( ) R = W cos θ
→
8 15
When sin b = , cos b =
F P − W sin θ 17 17
m= =
R W cos θ 8
F P − W sin β P − 17 W
F 65 − 0.28W m= = =
m= = R W cos β 15 W
R 0.96W 17
0.28W − 5 65 − 0.28W 17P − 8W
= m=
0.96W 0.96W 15W
0.28 W – 5 = 65 – 0.28 W 5P − 3W = 17P − 8W
0.56 W = 70 4W 15W
W = 125 N 15(5P – 3W) = 4(17P – 8W)
11
57750_P001_012_WB.indd 11 7/10/18 11:15 PM

75P – 45W = 68P – 32W Mathematics in life and work

7P = 13W
P=
13W
7
1 ( )
0.3 = 1.494° = 1.5° to 1 d.p.
tan–1 11 .5
b m=
5P − 3W
=
( )
5 13W − 3W
7
2 Let the pushing force be P and parallel to the ramp
R( )
4W 4W
→
P – F – 1600 sin 1.494° = 0
65W − 21W
m=
28W F = P – 1600 sin 1.494°
R( )
→
11
m=
7 R − 1600 cos 1.494° = 0
24 a R(→) T cos θ = F R = 1600 cos 1.494°
R(↑) R + T sin θ = W Substitute into F = µR:
F = mR P – 1600 sin 1.494° = 0.14 × 1600 cos 1.494°
T cos θ = m(W – T sin θ) P = 1600 sin 1.494° + 0.14 ×
1600 cos 1.494°
T cos θ = mW – mT sin θ
= 266 N
T cos θ + mT sin θ = mW
T(cos θ + m sin θ) = mW 3 200 = 1600 sin 1.494° + µ × 1600 cos 1.494°
µW µ = 200 − 1600sin1.494° = 0.0990
T= 1600 cos1.494°
cos θ + µ sin θ
µW
b k1W =
4 + 3µ
5 5
µ
k1 =
4 + 3µ
5 5
µW
k2W =
3 + 4µ
5 5
µ
k2 =
3 + 4µ
5 5
3 4
k1 5 + 5 µ 3 + 4µ 5
= = =
k2 4 + 3 µ 4 + 3µ 6
5 5
6(3 + 4m) = 5(4 + 3m)
18 + 24m = 20 + 15m
9m = 2
2
m=
9
12
57750_P001_012_WB.indd 12 7/10/18 11:16 PM

2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2 Kinematics of motion in a straight line

Please note: Full worked solutions are provided as an aid to learning, and represent one approach to answering the
question. In some cases, alternative methods are shown for contrast.
All sample answers have been written by the authors. Cambridge Assessment International Education bears
noresponsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers, which are contained in
this publication.
Prerequisite knowledge
b Displacement = 16 2 + 16 2 = 22.6 km
1 a v2 = u2 + 2as c 32 – 22.6 = 9.4 km
= 402 + 2 × 18 × 49 6 a 32 + 24 = 56 m
= 3364 b By walking west then south, the boy is
v = 58 tracing out the two perpendicular sides of a
2 2 right-angled triangle.
b s = v −u
2a The hypotenuse = 322 + 24 2 = 40 m
2 2
c Speed = distance ÷ time = 56 ÷ 28 = 2 m s−1
= 148 − 48
2 × 9.8
7 a The triangle is equilateral, so 20 km
= 1000 20
2 1
× (19 + 34) × 22 = 583 cm2 b 2 = 30 km h–1
2 3
3 a 4(T + 2) = 3T + 14 8 a 38 – (–2) = 40
4T + 8 = 3T + 14 5 – (–4) = 9
T=6 Total distance = 40 + 9 = 49
b 2T2 − 5T − 12 = 0 b Displacement = 40 2 + 92 = 41
(2T + 3)(T − 4) = 0
tan–1( 9 ) = 77°
40
T = 4 or − 1.5
Bearing = 360 – 77 = 283°
4 a f′(x) = 12x − 7
c 49 – 41 = 8
b ∫ f(x) dx = 2x3 − 7 x2 + 8x + c
2 8 seconds
Exercise 2.1A 9 a Journey taken by bus = 15 + 36 = 51 km
Direct route = 152 + 36 2 = 39 km

1 Overall distance travelled = 30 + 20 = 50 m
Difference = 51 – 39 = 12 km
Displacement from original position = −30 + 20
b Displacement = 39 km
= −10 m
tan–1( 15 ) = 67°
36
2 a 73 + 73 = 146 m
Bearing = 60 + 67 = 127°
b 73 – 73 = 0
Exercise 2.2A
3 Overall distance travelled by the ball = (40 − 15) + 40
= 25 + 40 = 65 m 1 a s = ut + 12 at2
Displacement of the ball from original position
1
= −15 m = 70 × 10 + 2
× −3 × 102
= 550 m
4 a 2(7 + 4) = 22 m
b Since the snail returns to its initial position, b s =  u + v  t
 2 
the overall displacement = 0 m.
5 a tan–1( 16 ) = 45°
16 = ( 15+ 29
2 )×9
= 198 m
Bearing = 90 + 45 = 135°
13
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 13 11/07/18 12:19 PM

c v = u + at
b s = ut + 1 at2
2
a = v −u
t = 0 × 40 + 1 × 0.5 × 402
2
= 38 − 3 = 400 m
7
= 5 m s−2 5 a u = 50 m s−1, s = 1500 m, v = 0 m s−1
d v2 = u2 + 2as v2 = u2 + 2as
2 2
2 2 a = v −u
s = v −u 2s
2a 2 2
= 0 − 50
2 2 2 × 1500
= 28 − 22
2×6 = − 5 m s−2
6
= 25 m v = u + at
e s = vt − 12 at2 t = v −u
a
1
0 = −28t − × −7t2
= 0 − 550
2
7 2
t = 28t −6
2
= 60 s
t2 = 8t
t2 − 8t = 0 b No air resistance, etc.
t (t − 8) = 0 6 a u = 0 m s−1, a = 4 m s−2, s = 128 m
t = 0 or 8 s
s = ut + 1 at2
2 a u = 24 m s−1, a = 5 m s−2, s = 10 m 2
v2 = u2 + 2as 128 = 0 × t + 1 × 4 × t2
2
= 242 + 2 × 5 × 10 = 676 = 2t2
v = 26 m s−1 t2 = 64
t = 8s
b v = u + at
b u = 180 m s−1, a = −3 m s−2, s = 0 m
t = v −u
a
s = ut + 1 at2
2
= 26 − 24
5 0 = 180 × t + 1 × −3 × t2
2
= 0.4 s 3 2
2 t − 180t = 0
3 a u = 60 m s−1, a = −8 m s−2, t = 10 s
t2 − 120t = 0
v = u + at t(t − 120) = 0
= 60 − 8 × 10 t = 0 or 120 s
= −20 m s−1 It takes 2 minutes.
b v = 0 m s−1 c u = 5 m s−1, a = 3 m s−2, s = 84 m

v = u + at 84 = 5T + 1 × 3T 2
2
t = v −u 3 T 2 + 5T − 84 = 0
a 2
= 0 − 60 3T2 + 10T − 168 = 0
−8
(3T + 28)(T − 6) = 0
= 7.5 s
T = 6s
4 a u = 0 m s−1, t = 40 s, a = 0.5 m s−2
7 a = 0.25 m s−2, s = 930 m, t = 60 s
v = u + at
1
= 0 + 0.5 × 40 930 = u × 60 + × 0.25 × 602
2
= 20 m s−1 = 60u + 450
60u = 480
u = 8 m s−1
14
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 14 11/07/18 12:19 PM

2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
v = u + at c PS: u = 13 m s−1, a = 2.8 m s−2,

= 8 + 0.25 × 60 s = 830 + 820 = 1650 m
= 23 m s−1 v2 = u2 + 2as
8 60 km h−1 = 60 000 metres per hour = 50 m s−1 = 132 + 2 × 2.8 × 1650
3
−1 50 −1
= 9409
u = 0ms , v = ms , t = 8s
3 v = 97 m s−1
s =  u + v  t = u + at
 2 
t = v −u
 0 + 50  a
= 3
 × 8
 2 = 97 − 13
2.8
= 200 m = 30 s
3
a 200 − 200 = 400 m Time from Q to S = 30 − 5 = 25 s.
3 3
s = ut 10 a u = 20 m s−1, a = −4 m s−2, v = 0 m s−1
400 = 50 t v2 = u2 + 2as
3 3 2 2
t=8 s = v −u
Total time = 8 + 8 = 16 s. 2a
2 2
b 1000 − 200 = 2800 m = 0 − 20
3 3 2 × −4
s = ut
= 50 m
2800 = 50 t
3 3 Since the debris is 80 m away, he will stop
t = 56 30 m from the debris.
Total time = 8 + 56 = 64 s. b u = 20 m s−1, a = 2 m s−2, t = 2 s
9 a PQ: t = 5 s, s = 100 m v = u + at
s = ut + 1 at2 = 20 + 2 × 2
2
= 24 m s−1
100 = 5u + 25 a
2 s = ut + 1 at2
1 2
40 = 2u + 5a
= 20 × 2 + 1 × 2 × 22
PR: t = 20 s, s = 820 m 2
s = ut + 1 at2 = 44 m
2
Distance from debris = 80 − 44 = 36 m.
820 = 20u + 200a
u = 24 m s−1, a = −4 m s−2, s = 36 m
82 = 2u + 20a 2
v2 = u2 + 2as
Subtract 1 from 2 :
42 = 15a = 242 + 2 × −4 × 36
a = 2.8 m s−2 = 288
b PQ: t = 5 s, s = 100 m, a = 2.8 m s−2 v = 288 = 17.0 m s−1
Could find v from t, s and a, but simpler to 11 Let the displacement of A from its starting point be
find and use u. sA m when t = T s.
Substitute in 1 : Let the displacement of B from its starting
40 = 2u + 5 × 2.8 point be sB m when t = T s.
= 2u + 14 A: s = sA m, t = T s, u = 0 m s−1, a = 6 m s−2
26 = 2u s = ut + 1 at2
2
u = 13 m s−1
sA = 0 × T + 1 × 6 × T2
v = u + at 2
= 3T 2
= 13 + 2.8 × 5
= 27 m s−1
15
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 15 11/07/18 12:20 PM

B: s = sB m, t = T s, u = 0 m s−1, a = −2 m s−2 K: u = 0 m s−1, a = 0.8 m s−2, v = 4 m s−1

s= ut + 1 at2 v = u + at
2
4 = 0 + 0.8t
sB = 0 × T + 1 × −2 × T2
2 t = 5s
= −T 2
L: u = 3 m s−1, a = 0.5 m s−2, v = 7 m s−1
Since B started 100 m from A: sA − sB = 100 v = u + at
3T2 − (−T2) = 100 7 = 3 + 0.5t
4T2 = 100 t = 8s
T2 = 25 When L has a velocity of 7 m s−1, J has been
T=5 moving for 19 s (6 + 5 + 8) and K for 13 s (5 + 8)
a When T = 5, sA = 3T2 = 3 × 52 = 75 m. J: u = 2 m s−1, a = 1 m s−2, t = 19 s
b T=5 s = ut + 1 at2
2
c For A: t = 5 s, u = 0 m s−1, a = 6 m s−2
= 2 × 19 + 1 × 1 × 192
v = u + at 2
= 218.5 m
=0+6×5
K: u = 0 m s−1, a = 0.8 m s−2, t = 13 s
= 30 m s−1
s = ut + 1 at2
For B: t = 5 s, u = 0 m s−1, a = −2 m s−2 2
v = u + at = 0 × 13 + 1 × 0.8 × 132
2
=0−2×5 = 67.6 m
= −10 m s−1 Distance between J and K = 218.5 − 67.6 = 150.9 m.
So B’s speed is 10 m s−1. 14 a Let U m s−1 be the velocity of the body at E and
12 u = 13 m s−1, a = −2 m s−2, s = ± 30 m. V m s−1 be the velocity of the body at F.
s = ut + 1 at2 FG: u = V m s−1, t = 3 s, s = 66 m
2
s = ut + 1 at2
When s = +30 m: 2
30 = 13 × t + 1 × −2 × t2 66 = 3V + 1 × a × 32
2 2
t2 − 13t + 30 = 0
44 = 2V + 3a 1
(t − 3)(t − 10) = 0
EF: v = V m s−1, t = 7 s, u = U m s−1
t = 3 s or t = 10 s
v = u + at
When s = −30 m:
V = U + 7a 2
−30 = 13 × t + 1 × −2 × t2
2 Substituting V from (2) into (1):
t2 − 13t − 30 = 0
44 = 2(U + 7a) + 3a
(t − 15)(t + 2) = 0
= 2U + 17a 3
t = 15 s or t = −2 s
EH: t = 14 s, v = 0 m s−1, u = U m s−1
Times when ball is 30 m from its starting point
v = u + at
are 3 s, 10 s and 15 s.
0 = U + 14a 4
13 J: u = 2 m s−1, a = 1 m s−2, s = 30 m
Double 4 :
s = ut + 1 at2
2 0 = 2U + 28a 5
30 = 2 × t + 1 × 1 × t2 Subtract 3 from 5 :
2
t2 + 4t − 60 = 0 −44 = 11a
(t + 10)(t − 6) = 0 a = −4 m s−2
t = 6s
16
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 16 11/07/18 12:20 PM

2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b Substitute a = −4 into (4): t2 = 1.2

5
0 = U + 14 × −4
U = 56 m s−1 t = 1.2 = 0.490 s
5
15 Let T s be the time taken between the garage (G)
3 u = 7 m s−1, a = 10 m s−2, v = 15 m s−1
and the restaurant (R).
v2 = u2 + 2as
Hence the time taken between the restaurant and
2 2
the library (L) is 2T s. s = v −u
2a
Let V m s−1 be the velocity at the restaurant.
2 2
RL: v = 9 m s−1, a = 0.15 m s−2, s = 240 m, t = 2T s = 15 − 7
2 × 10
s = vt − 1 at2
2 = 8.8 m
240 = 9(2T) − 1 × 0.15 × (2T)2
2 4 a u = 0 m s−1, a = 10 m s−2, s = 48 m
= 18T − 0.3T2 v2 = u2 + 2as
0.3T2 − 18T + 240 = 0 = 02 + 2 × 10 × 48
T2 − 60T + 800 = 0 = 960
(T − 20)(T − 40) = 0 v = 960 = 31.0 m s−1
RL: v = 9 m s−1, a= 0.15 m s−2, t = 2T s, u = V m s−1 b v = u + at
v = u + at
t = v −u
If T = 20: 9 = V + 0.15 × 40, so V = 3 m s−1. a
If T = 40: 9 = u + 0.15 × 80, so V = −3 m s−1.
= 31.0 − 0
Since the cyclist is not cycling backwards, 10
T = 20 s and V = 3 m s−1. = 3.10 s
GL: v = 9 m s−1, a= 0.15 m s−2, t = 60 s 5 u = 40 m s−1, a = −10 m s−2
s = vt − 1 at2 a t = 10 s
2
s = ut + 1 at2
= 9 × 60 − 1 × 0.15 × 602 2
2
= 270 m = 40 × 10 + 1 × −10 × 102
2
Alternatively: = −100 m
GR: v = 3 m s−1, t = 20 s, a = 0.15 m s−2 The cliff is 100 m high.
s = vt − 1 at2 b v = 0 m s−1
2
= 3 × 20 − 1 × 0.15 × 202 v2 = u2 + 2as
2
2 2
= 30 m s = v −u
Total distance = 30 + 240 = 270 m. 2a
2 2
Exercise 2.3A = 0 − 40
2 × −10
1 u = 0 m s−1, a = 10 m s−2, t = 1.8 s = 80 m
s = ut + 1 at2 Maximum height = 100 + 80 = 180 m.
2
= 0 × t + 1 × 10 × 1.82 c v = 0 m s−1
2
v = u + at
= 16.2 m
t = v −u
2 u = 0 m s−1, a = 10 m s−2, s = 1.2 m a
s = ut + 1 at2
2 = 0 − 40
−10
1.2 = 0 × t + 1 × 10 × t2
2 = 4s
5t2 = 1.2
17
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 17 11/07/18 12:20 PM

d t = 10 s 7 a u = 0 m s−1, a = g m s−2, s = h m, t = t s
v = u + at s = ut + 1 at2
2
= 40 − 10 × 10
h = 0 × t + 1 gt2
= −60 2
Speed = 60 m s−1. = 1 gt2

2
e s = 0m 2h = gt2
s = ut + 1 at2
2 t2 = 2h
g
0 = 40 × t + 1 × −10 × t2
2
2 t= 2h
= 40t − 5t g
= 5t(8 − t)
b u = 0 m s−1, a = 3g m s−2, s = 12h m, t = t s
t = 0 s or 8 s
s = ut + 1 at2
The rocket takes 8 s to return to same height. 2
6 u = 25 m s−1, a = −10 m s−2 12h = 0 × t + 1 × 3gt2

2
a s = 0m 3
= gt 2
2
s = ut + 1 at2 8h = gt2
2
t2 = 8h
0 = 25 × t + 1 × −10 × t2 g
2
= 25t − 5t2
t = 2 2h
g
= 5t(5 − t)
t = 0 s or 5 s It would take two times longer.
The ball takes 5 seconds to return. 8 Let the height of the castle be H m and the time
b v = 0 taken by the dropped stone be T s.
v2 = u2 + 2as Dropped stone: u = 0 m s−1, a = 10 m s−2, s = H m, t = T s

2 2 s = ut + 1 at2
s = v −u
2
2a
H = 0 × T + 1 × 10T2
2 2
2
= 0 − 25 1
2 × −10 H = 5T2
= 31.3 m Thrown stone: u = 14 m s−1,
a= 10 m s−2, s = H m,
c s = 3 × 31.3 = 23.4 m t = (T − 1) s
4
s = ut + 1 at2
v2 = u2 + 2as 2
= 252 + 2 × −10 × 23.4 H = 14 × (T − 1) + 1 × 10(T − 1)2
2
= 156.25 = 14(T − 1) + 5(T 2 − 2T + 1)
v = 156.25 = 12.5 m s−1 H = 14T − 14 + 5T2 − 10T + 5 2
v = u + at Put 1 = 2 :
12.5 = 25 − 10t 5T 2 = 14T − 14 + 5T 2 − 10T + 5
10t = 12.5 0 = 14T − 14 − 10T + 5
t = 1.25 s 4T = 9
d Maximum height is an overestimate because T = 9 = 2.25 s
4
of the effect of air resistance.
H = 5T 2
e No difference since, according to equations,
= 5 × 2.252
weight has no effect.
= 25.3 m
18
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 18 11/07/18 12:20 PM

2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
9 The ball is travelling in the opposite direction to After rope snaps: u = 3.2 m s−1, a = −10 m s−2,
the direction in which it was launched when it s = −6.4 m.
hits the ground, so its velocity is negative. Sawda’s
v2 = u2 + 2as
answer is correct.
= 3.22 + 2 × −10 × −6.4
Katie’s solution is more efficient, but she needs
to ensure that she chooses the correct sign for v. = 138.24
v = 138.24 = −11.8 m s−1
10 a u = 70 m s−1, a = −10 m s−2, t = T s, s > 165 m
v = −11.8 m s−1, u = 3.2 m s−1, a = −10 m s−2
70T − 5T2 > 165
v = u + at
0 > 5T2 − 70T + 165
−11.8 = 3.2 − 10t
5T2 − 70T + 165 < 0
10t = 15.0
T2 − 14T + 33 < 0
t = 1.50 s
b (T − 3)(T − 11) < 0
3 < T < 11 14 Halfway down the building is 18.5 m (37 ÷ 2).
The object is higher than 165 m for 8 seconds. Time for dropped stone to hit the ground: u = 0 m s−1,
a = 10 m s−2, s = 37 m.
11 s = −11.4 m, a = −10 m s−2, t = 4.3 s
s = ut + 1 at2
s = ut + 1 at2 2
2
37 = 0 × t + 1 × 10t2
2
−11.4 = u × 4.3 + 1 × −10 × 4.32
2 t2 = 37 = 7.4
5
= 4.3u – 92.45
4.3u = 81.05 t = 7.4 = 2.720 s
u = 18.8 m s−1 Time for dropped stone to get halfway: u = 0 m s−1,
a = 10 m s−2, s = 18.5 m.
v = 0 m s−1, a = −10 m s−2, u = 18.8 m s−1, t = T s
s = ut + 1 at2
v = u + at 2
0 = 18.8 − 10T 18.5 = 0 × t + 1 × 10t2
2
T = 18.8 = 1.88 s t2 = 18.5 = 3.7
10 5
12 u = 43 m s−1, a = −10 m s−2, s = 90 m t = 3.7 = 1.923 s
s = ut + 1 at2 The thrown stone takes 0.7967 s to get to the
2
ground (2.720 − 1.923).
90 = 43 × t + 1 × −10 × t2
2 Thrown stone: a = 10 m s−2, s = 37 m, t = 0.7967 s.
5t2 − 43t + 90 = 0 s = ut + 1 at2
2
43 ± (−43)2 − 4 × 5 × 90 37 = u × 0.797 + 1 × 10 × 0.79672
t= or (5t – 18)(t – 5) = 0
2×5 2
= 0.797u + 3.174
= 18 or 5
5
33.826 = 0.7967u
The ball is more than 90 m above the ground
u = 42.5 m s−1
for 5 − 18 = 7 s.
5 5
15 a Minimum value of U:
13 Pulled by rope: u = 0 m s−1, a = 0.8 m s−2, t = 4 s v = 0 m s−1, s = 45 m, a = −10 m s−2
v = u + at v2 = u2 + 2as
= 0 + 0.8 × 4 0 = U2 + 2 × −10 × 45
= 3.2 m s−1 U2 = 900
s = ut + 1 at2 U = 900 = 30 m s−1
2
= 0 × 4 + 1 × 0.8 × 42 Maximum value of U:
2
v = 5 m s−1, s = 45 m, a = −10 m s−2
= 6.4 m
v2 = u2 + 2as
19
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 19 11/07/18 12:20 PM

2 KINEMATICS OF MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
25 = U2 + 2 × −10 × 45
U2 = 925
30
Displacement (km)
U = 925 = 30.4 m s−1
b u = 5 m s−1, v = −5 m s−1, a = −10 m s−2
v = u + at
−5 = 5 − 10t
10t = 10
t = 1s
16 Dropped: u = 0 m s−1, s = −H m s−1, a = −10 m s−2, t = T s 0
12 noon 1 p.m. 1:36 p.m.
s = ut + 1 at2
11:20 a.m.
2
Time (min)
–H = 0 × T + 1 × −10 × T2
2 b 136 minutes after 11:20 is 13:36 or 1:36 p.m.
= −5T2
3 a & b First particle: One (0 s–12 s): velocity = 3 m s−1,
Launched: u = U m s−1, s = −H m s−1, a = −10 m s−2,
time = 12 s, displacement = 3 × 12 = 36 m
t = (T + X) s
Two (12 s–27 s): velocity = −2 m s−1,
s = ut + 1 at2
2 time = 15 s, displacement = −2 × 15 =
−30 m
–H = U(T + X) + 1 × −10 × (T + X)2
2 Second particle: velocity = 1.6 m s−1
= UT + UX − 5(T + X)2 starting three seconds later.
Hence −5T2 = UT + UX − 5(T + X)2
−5T2 = UT + UX − 5T2 – 10XT – 5X2 36
Displacement (m)
0 = UT + UX – 10XT – 5X2 Particle 2

Particle 1
10XT – UT = UX – 5X2 (d, t)
T(10X – U) = X(U – 5X)
X(U − 5X )
T=
10X − U
2
 U − 5X  0
H = 5T2 = 5X 2  10X − U  12 27
Time (s)
Exercise 2.4A c The graphs cross whilst the first particle is
returning.
1 a −7 ÷ 20 = −0.35 m s−2 Equation of line for first particle:
So the deceleration is 0.35 m s−2. d − 36 = −2(t − 12)
b 10 × 12 + 1 (12 + 5) × 20 + 10 × 5 = 340 m 2t + d = 60
2
Equation of line for second particle:
2 a One: velocity = 45 km h−1, time = 40 min. Since
40 min = 2 h, displacement = 30 km d − 0 = 1.6(t − 3)
3
d = 1.6t − 4.8
Two: stationary for 60 min
Substitute:
Three: velocity = −50 km h−1, displacement
2t + 1.6t − 4.8 = 60
= −30 km.
3.6t = 64.8
Time = −30 ÷ −50 = 3 h = 36 min
5 t = 18 s
d = 1.6 × 18 − 4.8 = 24 m
20
57750_P013_030.indd 20 31/07/18 10:29 AM

2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
4 a Car A: One: velocity = 75 km h−1, time = 20 min.

