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Experiment 9

The document describes designing and analyzing low-pass and high-pass filters. It provides the hardware required, including op-amps, resistors, capacitors, function generator and oscilloscope. The theory section explains passive vs. active filters and advantages of active filters. Graphs show practical low-pass and high-pass frequency responses. Design sections provide calculations to create second-order Butterworth low-pass and high-pass filters with 1kHz cut-off frequencies. The experiment section gives instructions to build and test the filters, observe the outputs and plot the frequency responses. Pre-lab and post-lab questions are also included.

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112 views10 pages

Experiment 9

The document describes designing and analyzing low-pass and high-pass filters. It provides the hardware required, including op-amps, resistors, capacitors, function generator and oscilloscope. The theory section explains passive vs. active filters and advantages of active filters. Graphs show practical low-pass and high-pass frequency responses. Design sections provide calculations to create second-order Butterworth low-pass and high-pass filters with 1kHz cut-off frequencies. The experiment section gives instructions to build and test the filters, observe the outputs and plot the frequency responses. Pre-lab and post-lab questions are also included.

Uploaded by

mano17doremon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9.

DESIGN OF LOW PASS FILTER AND HIGH PASS FILTER

9.1 OBJECTIVE
To design a low pass, and high pass filter and plot the frequency response.
9.2 HARDWARE REQUIRED
S.No Equipment/Component Name Specifications/Value Quantity

1 Op-amp IC741 1

2 Resistor To be calculated
3 Capacitor 0.047uf 2
4 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (0 – 20MHz) 1
6 Dual power supply 15 V 1
7 Function Generator (0-2) MHz 1

9.3 THEORY

A filter is a circuit that lets certain frequencies pass and blocks other frequencies. This
selective nature can be done two ways, either with passive filters or with active filters. Passive
filters completely comprised of passive elements; namely resistors, capacitors and/or inductors.
Active filters use active devices, i.e., an op-amp, to filter out unwanted signals.

Active filters have the following advantages over passive filters.


● Gain and frequency adjustment and tuning.
● No inductors (reduces cost and size).
● No loading effects.

Some disadvantages of active filters.


● Bandwidth limitations
● Fabrication tolerances
● Can only respond to a specific range of signal magnitudes.

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Fig. 9.1shows the performance of a practical low-pass and high pass circuit. Active filters can be
classified as; low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, notch, or all pass circuit.

Fig 9.1 Graph of practical (a) Low pass Filter and (b) High pass Filter
Design: (i) Design a second-order Butterworth low pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 1KHz.
(ii) Design a second-order Butterworth high pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 1KHz.
(i) For 2nd order low pass filter design, given fL = 1KHz,
Choose C2=C3=0.047µF,
fL=1/2πRC,
R2=R3=R=3.3KΩ,
α =1.414 (As Butterworth filter)
α=3-A =>A =1.586
Choose R1=10KΩ
A=1+Rf/R1 =>Rf=5.8KΩ
SECOND ORDER LOW PASS FILTER

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Fig.9.2 Second-Order Low-Pass Filter

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(ii) For 2nd order high pass filter design, given fH = 1KHz,
Choose C2=C3=0.047µF,
fH=1/2πRC,
R2=R3=R=3.3KΩ,
α =1.414 (As Butterworth filter)
α=3-A =>A =1.586
Choose R1=10KΩ
A=1+Rf/R1 =>Rf=5.8KΩ

SECOND ORDER HIGH PASS FILTER

Fig.9.3 Second-Order High-Pass Filter

9.4 EXPERIMENT
9.4.1 Low pass filter
1. Connect the Second order low pass filter circuit as shown in Fig.9.2 with the
values of R2 =R3 =3.3K Ω Rf=5.8K Ω, R1= 10KΩ C2=C3=0.47uF.
2. Apply the sinusoidal input of amplitude 100mV.
3. Vary the frequency and note down the corresponding output amplitude.
4. Plot the frequency response.

9.4.2 High pass filter

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1. Connect the Second order high pass filter circuit as shown in Fig.9.3 with the values of
R2 = R3=3.3KΩ, C2=C3=0.047uF, Rf=5.8KΩ, R1=10KΩ.
2. Apply the sinusoidal input of amplitude 100mV.
3. Vary the frequency and note down the corresponding output amplitude.
4. Plot the frequency response.
9.5 Observation

Low Pass Filter


Vin =
Input Frequency fin Output Amplitude Gain A = Gain(dB) = 20
S.No
(Hz) Vo Vo/Vin log(A)

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High Pass Filter
Vin =
Input Frequency Gain A = Gain(dB) = 20
S.No Output Amplitude Vo
fin (Hz) Vo/Vin log(A)

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9.6 PRE LAB QESTIONS
1. Design a second order low pass butterworth filter at a high cut-off frequency of
2.2KHz. Given RF=20KΩ and capacitor 0.047µF.
2. How is the higher order filters formed?
3. The internal resistor of the second order high pass filter is equal to 10KΩ. Find the value
of feedback resistor?

9.7 POST LAB QUESTIONS


1. Compute the pass band gain and high cut-off frequency for the first-order low pass filter.

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2. Determine voltage gain of second order high pass Butterworth filter with the
specifications R3 =R2=33Ω, f = 250Hz and fL=1KHz.

9.8 Design and Simulation


1. Design a low pass filter with a cutoff frequency 500HZ in LTSPICE, Plot the frequency response of the
low pass filter.

2. Design a high pass filter with a cutoff frequency 2KHZ in LTSPICE, Plot the frequency response of the
low pass filter

9.9 Result

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