Since 20 min = 1 h, displacement = 25 km
3 V
Velocity (m s–1)
Three: velocity = 51 km h−1, displacement
= 17 km. Time = 17 ÷ 51 = 1 h = 20 min
3
Car B: One: velocity = −72 km h−1, time = 10 min
Since 10 min = 1 h, displacement = −12 km 0 30 X + 30 100
6
Time (s)
Three: velocity = −72 km h−1, displacement
b 1 × 30 × V = 1  1 ( X + 100)V 
= −30 km 2 42 
5
Time = −30 ÷ −72 = 12 h = 25 min
15V = 1 (X + 100)V
8
42
120 = X + 100
B X = 20
Displacement (km)
30
c t = 50 s, a = −0.9 m s−2, u = V m s−1, v = 0 m s−1
25
v = u + at
u = v − at
V = 0 − (−0.9) × 50
A
= 45 m s−1
0 10 20 30 60
6 a
Time (min)
b The graphs cross whilst both cars are on police car

24
Velocity (m s–1)
their final stages.

Gradients are given as kilometres per minute. motorcycle
18
Equation of line for first car:
d − 25 = 0.85(t − 30)
d = 0.85t − 0.5 1
0
Equation of line for second car: 10 20 T
d − 30 = −1.2(t − 30) Time (s)

d = −1.2t + 66 2 b Let T be the time the police car catches up
Equate 1 = 2 : with the motorcyclist
0.85t − 0.5 = −1.2t + 66 The distance travelled by each vehicle is the
2.05t = 66.5 same, so the areas are the same.
t = 32 (nearest integer) 18T = 1 (T − 10 + T − 20) × 24
2
Time = 17:17 or 5:17 p.m. = 12(2T − 30)
5 a One (0 s–30 s): u = 0 m s−1, v = V m s−1, t = 30 s = 24T − 360
Two (30 s–(X + 30) s): steady speed of V m s−1 360 = 6T
for X seconds T = 60 s
Three ((X + 30) s–100 s): u = V m s−1, v= 0 m s−1, c 18 × 60 = 1080 m
until 100 s
21
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 21 11/07/18 12:20 PM

7 a 9 For first stage, u = 0 m s−1, t = T1 s, v = V m s−1.

Substitute into s = 1 (u + v)t:
D 2
1 1
Q s = (0 + V) × T1 = VT1
Displacement (m)
2 2
For second stage, u = V m s−1, t = T2 s.
There is no acceleration so substitute into
30 P s = ut:
s = VT2
For third stage, u = V m s−1, t = T3 s, v = 0 m s−1.
0 T Substitute into s = 1 (u + v)t
Time (s) 2
1 1
b For P , D ÷ T = 1.25, so D = 1.25T s = (V + 0) × T3 = VT3
2 2
For Q, d − 30 = −0.5(t − T). The total distance is given by the sum of these
When t = 0, d = D, so D − 30 = 0.5T distances.
Substitute D = 1.25T into D − 30 = 0.5T. Total distance = 1 VT1 + VT2 + 1 VT3
2 2
1.25T − 30 = 0.5T = 1 V(T1 + 2T2 + T3)
2
0.75T = 30
Since T = T1 + T2 + T3,
T = 40 1
total distance = V(T + T2), which is the area
c D = 1.25 × 40 = 50 2
of the trapezium with parallel sides of T and T2
8 a First athlete: and a perpendicular height of V.
One: u = 0 m s−1, t = 10 s, a = 0.8 m s−2
10 a First vehicle:
v = u + at = 0 + 0.8 × 10 = 8 m s−1
One (0 s–20 s): u = 0 m s−1, a = 1.5 m s−2,
Two: steady speed of 8 m s−1 until 105 s t = 20 s: v = u + at = 0 + 1.5 × 20 = 30 m s−1
Second athlete: Two (20 s–90 s): steady speed of 30 m s−1 for
One: u = 0 m s−1, t = 40 s, a = 0.225 m s−2 70 s
v = u + at = 0 + 0.225 × 40 = 9 m s−1 Three: to rest
Two: different acceleration until 102 s Second vehicle:
One (0 s–50 s): u = 0 m s−1, a = 0.8 m s−2,
V te t = 50 s: v = u + at = 0 + 0.8 × 50 = 40 m s−1
d athle
Secon
Velocity (m s–1)
Two (50 s–70 s): steady speed of 40 m s−1 for

9
First athlete 20 s
8
Three: to rest
0 Vehicle B
10 40 102 105 40
Velocity (m s–1)
Time (s)
1 Vehicle A
30
b First athlete: Area = 2 (105 + 95) × 8 = 800 m
c Second athlete:
1 1
× 40 × 9 + (9 + V) × 62 = 800
2 2
180 + 31(9 + V) = 800 0 20 50 70 90 T
31V + 279 + 180 = 800 Time (s)
31V = 341
V = 11 m s−1
22
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 22 11/07/18 12:20 PM

2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b Same distance for each vehicle. e Shorter. The skydiver will not descend in
1 (T + 70) × 30 = 1 (T + 20) × 40 freefall at g due to air resistance.
2 2
15(T + 70) = 20(T + 20) 12 One: steady speed of V m s−1 for 45 seconds
15T + 1050 = 20T + 400 Two: u = V m s−1, a = −1.6 m s−2, v = 0 m s−1, t = T s
5T = 650 a
T = 130 s V
1
c 2 (130 + 70) × 30
Velocity (m s–1)
= 3000 m
d First vehicle: a = −30 ÷ 40 = −0.75 m s−2
So deceleration is 0.75 m s−2.
Second vehicle: a = −40 ÷ 60 = −0.67 m s−2
So deceleration is 0.67 m s−2.
11 a
t
450 45 T + 45
Velocity (m s–1)
b a = −1.6 = − V , so V = 1.6T
T
Area = 1 (T + 45 + 45) × V = 2300
2
8 1 (T + 90) × 1.6T = 2300
2
0
45 225 1.6T(T + 90) = 4600
1.6T2 + 144T − 4600 = 0
Time (s)
T2 + 90T − 2875 = 0
c (T + 45)2 − 2025 − 2875 = 0
b
(T + 45)2 = 4900
T + 45 = ±70
Distance (m)
T = 25 s or −115 s
Hence T = 25 s
V = 1.6 × 25 = 40
0
Exercise 2.5A
45 225
Time (s)
ds
1 a v= = 13 − 8t
dt
c = 13 − 8 × 2 = −3 m s−1
b a = dv = −8 m s−2 (which does not depend on

Acceleration (m s–2)
dt
10
time)
2 a v = dr = 15t2 − 14t
dt
a = dv = 30t − 14
0
45 225
dt
b v = 15(2)2 − 14(2) = 32 m s−1
Time (s)
c a = 30(3) − 14 = 76 m s−2
d 1 × 45 × 450 + 180 × 8 = 11565 m

2
23
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 23 11/07/18 12:20 PM

3 a s = ∫ v dt = ∫ (t − 2) dt = 1 t2 − 2t + c = 4 × 1 + 64 × 1
2 2 16
When t = 6, s = 11 = 2 + 4 = 6 m s−1
11 = 1 (6)2 − 2(6) + c − 3
2 a = dv = −2t 2 − 128t−3
dt
= 18 − 12 + c
−3
c=5 = −2 × 4 2 − 128 × 4−3
s = 1 t2 − 2t + 5
2 = −2 × 1 − 128 × 1
8 64
b When t = 8: s = 1 (8)2 − 2(8) + 5 = 21 m
2 1
= − 1 − 2 = −2 m s−2
4 4
c 1 t2 − 2t + 5 = 53
2
t2 − 4t + 10 = 106 7 a v = ∫ adt = ∫ (6t − 20) dt = 3t2 − 20t + c
t2 − 4t − 96 = 0 When t = 12, v = 223

(t − 12)(t + 8) = 0 223 = 3(12)2 − 20(12) + c
t = 12 s c = 31
v = 12 − 2 = 10 m s−1 v = 3t2 − 20t + 31
ds b s = ∫ v dt = ∫ (3t 2 − 20t + 31) dt = t3 − 10t2 + 31t + c2
4 a v= = 3t2 − 16t + 5 = 0
dt
When t = 7, s = 40
(3t − 1)(t − 5) = 0
40 = (7)3 − 10(7)2 + 31(7) + c2
t = 1 s or 5 s
3
c2 = −30
b 3t2 − 16t + 5 > 0 when t < 1 s and when t > 5 s s = t3 − 10t2 + 31t − 30
3
d v c s = (t − 2)(t − 3)(t − 5) = 0
c a= = 6t − 16 > 0
dt t = 2 s, 3 s or 5 s
t>8 s d 3t2 − 20t + 31 = 19
3
3t2 − 20t + 12 = 0
d
6t − 16 = 2
(3t − 2)(t − 6) = 0
6t = 18
t = 2 s or 6 s
t=3 3
v = 3(3)2 − 16(3) + 5 = −16 m s−1 8 44 − 8 × 43 + 22 × 42 − 20 × 4 + q = 33
a
s= (3)3 − 8(3)2 + 5(3) + 10 = −20 m 16 + q = 33
5 18t − t2 = 65 q = 17
t2 − 18t + 65 = 0 b v=
ds
= 4t3 − 24t2 + 44t − 20 = 4
dt
(t − 5)(t − 13) = 0
4t3 − 24t2 + 44t − 24 = 0
t = 5 s or 13 s
t3 − 6t2 + 11t − 6 = 0
a = dv = 18 − 2t
dt (t − 1)(t − 2)(t − 3) = 0
When t = 5, a = 18 − 2 × 5 = 8 m s−2 t = 1 s, 2 s or 3 s
When t = 13, a = 18 − 2 × 13 = −8 m s−2 When t = 1, s = 14 − 8 × 13 + 22 × 12 − 20 × 1 +
17 = 12 m
6 a Substitute t = 4: s = 8 4 − 64 = 8 × 2 − 16 = 0
4 When t = 2, s = 24 − 8 × 23 + 22 × 22 − 20 × 2 +
1
b s = 8t 2 − 64t−1 17 = 17 m
− 1 When t = 3, s = 34 − 8 × 33 + 22 × 32 − 20 × 3 +
ds
v= = 4t 2 + 64t−2 17 = 20 m.
dt
−1
=4×4 2 + 64 × 4−2
24
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 24 11/07/18 12:20 PM

2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
c a = dv = 12t2 − 48t + 44 = 188 a s = 9 (2)2 − 1 (2)3 = 46 m

dt 2 3 3
12t2 − 48t − 144 = 0 b When t = 4, s = (4)2 − 1 (4)3 = 152 m
9
2 3 3
t2 − 4t − 12 = 0
When t = 5, s = 9 (5)2 − 1 (5)3 = 425 m
(t − 6)(t + 2) = 0 2 3 6
t = 6 s or −2 s Distance = 425 − 152 = 121 m
6 3 6
When t = 6, s = 64 − 8 × 63 + 22 × 62 − 20 × 6 + c Note that the particle is at instantaneous
17 = 257 m. rest when t = 9.
9 a 6t − 30 = 0 When t = 8, s = 9 (8)2 − 1 (8)3 = 352 m
2 3 3
t = 5s
When t = 9, s = 9 (9)2 − 1 (9)3 = 243 m
v = ∫ a dt = ∫ (6t − 30) dt = 3t2 − 30t + c 2 3 2
When t = 0, v = 72 When t = 10, s = 9 (10)2 − 1 (10)3 = 350 m

2 3 3
72 = 3(0)2 − 30(0) + c
c = 72
Distance = 243
2 (− 350
3
+ ) (
243
2
− 352
3
= 9m )
v = 3t2 − 30t + 72 11 a For 0  t  4, v = ∫ a dt = 1
∫ 2 (t + 6) dt =
3(5)2 −3 m s−1
( 12 t + 3) dt = 14 t + 3t + c
When t = 5, v = − 30(5) + 72 =
b 3t2 − 30t + 72 = 0 ∫ 2
t2 − 10t + 24 = 0 When t = 0, v = 2
(t − 4)(t − 6) = 0 2 = 1 (0)2 + 3(0) + c
4
t = 4 s or 6 s c=2
c s = ∫ v dt = ∫ (3t 2 − 30t + 72) dt v = 1 t2 + 3t + 2
4
= t3 − 15t2 + 72t + c2
When t = 4, v = 1 (4)2 + 3(4) + 2 = 18 m s−1
When t = 0, s = 0 4
0 = (0)3 − 15(0)2 + 72(0) + c2 For 4 < t  8, v = ∫ a dt = ∫ 320 dt = ∫ 320t −3
dt
t3
c2 = 0
= −160t−2 + c2
s = t3 − 15t2 + 72t
When t = 4, v = 18
When t = 4, s = 112 m
18 = −160(4)−2 + c2
When t = 6, s = 108 m
18 = −10 + c2
When t = 10, s = 220 m
c2 = 28
Total distance = 112 + 4 + 112 = 228 m
v = 28 −160t−2
10 v = ∫ a dt = ∫ (9 − 2t ) dt = 9t − t2 +c i When t = 3, v = 1 (3)2 + 3(3) + 2 = 13.25 m s−1
4
When t = 0, v = 0 ii When t = 5, v = 28 −160(5)−2 = 21.6 m s−1
( 14 t )
0 = 9(0) − (0)2 + c
b For 0  t  4, s = ∫ v dt = ∫
2
+ 3t + 2 dt =
c=0
1 t3 + 3 t2 + 2t + c
v = 9t − t2 12 3
2
s = ∫ v dt = ∫ (9t − t 2) dt = 9 t2 − 1 t3 + c2 When t = 0, s = 0
2 3
When t = 0, s = 0 0 = 1 (0)3 + 3 (0)2 + 2(0) + c3
12 2
0 = 9 (0)2 − 1 (0)3 + c2 c=0
2 3
c2 = 0 s = 1 t3 + 3 t2 + 2t
12 2
s = 9 t2 − 1 t3 When t = 4, s = 1 (4)3 + 3 (4)2 + 2(4) = 112 m
2 3 12 2 3
25
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 25 11/07/18 12:20 PM

For 4 < t  8, s = ∫ v dt = ∫ (28 − 160t −2) dt 60 = 8(6)2 − 1 (6)3 − 44(6) + c2

3
= 28t + 160t−1 + c4 c2 = 108
s = 8t2 − 1 t3 − 44t + 108
When t = 4, s = 112 3
3
When t = 5, s = (5)2 + 4(5) = 45 m
112 = 28(4) + 160(4)−1 + c
3 4 When t = 9, s = 8(9)2 − 1 (9)3 − 44(9) + 108
344 3
c4 = − = 117 m
3
s = 28t + 160t−1 − 344 Alternatively:
3
Could use area of trapezium to find distance
When t = 8, s = 28(8) + 160(8)−1 − 344 = 388 when t = 5.
3 3
= 129 m. Area = 1 (4 + 14) × 5 = 45 m.
2
12 a
Could also use area of trapezium to find
20 distance when t = 6.
Area = 1 (4 + 16) × 6 = 60 m.
2
13 Stage one: u = 6 m s−1, v = 33 m s−1, t = 18 s
Velocity (m s–1)
16
( )
s = u +v t
2
= ( 6+233 ) × 18
4 = 351 m
Stage two: For t > 18, a = 1 (t − 12)
4
0
6 10
4
1
( )
v = ∫ a dt = ∫ 1 (t − 12) dt = ∫ 4 t − 3 dt = 1 t2 − 3t + c
8
When t = 18, v = 33
Time (s) 33 = 1 (18)2 − 3(18) + c
8
b Maximum speed of P is 20 m s−1 when t = 8 s.
c = 93
2
c i For 0  t  6, a = dv = 2
dt v = 1 t2 − 3t + 93
8 2
When t = 5, a = 2 m s−2
ii For 6 < t  10, v = 20 − (t − 8)2 = 20 − (t2 − ( 1
s = ∫ v dt = ∫ t 2 − 3t +
8
93
2 )
dt
16t + 64) = 16t − t2 − 44
= 1 t3 − 3 t2 + 93 t + c2
24 2 2
a = dv = 16 − 2t
dt When t = 18, s = 351
When t = 9, a = 16 − 2 × 9 = −2 m s−2 351 = 1 (18)3 − 3 (18)2 + 93 (18) + c2
24 2 2
d For 0  t  6, s = ∫ v dt = ∫ (2t + 4) dt = t2 + 4t + c c2 = −243
When t = 0, s = 0 s = 1 t3 − 3 t2 + 93 t − 243
24 2 2
0 = (0)2 + 4(0) + c When t = 30, s = 1 (30)3 − 3 (30)2 + 93 (30) − 243
24 2 2
c=0 = 927 m
s = t2 + 4t
When t = 6, s = (6)2 + 4(6) = 60 m
Exam-style questions
For 6 < t  10, s = ∫ v dt = ∫ (16t − t 2 − 44) dt 1 a u = 1.5, t = 6, s = 90
= 8t2 − 1 t3 − 44t + c2 s = ut + 1 at2

2
3
When t = 6, s = 60 90 = 1.5 × 6 + 1 × a × 62
2
a = 4.5 m s−2
26
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 26 11/07/18 12:20 PM

2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b u = 1.5, v = 37.5, a = 4.5 9p = 216

v2 = u2 + 2as p = 24
2 2 c=2
s = v −u
2a v = 12t2 − 10t + 2
2 2 s = ∫ v dt = ∫ (12t 2 − 10 t + 2)dt = 4t3 − 5t2 + 2t + c2
= 37.5 − 1.5

2 × 4.5
When t = 0, s = 0

= 156 m
0 = 4(0)3 − 5(0)2 + 2(0) + c2
2 a a = −10, v = 0, s = 80 c2 = 0
v2 = u2 + 2as s = 4t3 − 5t2 + 2t
u2 = v2 − 2as When t = 3, s = 4(3)3 − 5(3)2 + 2(3) = 69 m
= 02 − 2 × −10 × 80
5 a s = –20 m, u = 37.5 ms–1, a = –10 m s–2
= 1600
s = ut + 12 at2
u = 40 m s−1
–20 = 37.5t + 1
2 × –10 × t2
b s = 0, a = −10, u = 40
5t2 – 37.5t – 20 = 0
s = ut + 1 at2
2 2t2 – 15t – 8 = 0
0 = 40t + 1 × −10 × t2 b (2t + 1)(t – 8) = 0
2
5t2 − 40t = 0 t = – 12 or 8
t(5t − 40) = 0 t=8s
t = 40 ÷ 5 = 8 s c v = 0 ms–1, u = 37.5 ms–1, a = –10 ms–2
2 2 2 2
3 a s = t3 − 14t2 + 48t = 0 s = v − u = 0 − 37.5
2s 2(−10)
t(t − 6)(t − 8) = 0
s = 70.3125
t = 6 s or 8 s
Total distance = 2 × 70.3125 + 20 = 161 m
ds
b v= = 3t2 − 28t + 48
dt 6 a PQ: s = 40, t = 5
s = ut + 1 at2
a = dv = 6t − 28 = 0 2
dt
40 = 5u + 12.5a
t= 14
3 16 = 2u + 5a 1
3 2
PR: s = 60, t = 15
s =  14  − 14 14  + 48 14  = 20.7 m
 3  3  3 s = ut + 1 at2
2
4 v = ∫ a dt = ∫ (pt − 10) dt = 1 pt2 − 10t + c 60 = 15u + 112.5a
2 2
8 = 2u + 15a
When t = 2, v = 30
Subtract 1 from 2 :
30 = 1 p(2)2 − 10(2) + c
2 −8 = 10a
2p + c = 50 1 a = −0.8 m s−2
When t = 2.5, v = 52 Substitute:
52 = 1 p(2.5)2 − 10(2.5) + c 16 = 2u + 5 × −0.8
2
20 = 2u
25p + 8c = 616 2
u = 10 m s−1
Multiply (1) by 8: b a = −0.8 m s−2
16p + 8c = 400 3
Subtract 3 from 2 :
27
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 27 11/07/18 12:20 PM

7 a 36T = 18T + 1.5T2
u 0 = 1.5T2 − 18T
= T(1.5T − 18)
T = 12 s
Velocity (m s–1)
10 a
24
0
3 6
Time (s)
Velocity (m s–1)
–u
b v = 0, s = 45, t = 3
s = 1 (u + v)t
2
0 30 180 T
45 = 1 (u + 0) × 3
2 Time (s)
u = 30 m s−1
b 4500 = 1 (T + 150) × 24
c Air resistance 2
375 = T + 150
8 For minimum velocity, a = 0
T = 225 s
dv
a=
dt
= 6t − 12 = 0 c Car: 1920 = 1 (T1 + T1 − 30) × 24
2
t=2
T1 = 95 s
Integrate v to find:
Motorcycle takes 95 − 20 = 75 s.
s = t3 − 6t2 + 11t + c
0=0+0+0+c d Motorcycle: 1920 = 1 × 75 × V
2
c=0 V = 51.2 m s−1
s = t3 − 6t2 + 11t 11 There are four stages to this race.
When t = 2, s = (2)3 − 6(2)2 + 11(2) = 6 m For the first stage, u = 0, a = 4, t = 2.
9 a u = 18, a = 3, s = 42 s = ut + 1 at2
2
v2 = u2 + 2as = 0 × 2 + 1 × 4 × 22
2
= 182 + 2 × 3 × 42 = 8m
= 576 v = u + at = 0 + 4 × 2 = 8 m s−1
v= 24 m s−1 For the second stage, u = 8, a = 1 and t = 3.
3
b For B: u = 18, a = 3, s = 42, v = 24
1
s = ut + at 2
v = u + at 2
24 = 18 + 3t = 8 × 3 + 1 × 1 × 32
2 3
t=2 51
= m
For A: u = 36, t = 2, a = 0 2
v = u + at = 8 + 1 × 3 = 9 m s−1
s = ut 3
= 72 m For the third stage, u = 9, a = 3 and t = 13.
13
c B overtakes A when time (T) is same and 1 2
s = ut + at
distance is same. 2
For A: s = 18T + 1.5T2 = 9 × 13 + 1 × 3 × 132
2 13
For B: s = 36T = 273 m
2
v = u + at = 9 + 3 × 13 = 12 m s−1
13
28
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 28 11/07/18 12:20 PM

2
WORKED SOLUTIONS
For the fourth stage, u = 12 m s−1, a = −2.4 m s−2 For 6 < t  30, u = 12 m s−1, v = 0 and
and v = 0 m s−1 a = − 1 m s−2.
2
2 2 2 2
s = v − u = 0 − 12 = 30 m Use v2 = u2 + 2as
2a 2 × −2.4
2 2
v − u 0 − 12 s = v −u
t= = = 5s 2a
a −2.4
2 2
The total distance is given by 8 + 51 + 273 + 30 = 0 − 121
2 2 2×−2
= 200 m.
= 144 m
The total time is given by 2 + 3 + 13 + 5 = 23 s.
You also need to find the displacement from
total distance 200 30 s to 40 s.
Average speed = = = 8.70 m s−1.
total time 23
For t > 30, u = 0 m s−1, t = 10 s and a = −1 m s−2.
12 a For 0  t  6, v = (8t − t2) m s−1 2
Use s = ut + 1 at2:
a = dv = 8 − 2t 2
dt
s = 0 × 10 + × − 1 × 102
1
= 8 − 2 × 5 = 8 − 10 = −2 m s−2 2 2
b For 0  t  6, v = 8t − t2 = 16 − (t − 4)2. = −25 m
The velocity of P is positive for 0  t  6. The total distance is given by 72 + 144 + 25
= 241 m.
For t > 6, v = 15 − 1 t
2
The particle is at rest when v = 0. 13 a 180 = 1 (6 + 18) × t
2
15 − 1 t = 0 t = 15
2
30 − t = 0 B
t = 30
V
The velocity of P is positive for 6 < t  30, but
negative for t > 30.
Velocity (ms–1)
18
To find the displacement during the first six
seconds, integrate v with respect to t.
s = ∫ v dt = ∫ (8t − t 2) dt = 4t2 − 1 t3 + c
3 6
When t = 0, s = 0.
0 = 4 × 02 − 1 × 03 + c 0
3 15 33 66
Therefore, c = 0
Time (s)
Hence, s = 4t2 − 1 t3.
3
b 15 + 18 + 33 = 66 s
When t = 6, s = 4 × 62 − 1 × 63 = 144 − 72 = 72 m.
3 c 180 + 1 (6 + V) × 18 + 33V = 1200
1 2
For t > 6, v = 15 − t
2 180 + 54 + 9V + 33V = 1200
a = dv = − 1 42V = 966
dt 2
V = 23 m s−1
The acceleration is constant.
Since the acceleration is constant, you can 14 a v = 1 t2 − 6t + c
2
use the equations of uniformly accelerated
motion. 10 = 0 + 0 + c
v = 8t − t2 c = 10
When t = 6, v = 8 × 6 − 62 = 48 − 36 = 12 m s−1. v = 1 t2 − 6t + 10
2
29
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 29 11/07/18 12:20 PM

b 1 t2 − 6t + 10 = 0 = 3U + 27
2 4
AC:
t2 − 12t + 20 = 0
u = U m s−1, s = 4x m s−1, a = 1.5 m s−2, t = 10 s
(t − 2)(t − 10) = 0 1
s = ut + at2
t = 2 or 10 s 2
c s = 1 t3 − 3t2 + 10t + c2 4x = 10U + 1 × 1.5 × 102

6 2
=  1 (10)3 − 3(10)2 + 10(10) −  1 (2)3 − 3(2)2 + 10(2) = 10U + 75
6  6 
Hence 4  3U + 27  = 10U + 75
= − 128 m  4
3
12U + 27 = 10U + 75
So the distance is 128 m.
3 2U = 48
15 First ball: U = 24
u = 35 m s−1, s = −H m s−1, a = −10 m s−2, t = T s 4x = 10(24) + 75
s = ut + 1 at2 = 240 + 75 = 315 m
2
–H = 35T + 1 × −10 × T2 17 a s = t3 + kt2
2
= 35T − 5T2 v = 3t2 + 2kt
Second ball: 3 × 62 + 2k × 6 = 0
u = 24 m s−1, s = −H m s−1, a = −10 m s−2, k = –9
t = (T – 2) s a = 6t + 2k
s = ut + 1 at2 = 6 × 13 + 2 × –9 = 60 m s–2
2
b s = t2(t – 9)
–H = 24(T – 2) + 1 × −10 × (T – 2)2
2 During first 6 s, s = [62(6 – 9)] – [0] = –108
= 24T – 48 −5(T – 2)2 From 6 s to 10 s, s = [102(10 – 9)] – [62(6 – 9)]
Hence 35T − 5T2 = 24T – 48 −5(T – 2)2 = 100 – (–108) = 208
35T − 5T2 = 24T – 48 − 5T2 + 20T – 20 Total distance = 108 + 208 = 316 m
35T = 24T – 48 + 20T – 20
Mathematics in life and work
9T = 68
68
T=
9 1 Bus accelerates for 12 = 6 s
2
H = 5T2 – 35T Bus decelerates for 20 – (6 + 5) = 9 s
12
2 Deceleration = 9 = 1.33 m s–2
= 5 68  – 35 68  1
 9  9 2 2 (5 + 20) × 12 = 150 m
= 21.0 m 1
3 When t = 6, v = (6)(12 – 6) = 12 m s–1
3
16 AB:
6
( )
6
u = U m s−1, v = (U + 4.5) m s−1, a = A m s−2, t = 3 s s = 1 ∫ 12t − t 2 dt = 1 6t 2 − 1 t 3 
30 3  3 0
v = u + at
1 6 6 2 − 1 6 3 
U + 4.5 = U + 3A =
3 
( ) 3( ) 

A = 1.5 m s−2
= 48 m
Let AB = x m and BC = 3x m
150 – 48 = 102 m left
AB:
Let T be the time taken to decelerate.
u = U m s−1, s = x m s−1, a = 1.5 m s−2, t = 3 s 1
1 102 = 2 × T × 12
s = ut + at2
2 T = 17
1
x = 3U + × 1.5 × 32 Total journey time = 6 + 17 = 23 s.
2
30
57750_P013_030_WB.indd 30 11/07/18 12:21 PM

3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
3 Momentum
responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers, which are contained in this
publication.
Non-exact numerical answers should be given correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles
indegrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Prerequisite knowledge 4 p = m × v, so p = 1300 × 3 = 3900 kg m s−1 the

direction is down the driveway.
y−b
1 a x= 5 p = m × v, so 38.7 = m × 860 giving m = 45 g
3
6 3 × 120 000 = 360 000 kg m s−1
b 5t = mx − 4x
7 These are all approximate.
= x(m − 4)
5t a 0.150 kg × 40 m s−1 = 6 kg m s−1
x=
(m − 4) b about 3 mg × 2 m s−1 = 0.000 006 kg m s−1
c g = y(x + n) c 70 mph ≈ 30 m s−1, so p = 1000 × 30 =
30 000 kg m s−1
g
=x+n
y d 10 m s−1 × 90 kg = 900 kg m s−1
g p
−n=x 8 a
y 2
or b 2p
g − ny 2p
x= c =p
y 2
2 a (30 × 60 × 60) ÷ 1000 = 108 d 2p

3
b (15 × 1000 000) ÷ 60 = 250 000
e p × 4 = 2p
2
c (13 × 60 × 60 ) ÷ 1000 = 46.8 km h−1
≈ 46.8 × 5 = 29.25 9 Initially p = 8 × 5 = 40.
8
After t seconds, 8 × 5 × 2t > 1000
d 0.1
2t > 25
e 2000
24 = 16
3 −10 km h−1
25 = 32, so t = 5 seconds.
Exercise 3.1A Alternative method: t > log2 25 = 4.6438, giving
t = 5 seconds.
1 a 0.056 × 35 = 1.96 kg m s−1
10 a v = u + at
b 160 × 10 = 1600 kg m s−1
v = 30 + 3 × 5 = 45 m s–1
c 30 km h−1 = 8 1 m s−1, so p = 180 × 8 1 So p = mv = 1300 × 45 = 58 500 kg m s–1
3 3
= 1500 kg m s−1 b v = u + 15
d 860 × 5 = 4300 kg m s−1 So p = 1300 × (u + 15) = (1300u + 19 500) kg m s–1
11 Initially p = mu
e 10 km h−1 = 10 000 m s−1 so p = 80 × 2.778.
60 × 60 t
Using s = (u + v)then v = 2s – u
2 t
= 222 kg m s−1
 2s
So final momentum = m − u
2 9.1 × 10−31 × 2.2 × 106 = 2.0 × 10−24 kg m s–1  t 
3 p = m × v, so 500 000 = 100 000 × v giving v = 5 m s−1 So change in momentum is
2s 2ms
m − u  − mu = − 2mu
 t  t
31
57750_P031_035_WB.indd 31 7/11/18 12:42 AM

3 Momentum
Exercise 3.2 A v2 = 0 + 2 × 3 × 6
v2 = 36
1 a 2.8 × 2 + 3 × 12 = 2.8 × u + 3 × 5 giving
u = 9.5 m s−1 v = 6 m s–1
b 2 × 15 + 10 × 12 = 2 × u + 10 × 16, giving Momentum gives:

u = −5 m s−1 200 × 6 = 200 × 0 + 400 × v1
c m × 12 + 0.1 × 3 = m × 7 + 0.1 × 13, giving 6
v1 = 200 ×
m = 0.2 kg 400
d 3 × 4 + 5 × −4.4 = 3 × (−12.5) + 5 × u, giving v1 = 3 m s–1
u = 5.5 m s−1 10
10 Speed of Gabriel = = 2.5 ms–1
4
2 0 = 40 × −1.5 + 30 × v, giving v = 2 m s−1
a If they weigh the same then they have the
3 150 × 3 + 120 × 0 = 150 × u + 120 × 2, giving same speed, but different directions, so 4
u = 1.4 m s−1 seconds.
4 120 × 1.5 + 100 × −1.8 = 120 × −1.2 + 100 × u, giving b 2 mvI = 2.5 m
u = 1.44 m s−1. B is now travelling backwards. 2.5
vI = = 1.25
5 m × 0.8 + m × 0 = m × u + m × 1.3, giving 2
0.8 = u + 1.3 so u = −0.5, i.e. it rebounds at a speed 10
so t = = 8 seconds
of 0.5 m s−1. 1.25
Or alternatively use ratios to deduce that the
6 100 × 0 + 5.5 × 0 = 100 × u + 5.5 × 140, giving
time will have doubled.
u = −7.7 m s−1
7 a 1200 kg and 5 m s−1 meets 1000 kg and 4 m s−1 11 0.1 × 3 = –0.1 × v1+ 0.1 v2
5
b 1000 kg and 5 m s−1 meets 1200 kg and 4 m s−1 v1= = 2.5 ms−1 towards the start.
2
c 1200 kg and 5 m s−1 meets 1000 kg and −4 m s−1
1
v2 = 3 – 2.5 = or 0.5 m s–1 away from the start.
d 1000 kg and 5 m s−1 meets 1200 kg and −4 m s−1 2
Giving: Exercise 3.3A
a v = (1200 × 5 + 1000 × 4) = 8.33 m s−1
1200 1 a
6.8 × 11 + 6.7 × 2 = 13.5 × v,
giving v = 6.53 m s−1 (2 d.p.)
b v = (1000 × 5 + 1200 × 4) = 8.17 m s−1
1200 b 20 × 5 + 80 × u = 100 × 1.8, giving u = 1 m s−1
c v = (1200 × 5 − 1000 × 4) = 1.67 m s−1 c 15 × 5 + m × −9 = (m + 15) × −6, giving
1200
m = 55 kg
d v = (1000 × 5 − 1200 × 4) = 0.167 m s−1 d 120 × 0.1 + 1380 × u = 1500 × 0.031, giving
1200
u = 0.025 m s−1
8 As they have the same mass mu = mv1 + mv2
⇒ u = v1 + v2 so ignore m. 2 10 × 2 + 35 × 0 = 45 × v, giving v = 4 m s−1
9
Because v3 rebounds it is negative. 3 Due to conservation of momentum, if m increases
Because v3 does not catch up v1 it means v1 must then v must decrease, so the truck will slow down.
be negative.
4 63 × 0 + 2 × 13 = 65 × v, so v = 0.4 m s−1
u = –v1 + v2 1
5 0.01 × 540 + 2 × 0 = 2.01v, giving
v2 = –v3 + v4 2
v = 2.686 567 = 2.69 m s−1(3 s.f.)
If C does not catch up A ⇒ v1 > v3 6 a 4m × 2u = 6m × v
v1 > v4 – v2 (using 2 )
4
so u=v
v1 > v4 – (u + v1) 3
v1 > v4 – u – v1 b 8 mu + 2 mu = 6 mv
u > v4 – 2v1 5
So v = u
3
9 s = 3, u = 0, v = v, a = 6
c The particles will not meet.
v2 = u2 + 2 as
32
57750_P031_035_WB.indd 32 7/11/18 12:42 AM

3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
7 mAuA + mB uB = (mA + mB)v  36 000 

3 a 1500 ×  3600  = 15 000 kg m s−1
= mAv + mB v
36 000 
mAuA − mAv = mB v − mB uB 1300 ×  = 13 000 kg m s−1
 3600 
mA(uA − v) = mB v − mB uB
b Total of the momentum is 28 000,
mBv − mBuB mB(v − uB)
mA = or u 28 000
uA − v A −v giving v = = 18.7 m s−1.
1500
8 1000 × 14 = 600 × v + 400 × 47, giving 4 a 2m × 3u + 3m × 2u = 2m × vA + 3m × 4u
v = −8 m s–1
6mu + 6mu = 2mvA + 12mu
9 a 0.5 × 20 = 32 × v ⇒ v = 0.313 m s–1 Thus vA = 0.
b Using v2 = u2 + 2as ⇒ v2 = 0 + 2 × 0.25 × 2 = 1 b 2m × 3u + 3m × 2u = 2m × vA + 3m × 3u
⇒ v = 1 m s–1
6mu + 6mu = 2mvA + 9mu
So he lands on the cart with an initial
2vA = 3u, so vA = 1.5u
velocity of 1 m s–1
1 × 20 = 32 × v c 2m × 3u + 3m × 2u = 2m × v + 3m × v
6mu + 6mu = 5mv
So v = 0.625 m s–1
c Let v1 = speed of landing on the cart: So v = 12 u = 2.4u.
5
20v1 = 32 × 2 d 2m × 3u + 3m × 2u = 2m × (−3u) + 3m × vB
v1 = 3.2 6mu + 6mu = −6mu + 3mvB
Using v2 = u2 + 2 as 3vB = 18u
3.22 = 0 + 2 × 0.25 × s vB = 6u
Giving a run-up of s = 20.48 m.
5 a 1 × 12 = 12 kg m s−1
It is not realistic for Sebastian to run for this far
b 12 = 2vB, so vB = 6 m s−1
at the same acceleration.
c 2 × 6 = 3 vC , so vC = 4 m s−1
10 a mAu = mAvA + mBvB
d (4 × 3 =) 12 kg m s−1 which is the same as the
mAu – mAvA = mBvB
initial momentum of A.
m Au − m Av A
= vB
mB 6 a s = ut + 0.5at2
b 2mA = mB s = 0 + 0.5 × 0.4 × 32
m Au − m Av A s = 1.8 < 2 m
= vB
2m A b v = u + at
u − vA = u + 0.4 × 3 = 1.2
= vB
2
u – vA = 2vB Initially m × 1.2 = mv, so B moves with a
velocity of 1.2 as well.
vA = u – 2vB
But vA > 0 7 a 13m × u + m × (−u) = 13m × vb + m × vg
12mu = 13mvb + mvg
So u – 2vB > 0
12u = 13vb + vg
u > 2vB
12u − 13vb = vg
Exam-style Questions
b m × u + M × U = 0 (as velocity before firing
1 p = 0.5 × 4.5 = 2.25 kg m s−1 is zero).
m × u = −M × U
If the ball stops then 2.25 = 3v, so v = 0.75. If v > 0.75
the ball will rebound. m = −U
M u
2 a 35 km h−1 = 35 × 1000 = 9.7222 m s−1 Because we are comparing speed, not velocity:
3600
p = 54 = 9.722 22 × m, giving m = 5.55 kg m = −U
M u
b v = 35 × 2 = 70 km h−1 As required.
33
57750_P031_035_WB.indd 33 7/11/18 12:42 AM

3 Momentum
8 a 45 × 12 + 45 × 0 = 90 × v, giving v = 6 m s−1 13 36 km h–1 = 10 m s–1

b 90 × 6 + 45 × 0 = 135 × v, giving v = 4 In the 5 seconds the car will travel an extra
135 × 4 + 45 × 0 = 180 × v, giving v = 3 10 × 5 = 50 m.
180 × 3 + 45 × 0 = 225 × v, giving v = 2.4 m s−1, So for the bus:
as required. s = 80, u = 10, v = v, t = 5
9 a 4.5 × 4 + m × (−6) = 0, giving m = 3 kg t
s = (u + v)
2
b 4.5 × 4 + m × −6 = (4.5 + m) × −2.4, giving m = 8 kg
5
c 4.5 × 4 + 18 × −6 = 22.5 × v, giving v = −4 i.e. 80 = (10 + v) × ⇒ v = 22 m s–1
2
4 m s−1 in the direction of B
v = u + at
d 10.5 × −1 + 12 × v = 22.5 × −4,
22 = 10 + a × 5 ⇒ a = 2.4 m s–2
giving v = −6.63 m s−1
Initial momentum = final momentum
10 a m × 4u + 2m × u = m × vx + 2m × vy
10 000 × 22 + 1200 × 10 = 11 200 × v
6mu = mvx + 2mvy
v’ = 20.7 m s–1 = 74.6 km h–1
6u = vx + 2vy
14 Let the velocity of ball A when they meet be uA and
vx = 6u − 2vy
the velocity of ball B when they meet uB
b vy = 2.5u, so vx = 6u − 2 × 2.5u = u. So 2uA + 3uB = 5 × 3 1
So X has reduced the velocity from 4u to u, For B: u = 0, v = uB, a = 0.1, t = 10
which is a 75% reduction.
Using v = u + at
11 a 50 = 1 × v (as momentum at the start = uB = 0 + 0.1 × 10 = 1
momentum at the end)
15 − 3
v = 50 cm s–1 Using 1 u A = =6
2
b Unchanged as the start and end balls are the For A: u = 0, v = 6, a = a, t = 10
same as in part a.
Using v = u + at
c 30 = 4v
6 = 0 + 10a
v = 7.5 m s–1
a = 0.6 ms–2
12 Let start of platform = point A 1 2
Using s = ut + at
2
End of platform = point B
1
Car = point C sA = × 0.6 × 102 = 30 m
2
A–B: s = 160, u = u, a = a, t = 5 1
sB = × 0.1 × 102 = 5 m
A–C: s = 285, u = u, a = a, t = 10 2
1 2 So distance between them at the start
Using s = ut + at = 30 – 5 = 25 m
2
A–B: 160 = 5u + 12.5a ⇒ 320 = 10u + 25a 1 15 A moving to B
A–C: 285 = 10u + 50a 2 F = ma →
2 – 1 18 000 – 2000 = 25 000 a
35 = –25a so a = –1.4 m s–2 a = 0.64 m s–2
and u = 35.5 m s–1 s = 50, u = 0, v = v, a = 0.64
As the train hits the car: v = u + at gives v2 = u2 + 2as
v = 35.5 – 1.4 × 10 = 21.5 v2 = 0 + 2 × 0.64 × 50 = 64
So initial momentum = 21.5 × 20 000 = 430 000 v = 8 m s–1 when A meets B.
Conservation of momentum means that At A joining to B
430 000 = 22 000 V
25 000 × 8 = (25 000 + 15 000) v1
V = 19.5 m s–2
So v1 = 5 m s–1 velocity of both A and B joined.
34
57750_P031_035_WB.indd 34 7/11/18 12:42 AM

3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
AB moving to C:
F = ma →
18 000 – 2500 = 40 000a
a = 0.3875 m s–2
s = 50, u = 5, v = v2, a = 0.3875
(v2)2 = u2 + 2as
(v2)2 = 25 + 2 × 0.3875 × 50 = 63.75
v2= 63.75 m s–1 when AB meets C.
At AB joins to C:
40 000 × 63.75 = 55 000 v3
So v3 = 5.81 m s–1
Mathematics in life and work
1 160 000u = 80 000(−u) + 80 000v1

240 000u = 80 000v1
v1 = 3u as required.
2 80 000 × (3u) = 40 000(−3u) + 40 000v2
360 000u = 40 000v2
v2 = 9u
40 000 × (9u) = 20 000(−9u) + 20 000v3
540 000u = 20 000v3
v3 = 27u
3 160 000 × 140 = 140 000(vf ) + 20 000 × 27 × 140
140 000(vf ) = −53 200 000
vf = −380 km s−1, v 3 = 3780 km s−1
35
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4 Newton’s laws of motion

responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers, which are contained in this
publication.
Prerequisite knowledge Exercise 4.1A
1 Add 1 + 2 1 a F = ma
20 = 4x Write 800 g in SI units.
x=5 F = 0.8 × 3.1 = 2.48 N
y = 10 + 5 = 15 b F = ma
2 x cos θ – y sin θ = y cos θ + x sin θ m = F = 5200 = 1300 kg

a 4
x cos θ – x sin θ = y cos θ + ysin θ
x(cos θ – sin θ) = y cos θ + y sin θ 2 a W = mg
= 8.4 × 10 = 84 N
y cos θ + y sin θ
x=
cos θ − sin θ b W = mg
735 = m × 10
3 R(→):
T cos 26° – F = 0 m = 735 = 73.5 kg
10
F = T cos 26° W = mg
R( ): = 73.5 × 3.75 = 276 N
→
R + T sin 26° – 10 = 0 3 v = 22 m s−1, u = 4 m s−1, t = 15 s

= u + at
R = 10 – T sin 26°
Substitute into F = µR: a= v −u
t
T cos 26 = 1 (10 – T sin 26°)
10
= 22 − 4 = 1.2 m s−2
10T cos 26° = 10 – T sin 26° 15
10T cos 26° + T sin 26° = 10 Resultant force, F = 1270 − 190 = 1080 N.
T(10 cos 26° + sin 26°) = 10 F = ma
10 1080 = m × 1.2
T= = 1.06 N
10cos26° + sin 26° 1080
m= F = = 900 kg
a 1.2
4 u = 4 m s−1, s = 55 m, t = 5 s
a s = ut + 1 at2 4 R( ) R – 75g = 0
→
2
R = 75g
55 = 4 × 5 + 12 × a × 52
F = µR
55 = 20 + 25 a
2 = 1 × 75g = 25 × 10 = 250 N
25 3
35 = 2 a
Resultant force, F = (X − 250) N.
a = 2.8 m s−2
a F = ma
b v = u + at
X − 250 = 75 × 0
= 4 + 2.8 × 5
X = 250 N
= 4 + 14
= 18 m s−1
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4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b F = ma a = −0.968 75 m s−2
X − 250 = 75 × 2 u = 30 m s−1, v = 0 m s−1, a = −0.968 75 m s−2
X = 400 N 2 2
s= v −u
c u= 0 m s−1,
s = 2 m, t = 0.5 s 2a
1
s = ut + 2 at2 = 0 2 − 30 2
2 × − 0.96875
2 = 0 × 0.5 + 12 × a × 0.52 = 465 m
= 0.125a
7 5900 – 1100 = 1600 a
a = 16 m s−2
a = 3 m s–2
F = ma v = u + at
X − 250 = 75 × 16 v = 0 + 3(11) = 33 m s–1
X = 1450 N Let braking force be B N
5 R – 1500g = 0 –B – 1100 = 1600 a
R = 1500g s = 240 m, u = 33 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1
F = mR v 2 − u 2 0 2 − 332
a= =
2s 2(240)
= 0.035 × 1500g = 52.5 × 10 = 525 N
Resultant force, F = 1125 – 525 = 600 N a = –2.27 m s–2
–B – 1100 = 1600(–2.27)
F = ma
B = 2530 N
600 = 1500a
a = 600 ÷ 1500 = 0.4 ms–2 8 a D – F = ma
u= 4 m s−1, s = 385 m, a = 0.4 m s−2 R = mg
v2 = u2 + 2as F = mR = m mg
= 42 + 2 × 0.4 × 385 D – m mg = ma
3
= 324 54 – mg = ma
8
v = 18 m s−1 2
89 – mg = ma
= u + at 3
18 = 4 + 0.4t 3 2
54 – mg = 89 – mg
8 3
14 = 0.4t
1296 – 90m = 2136 – 160m
t = 35 s
m = 12 kg
6 u = 15 ms–1, v = 30 ms–1, s = 400 m 54 − 3 mg 54 − 3 × 12 × 10
b a= 8 = 8
2 2
v −u m 12
a=
2s
a = 0.75 m s–2
2 2
30 − 15 9 a T cos a – F = ma
=
2 × 400
20
= 0.84375 m s–2 T – F = 0.2 m
29
Let the resistance to motion = X N 20 21
When cos a = , sin a =
29 29
Resultant force, F = (1240 – X) N.
T sin a + R = mg
F = ma
21
1240 – X = 960 × 0.84375 T + R = 10m
29
= 810 F = mR
X = 430 N
Resultant force, F = (−430 − 500) = −930 N.
20
29
T – 0.2m =
40 (
17 10m – 21 T
29 )
F = ma 800T – 232m = 4930m – 357T
−930 = 960a 1157T = 5162m

37
57750_P036_056_WB.indd 37 7/11/18 1:08 AM

13T = 58m 1
25 = 0 × t + 2 × 9.75 × t2
T sin a + R = mg
= 4.875t2
20
T + 180 = 10m t = 2.265 s
29
Difference = 0.028 s.
20T + 5220 = 290m
4T + 1044 = 58m 2 Resultant force, F = (0.35g − 2.8) N.
13T = 4T + 1044 F = ma
T = 116 N 0.35g − 2.8 = 0.35a
a = 2 m s−2
b m = 13 × 116 = 26 kg
58 u = 3.7 m s−1, s = 1.9 m, a = 2 m s−2
3 4 v2 = u2 + 2as
10 a When sin q = , cos q =
5 5
= 3.72 + 2 × 2 × 1.9
60 cos q – F = 20a
= 21.29
R + 60 sin q = 20g
v = 4.61 m s−1
F = mR
= u + at
60 cos q – 20a = 0.25(20g – 60 sin q)
( 45 )– 20a = 0.25 20g – 60( 35 )

4.61 = 3.7 + 2t
60 t = 0.457 s
48 – 20a = 41 3 Resultant force when lowered, F = (Mg − 12) N.

a = 0.35 m s–2 F = ma
s = 1440 m, u = 4 m s–1, a = 0.35 m s–2 Mg − 12 = 0.4M
1 2 M × 10 − 0.4M = 12
s = ut + at
2 9.6M = 12
1
1440 = 4t + (0.35)t2 M = 1.25
2
7 2 Let the compression when raised = C N.
1440 = 4t + t
40 Resultant force when raised, F = (C − 1.25g) N.
57 600 = 160t + 7t2 F = ma
7t2 + 160t = 57 600 C − 1.25g = 1.25 × 0.4
b 7t2 + 160t – 57 600 = 0 = 0.5
(7t + 720)(t – 80) = 0 C = 13 N
t = 80 4 Resultant force, F = (250 − 20g) N.

F = ma
Exercise 4.2A
250 − 20g = 20a
1 s = 25 m, u = 0 m s−1 250 − 200 = 20a
Without air resistance, a = 10 m s−2 a = 2.5 m s−2
s = ut + 1 at2 u = 2 m s−1, v = 5 m s−1, a = 2.5 m s−2
2
25 = 0 × t + 12 × 10 × t2 v2 = u2 + 2as
2 2
= 5t 2 s= v −u
2a
t = 2.236 s
2 2
With air resistance, 0.12g − 0.03 = 0.12a. = 5 −2
2 × 2.5
a = 9.75 m s−2
1 = 4.2 m
s = ut + 2 at2
5 a u = 0 m s−1, v = 4 m, s = 2.5 m
v2 = u2 + 2as
38
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4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2 2 b s = –18 m, u = 13 ms–1, a = –10 ms–2

a= v −u
2s v2 = u2 + 2as
2 2
= 4 −0 v2 = 132 + 2(–10)(–18)
2 × 2.5
v2 = 529
= 3.2 m s−2
v = –23 ms–1
To find the mass of the weight:
Speed = 23 ms–1
W = mg
3 = m × 10 7 a 50g – 10 = 50a
m = 0.3 kg a = 9.8 ms–2
Resultant force, F = (T − 3) N. s = 10 m, u = 0 ms–1, a = 9.8 m s–2
F = ma v2 = u2 + 2as
T − 3 = 0.3 × 3.2 v2 = 02 + 2(9.8)(10)
T = 3.96 N v2 = 196
b u = 4 m s−1, a = −10 m s−2, v = 0 m s−1 v = 14 m s–1
2 2
50g – 2500 = 50a
s= v −u a = –40 m s–2
2a
2 2
v = 0 m s–1, u = 14 m s–1, a = –40 m s–2
= 0 −4
2 × −10 v 2 − u 2 0 2 − 14 2
s= =
2a 2(−40)
= 0.8 m
Maximum height = 2.5 + 0.8 = 3.3 m. s = –2.45 m
c From maximum height to when it hits the Maximum distance = 2.45 m

floor, u = 0 m s−1, a = 10 m s−2, s = 3.3 m.
b 60g – 10 = 60a
v2 = u2 + 2as
59
a= m s–2
= 02 + 2 × 10 × 3.3 6
= 66
v = 8.12 m s−1
v2 = 02 + 2 ( 596 )(10)
6 a s = 2 m, u = 7 m s–1, a = –10 m s–2 v2 =
590
3
v2 = u2 + 2as
v2 = 72 + 2(–10)(2) 60g – 2500 = 60a
v2 = 9 95
a=– m s–2
3
v = 3 m s–1
2 590
v = u + at v 2 − u2 0 − 3
( )
s= =
2a
3 = 7 – 10t 2 − 95
3
t = 0.4 s
s = –3.11 m
420 – 28g = 28a
Distance = 3.11 – 2.45 = 0.66 m
a = 5 m s–2
s = 16 m, u = 3 m s–1, a = 5 m s–2
8 s = 45 m, u = 0 m s–1, a = 10 m s–2
v2 = u2 + 2as
v2 = u2 + 2as
v2 = 32 + 2(5)(16)
v2 = 02 + 2(10)(45)
v2 = 169
v2 = 900
v = 13 ms–1
v = 30 m s–1
v = u + at
Let mass of lighter rock be M kg
13 = 3 + 5t
t=2s Lighter rock
Total time = 0.4 + 2 = 2.4 s Mg – 3250 = Ma
39
57750_P036_056_WB.indd 39 7/11/18 1:08 AM

Mg − 3250 v −u 5−0
a= a= −2
M t = 2.5 = 2 m s
Mg − 3250
→
u = 30 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1, a = m s–2 R( ):
M
3g sin θ − F = 3a
v 2 − u2 0 2 − 30 2 45M F = 3g × 3 − 3 × 2
s= = = 5
2a  Mg − 3250  325 − M
2
 M  = 12 N
R( ):
→
Heavier rock
(M + 6)g – 3250 = (M + 6)a R − 3g cos θ = 0
(M + 6)g − 3250 R = 3g × 4 = 24 N
a= 5
M +6
F = µR
(M + 6)g − 3250
u = 30 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1, a = m s–2 µ = F = 12 = 1
M +6
R 24 2
v 2 − u2 0 2 − 30 2 45(M + 6)
s= = = 4 a R( ):
→
2a  ( M + 6 ) g − 3250  325 − (M + 6)
2 
 M +6 R − 35 3 sin 30° − 5g cos 30° = 0
45(M + 6) 45M R = 35 3 sin 30° + 5g cos 30° = 73.6 N

= + 0.25
325 − (M + 6) 325 − M
F = µR
45(M + 6)(325 – M)
= 1 × 73.6 = 21.3 N
= 45M(319 – M) + 0.25(325 – M) (319 – M) 2 3
M 2 – 644M – 247 325 = 0
R( ):
→
644 ± (−644)2 − 4(1)(−247325) 35 3 cos 30° − F − 5g sin 30° = 5a

M=
2(1)
5a = 35 3 cos 30° − 21.3 − 5g sin 30°
M = 914 kg
= 6.25
Exercise 4.3A a = 1.25 m s−2
→ a = 1.25 m s−2, u = 0 m s−1 and s = 6.3 m
1 a R( ) 0.9g sin 26° – F = 0.9a
Substitute in s = ut + 1 at2:
R( ) R = 0.9g cos 26° 2
→
1
6.3 = 0 + 2 × 1.25t2
F = mR
0.9g sin 26° – 0.9a = m(0.9g cos 26°) t 2 = 10.1
a = g sin 26° – 0.35g cos 26° t = 3.17 s
a = 1.24 m s–2 b Substitute in v = u + at:
b 1.24 m s–2 v = 0 + 1.25 × 3.17
2 26 – 4g sin q = 4 × 0.5 = 3.96 m s−1
24 3 5 a
Let the angle between the rope and the ground
sin q = =
4g 5 be θ.
44
3 Let angle of slope be θ. sin θ = 125
sin θ = 3
5 2 2
cos θ = 125 − 44 = 117
125 125
cos θ = 52 − 32 = 4
5 5 R(→):
To find acceleration, use v = u + at. 10 cos θ − F = 0
u = 0 m s−1, v = 5 m s−1, t = 2.5 s F = 10 × 117
125 = 9.36 N
40
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4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
R( ): a = −7.80 m s−2
→
R + 10 sin θ − 5g = 0 a = −7.80 m s−2, u = 4.40 m s−1 and v = 0 m s−1
R = 5g − 10 × 44 = 46.48 N Substitute in v 2 = u2 + 2as:
125
2 2
µ = F = 9.36 = 0.201 s= v −u
R 46.48 2a
2
b R( ): s = 0 − 4.40
→
2 × −7.80
R + 15 sin θ − 5g = 0
s = 1.24 m
R = 5g − 15 × 44 = 44.72 N
125
7 a R( ):
→
F = µR = 0.201 × 44.72 = 9.01 N
R − 0.5g cos 40° = 0
R(→):
R = 0.5g cos 40°
15 cos θ − F = 5a
F = µR
5a = 15 × 117 − 9.01 = 5.03
125 = 0.6 × 0.5g cos 40° = 2.30 N
→
a= 1.01 m s−2 b R( ):
6 a When inclination is 25°: 0.5g sin 40° − F = 0.5a
R( ): 0.5g sin 40° − 2.30 = 0.5a

→
R − 2g cos 25° = 0 0.5a = 0.916

a = 1.83 m s−2
R = 2g cos 25°
Since a is positive, motion will occur.
R( ):
→
F − 2g sin 25° = 0 8 a With 4 N force:

R( ):
→
F = 2g sin 25°
R − 4 sin 23° − 2g cos 23° = 0
µ = F = 2g sin 25° = 0.466 R = 4 sin 23° + 2g cos 23°
R 2g cos 25°
→
When inclination is 20°: R( ):
R( ): 2g sin 23° − 4 cos 23° − F = 0

→
R − 2g cos 20° = 0 F = 2g sin 23° − 4 cos 23°

2g sin 23° − 4 cos 23°
R = 2g cos 20° µ= F = = 0.207
R 4 sin 23° + 2g cos 23°
F = µR
With X N force:
= 0.466 × 2g cos 20° = 8.76 N
R( ):
→
R( ):
→
R − X sin 23° − 2g cos 23° = 0

20 − F − 2g sin 20° = 2a
R = X sin 23° + 2g cos 23°
2a = 20 − 8.76 − 2g sin 20° = 4.40 →
R( ):
a = 2.20 m s−2
X cos 23° − 2g sin 23° − F = 0
b With 20 N force, t = 2 s, a = 2.20 m s−2 and F = X cos 23° − 2g sin 23°
u = 0 m s−1.
= µR
Substitute in v = u + at:
X cos 23° − 2g sin 23°
v = 0 + 2.20 × 2 1 = 0.207(X sin 23° + 2g cos 23°)
v = 4.40 m s−1 = 0.207X sin 23° + 0.207 × 2g cos 23°
Without 20 N force, F is still 8.76 N. X cos 23° − 0.207X sin 23°
R( ): = 2g sin 23° + 0.207 × 2g cos 23°
→
−F − 2g sin 20° = 2a 2g sin 23° + 0.207 × 2g cos 23°

X= = 13.8 N
cos 23° − 0.207 × sin 23°
2a = −8.76 − 2g sin 20° = −15.6
41
57750_P036_056_WB.indd 41 7/11/18 1:08 AM

b R( ): s = 8 m, u = 0 ms–1, a = 0.363 ms–2

→
R − 2g cos 23° = 0 1 2
s = ut + at
2
R = 2g cos 23°
1
R( ): 8=0+ (0.363)t2
→
2
X − 2g sin 23° − F = 2a t2 = 44.08
13.8 − 2g sin 23° − 0.207 × 2g cos 23° = 2a t = 6.64 s
2a = 2.17
8
Total time = 6.64 + = 9.31 s
a = 1.11 m s−2 3
9 When sin a =
3
, cos a =
4 Exercise 4.4A
5 5
7 24 1 Resultant force on H = (3 − T) N.
When sin b = , cos b =
25 25 Substitute into F = ma:
Let acceleration on second plane be a m s–2. 3 − T = 0.35a 1
2g sin a – F = 2(10a) = 20a Resultant force on G = T N.
R = 2g cos a Substitute into F = ma:
2g sin b – F = 2a T = 0.15a 2
R = 2g cos b Add 1 and 2 :
F
m= =
5 ()
2g 3 − 20a 2g 7 − 2a
25 ( ) 3 = 0.5a
() ( )
= a = 6 m s−2
R 4
2g 2g 24
5 25 T = 0.15a = 0.15 × 6 = 0.9 N
6g − 100a 14g − 50a 2 Resultant force on P = (X − T − 4mg) N.
=
8 48
Substitute into F = ma:
48(6g – 100a) = 8(14g – 50a)
X − T − 4mg = 4m × 4 g 1
2 7
a = m s–2
5 Resultant force on Q = (T − 3mg) N.
m=
5 () ()
2(10) 3 − 20 2
5 1
()
= T − 3mg = 3m × 4 g 2
4 4 7
2(10)
5
From 2 , T = 3mg + 3m × 4 g = 33 mg.
7 7
10 a s = 8 m, u = 6 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1
Add 1 and 2 :
v 2 − u 2 02 − 62
a=
2s
=
2(8)
= –2.25 m s–2 X − 7mg = 7m × 4 g
7
Let mass of block be m kg. X = 7mg + 4mg
–mg sin 7.5 – F = –2.25m = 11mg N
R = mg cos 7.5 3 Resultant force on car = (1710 − T − 300k) N.
F = mR Substitute into F = ma:
–mg sin 7.5 + 2.25 m = m(mg cos 7.5°) 1710 − T − 300k = 300a 1
− g sin 7.5° + 2.25 Resultant force on caravan = (T − 840k) N.
m= = 0.095
g cos7.5°
b Time taken to go up.
T − 840k = 840a 2
2s 2(8) 8
t= = = s Add 1 and 2 :
u+v 6+0 3
mg sin 7.5° – F = ma 1710 − 1140k = 1140a
mg sin 7.5° – m mg cos 7.5° = ma 1710 = 1140(k + a)
g sin 7.5° – 0.095g cos 7.5° = a k + a = 1710
1140
a = 0.363 ms–2
42
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4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
The lighter particle does not collide with the

From 2 , T = 840(k + a) N.
heavier particle since it only travels 0.21 m
T = 840 × 1710 after the string goes slack.
1140
= 1260 N b 0.5 − 0.21 = 0.29 m
4 a
Let the 7 kg particle be A and the 4 kg particle 5 Resultant force on X = (100 − T − 5g) N.
be B. Substitute into F = ma:
R( ) for B:
→
100 − T − 5g = 5a
RB − 7g = 0 Resultant force on Y = (T − 3g) N.
RB = 7g Substitute into F = ma:
FB = µRB = 7 × 7g T − 3g = 3a
20
Add:
R(→) for B:
100 − 8g = 8a
35 − FB − T = 7a
a = 2.5 m s−2
35 − 7 × 7g − T = 7a
20 Whilst connected:
10.5 − T = 7a 1 u = 0 m s−1, a = 2.5 m s−2, v = 9 m s−1
R( ) for A: v2 = u2 + 2as
→
2 2
RA − 4g = 0 s= v −u
2a
RA = 4g
2 2
= 9 −0
FA = µRA = 4 × 4g 2 × 2.5
20
R(→) for A: = 16.2 m
T − FA = 4a When cord snaps:

u = 9 m s−1, a = −10 m s−2, s = −16.2 m
T − 4 × 4g = 4a
20 v2 = u2 + 2as
T − 8 = 4a 2 = 92 + 2 × −10 × −16.2
1 + 2 = 405
10.5 − 8 = 11a v = −20.1 m s−1
a = 0.227 m s−2 v = u + at
Whilst taut, u = 0 m s−1, t = 4 s, a = 0.227 m s−2. t= v −u
a
v = 0 + 0.227 × 4 = −20.1 − 9
−10
= 0.909 m s−1 = 2.91 s
Whilst slack: 6 a u = 12 m s−1, v = 32 m s−1, t = 8 s
R(→) for A: v = u + at
−8 = 4a
a= v −u
a = −2 m s−2 t
u = 0.909 m s−1, v = 0 m s−1, a = −2 m s−2 = 32 − 12

8
Substitute in v2 = u2 + 2as:
= 2.5 m s−2
2 2
s= v −u Resultant force on minibus
2a
= (3000 − T − 475) = (2525 − T) N.
2
= 0 − 0.909 Substitute into F = ma:
2 × −2
2525 − T = 950 × 2.5 = 2375
= 0.21 m
43
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Let mass of trailer = M kg. 8 208 – 6g – T = 6a

Resultant force on trailer = (T − 25) N. T – 14g = 14a
Substitute into F = ma: 208 – 20g = 20a
T − 25 = 2.5M a = 0.4 m s–2
Add: t = 5 s, u = 0 m s–1, a = 0.4 m s–2
2500 = 2.5M + 2375 v = u + at
M = 50 v = 0 + 0.4(5) = 2 m s–1
b Resultant force on trailer when uncoupled u = 2 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1, a = –10 m s–2
= −25 N. v = u + at
Substitute into F = ma: 0 = 2 + (–10)t
−25 = 50a t = 0.2 s
a= −0.5 m s−2 9 a Let the car be C and the caravan be V.
u = 32 m s−1, v = 0 m s−1, a = −0.5 m s−2 On the 7° plane
v2 = u2 + 2as R( ) RC = 900g cos 7°
→ →
2 2
s= v −u R( ) RV = 1200g cos 7°
2a
Since F = mR, FC = m(900g cos 7°) and
2 2 FV = m(1200g cos 7°)
= 0 − 32
2 × −0.5 R( ) D – T – FC – 900g sin 7° = 900a
→ →
= 1024 m R( ) T – FV – 1200g sin 7° = 1200a

7 a Let the driving force = D N. D – FC – FV – 2100g sin 7° = 2100a
Resultant force on car = (D − T − X) N. D – m(900g cos 7°) – m(1200g cos 7°) – 2100g sin 7°
Substitute into F = ma: = 2100(0.65)
D − T − X = Ma D = m(2100g cos 7°) + 2100g sin 7° + 1365
Resultant force on caravan = (T − 400) N. On the 10° plane
Substitute into F = ma: D = m(2100g cos 10°) + 2100g sin 10° + 315
T − 400 = 750a m(2100g cos 7°) + 2100g sin 7° + 1365
= m(2100g cos 10°) + 2100g sin 10° + 315
Add:
m(2100g cos 7°) – m(2100g cos 10°)
D − 400 − X = (M + 750)a
= 2100g sin 10° + 315 – 2100g sin 7° – 1365
Substitute D = 1450 N and a = 0.6 m s−2:
2100g m(cos 7° – cos 10°)
1450 − 400 − X = (M + 750) × 0.6 = 2100g(sin 10° – sin 7°) – 1050
1050 − X = 0.6M + 450 2100g(sin10° − sin 7°) − 1050
1 m= = 0.230
600 = X + 0.6M 2100g(cos7° − cos10°)
Substitute D = 2450 N and a = 1.4 m s−2:
b D = (0.230)(2100g cos 7°) + 2100g sin 7° + 1365
2450 − 400 − X = (M + 750) × 1.4
D = 8720 N
2050 − X = 1.4M + 1050
1000 = X + 1.4M 2 10 a s = 2790 m, t = 180 s, v = 20 m s–1
Subtract 1 from 2 . 1 2
s = vt – at
2
400 = 0.8M
1
2790 = 20 × 180 – a(180)2
M = 500 2
b Substitute M = 500 into 1 : a = 0.05 m s–2
600 = X + 0.6 × 500 5
Since mass of B is M kg, mass of A is M kg
600 = X + 300 3
2
X = 300 and mass of C is M kg.
3
44
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4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
5 2 Exercise 4.4B
R(↑) RA = Mg, RB = Mg and RC = Mg
3 3
1 a Resultant force = (R − 55g) N.
Since F = mR, FA =
1 5
10 3 ( ) 1
Mg , FB = (Mg)
10 F = ma
( )
R − 55g = 55 × 2.4
1 2
and FC = Mg R = 55g + 55 × 2.4
10 3
Let tension between A and B be T1 N and = 55(10 + 2.4)
tension between B and C be T2 N. = 682 N
5 b Resultant force = (55g − R) N.
R(→) D – T1 – FA = M(0.05)
3 F = ma
R(→) T1 – T2 – FB = M(0.05) 55g − R = 55 × 1.6
2 R = 55g − 55 × 1.6
R(→) T2 – FC = M(0.05)
3
= 55(10 − 1.6)
10
D – FA – FB – FC = M(0.05) = 462 N
3
( ) ( )
c Resultant force = (R − 55g) N.
1 5 1 1 2
8400 – Mg – (Mg) – Mg =
10 3 10 10 3 F = ma
10 R − 55g = 55 × −0.6
3 M(0.05) R = 55g − 55 × 0.6
1 1 = 55(10 − 0.6)
8400 – Mg = M
3 6
= 517 N
10 1
8400 – M = M 2 a
For the dog and the floor of the lift, resultant
3 6
force = (25g − R) N.
7
M = 8400 F = ma
2
M = 2400 25g − R = 25 × 1.8
R = 25g − 25 × 1.8
5
b D – T1 – FA = M(0.05) = 25(10 − 1.8)
3
= 205 N
8400 – T1 –
1 5
10 3 ( ) 5
Mg = M(0.05)
3 b
For the system as a whole, resultant force =
(165g − T) N.
8400 – T1 – 4000 = 200
F = ma
T1 = 4200 N
165g − T = 165 × 1.8
2 T = 165g − 165 × 1.8
c R(→) –FC = Ma
3
= 165(10 − 1.8)
– ( )
1 2
10 3
2
Mg = Ma
3
= 1353 N
= 1350 N to 3 s.f.
10 ( 3
Mg ) = Ma
1 2 2
– 3 Total weight = 75g + 65g + 550g = 690g N.
3
Resultant force = (7616 − 690g) N.
–1600 = 1600a
F = ma
a = –1 m s–2
7616 − 690g = 690a
a = –1 m s–2, u = 20 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1
716 = 690a
v = u + at
a = 1.04 m s−2
0 = 20 – 1t
t = 20 s
45
57750_P036_056_WB.indd 45 7/11/18 1:08 AM

It is assumed that the lift is stationary when the (9M + 760)(M – 40) = 0
adults enter. M = 40
u = 0 m s−1, s = 24 m, a = 1.04 m s−2 1130 − 20(40)
a= = 0.75
s = ut + 12 at2 2(40) + 360
24 = 0 × t + 12 × 1.04 × t2 b Mass of Liu = 80 kg, mass of Zhao = 120 kg
= 0.519t2 Total mass = 80 + 120 + 360 = 560 kg
t 2 = 46.26 T – 560g = 560 × 0.6
t = 46.26 = 6.80 s T = 5936 N = 5900 N
4 a Total mass = 5 × 66 + 280 = 610 kg 7 Total weight with a 160 kg load = 400g + 160g
= 560g N.
T – 610g = 610 × 0.2
Resultant force = (T − 560g) N.
T = 6222 N = 6200 N
F = ma
b Mass of sixth person = 6 × 70 – 5 × 66 = 90 kg T − 560g = 560 × 0.75
R – 90g = 90 × 0.15 T = 560g + 560 × 0.75
R = 913.5 N = 910 N
= 560(10 + 0.75)
c Total mass = 6 × 70 + 280 = 700 kg = 6020 N
T – 700g = 700 × 0.15 Total weight with a 200 kg load = 400g + 200g
T = 7105 N = 7100 N = 600g N.
Resultant force = (6020 − 600g) N.
5 Let mass of girl be M kg, mass of father be 2M kg
and mass of lift be (2M + 100) kg F = ma
1 6020 − 600g = 600a
(5M + 100)g – 2660 = (5M + 100) ×
2 20 = 600a
50M + 1000 – 2660 = 2.5M + 50
a = 1 m s−2
M = 36 30
2M = 72 u = 0 m s−1, t = 30 s, a = 1 m s−2
30
1
72g – R = 72 ×
2 s = ut + 12 at2
R = 684 N
= 0 × 30 + 1 × 1 × 302
2 30
6 a
Let mass of Liu be 2M kg and mass of Zhao be
= 15 m
3M kg
v = u + at
4730 – (2M + 360)g = (2M + 360)a
= 0 × 1 × 30
1130 – 20M = (2M + 360)a 30
1130 − 20M = 1 m s−1
a=
2M + 360
Once the cable snaps, the lift will just be
3Mg – 1140 = 3M(a – 0.25) affected by gravity.
30M – 1140 = 3Ma – 0.75M u = 1 m s−1, s = −15 m, a = −10 m s−2
30.75M − 1140
a=
3M v2 = u2 + 2as
1130 − 20M 30.75M − 1140 = 12 + 2 × −15 × −10

=
2M + 360 3M = 301
3M(1130 – 20M) = (30.75M – 1140)(2M + 360) v = 301 = −17.3 m s−1
3390M – 60M2 = 61.5M2 – 2280M + 11 070M
−17.3 = 1 − 10t
– 410 400
10t = 18.3
0 = 121.5M2 + 5400M – 410 400
t = 1.83 s
9M2 + 400M – 30 400 = 0
46
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4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
8 a i and ii solved together. From 1 :

Let mass of Margarita = m kg.
mG = 700
g +a
Resultant force on Margarita = (960 − mg) N.
= 700
F = ma 10 + 2.5
960 − mg = ma = 56 kg
960 = mg + ma 1
From 2 :
Resultant force on whole system = 900
mJ =
(4320 − 280g − mg) N. g +a
F = ma 900
=
4320 − 280g − mg = (280 + m)a 10 + 2.5
= 280a + ma = 72 kg
4320 − 280g − 280a = mg + ma 2

Exercise 4.5A
Let 1 = 2 .
1 a
Reaction force is equal and opposite to the
960 = 4320 − 280g − 280a
weight of G.
280a = 560
R = 3mg
a = 2 m s−2
b For G: T = 3ma
From 1 :
For H: 2mg − T = 2ma
m = 960 Add:
g +a
2mg = 5ma
= 960 a = 2 g m s−2
10 + 2 5
= 80 kg c T = 3ma
b i, ii and iii solved together = 3m × 2 g
5
Let weight of Guillaume = mGg kg and weight 6
= mg N
of Josef = mJg kg. 5
Resultant force on Guillaume = (700 − mGg) N. 2 a For the 4 kg particle: 4g − T = 4a.
F = ma For the 3 kg particle: T − 3g = 3a.
700 − mGg = mGa Add:

1 g = 7a
700 = mGg + mGa
a = 1 g m s−2
Resultant force on Josef = (900 − mJg) N. 7
F = ma b T = 3g + 3a
900 − mJg = mJa = 3g + 3 × 1 g
7
900 = mJg + mJa 2
= 24 gN
7
Resultant force on whole system =
(5100 − 280g − mGg − mJg) N. c u = 0 m s−1, a = 1 g m s−2, t = 1.4 s
7
F = ma
s = ut + 1 at2
5100 − 280g − mGg − mJg = (280 + mG + mJ)a 2
= 0 × 1.4 + 1 × 1 g × 1.42

= 280a + mGa + mJa 2 7
5100 − 280g − 280a = mGg + mGa + mJg + mJa
= 1.4 m
Substituting from equations 1 and 2 : Since one particle will have travelled 1.4 m
upwards and the other 1.4 m downwards, the
5100 − 280g − 280a = 700 + 900
difference in height = 2.8 m
280a = 700
a = 2.5 m s−2
47
57750_P036_056_WB.indd 47 7/11/18 1:09 AM

3 a Let the mass of P2 = M kg. Substitute in v2 = u2 + 2as:

For P2: Mg − T = Ma = M × 1 g
2 2
5 s= v −u
2a
For P1: T − 4g = 4a = 4 × 1 g 0 − 30
5 =
2 × −3
Add:
= 5m
(M − 4)g = 1 (M + 4)g
5
5 For A: T = 3a.
M − 4 = 1 (M + 4)
5 For B: 7g − T = 7a.
5M − 20 = M + 4 Add.
4M = 24 7g = 10a
M=6 a = 7 m s−2
P2 has a mass of 6 kg. This acceleration will remain until B hits the ground.
b The force exerted on the pulley = 2T. u = 0 m s−1, a = 7 m s−2, s = 2 m
T = 4g + 4a = 4g + 4 × 1 g = 48 N v2 = u2 + 2as
5
Force exerted on pulley = 48 N × 2 = 96 N. = 02 + 2 × 7 × 2
= 28
4 a R(↑ ) for J:
v = 2 7 m s−1
R − 2g = 0
= u + at
R = 2g
F = µR = 0.3 × 2g = 0.6g N = 6 N t = v − u
a
b R(→) for J:
= 2 7 −0
T − F = 2a 7
T − 0.6g = 2a 1 = 0.756 s
R(↓) for K: Once B has hit the ground, the string will go
3.2g − T = 3.2a 2 slack and A will continue at a constant speed
for the remaining 3 m.
1 + 2 :
u = 2 7 m s−1, a = 0 m s−2, s = 3 m
3.2g − 0.6g = 5.2a
2.6g = 5.2a s = ut + 1 at2
2
a = 1 g = 5 m s−2 3 = 2 7t + 0
2
t = 0.567 s
c T − 0.6g = 2 × 5
Total time = 0.756 + 0.567 = 1.32 s.
T = 6 + 10
= 16 6 Let x > y.
The tension is 16 N. For the x kg particle: xg − T = xa.
d Whilst taut, s = 3 m, a = 5 m s−2, u = 0 m s−1. For the y kg particle: T − yg = ya.
Substitute in v2 = u2 + 2as: Add:
v2 =0+2×5×3 xg − yg = (x + y)a
= 30 g (x − y )
Hence a = .
x+y
v = 30 = 5.48 m s−1
Whilst slack, for J: Substitute for a in T = ya + yg:
−0.6g = 2a  g (x − y )
T = y + yg
a= −3 m s−2  x + y 
v = 0 m s−1, a = −3 m s−2, u = 30 m s−1 yg ( x − y ) + yg ( x + y )
= x+y
48
57750_P036_056_WB.indd 48 7/11/18 1:09 AM

4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
0.625g = 1.5a
xyg − gy 2 + xyg + g y 2
=
x+y a = 5 g = 4.17 m s−2
12
2xyg b T = 0.7 × 4.17 + 0.175g
= N
x+y
= 4.67 N
This formula is symmetrical in x and y, so the c Whilst taut, t = 3 s, a = 4.17 m s−2, u = 0 m s−1.
result will also be true if y > x.
Substitute in s = ut + 1 at2:
1 2
7 For the ball: 0.5g − T = 0.5a.
s = 0 + 1 × 4.17 × 32
Resolving vertically for the flowerpot: R – 0.3g = 0. 2
= 18.75 m
Hence using F = µR, F = 2 × 0.3g = 2 N.
3 X travels 18.8 m, correct to 3 s.f., before Y hits
Resolving horizontally for the flowerpot: the ground.
T − 2 = 0.3a 2
d Whilst taut, t = 3 s, a = 4.17 m s−2, u = 0 m s−1.
Add 1 and 2 : Substitute in v = u + at:
0.5g − 2 = 0.8a v = 0 + 4.17 × 3 = 12.5 m s−1
a = 3.75 m s−2 Whilst slack:
The ball and the flowerpot will both move with an R( ) for X:
→
acceleration of 3.75 m s−2 until the string snaps, at
−0.175g = 0.7a
which point the string will become slack.
a = − 1 g = −2.5 m s−2
u = 0 m s−1, t = 0.2 s, a = 3.75 m s−2 4
v = u + at u = 12.5 m s−1, a = −2.5 m s−2, v = 0 m s−1
= 0 + 3.75 × 0.2 Substitute in v2 = u2 + 2as:

2 2
= 0.75 m s−1 s= v −u
2a
When the string becomes slack, the flowerpot 2
will be slowed down by the 2 N frictional force. = 0 − 12.5
2 × −2.5
−2 = 0.3a = 31.25 m
a = −6 2 m s−2 X travels a further 31.3 m, correct to 3 s.f.,
3
before it comes to instantaneous rest.
u = 0.75 m s−1, v = 0 m, a = −6 2 m s−2
3 9 Let the mass of P = m kg and let the mass of
v = u + at
Q = (m + 3) kg.
t= v −u Since Q is heavier, Q will fall and P will rise.
a
For P: 45.5 − mg = ma
= 0 − 0.275 For Q: (m + 3)g – 45.5 = (m + 3)a
−6 3
Add:
= 0.1125 s
(m + 3)g − mg = (2m + 3)a
Total time = 0.2 + 0.1125 = 0.3125 s = 0.313 s
correct to 3 s.f. mg + 3g − mg = (2m + 3)a
3g = (2m + 3)a
8 a Let the angle of slope be θ.
3g
R( ) for X: a=
→
2m + 3
T − 0.7g sin θ = 0.7a
Also, 45.5 = mg + ma
T − 1 × 0.7g = 0.7a
4 3g
Substitute a = into 45.5 = mg + ma:
T − 0.175g = 0.7a 1 2m + 3
R(↓) for Y: 3g
45.5 = mg + m
0.8g − T = 0.8a 2 2m + 3
1 + 2 : 45.5(2m + 3) = mg(2m + 3) + 3mg
49
57750_P036_056_WB.indd 49 7/11/18 1:09 AM

91m + 136.5 = 20m2 + 30m + 30m Exam-style questions

20m2 − 31m – 136.5 = 0
1 a R(↑):
31 ± ( −31)2 − 4 × 20 × −136.5 R – Mg = 0
m=
2 × 20
R = Mg
= 3.5 or −1.95 F = µR = 0.4Mg
m cannot be negative, so is equal to 3.5. b R(→):
The mass of P is 3.5 kg and the mass of Q is 24 – F = M × 2
6.5 kg.
24 – 0.4Mg = 2M
3g 3g
a= = = 3 m s−2 c 24 = 2M + 0.4Mg
2m + 3 2 × 3.5 + 3
M(2 + 4) = 24
10 a R( ) for A:
M=4
↑
R − 1.8g cos 30° = 0

2 a R( ):
→
R = 1.8g cos 30°
R – mg cos 30° = 0
F = µR
R = 50 × 10 × cos 30° = 433 N
= 3 × 1.8g cos 30° = 0.3g
→
9 b R( ):
R( ) for A: mg sin 30° – F = ma
↑
T − F − 1.8g sin 30° = 1.8a 500 sin 30° – 1 × 433 = 50a

6
T − 0.3g − 0.9g = 1.8a a = 3.56 m s–2
T − 1.2g = 1.8a 1
c u = 0 m s–1, s = 15 m, a = 3.56 m s–2
R(↓) for B:
s = ut + 1 at2
5.2g − T = 5.2a 2 2
15 = 0 + 1 × 3.56t2
1 + 2 : 2
4g = 7a t= 15 = 2.90 s
1
× 3.56
a = 4 g m s−2 2
7
3 a For B: resultant force = (3g − T) N.
b T − 1.2g = 1.8 × 4 g
7 F = ma
T = 22.3 N
3g − T = 3a
The tension in the string is 22.3 N, correct to 3 s.f.
For A: resultant force = T N.
c Whilst taut, t = 2 s, a = 4 g m s−2, u = 0 m s−1.
7 F = ma
Substitute in v = u + at: T = 5a
v = 0 + 4 g × 2 = 11.4 m s−1 Add:
7
Whilst slack: 3g = 8a
R( ) for A: a = 3 g m s−2 = 3.75 m s−2
8
↑
−1.2g = 1.8a T = 5 × 3.75

a = − 2 g m s−2 T = 18.8 N, correct to 3 s.f.
3
u = 11.4 m s−1, a = − 2 g m s−2, v = 0 m s−1 b u = 0 m s−1, s = 1.3 m, a = 3.75 m s−2
3
Substitute in v = u + at: s = ut + 1 at2
2
t= v −u 1.3 = 0 × t + 1 × 3.75 × t2
2
a
= 1.875t2
= 0 − 211.4
−3g t2 = 1.3
1.875
= 1.71 s
t= 1.3 = 0.833 s
Total time = 2 + 1.71 = 3.71 s 1.875
50
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4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
4 The student has made the mistake of misreading b When accelerating, u = 0 m s−1, a = 0.8 m s−2,
or assuming that m > 6 and therefore that the m kg t = 15 s.
particle will move downwards and the 6 kg particle v = u + at
upwards. The correct solution is given below:
= 0 + 0.8 × 15
i For the 6 kg particle, resultant force
= 12 m s−1
= (6g − T) N.
When decelerating, u = 12 m s−1, v = 0 m s−1,
F = ma
t = 10 s.
6g − T = 6 × 2 g = 4g
3 v = u + at
T = 2g = 20 N 0 = 12 + a × 10
ii For the m kg particle, resultant force −10a = 12
= (T − mg) N.
a = −1.2 m s−2
F = ma
When the lift is decelerating, resultant force
T − mg = m × 2 g on man = (R − 90g) N.
3
2
2g − mg = mg F = ma
3
R − 90g = 90 × −1.2
5
2g = mg
3 R = 90(10 − 1.2)
2 = 5m = 792 N
3
m = 1.2 c The tension is the same for both parts of the
cable.
5 u = 0 m s−1, s = 24 m, t = 4 s
7 Let the angle of slope be θ.
s = ut + 1 at2
2
a R( ) for the car:
→
24 = 0 × 4 + 1 × a × 42
2 3200 − 400 − 400g sin θ − T = 400a
= 8a
3200 − 400 − 400g × 0.2 − T = 400a
a = 3 m s−2 2000 − T = 400a 1
For A: resultant force = (X − 0.5g − T) N. R( ) for the horsebox:
→
F = ma T − 600 − 600g sin θ = 600a

X − 0.5g − T = 0.5 × 3 = 1.5 1 T − 600 − 600g × 0.2 = 600a
For B: resultant force = (T − 0.2g) N. T − 1800 = 600a 2
F = ma 1 + 2 :
T − 0.2g = 0.2 × 3 = 0.6 2 200 = 1000a

a = 0.2 m s−2
Add 1 and 2 :
b R( ) for the car without tension:
→
X − 0.7g = 2.1
2000 = 400a
X = 0.7g + 2.1
a = 5 m s−2
= 9.1 N
Whilst coupled, s = 90 m, u = 0 m s−1,
c
6 a
When the lift is accelerating, resultant force a = 0.2 m s−2.
= (T − 250g) N.
F = ma
v2 = 0 + 2 × 0.2 × 90
T − 250g = 250 × 0.8 = 36
T = 250(10 + 0.8) v = 6 m s−1
= 2700 N Whilst uncoupled:
51
57750_P036_056_WB.indd 51 7/11/18 1:09 AM

R( ) for the horsebox: c T = 2 + 4.5a

→
−1800 = 600a = 2 + 4.5 × 0.2

a = −3 m s−2 = 2.9 N
v= 0 m s−1, u= 6 m s−1, a= −3 m s−2 d There will now be a thrust force in the rod.
Substitute in v2 = u2 + 2as: Resultant force for P2 = (T − 3) N.
2 2 F = ma
s= v −u 1
2a T − 3 = 5.5a
2
= 0−6 Resultant force for P1 = (−T − 2) N.
2 × −3
F = ma
= 6m 2
−T − 2 = 4.5a
Hence the horsebox travels 6 m after the
Add 1 and 2 :
uncoupling.
−5 = 10a
8 a u = 22 m s−1, s = −12.25 m, a = −10 m s−2
a = −0.5 m s−2
v2 = u2 + 2as
u = 2 m s−1, a = −0.5 m s−2, v = 0 m s−1
V2 = 222 + 2 × −10 × −12.25
v2 = u2 + 2as
= 729 2 2
V = 729 s= v −u
2a
= 27 m s−1 2 2
= 0 −2
b Resultant force = (7g − 3000) N. 2 × −0.5
F = ma = 4m
7g − 3000 = 7a e T − 3 = 5.5a
a = −418.57 m s−2 T = 3 + 5.5 × −0.5
u = 27 m s−1, v = 0 m s−1, a = −418.57 m s−2 = 3 − 2.75
v2 = u2 + 2as = 0.25 N
2 2
s= v −u 10 a R(→) for van:
2a
2 2 2250 − 800 − T cos 12° = 900a 1
= 0 − 27

2 × −418.57 R(→) for cart:

= 0.871 m T cos 12° − 400 = 500a 2
9 a Resultant force for P2 = (7 − T − 3) = (4 − T) N. 1 + 2 :
F = ma 1050 = 1400a
4 − T = 5.5a 1 a = 0.75 m s−2
Resultant force for P1 = (T − 2) N. b T cos 12° − 400 = 500 × 0.75
F = ma 2
T cos 12° = 775
T − 2 = 4.5a
T = 775 = 792 N
cos12°
Add 1 and 2 :
Hence the tension in the tow-bar is 790 N,
2 = 10a
correct to 2 s.f.
a = 0.2 m s−2
11 a Resultant force for car =
(1500 − T − 300)
b u = 0 m s−1, a = 0.2 m s−2, t = 10 s
= (1200 − T) N.
v = u + at
F = ma
= 0 + 0.2 × 10 1
1200 − T = 750a
= 2 m s−1
Resultant force for trailer = (T − 100) N.
52
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4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
F = ma v = 3 m s−1
T − 100 = 250a 2 When B returns:
Add 1 and 2 : u = 3 m s−1, s = 0 m, a = −10 m s−2
1100 = 1000a s = ut + 1 at2
2
a = 1.1 m s−2
0 = 3t + 1 × −10 × t2
b T − 100 = 250a 2
T = 100 + 250 × 1.1 = t(3 − 5t)
= 375 N t = 0 s or 3 s
5
c Assumed that mass is concentrated at a Hence t = 0.6 s.
single point.
13 a
C and D are modelled as particles so that each
d Resultant force for trailer =
(−125 − 100)
mass is concentrated at a single point.
= −225 N.
F = ma b Let the angle of slope be θ.
−225 = 250a tan θ = 0.75 = 3

4
a = −0.9 m s−2 sin θ = 3 =3
Resultant force for car =
(−F + 125 − 300) 32 + 4 2 5
= (−F − 175) = N. 4
cos θ = 5
F = ma
R( ) for C:
−F − 175 = 750 × −0.9 →
−F − 175 = −675 T − 2g sin θ = 2a
F = 500 N 3
T − 2g × 5 = 2a
12 a u = 0 m s−1, s = 3.75 m, t = 2.5 s T − 1.2g = 2a 1
s = ut + 1 at2 R(↓) for D:
2
3.75 = 0 × 2.5 + 1 × a × 2.52 3g − T = 3a 2
2
3.75 = 3.125a 1 + 2 :
a= 1.2 m s−2 1.8g = 5a
b Resultant force for A = (2.8g − T) N. a = 9 g = 3.6 m s−2
25
F = ma
T = 1.2g + 2 × 3.6 = 19.2 N
2.8g − T = 2.8 × 1.2 = 3.36 1
c Whilst taut, t = 2 s, u = 0 m s−1, a = 3.6 m s−2.
Let mass of B = m kg.
Resultant force for B = (T − mg) N.
v = 0 + 3.6 × 2
F = ma
2 = 7.2 m s−1
T − mg = 1.2m
Add 1 and 2 : Whilst slack:
2.8g − mg = 1.2m + 3.36 R( ) for C:

→
2.8g – 3.36 = m(10 + 1.2) −1.2g = 2a

24.64 = 11.2m a = −0.6g m s−2
m = 2.2 s = 0 m, u = 7.2 m s−1, a = −0.6g m s−2
c
Assumed that acceleration is the same for Substitute in s = ut + 1 at2:
both. 2
0 = 7.2t + 1 × −0.6gt2
d For B, u = 0 m s−1, s = 3.75 m, a = 1.2 m s−2. 2
0 = t(7.2 − 3t)
v2 = u2 + 2as
= 02 + 2 × 1.2 × 3.75 t = 7.2 = 2.4 s
3
= 9
53
57750_P036_056_WB.indd 53 7/11/18 1:09 AM

14 a R( ) RU = Mg cos q + T sin 30°

→
2
s = –3h m, u2 = gh m2s–2, a = –g ms–2
2 3
R( ) RV = Mg cos q – T sin 30°
→
5 v2 = u2 + 2as
→
R( ) Mg sin q – FU – T cos 30° = Ma 2
v2 = gh + 2(–g)(–3h)
3
→ 2 2
R( ) T cos 30 + Mg sin q – FV = Ma
5 5 20gh
v2 =
FU = 0.2RU 3
FV = mRV
16 a R( ) for Q: R = (M + 5)g cos 45°
→
24 7
When cos q = , sin q = F = mR = 0.2[(M + 5)g cos 45°]
25 25
R( ) for P: T – Mg sin 45 = Ma = 2 2 M 1
→
7
Mg sin q – 0.2 (Mg cos q + T sin 30°)
5 R( ) for Q: (M + 5)g sin 45° – T – F
→
(
– m 2 Mg cos θ − T sin 30° = 7 M 43 g
5 5 625 ) ( ) = (M + 5)a = 2 2 (M + 5)
Add 1 and 2 .
2
7  8 3 Mg 
Mg – 0.2  Mg × 24 + × 3 –Mg sin 45 – F + (M + 5)g sin 45°
5  25 625 2 
= 2 2 M + 2 2 (M + 5)
– m  2 Mg × 24 − 8 3 Mg × 1  = 7 Mg  43 g 
 5 25 625 2  5  625   2   2   2
–Mg – 0.2 (M + 5)g  + (M + 5)g 
 2 
   2    2 
( ) (
7 7
5 25
– 0.2 24 + 12 – m
25 625 ) ()
2  24 − 4 3 
5  25 625 
= 2 2 (2M + 5)
= (
5 625 )
7 43
–Mg – 0.2[(M + 5)g] + (M + 5)g = 4(2M + 5)
0.099 84 = 0.372 91m –10M – 2(M + 5) + 10(M + 5) = 8M + 20
m = 0.27 M=2
b Mg sin q – FU – T cos 30° = Ma b T – Mg sin 45° = 2 2 M
Mg ( 257 )– 0.2( 2425 )Mg – M( 625

43
g )= T cos 30° T = 2 2 M + Mg sin 45°
 2
T = 2 2 (2) + 2g
12
Mg =
3
T  2 
625 2
T = 14 2 N
8 3
T= Mg
625  2
Force = 2T cos 45° = 2(14 2 ) = 28 N
15 Let the mass of A be M kg.  2 
R(↑) for A: 2.4Mg – T – Mg = Ma 5 12
17 a When sin q = , cos q =
13 13
R(↑) for B: T – 0.8Mg = 0.8Ma
R( ) for block: 7g + 6.5g sin q – F – T = 6.5a
→
0.6Mg = 1.8Ma
R( ) for block: R = 6.5g cos q
→
1
a= g ms–2
3 1
F = mR = (6.5g cos q)
3
1
s = h m, u = 0 ms–1, a = g ms–2 R(↑) for ball: T – Mg = Ma
3
v2 = u2 + 2as 7g+ 6.5g sin q –
1
(6.5g cos q) – Mg
( 13 g )(h)
3
v2 = 02 + 2 = (M + 6.5)a
2
v2 = gh
3 7g + 6.5g (135 )– 13  6.5g (1213 ) – Mg = (M + 6.5)a
When string breaks: 75 – 10M = (M + 6.5)a
54
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4
WORKED SOLUTIONS
a=
75 − 10M
=
(5 − 7µ ) g
M + 6.5 6
75 − 10M Whilst slack:
Since a  0, 0
M + 6.5
R(→) for P:
75 – 10M  0
−µ × 2.1g = 2.1a
M  7.5
a = −µg
Maximum value of M = 7.5
u2 = (5 − 7µ ) g , v = 0 m s−1, a = −µg m s−2, s < 1.5 m
b M = 3.5 6
75 − 10(3.5)
a= = 4 ms–2
3.5 + 6.5 2 2
s = v −u
s = 0.8 m, a = 4 ms–2, u=0 ms–1 2a
1 2 0− 6
(5−7µ )g
s = ut + at < 1.5
2
2 × −µ g
0.8 = 0 +
1
2
(4)t2
−
(5 − 7µ ) g
> −3µg
6
t2 = 0.4 −g(5 − 7µ) > −18µg
t = 0.632 s −5g + 7gµ > −18µg
18 a R( ) for P:
→
25gµ > 5g
R − 2.1g = 0 µ>1
5
R = 2.1g
Hence 1 < µ < 5 .
5 7
F = µR = µ × 2.1g
19 a R( ) for car:
R(→) for P:
→
3200 – T – 100g – 400g sin β = 400a = 400 × 0.2

T − F = 2.1a
= 80
T − µ × 2.1g = 2.1a 1
R( ) for milk float:
→
R(↓) for Q: T – 100g – 600g sin β = 600 × 0.2 = 120

1.5g − T = 1.5a 2 Add:
1 + 2 : 3200 – 200g – 1000g sin β = 200
1.5g − µ × 2.1g = 3.6a 1000g sin β = 100
5g − 7gµ = 12a sin β = 0.1
g(5 − 7µ) = 12a β = 5.7°
a = ( 5 − 7µ ) g
b Let the reaction force exerted on the car by
12 the hill be R N.
(5 − 7µ ) g R( ) for car:
→
b Since a > 0, >0

12
5 − 7µ > 0 R – 400g cos β = 0
R = 400g × cos 5.7° = 3980 N
5 > 7µ
7µ < 5 µ = F = 100g = 0.251
R 3980
µ< 5
7 Mathematics in life and work
Whilst taut, u = 0 m s−1, a =
(5 − 7µ ) g m s−2, s = 1 m.
12 1 Let the angle be θ and the weight of the car be W.
If sin θ = 9 , then cos θ = 40 and tan θ = 9 .
v2 = 0 + 2 ×
(5 − 7µ ) g ×1 R( ):
41 41 40
→
12
F – W sin θ = 0
55
57750_P036_056_WB.indd 55 7/11/18 1:09 AM

R( ):
→
R – W cos θ = 0
When F = µR, µ = F .
R
µ = W sin θ = tan θ = 9
W cosθ 40
2 R( ):
→
D – 1230g sin θ – F = 1230 × 0.5

F = D – 1230g sin θ – 615
R( ):
→
R – 1230g cos θ = 0
R = 1230g cos θ
Substitute into F = µR:
D – 1230g sin θ – 615 = 9 (1230g cos θ)
40
D – 12 300 × 9
41 40 (
– 615 = 9 12300 × 40
41 )
D – 2700 – 615 = 2700
D = 6015 N = 6020 N (3 s. f.)
3 R( ) for car:
→
6015 – 1230g sin θ – 9 × 1230g cos θ – T = 1230a

40
R( ) for trailer:
→
T – 82g sin θ – 9 × 82g cos θ = 82a

40
Add:
6015 – 1312g sin θ – 9 × 1312g cos θ = 1312a
40
6015 – 13 120 × 9 – 9 × 13 120 × 40 = 1312a
41 40 41
6015 – 2880 – 2880 = 1312a
255 = 1312a
a = 255 = 0.194 m s–2

1312
4 Coefficient of friction unlikely to be the same.
Driving force likely to be higher.
56
57750_P036_056_WB.indd 56 7/11/18 1:09 AM

5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
5 Energy, work and power

this publication.
Prerequisite knowledge Exercise 5.1B
1 a s = ut = 2.5 × 8 = 20 m
1 h = 17 sin 25° = 7.18 m
b R(→):
2u = 0 m s–1, a = 10 m s–2, s = 60 m X cos 6° – F = 0
s = ut + 1 at2 F = X cos 6°
2
60 = 0 + 1 × 10 × t2 c R(↑):
2
R – X sin 6° – 16g = 0
t2 = 12
R = 160 + X sin 6°
t = 12 = 3.46 s d F = µR
3 R( ): X cos 6° = 0.3(160 + X sin 6°)
→
R – 3.5g cos 33° = 0 = 48 + 0.3X sin 6°

R = 3.5g cos 33° X cos 6° – 0.3X sin 6° = 48
R( ): X(cos 6° – 0.3 sin 6°) = 48
→
P – F – 3.5g sin 33° = 0 48

X = cos6° − 0.3sin 6° = 49.8
P = 7 × 3.5g cos 33° + 3.5g sin 33° = 39.6 N
10 e WD = Fd = 49.8 × 20 × cos 6° = 991 J
Exercise 5.1A 2 a Let the angle of inclination of the plane be q.
Hence cos q = 60 and sin q = 11 .
61 61
1 a WD = Fd = 4 × 2.1 = 8.4 J
R( ):
→
b WD = Fd = 5200 × 1.3 = 6760 J R – 244g cos q = 0

c WD = Fd = 9.3 × 0.8 = 7.44 J
R = 244 × 10 × 60 = 2400 N
61
2 a WD = Fd cos q = 6 × 4 × cos 18 = 22.8 J
b F = µR
b WD = Fd cos q = 17 × 0.4 × 4 = 5.44 J
5 = 2 × 2400
15
c WD = Fd cos q = 380 000 × 7.4 × 35 = 2660 kJ = 320 N
37
3 a F = WD = 400 = 160 N c WD = Fd = 320 × 12.2 = 3904 J
d 2.5
d h = d sin q = 12.2 × 11 = 2.2 m
61
b d = WD = 1050 = 1.4 m e WD = Fd = 244 × 10 × 2.2 = 5368 J
F 750
4 WD = Fd = 900 × 10 × 18 = 16 200 J = 162 kJ f 3904 + 5368 = 9272 J = 9.27 kJ
3 a R( ):
d = WD = 528 = 1.2 m
→
5
F 440 R – 9.5g cos 8.3 = 0
R = 94.0 N
6 F = WD = 2295 = 425 N
d 5.4 F = µR
m = WD = 425 = 42.5 kg = 0.22 × 94.0 = 20.68 N
g 10 WD = Fd = 20.68 × 3.8 = 78.6 J
7 WD = Fd = 16 000 × 6.5 = 104 kJ b h = d sin q = 3.8 sin 8.3 = 0.549 m
WD = Fd = 9.5 × 10 × 0.549 = 52.1 J
57
57750_P057_068_WB.indd 57 7/11/18 1:16 AM

4 s = ut = 0.2 × 60 = 12 m 2 a PE = mgh = 4 × 10 × 2.3 = 92 J

R( ): This is a 92 J increase.
→
R – 25g cos 30 = 0 b PE = mgh = 0.9 × 10 × 12 = 108 J

R = 125 3 N c PE = mgh = 80 × 10 × 4 = 3200 J
F = µR d Total mass = 520 + 2 × 75 = 670 kg.
= 3 × 125 3 PE = mgh = 670 × 10 × 35 = 234 500 J
15
= 25 N This is a 234 500 J decrease.
Work done against friction = Fd = 25 × 12 = 300 J. 3 WD = mg
h = d sin q = 12 sin 30° = 6 m
m = WD = 16 000 = 1600 kg
Work done against gravity = Fd = 25 × 10 × 6 = 1500 J. g 10
Total work done = 300 + 1500 = 1800 J. 63 km h–1 = 63 000 = 17.5 m s–1
3600
5 Work done against friction = Fd = µRd = µmgd cos q.
Work done against gravity = Fd = mgd sin q. 45 km h–1 = 45 000 = 12.5 m s–1
3600
Hence WD = µmgd cos q + mgd sin q.
Change in KE = 1 m(v2 – u2) = 1 × 1600 ×
WD − mgd sin θ 43 − 3.6 × 10 × 4.2sin10° 2 2
µ= = = 0.112
mgd cosθ 3.6 × 10 × 4.2cos10° (12.52 – 17.52) = –120 000.
6 Let the angle of inclination be q. Hence sin q = 3 This is a decrease of 120 kJ.
5
and cos q = 4 . 4 u = 400 m s–1, a = 0.2 m s–2, s = 500 m
5
Work done against friction = Fd = µRd = µmgd cos q. v2 = u2 + 2as
Work done against gravity = Fd = mgd sin q. = 4002 + 2 × –0.2 × 500
Hence WD = µmgd cos q + mgd sin q. = 159 800
WD = mgd(µ cos q + sin q ) Change in KE = 1 m(v2 – u2)
2
WD 513 1
d= =
mg ( µcosθ + sin θ ) 6 × 10 ( 83 × 4
5 + 3
5 ) = × 0.000 3 × (159 800 – 4002) = – 0.03 J.
2
= 5139 = 513 = 9.5 m a m = WD = 45 = 4.5 kg
60 ( 10 ) 54 5
g 10
7 a Work done against gravity = Fd = mgd sin a. Change in KE = 1 m(v2 – u2).
2
3600 = 51 × 10 × 15 sin a = 7650 sin a 1
× 4.5 × (V 2 – 192) = 828
2
sin a = 3600 = 8 V 2 – 192 = 368
7650 17
V 2 = 368 + 192
b If sin a = 8 , then cos a = 15 .
17 17 = 729
Work done against friction = Fd = µRd
= µmgd cos a. V = 729 = 27 m s–1
WD = 0.24 × 51 × 10 × 15 × 15 = 1620 J b s = 23 m, u = 19 m s–1, v = 27 m s–1

17
v2 = u2 + 2as
Exercise 5.2A 2 2
a = v − u
1 × 8 × 1.52 = 9 J 2s
1 a KE = 1 mv2 =
2 2 2 2
1 1 × 1200 × 102 = 60 000 J = 60 kJ = 27 − 19 = 368 = 8 m s–2
b KE = mv2 = 2 × 23 46
2 2
c Change in KE = 1 m(v2 – u2) = 1 × 0.45 × (92 – 32)
2 2 Exercise 5.3A
= 16.2 J. 1
1 a KE = 1 mv2 = × 0.4 × 182 = 64.8 J
This is a 16.2 J increase. 2 2
b 64.8 J
d Change in KE = 1 m(v2 – u2)
2 c Change in PE = mgh = 0.4 × 10 × h = 64.8.
= 1 × 15 × (2.72 – 6.32) = –243 J.
2 h = 64.8 = 16.2 m
0.4 × 10
58 This is a 243 J decrease.
57750_P057_068_WB.indd 58 7/11/18 1:16 AM

5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
2 a Since v = 0, KE = 0 J. 6 a m = 0.04 kg, h = 60 m

b h = 5.4 sin q = 5.4 × 3 = 3.24 m Change in PE = mgh = 0.04 × 10 × 60 = 24 J.
5
Decrease in PE = mgh = 30 × 10 × 3.24 = 972 J. The ball has lost 24 J of potential energy.
Hence change in PE = –972 J. 1 1
Change in KE = m(v2 – u2) = × 0.04 × (v2 – 02)
2 2
c R( ):
→
= 0.02v2.
R – 30g cos q = 0
4 The ball has gained 0.02v2 J of kinetic energy.
R = 30 × 10 × = 240 N
5 Hence 24 = 0.02v2.
d F = µR v2 = 1200
= 0.15 × 240 = 36 N v = 1200 = 34.6 m s–1
e WD = Fd = 36 × 5.4 = 194.4 J = 194 J (3 s.f.)
b All the potential energy is converted into
1 1
m(v2 – u2) = × 30 × (v2 – 02)
f Change in KE = kinetic energy, constant gravity over small
2 2
= 15v2. changes in altitude.
Change in PE = –972 J. c s = –60 m, u = 0 m s–1, a = –10 m s–2
Work done = 194.4 J. v2 = u2 + 2as
Using the conservation of energy: = 02 + 2 × –10 × –60
Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0 = 1200
15v2 – 972 + 194.4 = 0 v = 1200 = 34.6 m s–1
15v2 = 777.6
7 Change in KE = 1 m(v2 – u2) = 1 × 0.7 × (02 – 72)
v2 = 51.84 2 2
= –17.15 J.
= 7.2 m s–1
Increase in PE = mgh = 0.7 × 10 × 18 sin 7° = 126 sin 7°.
3 a Change in KE = 1 m(v2 – u2) = 1 × 2.8 × (252 – 112) Using the conservation of energy:
2 2
= 705.6 J. Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0
b Change in PE = mgh = 2.8 × 10 × h = 705.6. –17.15 + 126 sin 7° + WD = 0
h = 705.6 = 25.2 m WD = 17.15 – 126 sin 7°
2.8 × 10
F = WD = 17.15 − 126sin 7
2 d 18
25.2 × = 7.2 m
7
R( ):
→
4 a KE = 1 mv2 = 1 × 1.6 × 82 = 51.2 J R – 0.7g cos 7° = 0

2 2
b 51.2 J R = 0.7 × 10 cos 7° = 7 cos 7°
c WD = Fd F 17.15 − 126sin 7
µ= = = 0.0143
R 18 ( 7cos7 )
F = WD = 51.2 = 16 N
d 48 15
8 a Change in KE = 0 – 0 = 0 J.
R(↑):
Decrease in PE = mgh = 66 × 10 × (d – 6)sin q.
R – 1.6g = 0
660 × (d – 6) × 1 = 132(d – 6) J
R = 1.6g = 16 N 5
16
Change in PE = –132(d – 6) J.
µ = F = 15 = 1
R 16 15
The work done against the resistive force,
1 WD = Fd = 12(2d + 6).
5 Change in KE = 1 m(v2 – u2) = × 0.0025 × (02 – 3002)
2 2
Using the conservation of energy:
= –112.5 J.
Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0
WD = Fd = 2250d
0 – 132(d – 6) + 12(2d + 6) = 0
112.5 = 2250d
–132d + 792 + 24d + 72 = 0
d = 112.5 = 0.05 m or 5 cm
2250 864 = 108d
d=8
59
57750_P057_068_WB.indd 59 7/11/18 1:16 AM

1 1 1 1
b Change in KE =
m(v2 – u2) = × 66 × (v2 – 02) Change in KE = m(v2 – u2) = – (8.5)(142) = –833 J
2 2 2 2
= 33v2 J. WD = Fd = 15F
Decrease in PE = mgh = mgd sin q Using the conservation of energy:
1
= 66 × 10 × 8 × = 1056 J. Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0
5
Change in PE = –1056 J. –833 + 765 + 15F = 0
Halfway along the horizontal, he has travelled F = 4.53 N
1
(d + d) = 12 m in total.
2 3 4
11 When sin b = , cos q =
The work done against the resistive force, 5 5
WD = Fd = 12 × 12 = 144 J. 4
R( ): R = mg cos q = 5 mg
→
( )
Using the conservation of energy: 3 4 3
F = mR = mg = mg
Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0 16 5 20
33v2 – 1056 + 144 = 0 Change in PE = mgh = 1.6mg
33v2 = 912 1 1
Change in KE = m(v2 – u2) = m(v2 – (2v + 1)2)
v2 = 304 2 2
11  
mg
3 1.6  3  1.6  2
WD = Fd = = mg = mg
v= 304 = 5.26 m s–1 20  sin β  20  3  5
11  5 
1 1 Using the conservation of energy:
9 a Change in KE = m(v2 – u2) = × 2 × (v2 – 02)
2 2
= v2 J.
1 2
Decrease in PE = mgh = 2 × 10 × 13 = 260 J. m(v 2 – (2v + 1)2) + 1.6mg + mg = 0
2 5
Change in PE = –260 J.
v 2 – (4v 2 + 4v + 1) + 4g = 0
The work done against the resistive force, v 2 – 4v 2 – 4v – 1 + 40 = 0
WD = Fd = 4 × 20 = 80 J.
3v 2 + 4v – 39 = 0
(3v + 13)(v – 3) = 0
v=3
v2 – 260 + 80 = 0
12 Change in KE = 1 m(v 2 – u2) = 1 × 0.6 × (142 – 02)
v2 = 180 2 2
= 58.8 J.
v= 180 = 13.4 m s–1
Given that the height of the roof is 3 m, the
b Change in KE = 0 J. height of the rest of the house is 12 – 3 = 9 m.
Decrease in PE = mgh =
2 × 10 × (13 – H) Decrease in PE = mgh = 0.6 × 10 × 12 = 72 J.
= (260 – 20H) J.
Change in PE = –72 J.
Change in PE = (20H – 260) J.
R( ):
→

R – 0.6g cos q = 0
WD = Fd = 4 × 30 = 120 J.
Using the conservation of energy: If tan q = 2 , then cos q = 4 = 4 = 4
4 42 + 2 18 3 2
Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0 = 2 2.
3
0 + (20H – 260) + 120 = 0 R = 0.6 × 10 × 2 2 = 4 2 N
3
20H = 140
F = µR = 2 × 4 2 = 4N
H = 7m 2
3 3 Let the distance the slate slides down the roof be d m.
10 When sin q = , tan q =
5 4
h = 12 tan q = 12 ()
3
4
=9m WD = Fd = 4d J.
Change in PE = mgh = 8.5g(9) = 765 J
60
57750_P057_068_WB.indd 60 7/11/18 1:16 AM

5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0 b For AB:

58.8 – 72 + 4d = 0 Change in KE = 1 m(v2 – u2) = 1 m(62 – 02) = 18m J.
2 2
4d = 13.2
Let d be the length AB
d = 3.3 m
Decrease in PE =
mgh = m × 10 × d sin 20°
13 a Since both the initial velocity and final velocity = 10md sin 20° J.
are zero, the change in KE = 0 J.
Change in PE = –10md sin 20° J.
Decrease in PE = mgh = 48 × 10 × 0.5 = 240 J.
R( ):
→
Hence change in PE = –240 J.
1 1 R – mg cos 20° = 0
WD = Fd = F(0.5 + × 2π × 3 + 6 + × 2π × 3)
4 4 R = m × 10 × cos 20° = 10m cos 20° N
F = µR = 0.3 × 10m cos 20° = 3m cos 20° N
1 1 The work done against friction, WD = Fd
0 – 240 + F(0.5 + × 2π × 3 + 6 + × 2π × 3) = 0 = 3m cos 20° × d = 3md cos 20° J.
4 4
F(6.5 + 3π) = 240 Using the conservation of energy:
F = 240 = 15.1 N Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0
6.5 + 3π
b Again the change in KE = 0 J. 18m – 10md sin 20° + 3md cos 20° = 0
Let x be the distance travelled up the second vert. 10d sin 20° – 3d cos 20° = 18
Decrease in PE = mgh =
48 × 10 × (0.5 – x) d(10 sin 20° – 3 cos 20°) = 18
= 240 – 480x. d= 18 = 29.9 m
10sin 20° − 3cos 20°
Hence change in PE = (480x – 240) J.
WD = Fd = 10(6.5 + 3π + x) c For AB, s = 29.9 m, u = 0 m s–1, v = 6 m s–1.
Using the conservation of energy: s =  u + v  t
 2 
0 + (480x – 240) + 10(6.5 + 3π + x) = 0 t = 2s = 2 × 29.9 = 9.98 s
u +v 0+6
480x – 240 + 65 + 30π + 10x = 0 For BC, s = 6 m, u = 6 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1.
490x = 175 – 30π
t = 2s = 2 × 6 = 2 s
x = 175 − 30π = 0.165 m u +v 6 + 0
490
Total time = 9.98 + 2 = 12.0 s
14 a For BC:
Change in KE =
1 1
m(v2 – u2) = m(02 – u2)
Exercise 5.4A
2 2
1 1 a P = Fv = 1500 × 14 = 21 000 W
= – mu2 J.
2
Change in PE = 0 J. b P = Fv = 10 × 0.2 = 2 W
R(↑): c 54 km h–1 = 15 m s–1
R – mg = 0
D = P = 7200 = 480 N
R = mg v 15
F = µR = 0.3 × m × 10 = 3m N d v = P = 9900 = 5.5 m s–1

D 1800
The work done against friction, WD = Fd =
3m × 6
= 18m J. e P = WD = 20 000 = 2000 W
Using the conservation of energy: t 10
Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0 f WD = Pt = 6100 × 29 = 177 000 J

1 2 a R(↑):
– mu2 + 0 + 18m = 0
2
1 mu2 = 18m R – 305g = 0
2 R = 305g = 305 × 10 = 3050 N
u2 = 36 2
b F = µR = × 3050 = 1220 N
u = 36 = 6 m s–1 5
61
57750_P057_068_WB.indd 61 7/11/18 1:17 AM

c WD = Fd = 1220 × 100 = 122 000 J

b 14 800 – 390 cos 6° – 13 000 sin 6° = 1300a
d P = WD = 122 000 = 24 400 W = 24.4 kW 6
t 5
1300a = 719.9
e R(→):
a = 0.554 m s–2
D – F = ma
5 a R( ):
→
24 400 – 1220 = 305a
12.5 P – 800 – 3200g × 3 = 0
1.8 16
732 = 305a
P = 1.8(800 + 6000) = 12 240 W = 12.2 kW
a = 2.4 m s–2
b R(→):
3 R(→): 12 240 – 800 = 3200a
D – F = ma 1.8
P – µR = ma 3200a = 6000
v a = 1.875 = 1.88 m s–2
R(↑): 6 a R(↑):
R – 1200g = 0 R – mg = 0
R = 1200g = 1200 × 10 = 12 000 N R = mg
7200 – 1 × 12 000 = 1200a F = µR = µmg = 1 × m × 10 = 2 m
v 24 25 5
7200 – 500 = 1200a R(→):
v D–F=0
a 7200 – 500 = 1200 × 1.25 = 1500 8400 – 2 m = 0
v 20 5
7200 = 2000v 2 m = 420
v = 3.6 m s–1 5
m = 1050 kg
b 7200 – 500 = 1200 × 0.25 = 300
v
7200 = 800v b WD = Pt = 8400 × 30 = 252 kJ
v = 9 m s–1 c R( ):
→
c a= 0 m s–2
R – 1050g cos 3° = 0
7200 – 500 = 0
v R = 1050 × 10 × cos 3° = 10 500 cos 3°
7200 = 500v F = µR = 1 × 10 500 cos 3° = 420 cos 3°
25
v = 14.4 m s–1
R( ):
→
4 a R( ):
→
8400 – 420 cos 3° – 10 500 sin 3° = 0

R – 1300g cos 6° = 0 v
R = 13 000 cos 6° N v= 8400 = 8.67 m s–1
420 cos3° + 10 500sin 3°
F = µR = 0.03 × 13 000 cos 6° = 390 cos 6° N
R( ): d 8400 – 420 cos 3° – 10 500 sin 3° = 1050a
→
5
D – 390 cos 6° – 13 000 sin 6° = 0
a = 0.677 m s–2
P – 390 cos 6° – 13 000 sin 6° = 0
v 7 a R( ) for first car:
→
14 800 – 390 cos 6° – 13 000 sin 6° = 0 9400 – T – 400 – 800g sin q = 800a
v 5
v= 14 800 = 8.47 m s–1 1480 – T – 800g sin q = 800a
390 cos6° + 13 000sin 6°
R( ) for second car:
→
T – 400 – 1000g sin q = 1000a
62
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5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Add the equations: 9 a D – kV = 1600a

1080 – 1800g sin q = 1800a 28 800
– 12k = 1600(1.26)
12
1080 – 18000 sin q = 1800 × 0.4 = 720
2400 – 12k = 2016
18 000 sin q = 360 k = 32
sin q = 0.02 F = 32V
b 9400 – T – 400 – 800g sin q = 0
v 28 800
b – 32V = 1600(0.5) = 800
V
T – 400 – 1000g sin q = 0
28 800 – 32V 2 = 800V
Hence 9400 – 800 – 1800g sin q = 0.
v V 2 + 25V – 900 = 0
9400 – 800 – 18000 × 0.02 = 0 (V + 45)(V – 20) = 0
v
V = 20
9400 = 1160
v
10 a D – 40V – 1200g sin 3° = 0
v = 9400 = 8.10 m s–1 75 000
1160 – 40V – 1200g sin 3° = 0
V
9400 1875
c – 400 – 8000 × 0.02 = 800a – V – 30g sin 3° = 0
9400 V
1160
1875 – V 2 – 300V sin 3° = 0
1160 – 400 – 160 = 800a
V 2 + 300V sin 3 – 1875 = 0
a = 0.75 ms–2
−300sin 3° ± (300sin 3°)2 − 4(1)(−1875)
V=
8 a R( ): R = 180g cos 4° 2
→
F = mR = m(180g cos 4°) = 36.2 ms–1
R( ): D – 180g sin 4° – F = 180a b D – 30V – 1200g sin q = 0

→
P
v
– 180g sin 4° – m(180g cos 4°) = 180a
45 000
V
– 30V – 1200g ( )
1
20
=0
45 000
6800 – 30V – 600 = 0
– 180g sin 4° – m(180g cos 4°) = 180(0.2) = 36 V
18
1500 – V 2 – 20V = 0
6800 − 180g sin 4° − 36
V 2 + 20V – 1500 = 0
m = 18 = 0.120
180g cos 4° (V + 50)(V – 30) = 0
b 6800 – 180g sin 4° – 0.120(180g cos 4°) = 0 V = 30 m s–1

v
v= 6800 = 19.9 m s–1 Exam-style questions

180g sin 4° + 0.120(180g cos 4°)
Let further distance be d m. 1 a Loss in PE = mgh = 0.003 × 10 × 26 = 0.78 J
Change in PE = 180g d sin 4° J. 1 1
b Increase in KE = mv2 = (0.003)v2 = 0.78
1 1 2 2
Change in KE =
m(v2 – u2) = – (180)(19.92)
2 2 v2 = 520
= –35 630 J
v = 22.8 m s–1
WD = Fd = 0.120(180g cos 4°)d 1
2 a
Change in KE = m(v2 – u2) = 1 × 1.6 × (02 – v2)
Using the conservation of energy: 2 2
= –7.2 J.
Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0 0.8v2 = 7.2
–35 630 + 180g d sin 4° + 0.120(180g cos 4°)d = 0 v2 = 7.2 = 9
0.8
35 630
d= = 104 m
180g sin 4° + 0.120(180g cos 4°) v = 3 m s–1
63
57750_P057_068_WB.indd 63 7/11/18 1:17 AM

b 7.2 J Resultant force for car = (T − 300) N.

c WD = Fd F = ma
7.2 = F × 5 T − 300 = 900a
F = 7.2 = 1.44 N Add.

5
1700 = 2500a
3 a R(→): a = 0.68 m s−2
D–3=0 b T = 300 + 900a
D = 3N = 300 + 900 × 0.68
P = 912 N
b =3
v c The car and truck have the same acceleration.
v = 7.5 = 2.5 m s–1 1 1
d Change in KE = m(v2 – u2) = × 900 × (02 – 252)
3 2 2
= –281 250 J.
c P – 3 = ma
v No change in PE.
7.5 – 3 = 1.3a Work done against friction = Fd = 300d J.
1.2
1.3a = 3.25
a = 2.5 m s–2
–281 250 + 300d = 0
4 Change in KE = 1 m(v2 – u2) = 1 m(02 – 242) 300d = 281 250
2 2
= –288m J. d = 938 m
The ball has lost 288m J of kinetic energy. 7 a R(↑):
Change in PE = mgh = m × 10 × h = 10mh. R – 225g = 0
The ball has gained 10mh J of potential energy. R = 2250 N

R(→):
Hence 288m = 10mh.
D–F=0
h = 288m = 28.8 m
10m 2160 – 0.16 × 2250 = 0
v
Maximum height = 28.8 + 6 = 34.8 m. 2160
v= = 6 m s–1
5 a Change in KE = 1 m(v2 – u2) = 1 m(282 – 222) 0.16 × 2250
2 2
b R( ):
→
= 360.
R – 2250 cos 5° = 0
m = 2.4 kg
R = 2250 cos 5°
b Change in PE = mgh = 2.4 × 10 × h = 360.
R( ):
→
h = 15
D – F – 2250 sin 5° = 0
c u = 0 m s–1, v = 28 m s–1, a = 10 m s–1 2160 – 0.2 × 2250 cos 5° – 2250 sin 5° = 0
v = u + at v
v= 2160 = 3.35 m s–1
t = v − u = 28 − 0 = 2.8 s 0.2 × 2250 cos5° + 2250sin 5°
a 10
8 Let the angle of slope be θ.
d v2 = u2 + 2as 4
2 2 2 2 a cos θ = 0.8 = 5
s = v − u = 28 − 0 = 39.2 m
2a 2 × 10 52 − 42 3
sin θ = 5 =
5
6 a
Resultant force for truck =
(2500 − 500 − T)
Loss of potential energy = mgh = mgd sin θ.
= (2000 − T) N.
F = ma mgd sin θ = 0.25 × 10 × 2.5 × 3 = 3.75 J
5
2000 − T = 1600a
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5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
b R( ): 1 1
→
Final KE =
m v 2 + mBvB2
R − 0.25g cos θ = 0 2 A A 2
4 1 1
R = 0.25g × = 0.2g N = × 5 × (–2.5)2 + × 3 × (3.5)2 = 34 J.
5 2 2
F = µR Since initial KE = final KE, there is no loss of KE.
3
= × 0.2g = 3 g N 1 1
7 35 11 a Change in KE for P = m(v2 – u2) = × 4 × (v2 – 02)
2 2
WD = Fd = 3 × 10 × 2.5 = 2.14 J = 2v2 J.
35
1 1
c Change in KE = 1 m(v2 – u2) = 1 × 0.25 × (v2 – 02) Change in KE for Q = m(v2 – u2) = × 6 × (v2 – 02)
2 2
2 2
= 0.125v2 J. = 3v2 J.
Decrease in PE = –3.75 J. Total increase in KE = 5v2 J.
Using the conservation of energy: Increase in PE for P = mgh = mgd sin q
Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0 = 4 × 10 × 2 × sin 30° = 40 J.
0.125v2 – 3.75 + 2.14 = 0 Decrease in PE for Q = mgh = 6 × 10 × 2 = 120 J.
0.125v2 = 1.61 Change in PE = 40 – 120 = – 80 J.
v = 3.59 m s–1 Work done against resistive force = Fd =

30 × 2
= 60 J.
9 a Work done against gravity = mgh = mgd sin q. Using the conservation of energy:
mgd sin q = 2.5 × 10 × 6.5 × 57 = 5.7 J Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0
1625
5v2 – 80 + 60 = 0
b R( ):
→
v2 = 4
R – mg cos q = 0
1624 v = 2 m s–1
If sin q = 57 , then cos q = . b R( ):
1625 1625
→
– 30 – 4g cos 60° = 4a
F = µR = 5 × 2.5 × 10 × 1624 = 7
232 1625 13 4a = –50
Work done against friction = Fd = 7 × 6.5 a = –12.5 m s–2
13
= 3.5 J. u= 2 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1, a = –12.5 m s–2
Total work done = 5.7 + 3.5 = 9.2 J. v2 = u2 + 2as
2 2
s = v − u
→
c R( ):
2a
mg sin q – F = ma
2 2
mg sin q – µmg cos q = ma = 0 − 2 = 0.16 m
2 × −12.5
57 44
a = 10 × – 5 × 10 × 1624 = m s–2 Total distance = 2 + 0.16 = 2.16 m.
1625 232 1625 325
u = 0 m s–1, a = 44 m s–2, s = 6.5 m 12 a R(→) for lorry:
325
v2 = u2 + 2as 3300 − F − T cos 9° = 1600a
= 0 + 2 × 44 × 6.5 R(↑) for lorry:
325 R – 1600g = 0
= 44
25 3300 − 1 × 1600g − T cos 9° = 1600a
v = 1.33 m s–1 16
2300 − T cos 9° = 1600a 1
10 a mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB
R(→) for cement mixer:
2mA + 3 × –4 = –2.5mA + 3 × 3.5
T cos 9° − F = 800a
4.5mA = 22.5
R(↑) for cement mixer:
mA = 5 kg
R – 800g = 0
1 1 1
b Initial KE =
m u 2 + mBuB2 T cos 9° − × 800g = 800a
2 A A 2 16
1 1
= × 5 × 2 + × 3 × (–4)2 = 34 J.
2
T cos 9° − 500 = 800a 2
2 2
65
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1 + 2 : b From Y to Z:
1 1
1800 = 2400a Change in KE = m(v2 – u2) = × 200 × (v2 – 222)
2 2
a = 0.75 m s−2 = (100v2 – 48 400) J.
b T cos 9° = 500 + 800 × 0.75 Change in PE = 0 J.
= 1100 The work done against the resistive force,
T = 1100 = 1114 N WD = Fd = 232 × 138 = 32 016 J.
cos9
The tension is 1110 N, correct to 3 s.f. Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0
c Whilst coupled, u = 0 m s−1, s = 24 m, a = 0.75 m s−2. (100v2 – 48 400) + 32 016 = 0
Substitute in v2 = u2 + 2as: v2 = 163.84
v2 = 0 + 2 × 0.75 × 24 v = 163.84 = 12.8 m s–1
= 36
c From Z to the end:
v = 6 m s−1 1
Change in KE = m(v2 – u2)
P = Fv = 3300 × 6 = 19 800 W 2
1
= × 200 × (02 – 163.84) = –16 384 J.
d R(→) for lorry: 2
19 800 − 1000 = 0 Increase in PE = mgh =
200 × 10 × d sin 30°
v
v = 19.8 m vs–1 = 1000d J.
e R(→) for cement mixer: The work done against the resistive force,
−500 = 800a WD = Fd = 232d J.
a = −0.625 m s−2 Using the conservation of energy:
Whilst uncoupled, u = 6 m s−1, v = 0 m s−1, Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0
a = −0.625 m s−2. –16 384 + 1000d + 232d = 0
Substitute in v2 = u2 + 2as: 1232d = 16 384

2 2 d = 13.3 m
s= v −u
2a 14 a R( ) for the tractor:
→
2
= 0−6 D – F – T – 25 000 sin 10° = 0
2 × −0.625
R( ) for the tractor:
→
= 28.8 m
R – 25 000 cos 10° = 0
13 a From X to Y: 48 000 – 0.125 × 25 000 cos 10° – T
1 1 4.2
Change in KE = m(v2 – u2) = × 200 × (v2 – 02)
2 2
– 25 000 sin 10° = 0 1
= 100v2 J.
Let the weight of the combine harvester be
Decrease in PE = mgh = 200 × 10 × 30 = 60 000 J. Mg N.
Change in PE = –60 000 J. R( ) for the combine harvester:
→
The work done against the resistive force, T – F – Mg sin 10° = 0

WD = Fd = 232 × 50 = 11 600 J.
R( ) for the combine harvester:
→

R – Mg cos 10° = 0
T – 0.125 × Mg cos 10° – Mg sin 10° = 0 2
100v2 – 60 000 + 11 600 = 0
1 + 2
v2 = 484 48 000 – 0.125 × 25 000 cos 10° – 25 000 sin 10°
4.2
v = 484 = 22 m s–1
– 0.125 × Mg cos 10° – Mg sin 10° = 0
48 000
Mg (0.125 cos 10° + sin 10°) = – 0.125 ×
4.2
25 000 cos 10° – 25 000 sin 10°
66
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5
WORKED SOLUTIONS
48 000
− 0.125 × 25 000 cos10° − 25 000sin10° Using the conservation of energy:
4.2
Mg =
0.125cos10° + sin10° Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0
= 13 500 N 3120 – 60m + 8m = 0
b T = 13 500(0.125 cos 10° + sin 10°) = 4010 N 52m = 3120
c R( ) for the combine harvester: m = 60 kg

→
1
– 0.125Mg cos 10° – Mg sin 10° = Ma c Change in KE = m(v2 – u2) = 1 × 60 × (v2 – 02)
2 2
a = –1.25 cos 10° – 10 sin 10° = –2.97 m s–2 = 3120 J.
u = 4.2 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1, a = –2.97 m s–2 v2 = 104
v = u + at v = 104 = 10.2 m s–1
t = v −u 16 a WD = Fd = 200 × 8 = 1600 J
a
b WD = mgh = 9 × 10 × 8 + 7 × 10 × 8 = 1280 J
= − 4.2
0
−2.97 c KE = 1600 – 1280 = 320 J
= 1.42 s 1
Change in KE for P = m(v2 – u2)
2
15 a From A to C: 1
= × 9 × (v2 – 02) = 9 v2 J.
Change in KE = 0 J. 2 2
Decrease in PE = mgh = mgd sin q. 1
Change in KE for Q = m(v2 – u2)
3 2
mgd sin q = m × 10 × 10 × = 60 m J. 1 7
5 = × 7 × (v2 – 02) = v2 J.
Change in PE = –60m J. 2 2
9 2 7 2
For A to B: Overall change in KE = v + v = 320.
2 2
R( ): 8v2 = 320
→
R – mg cos q = 0 v2 = 40
3 4
When sin q = , cos q = . v = 6.32 m s–1
5 5
4 1 1
R = m × 10 × = 8m 2 m(v2 – u2) = × 7 × (v2 – 40)
d Change in KE =
5 2
1 4
F = µR = × 8m = m 7 2 
10 5
=  2 v – 140 J.
For B to C:
Decrease in PE = mgh = 7 × 10 × 13 = 910 J.
R(↑):
Change in PE = – 910 J.
R – mg = 0
 7 v 2 – 140 – 910 = 0
R = m × 10 = 10m  2 
1
F = µR = × 10m = m 7 v2 = 1050
10
The work done against friction, WD = Fd 2
v2 = 300
= 4 m × 10 + m × d = m(8 + d).
5 v = 17.3 m s–1
17 a D – (28v + 20) = 1800a
60 200
0 – 60m + m(8 + d) = 0 – (28V + 20) = 1800(0.4) = 720
V
d + 8 = 60 60 200 – V(28V + 20) = 720V
d = 52 m 15050 – 7V 2 – 5V = 180V
b From C to D: 7V 2 + 185V = 15 050
Change in KE = 3120 J.
b 7V 2 + 185V – 15 050 = 0
Change in PE = – 60m J.
(7V + 430)(V – 35) = 0
WD = Fd = 8m J. V = 35
67
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c
60 200
v
– (28v + 20) = 0 Change in PE = –Mg 3 h
2 ( )
15 050 – 7v2 – 5v = 0 1
Change in KE = Mv2
2
7v2 + 5v – 15 050 = 0
1
WD = Fd = Mgh
2
−5 ± 5 − 4(7)(−15 050) 2
v= = 46.0 m s–1
14 Using the conservation of energy:
v is about 11 ms–1 faster than V Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0
1 3 1
18 a d1 + d2 = 65 – 15 = 50 m Mv2 – Mgh + Mgh = 0
2 2 2
Since d1 : d2 = 3 : 1, d1 = 37.5 m and d2 = 12.5 m v2 = 2gh
PE = mgh = 6.8(10)(15 sin a) = 480 v = 2gh
480 8
sin a = =
1020 17 Mathematics in life and work
b PE = mgh = 6.8(10)(12.5 sin b)
1 288 ÷ 3.6 = 80 m s–1
PE = 6.8(10)(12.5)
13
85 ( )
= 130 J 1 1
Change in KE = m(v2 – u2) = × 720 × (v2 – 802)
2 2
= (360v2 – 2304 000) J.
c Change in PE = 130 – 480 = –350 J
Decrease in PE = mgh = 720 × 10 × 20 = 144 000 J.
Change in KE = 0
So change in PE = –144 000 J.
WD = Fd = 65F
WD = Fd = 2400 × 140 = 336 000 J.
–350 + 65F = 0
70
F= = 5.4 N 360v2 – 2304 000 – 144 000 + 336 000 = 0
13
360v2 = 2112 000
d Change in PE = 0 – 480 = –480 J
v = 76.6 m s–1
1 1
Change in KE = m(v2 – u2) = (6.8)v2 = 3.4v2 2 R( ):
2 2
→
70 3675 R – 720g cos 3° = 0

WD = Fd = (15 + 37.5) =
13 13 R = 7200 cos 3°
Using the conservation of energy: R( ):
→
Change in KE + Change in PE + Work done = 0 D – F – 7200 sin 3° = ma = 720 × 0.4

3675 P
3.4v2 – 480 + =0 – 0.2 × 7200 cos 3° – 7200 sin 3° = 288
13 76.6
v2 = 58.0 P = 161 kW
v = 7.6 ms–1 161 078 – 0.2 × 7200 cos 3° – 7200 sin 3° = 0
3
v
19 The roof is the hypotenuse of a right-angled
triangle. If the angle to the horizontal is q, then v= 161 078 = 88.8 m s–1
0.2 × 7200 cos3° + 7200sin 3°
1 3
sin q = and cos q =
2 2
Let the mass of the tile be M kg
3
R( ): R = Mg cos q = Mg
→
3 3  1
F = mR = Mg = Mg
3  2  2
68
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WORKED Solutions
Summary review
Please note: Full worked solutions are provided as an aid to learning, and represent one approach to answering
the question. In some cases, alternative methods are shown for contrast.
this publication.
Warm-up questions 2 For A:

R 18 N
1 Remember that units must be in seconds.
Distance = area under graph = area of trapezium.
Distance = 12 (60 + 360) = 2520 metres. 30
2
30
2 Sine rule
8 W
= 6
sin 30° sin D
Resolving parallel to plane:
16 = 6
sin D W sin 30° = 18
W = 36 N
sin D = 3
8 For B: R
D = 22.02°
a
Angles in a triangle = 180o, so C = 127.98o. 18 N
Therefore, the bearing of D from C is

30
360 – 90 – 127.98 = 142.0o (1 d.p.). 30
3
C W
Resolving parallel to plane:
W sin 30° = 18 cos 30°
6 cm
W = 18 3
2 2
a W = 31.2 N
8 cm B
X
3 61
i tan a = 6 11
8 a
a = 36.869… 60
Therefore AB̂C = 53.1°.
tan a = 11
60
ii Area of triangle DCB = 20 × 6 = 60 cm2.
2
cos a = 60
61
∴ Area of kite = 120 cm2.
A Level questions sin a = 11

61
1 P = Fv
1 330 000 = 28 000 V
V = 47.5
69
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Summary REVIEW
a R When s = 0, t = 0 ⇒ c = 0.
F
Therefore, when t = 5,
s = 0.3 × 25 − 0.01 × 125 = 6.25 m.
a
By differentiation: a = 0.6 − 0.06t.
a When t = 5,
a = 0.6 − 0.06 × 5 = 0.3 m s−2.
6.1 N
Resolving perpendicular to plane: ii a = dv = 0.6 − 0.06t

dt
6.1 cos a = R
At vmax, dv = 0
dt
R = 6.1 × 60 = 6 N
61 0.06t = 0.6
F = μR t = 10 s
= 1 × 6 = 1.5 N
2
4 Check: d v2 = −0.06 ⇒ maximum
dt
Newton’s second law: Therefore vmax = 6 – 3 = 3 m s−1.
6.1 sin a − F = 0.61a At half of vmax, v = 1.5 m s−1.
6.1 × 11 − 1.5 = 0.61a 1.5 = 0.6t − 0.03t2
61
−0.4 = 0.61a 150 = 60t − 3t2
a = − 0.656 m s−2 3t2 − 60t + 150 = 0
u = 2 m s−1 a = −0.656 m s−2 v = 0 m s−1 s=? 60 ± 60 2 − 4 ( 3)(150 )

t=
v2 = u2 + 2as 6
= 60 ± 3600 − 1800
0 = 4 + 2(−0.656) s
s = 2.69 m 6
4 i = 60 ± 1800
6
400 m
= 60 ± 30 2
R 6
24 m s−1 = 10 ± 5 2
O A q
t = 2.93 s or t = 17.1 s
1400g
B
300 m 6 i
Gain in KE from O to B = 1 × 14 000 × 242 T T

2 a a
= 4 032 000 J A B
Loss in PE = 14 000 g (300 sin q ) = 42 000 000 sin q J
ii Conservation of energy 0.25g 0.75g
(work done by driving force) + (loss of Newton’s second law:

potential energy) = (work done against T − 0.25g = 0.25a 1
resistance) + (gain in kinetic energy)
0.75g − T = 0.75a 2
5 000 000 + 42 000 000 sin q
①+②
= 4 032 000 + 4 800 × 700
2 392 000 0.5g = a
sin q = = 0.0569…
42 000 000 a = 5 m s−2
q = 3.3° u = 0 m s−1 a = 5 m s−2 t = 0.6 s s = ?
5 i v = 0.6t − 0.03t2
s = ut + 1 at2
s= 0.3t2 − 0.01t3 +c 2
70
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WORKED Solutions
s = 1 × 5 × 0.62 7 − T = 0.7a 2
2
1 + 2
s = 0.9 m
a = 6.4 m s−2
ii v = u + at
u = 0 m s−1 v=? a = 6.4 m s−2 t = 0.25 s
V = 5 × 0.6
v = u + at
=3
From 0.6 to T : u = 3 m s−1 v = 0 m s−1 = 6.4 × 0.25
a = −10 m s−2 t = ? = 1.6 m s−1
v = u + at
s = ut + 1 at2
2
0 = 3 − 10t
t = 0.3 s = 1 × 6.4 × 0.252
2
Therefore: T = 0.6 + 0.3 = 0.9 = 0.2 m
iii From T to 1.6: u = 0 m s−1 v = ? a = 10 m s−2 After the string breaks:
t = 0.7 s
u = 1.6 m s−1 s = 0.3 m a = 10 m s−2 v = ?
v = u + at
v2 = u2 + 2as
= 10 × 0.7
= 1.62 + 2 × 10 × 0.3
= 7 m s−1
0.9 × 3down = 8.56
Distance up = distance + h = 0.7 × 7 = 2.45 m, so
2 2 v = 2.93 m s−1
0.9 × 3 + h = 2.45
0.7 × 7
2 2 ii Before the string breaks, A has travelled 0.2 m.
After the string breaks:
1.35 + h = 2.45
a
h = 1.1
a R
7 i
m = 0.2 R
F
F T
A
T
0.3g 0.3g
B
Newton’s second law:
a
−F = 0.3a
−0.2R = 0.3a
0.5 m
−0.6 = 0.3a
0.7g a = −2 m s−2
u = 1.6 m s−1 s=? a = −2 m s−2 v = 0 m s−1
Before the string breaks: v2 = u2 + 2as
Resolving vertically (A): 0 = 1.62 − 4s
R = 0.3g = 3 N 4s = 1.62
Newton’s second law (A): s = 0.64 m
T − F = 0.3a Therefore, total distance travelled = 0.84 m.
T − 0.2R = 0.3a 8 i Work done = Fd = 200g × 0.7 = 1400 J

T − 0.6 = 0.3a 1 ii E = Pt
Newton’s second law (B): 1400 = P × 1.2
0.7g − T = 0.7a P = 1166.7 = 1170 W
71
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Summary REVIEW
9 i R 11 i
25
X 7
3200 N a
3˚ 24
3˚
7
tan α =
24
7
sin α =
25
24 000g 24
cosα =
25
R
X – 3200 – 24 000g sin 3o = 24 000a 7.2 N
When a = 0.2 m s–2 ⇒ X = 20 561 N
F
P = Fv = 20 561 × 25 = 514 016 W = 514 kW
a a
ii Resolving parallel to plane:
X = 3200 + 24 000g sin 3o = 15 761 N
P = Fv
500 000 = 15 761v
7.5 N
v = 31.7 m s−1
Resolving perpendicular to plane:
10 Vertical component of resultant force
= 7 sin 60° − 3 sin 30° − 4 R = 7.5 cos a
= 7.5 × 24
= 7 3 −3−4 25
2 2
= 7.2 N
7 3 − 11
= = 0.562... Resolving parallel to plane:
2
Horizontal component of resultant force 7.2 = 7.5 sin a + F
= 5 − 3 cos 30° − 7 cos 60°
F = 7.2 − 7.5 × 7
25
=5 − 3 3 − 7
2 2 = 5.1 N
The block is at rest (in equilibrium), so F  µR
3−3 3
= = −1.098 ...
2 F = µR
5.1  µ × 7.2
F
0.562 µ 51
72
a
17
1.098
24
ii
By Pythagoras’ theorem: R
F2 = 0.5622 + 1.0982 F
F = 1.23 N(magnitude of resultant force). 7.2 N

a
0.562 a
tan α = = 0.5119…
1.098
a = 27.1°
Therefore the resultant force is at an angle of
152.9o from the positive x-axis (anti-clockwise). 7.5 N
72
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WORKED SOLUTIONS
Resolving perpendicular to plane: Velocity (m s –1) A – particle enters liquid

R = 7.5 cos a B – particle hits bottom of container
= 7.2 N
12 B
Given that the block is sliding (accelerating),
the forces pulling the block down the plane 10 A
must be greater than the resistive forces
(pulling the block up the plane) and friction
must be at its maximum value. Therefore:
F = μR = 7.2μ
0
and 1 1.36
Time (s)
7.2 + 7.5 sin a > F 13 i
13
7.2 + 7.5 × 7 > 7.2μ 5
25
a
μ < 31 12
24
sin a = 5 cos a = 12 tan a = 5
12 i In the liquid: 13 13 12
a µ = 0.2
F R
T
T
a F A B
a a
0.54 g
a
3g
Newton’s second law: 0.26 g

3g − F = 3a
Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
F = 30 − 3 × 5.5 = 13.5 N
R = 0.26g cos a
ii In the air:
= 2.6 × 12 = 2.4 N
u = 0 m s−1 a = 10 m s−2 s = 5 m t=? v=? 13
F = μR
v2 = u2 + 2as
= 0.2 × 2.4
= 2 × 10 × 5 = 100
= 0.48 N
v = 10 m s−1
Newton’s second law (A):
v = u + at
T = F − 0.26g sin a = 0.26a
10 = 10t
T − 0.48 − 2.6 × 5 = 0.26a
13
t = 1s
T − 1.48 = 0.26a 1
In the liquid:
Newton’s second law (B):
u = 10 m s−1 a = 5.5 m s−2 s = 4m t=? v=?
0.54g − T = 0.5a
v2 = u2 + 2as
5.4 − T = 0.54a 2
= 100 + 2 × 5.5 × 4 = 144 1 + 2
v = 12 m s−1 3.92 = 0.8a
v = u + at a = 4.9 m s −2
12 = 10 + 5.5t
t = 0.36 s
73
57750_P069_082_WB.indd 73 7/11/18 2:06 AM

Summary REVIEW
In 1 1
2= a × 1.52
2
T = 0.26 × 4.9 + 1.48 = 2.754 N = 2.75 N (3 sf.)
16
ii u = 0 m s−1 a = 4.9 m s−2 s = ? t = 0.4 a= ms−2
9
s = ut + 1 at2 ii Speed of A at time of collision:
2
1 v = u + at
= × 4.9 × 0.42 = 0.392 m 16 3 8
2 v= × =
9 2 3
14 Conservation of energy:
Use the principle of conservation of momentum:
(WD by pulling force) + (loss in KE)
Momentum before collision = momentum after
= (gain in KE) + (WD by resistive force)
collision
(50 cos a)250 + 1 × 60(8.52 − 3.52) mA uA + mB uB = mA vA + mB vB
2
= 60g × 17.5 + 6 × 250
3m × 8 = 3m × 4 + m × v B
12 500 cos a + 1800 = 10 500 + 1500 3 3
8 = 4 + vB
cos a = 10 200 = 0.816
12 500 vB = 4 m s–1
a = 35.3° 17 1
15 i Particle P: u = 2 m s–1,
a = 0.05 m s–1, 0.28
a
v = 5 m s–1, t = ?, s = ?
0.96
v = u + at sin α = 0.28
5 = 2 + 0.05t cos α = 0.96
t = 60 s R 0.6 N
v2 = u2 + 2as
52 = 22 + 2 × 0.05 × s
a
25 = 4 + 0.1s P
s = 210 m a
a
ii Particle Q: u = 0 m s–1, a = 0.05 m s–1,
v = kt 3 m s–1 at time t, t = 60 s when s = 210 m
0.5g
ds
v= = kt 3
dt i Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
s = ∫kt 3dt 0.5g cos α = R + 0.6 sin α

5 × 0.96 = R + 0.6 × 0.28
t4
s=k +c R = 4.63 N
4
ii The 0.6 N force is just enough to prevent P
When t = 0 s = 0, ∴ c = 0
sliding down the plane, so friction acts up
t4
s=k the plane.
4
Resolving parallel to the plane:
When t = 60, s = 210
0.6 cos α + F = 0.5g sin α
60 4 7
210 = k , ∴k =
4 108000 0.576 + F = 1.4
7 F = 0.824 N
At B: speed = kt 3 = × 603 = 14 ms−1
108000 iii For limiting friction, Fmax = µR
16 i Particle A: 0.824 = µ × 4.63
u = 0 m s–1, s = 2 m, t = 1.5 s, a = ? µ = 0.1779 …
1 µ = 0.178
s = ut + at 2
2
74
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WORKED Solutions
18 + For Q: u = 3 m s–1, a = 2.5 m s–2, t = T, s = x, v = ?

1 2
Use s = ut + at
2
Before: After:
1
5ms −1
4ms −1
vP m s−1 10 m s−1 x = 3T − 2.5 T 2
2
x = 3T – 1.25 T 2
P Q P Q
7m 3m 7m 3m Substitute this into the equation for P:
5 + 3T – 1.25T 2 = 8T – T 2
Use the principle of conservation of momentum:
0 = 0.25T 2 + 5T – 5
Momentum before collision = momentum after
−5 ± 25 + 5
collision T = = 0.9545
0.5
mA uA + mB uB = mA vA + mB vB Note: the positive value only as T > 0.
7m × 5 – 3m × 4 = 7m × vP + 3m × 10 Now use v = u + at for both P and Q.
35 – 12 – 30 = 7vP For P:
vP = –1 m s–1 v = 8 – 2(0.9545) = 6.091 m s–1 = 6.09 m s–1
P has a speed of 1 m s–1 and has reversed its For Q:
direction of motion.
v = 3 – 2.5(0.9545) = 0.6138 m s–1 = 0.614 m s–1
P µ = 0.2 Q µ = 0.25
19 i
20 i u = ?, a = –g, v = 0, s = 45
Resolving vertically (P): v2 = u2 + 2as
RP = mP g 0 = u2 – 2 × 10 × 45
As P is moving, friction is maximum, so u2 = 900
Fmax = µRP u = 30 m s–1
Fmax = 0.2mP g = 2mP ii Find the time, t, when the signal is 40 m
Newton’s second law: F = mP a above sea level.
2mP = mPa s = 40, u = 30, a = –g, t = ?
a=2 m s–2 s = ut +
1 2
at
2
Resolving vertically (Q):
40 = 30t – 5t2
RQ = mQg
t2 – 6t + 8 = 0
As Q is moving, friction is maximum, so
(t – 2)(t – 4) = 0
Fmax = µRQ
t = 2, t = 4
Fmax = 0.25mQg = 2.5mQ
The signal passes the top of the cliff after 2
Newton’s second law: F = mQa
seconds, reaches the top of its flight then
2.5 mQ = mQa returns and passes the top of the cliff again 4
a = 2.5 m s–2 seconds after launch.
ii P 8 m s−1 Q 3 m s−1 Total time above the cliff = 4 – 2 = 2 seconds.
iii Time above cliff = 17 seconds, so time
A B
5m x 17
Collision from top of cliff to highest point = =
2
Let time at impact be T, and the distance from B time to return from highest point to top of
to the point of collision x. cliff when falling.
For P: u = 8 m s–1, a = 2 m s–2, t = T, s = 5 + x, v = ? When falling from highest point to top of cliff:
1 17
Use s = ut + at 2 u = 0, t = ,a=g
2 2
1
5 + x = 8T – 2T 2 Use s = ut +
1 2
at
2 2
5 + x = 8T – T 2
75
57750_P069_082_WB.indd 75 7/11/18 2:06 AM

Summary REVIEW
2 Distance travelled before P changes direction:

 17 
s =0+5× = 21.25m
 2 
12
v dt = ∫ 3 t 2 − 1 t 3 dt =  1 t 3 − 1 t 4 
12 12
s= ∫0 0 4 16  4 64 0
From launch to highest point:
= ( 432 − 324 ) − ( 0 ) = 108 m
u = ?, v = 0, a = –g, s = 40 + 21.25 = 61.25
v2 = u2 + 2as 23 4
0 = u2 – 2 × 10 × 61.25
u2 = 1225 600 m
u = 35 m s–1 30 m s−1
21 2.5°
T T
2.5°
a a 1250 g
A B
Work done against the resistive force = 400 × 600
= 240 000 J
0.65g 0.35g
Work done by the driving force = 450 000 J
Use Newton’s second law: F = ma
Increase in PE = mgh = 1250 × 10 × 600 sin 2.5
For A: = 327 145.4 ...
0.65g – T = 0.65a Change in KE = KE at bottom – KE at top
6.5 – T = 0.65a 1 1
= × 1250 × 30 2 − × 1250 × v top
2 2
= 562500 − 625v top
For B: 2 2
Work done by the driving force
T – 0.35g = 0.35a
= Increase in PE + work done against the resistive
T – 3.5 = 0.35a
force – loss in KE
T − 3.5
a= 2
450 000 = 327 145.4 + 240000 − (562500 − 625v top )
0.35
2
Substitute into the equation for particle A. 562 500 – 625v top = 327 145.4 + 240 000 – 450 000
6.5 − T = 0.65 ×
(T − 3.5) 2
625v top = 562 500 – 327 145.4 – 240 000 + 450 000
0.35
= 445 355
7(6.5 – T ) = 13(T – 3.5) 2
v top = 712.567
45.5 – 7T = 13T – 45.5
91 = 20T vtop= 26.69 … = 26.7 m s–1
T = 4.55 N 24 i V
Total downward force on the pulley = 2 × T = 9.1 N
960 F
22 i v = 0.75t2 – 0.0625t3
dv
a= = 1.5t − 0.1875t 2
dt 1200 g
a = t(1.5 – 0.1875t) Rate of work = power = 17 280 W
a = 0 when t = 0, t = 8 Power = Fv = 17 280
When a = 0 the positive value of t is 8. 17 280
F = = 1440
ii The particle changes its direction of motion 12
when v = 0 F = ma
( )
2 1440 – 960 = 1200a
v = 0.75t 2 − 0.0625t 3 = 3 t 2 − 1 t 3 = t 3 − 1 t ,
4 16 4 4 480
= a = 0.4 ms−2
v = 0 when t = 0 or t = 12 1200
76
57750_P069_082_WB.indd 76 7/11/18 2:06 AM

WORKED Solutions
ii Speed is constant, V, so acceleration = 0 i Use F = ma for both particles

F = ma = 0 For A:
17 280
As above, power = Fv = 17 280, so F = T – 0.3g = 0.3a
V
17 280 T – 3 = 0.3a
∴ − 960 = 0
V T −3
a=
17 280 0.3
V = = 18 as required
960 For B:
iii After passing point B the only force is the 0.7g – T = 0.7a
resistive force
7 – T = 0.7a
F = ma
Substitute for a in this equation
–960 = 1200a
T −3
a = –0.8 m s–2 7 − T = 0.7 ×
0.3
u = 18 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1, s = ?, a = –0.8 m s–2 3(7 – T ) = 7(T – 3)
v2 = u2 + 2as 21 – 3T = 7T – 21
0 = 324 – 2 × 0.8 × s 42 = 10T
s = 202.5 = 203 m T = 4.2 N
For AB, time taken = 52.5 – 22.5 = 30 seconds ii Substitute T = 4.2 N into
Distance at constant speed of T − 3 1.2
a= = = 4 ms−2
18 m s–1 = 18 × 30 = 540 m 0.3 0.3
So distance AC = 540 + 203 = 743 m For initial motion:
25 Before: u = 0, a = 4, v = 1.6, s = ?
After:
v 2 = u2 + 2as
4u m s–1 ku m s–1 2u m s–1 ku/2 m s–1
1.62 = 8s
s = 0.32 m
mP = 2 m kg mQ = 5 m kg mP = 2 m kg mQ = 5 m kg At the point that the string breaks, for particle A:
s = 0.32 + 0.52 = 0.84, u = –1.6, a = g, t = ?
1
Use the principle of conservation of momentum: s = ut + at 2
2
Momentum before collision = momentum after 0.84 = –1.6t + 5t2
collision 5t2 – 1.6t – 0.84 = 0
mP uP + mQ uQ = mP vP + mQ vQ
1.6 ± ( −1.6 )2 + 4 × 5 × 0.84
ku t=
2m × 4u – 5m × ku = –2m × 2u + 5m × 10
2
5k 1.6 ± 4.4
8mu – 5kmu = –4mu + mu t=
2 10
5k 6
8mu + 4mu = 5kmu + mu t=
= 0.6 s, as only the positive value is
2 10
12 = 7.5k possible.
k = 1.6 3
27 i v = 0.16t 2 − 0.016t 2
26
3
v = 0.16 (100 ) 2 − 0.016 (100 ) = 160 − 160 = 0
2
T T
At rest at point A when t = 100.
A B
dv
ii For max =0
0.3g 0.7g dt
0.52 m
1
dv 3
= × 0.16t 2 + 2 × 0.016 × t = 0
dt 2
1
0.24t 2 + 0.032t = 0
77
57750_P069_082_WB.indd 77 7/11/18 2:06 AM

Summary REVIEW
1 1 4 3
8= T + T
t 2  7.5 − t 2  = 0 5 1 5 2
40 = 4T1 + 3T2
t = 7.52 = 56.25 seconds
This is the time at which the max velocity is Resolving vertically at B:
reached. T1 cos α = T2 cos θ
3
Max velocity = 0.16(56.25)2 – 0.016 (56.25)2 3 4
T = T
5 1 5 2
= 67.5 – 50.625 = 16.9 m s–1
iii Distance OA = distance travelled in the first 3T1 = 4T2
100 seconds. 4
T1 = T
100 100
3 2
⌠ 2 5
1 
s =  v dt =  × 0.16t 2 − × 0.016t 3  = ( 6400 − 5333) −Substitute
0 = 1066.6this
= 1070
intom
the equation above.
 5 3 0
⌡0
4
100 40 = 4 × T2 + 3T2
5
1  3
 = ( 6400 − 5333) − 0 = 1066.6 = 1070 m
.16t 2 − × 0.016t 3
3  120 = 25T2
0
5
2 1
iv s = × 0.16t 2 − × 0.016t 3 + c, when t = 0, s = 0 so c = 0 T2 = 4.8 N
5 3
4 4
3
016t + c, when t = 0, s = 0 so c = 0 Substitute into T1 = T = × 4.8 = 6.4N
3 2 3
5
2 1 Tension in AB is 6.4N and tension in BC is 4.8 N.
s= × 0.16t 2 − × 0.016t 3
5 3
ii Horizontal force at
When P passes through O, s = 0
4
5 A = T1 sin α = 6.4 × = 5.12
2 1 5
0= × 0.16t 2 − × 0.016t 3
5 3
Resolving vertically at A:
5
1 T1 cos α = Fmax + 0.2g
0= 0.064t 2 − × 0.016t 3
3
3
1 5 1
 6.4 × − 2 = Fmax = 3.84 − 2 = 1.84
0 = t 2  0.192 − 0.016t 2  5
3  
Fmax = µR
1 1
0.192
As t ≠ 0, 0.192 − 0.016t 2 = 0, ∴ t 2 = = 12 , 1.84 = µ × 5.12
0.016
so t = 144 µ = 1.84 = 0.359
5.12
28 C 3
T2 29 Use tan α = and Pythagoras’ rule to
4
q
find sin α, cos α
2
T2
2.5 q 5 3
a B 8N
a T1
1.5 a
A T1
4
0.2 g N
sin α = 0.6, cos α = 0.8
Use Pythagoras’ rule to find AC = 2.5 m i 12 N R1
Let T1 and T2 be the tension in AB and BC
respectively.
a
Angle BCA = θ, and angle BAC = α as shown in the
diagram,
3 4 4 3 2g
then sin θ = ,cos θ = , sin α = , cos α =
5 5 5 5 Resolving forces vertically:
i Resolving horizontally at B: R1 = 2g + 12 sin α = 20 + 7.2 = 27.2
8 = T1 sin α + T2 sin θ F  µR
78
57750_P069_082_WB.indd 78 7/11/18 2:07 AM

WORKED Solutions
12 cos α  µ × 27.2 1 3 1000

s=− t + 50t −
9.6 15 3
µ
27.2
When t = 250 ,
µ 6 as required 1
( ) ( ) 1000
3
17 s=− 250 + 50 250 − = 193.7… = 194 m
15 3
12 N s = − 1 ( ) ( ) 1000
3
ii 250 + 50 250 − = 193.7… = 194 m
15 3
R2
Extension questions
1 For the white snooker ball:

a
2g
R2 = 2g – 12 sin α = 20 – 7.2 = 12.8 R
As the block is moving F > µR
12 cos α > µ × 12.8 F
9.6 > µ
12.8 0.17 g
µ<3 Resolving vertically:

4
R = 0.17g
30 i a = 0.6t
= 1.7 N
0.6 2
v = ∫ a dt = t + c when t = 0, v = 0, ∴ c = 0 F = µR
2
v= 0.3t2 = 0.1 × 1.7
0.3 3 = 0.17 N
s = ∫v dt = t + k, s = 0 when t = 0, ∴ k = 0
3 Newton’s second law:
s = 0.1t3 −0.17 = 0.17a
When t = 10, v = 0.3 × 102 = 30 m s–1, a = −1 m s−2
s = 0.1 × 103 = 100 m u = 0.8 m s−1 a = −1 m s−2 s = 0.24 m v=?
ii a = –0.4t v2 = u2 + 2as
v = ∫ a dt = −0.2t + c, when t = 10, v = 30
2 = 0.82 + 2 × (−1) × 0.24 = 0.16
v = 0.4 m s−1
30 = –0.2 × 102 + c
Therefore, the white ball is travelling a 0.4 m s−1
c = 30 + 20 = 50
when it collides with the red ball.
1
v = − t 2 + 50 The collision:
5
Particle is at rest when v = 0 0.4 m s−1 0 m s−1
1 2
t = 50, t = 250 before
5
1 White Red
v = − t 2 + 50 0.17 kg 0.16 kg
5
after
1 3
s = ∫v dt = − t + 50t + k, s = 100 when t = 10
15
0 m s−1 v m s−1
1000
100 = − + 500 + k
15 Conservation of momentum:
1000 1000 0.4 × 0.17 = 0.16v
k= − 400 = −
15 3 v = 0.425 m s−1
79
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Summary REVIEW
a 3 35 N
311 N
R
F 49 35
0.16g
17
Resolving vertically:
R = 0.16g 107 N
23
= 1.6 N
F = µR
= 0.1 × 1.6
= 0.16 N 203 N
Vertical component of resultant force:
−0.16 = 0.16a
311 cos 49° + 35 cos 35° − 107 sin 17° − 203 cos 23°
a = −1 m s−2 = 14.56 N
u = 0.425 m s−1 a = −1 m s−2 s=? v=0
Horizontal component of resultant force:
v2 = u2 + 2as
35 sin 35° + 107 cos17° − 203 sin 23° − 311 sin 49°
0 = 0.4252 + 2 × (−1)s = −191.63 N
2s = 0.4252
F
s = 0.0903... = 9.03 cm
14.56
2 a = sin 2t + 2 a
191.63
Integrating:
By Pythagoras’ theorem:
v = − 1 cos 2t + 2t + c
2 F 2 = 14.562 + 191.632
When t = 0, v = 0 F = 192 N
0 = −1 + c
2 tan a = 14.56 = 0.0759...
191.63
c= 1 a = 4.3°
2
So the bearing of the resultant force is 274o.
∴ v = − 1 cos 2t + 2t + 1
2 2
4 North forces: 1 + 5 + 9 + …
Integrating again:
This is an arithmetic progression with a = 1,
s = − 1 sin 2t + t2 + t + c d = 4 and n = 10.
4 2
10
When t = 0, s = 0 ⇒ c = 0 S10(N) =
2
( 2 × 1 + 9 × 4 ) = 190
∴ s = − 1 sin 2t + t2 + t East forces: 2 + 6 + 10 + …
4 2
When t = 10,
d = 4 and n = 10.
v = − 1 cos 20 + 20 + 1 = 20.0 m s−1 10
2 2 S10(E) =
2
( 2 × 2 + 9 × 4 ) = 200
s = − 1 sin 20 + 102 + 10 = 105 m South forces: 3 + 7 + 11 + …
4 2
d = 4 and n = 10.
10
S10(S) =
2
( 2 × 3 + 9 × 4 ) = 210
80
57750_P069_082_WB.indd 80 7/11/18 2:07 AM

WORKED Solutions
West forces: 4 + 8 + 12 + … 1 2
Using s = ut + at ,
This is an arithmetic progression with a = 4, 2
d = 4 and n = 10. 20 = 5T 2 ⇒ T = 2 s (since T > 0)
10 For ball B: a = −10 m s−2 u = u s = 10 m
S10(W) =
2
( 2 × 4 + 9 × 4 ) = 220
t=T–1=1s
Therefore the components of the resultant force 1
Using s = ut + at 2 ,
are 20 N to the west and 20 N to the south. 2
Therefore resultant force 10 = u – 5 ⇒ u = 15 m s−1

ii Ball A hits the ground when: a = 10 m s−2
F = 20 2 + 20 2 = 28.3 N
u = 0 m s−1 s = 30 m t = ?
Given the components of F are 20 N west and 1
Using s = ut + at 2,
20 N south, then F must be acting south-west. 2
5 This question combines statistics and mechanics. 30 = 5t2 ⇒ t = 6 (since t > 0)
i For P to accelerate to the right, you require Ball B hits the ground when: a = −10 m s−2
Y > X. Here is a sample space diagram to u = 15 m s−1 s = 0 m t = ?
1
show how this can occur. Using s = ut + at 2,
2
Second roll of dice (magnitude of Y) 0 = 15t – 5t2 ⇒ 0 = 5t(3 – t) ⇒ t = 3 (since t > 0)
1 2 3 4 5 6 Therefore the time between the balls

hitting the ground for the first time is
1 3 − 6 + 1 (note the extra second because
First roll of dice (magnitude of X )
the motion of ball B began 1 second after

the motion of ball A.
2
Therefore, time between balls hitting the
ground is 4 − 6 seconds.
3
7 For each particle, a = 4 m s–2 and u = 0 m s–1.
1
4 Therefore you can use s = ut + at 2 for
2
different values of t to calculate the distance
5 travelled by each particle.
Particle 1 is in motion for 19 seconds,
6 1
so s = × 4 × 192.
2
Particle 2 is in motion for 18 seconds,
15 5
P ( P accelerates to the right ) = = 1
36 12 so s = × 4 × 182.
2
ii For P to move with a constant velocity, the Particle 3 is in motion for 17 seconds,
resultant force must be zero. However, this 1
does not guarantee that P is moving, since so s = × 4 × 172.
2
the constant velocity could be equal to …
zero. Therefore the maximum probability is Particle 18 is in motion for 2 seconds,
found by assuming that when the dice rolls 1
so s = × 4 × 22.
are equal, P has a constant velocity that is 2
not equal to zero. Particle 19 is in motion for 1 seconds,
1
P ( P moves with a constant velocity )
6
=
1 so s = × 4 × 12.
36 6 2
So the cumulative distance travelled by the
6 i Let T be the number of seconds after which ball particles is 2(12 + 22 + 32 + … + 182 + 192)
A reaches the required height. Therefore ball B
Using the result provided, we can sum the
reaches the required height after T – 1 seconds.
squares, so the result is
For ball A: a = 10 m s−2 u = 0 m s−1 19
Cumulative distance travelled = × 20 × 39
s = 20 m t = T 3
= 4940 metres.
81
57750_P069_082_WB.indd 81 7/11/18 2:07 AM

Summary REVIEW
8 Integrating: 5 u 5
where u = , v = = , a = −10
2 3 2 6
v = t 3 − 2t + c When t = 0, v = 1 ⇒ c = 1. 1 1
3 then t = , or T =
12 12
m = t3 − 2 t + d When t = 0, m = 2 ⇒ d = 2.
11 i Using Newton’s second law for P:
The initial momentum (when t = 0) is
−2 = 2a ⇒ a = −1 m s−2
1 × 2 = 2 kg m s−1.
So for P: a = −1 m s−2 u = u m s−1
The final momentum (when t = 3) is
s = 5u m t = T
(18 – 6 + 1) (27 – 6 + 2) = 299 kg m s−1.
1 2
Therefore the change in momentum is 297 kg m s−1. Using s = ut + at ,
2
9 Assume the particles collide after T seconds. 1
5u = uT − T 2 ⇒ T 2 – 2uT + 10u = 0.
For particle A, Newton’s second law can be 2
used to calculate the acceleration. By the quadratic formula:
mgsin 30° = ma ⇒ a = 5 m s−2 2u ± 4u 2 − 4(1)(10u)

T =
2
So: a = 5 m s−2 u = 0 m s−1
s = (10 – h) m t = T. 2u ± 4u 2 − 40u
T =
2
1 2
Using s = ut + at ,
2 2u ± 2 u 2 − 10u
1 1 T =
10 − h = × 5T 2 ⇒ h = 10 − × 5T 2. 1 2
2 2
For particle B, Newton’s second law can be T = u + u 2 − 10u (this is the time taken
used to calculate the acceleration. for P to reach the initial position of Q).
−mgsin 30° = ma ⇒ a = −5 m s−2 For Q: a = −10 m s−2 u = v m s−1

v = −v m s−1 t = T1.
So: a = −5 m s−2 u = 8 m s−1 s = h m
Using v = u + at,
t = T.
1 v
Using s = ut + at 2 , –v = v – 10T1 ⇒ T1 =
5
(this is the time
2
1 taken for Q to return to the ground).
h = 8T − × 5T 2. 2
2
You require T1 > T
Equating 1 and 2
v
> u + u 2 − 10u ⇒ v > 5u + 5 u 2 − 10u .
1 1 5
10 − × 5T 2 = 8T − × 5T 2 ⇒ 10 = 8T ⇒
2 2 ii The discriminant must be positive
T = 1.25 s ⇒ u2 – 10u > 0 ⇒ u > 10.
1
Therefore, h = 10 − × 5 × 1.252 = 6.09 m If u is not greater than 10, P will not pass the
2
initial position of Q.
10 By conservation of energy,
12 Let the speed of the particle at A be u m s−1 and the
() ( )
2
1 1 u u speed of the particle at B be v m s−1.
mu 2 = m + mg
2 2 2 16
From change in KE:
1 2 1 2 10u
2
u = u +
8 16
1
2 ( ) m
m v 2 − u 2 = 25 ⇒ (v + u )(v − u ) = 25.
2
8u2 = 2u2 + 10u So: m(v – u) (v + u) = 50. 1
3u2 – 5u = 0 From change in momentum:
u(3u – 5) = 0 mv – mu = 10 ⇒ m (v – u) = 10. 2
5 Substituting 2 into 1 gives
u = 0 or u =
3 10 (v + u) = 50 ⇒ u + v = 5.
5
Since u > 0, you can say that u = ms−1.
3 To find the distance travelled by the particle,
Loss in KE is
1
2( ) ( ) − ( 65 )  = 125
5  5
3× 
3  3
2 2
24
J.
use s = ( )
u+v
2
t.
You know that u + v = 5 and that t = 5.
( 52 )5 = 12.5 metres
v −u
Using v = u + at, then t = s=
a
82
57750_P069_082_WB.indd 82 7/11/18 2:07 AM

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Cambridge International

AS & A Level Mathematics

Tom Andrews, Michael Kent

Pure Mathematics 1 International Students Book Title page.indd 1 14/11/17 10:46 pm

b sin BAD = sin122° W

57750_P001_012_WB.indd 1 7/10/18 11:14 PM

R = W cos θ 2 R − 50 cos 28° = 0

57750_P001_012_WB.indd 2 7/10/18 11:15 PM

b R(→) Make T1 the subject of equation 1 .

cos θ = 52 − 12 = 24 U sin 2α cosα + U cos2α sin α

6 U(sin 2α cosα + cos2α sin α )

57750_P001_012_WB.indd 3 7/10/18 11:15 PM

( ) obtain the angle opposite the 4 N force as 18.4°.

Magnitude = (9 + 7cos50°)2 + (7sin 50°)2 D = 170.55 = 13.1 N

= 10.8 N Hence the resultant force acts at approximately

( 3 − 2cos 40° − 5sin 40°)2 + ( 5sin 50° − 2sin 40°)2

57750_P001_012_WB.indd 4 7/10/18 11:15 PM

8 a Let resultant force = F N

a = 475.182 T cos 20° = 1 (50 − T sin 20°)

F − 80 sin 28° = 0 R = W cos α

R − 80 cos 28° = 0 0.3 = W sin α = tan α

57750_P001_012_WB.indd 5 7/10/18 11:15 PM

R − P sin 25° − 32 cos 25° = 0 1

560 − F − W sin θ = 0 2m – m tan θ = 1 – 2 tan θ

F = 560 − W sin θ 2m – 1 = m tan θ – 2 tan θ

3920 R( ) R = 30 cos 30°

R 8500 cos50° R( ) R = 30 cos 30°

F P − 8500 sin 50° F = mR

57750_P001_012_WB.indd 6 7/10/18 11:15 PM

R − 170 cos α = 0 T = 1890sin 30° − 420cos30°

c Let the weight of the shopping be W N: 13 a R( ) X cos a = F + W sin a

100 − F − (170 + W) × 13 = 0 F X cosα − W sin α

R − (170 + W) × 84 = 0 3 sin a cos a + cos2 a = 3 cos a – sin a

57750_P001_012_WB.indd 7 7/10/18 11:15 PM

b f(a) = 10 cos4a + cos2 a – 6 cos a – 1 = 0 1.8

P cos 8° = 1 × (70 + P sin 8°)

cos θ = 5 = 5 5 a Cosine rule: H2 = 162 + 242 – 2 × 16 × 24 × cos 50

Q = 30.5 cos 55° = 17.5 N

T1 sin 5° + T2 sin 7° – 1.8 = 0 2 (6 + 10 cos 50°) N

57750_P001_012_WB.indd 8 7/10/18 11:15 PM

F = 40 cos 35° − W sin 35° X = 10.4 × sin 14.5° = 4.07 N

R − 40 sin 35° − W cos 35° = 0 c R2 = (5 + 7 cos60°)2 + (4.07 + 7sin 60°)2 = 13.2 N

48 sin θ = 25 cos θ R( ) R = W cos 30° + P sin 30°

R= (7sin 60°) + (5 + 7 cos60°) = 109 = 10.4 N

Third angle = 180° – (14.5° + 125.5) = 40°.

57750_P001_012_WB.indd 9 7/10/18 11:15 PM

T = µW cosθ − W sin θ 17 a Let the angle of inclination be θ. Hence sin θ = 3

X(1 + µ tan α) = 50(tan α – µ)

R – P sin 25° − 12 cos 15° = 0 17

P cos 25° − 12 sin 15° = 0.32(P sin 25° + 12 cos 15°)

57750_P001_012_WB.indd 10 7/10/18 11:15 PM

R(↑) TA cos θ = TB sin θ + 2.2g 175 5

21 a When sin θ = 0.28, cos θ = 0.96 2

57750_P001_012_WB.indd 11 7/10/18 11:15 PM

75P – 45W = 68P – 32W Mathematics in life and work

57750_P001_012_WB.indd 12 7/10/18 11:16 PM

2 Kinematics of motion in a straight line

Exercise 2.1A 9 a Journey taken by bus = 15 + 36 = 51 km

Direct route = 152 + 36 2 = 39 km

T1 sin 5° + T2 sin 7° – 1.8 = 0 2 (6 + 10 cos 50°) N

T = µW cosθ − W sin θ 17 a Let the angle of inclination be θ. Hence sin θ = 3