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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 7788

Second edition
2021-10

Steel — Surface finish of hot-rolled

plates and wide flats — Delivery
requirements
Acier — État de surface des tôles et larges-plats laminés à chaud —
Conditions de livraison

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Reference number
ISO 7788:2021(E)

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
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Email: [email protected]
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ISO 7788:2021(E)

Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
5 Classification............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
6 Requirements........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
6.1 Depth and affected area of discontinuities.................................................................................................................... 4
6.1.1 Depth.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
6.1.2 Affected area........................................................................................................................................................................... 4
6.2 Repair requirements.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.2.1 Class A........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.2.2 Class B........................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.3 Repair procedures................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
6.3.1 Grinding....................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.3.2 Welding........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Annex A (informative) Action to undertake in function of the depth of discontinuities and
nominal thickness of the products................................................................................................................................................. 10
Annex B (informative) Classes and subclasses for surface conditions with their respective
requirements......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 3, Steels for
structural purposes.

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This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7788:1985), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— updated normative reference;
— new definitions added and definitions in former Annex A added to Clause 3;
— deletion of distinction concerning boilers and pressure vessel applications (Clause 4);
— new definition of two classes and three subclasses added (Clause 5);
— new Clause 6 on depth and determination of affected areas, repair requirements and repair
procedures;
— new Annex B with classes and subclasses for surface conditions with their respective requirements;
— deletion of former Annex A.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7788:2021(E)

Steel — Surface finish of hot-rolled plates and wide flats —

Delivery requirements

1 Scope
This document specifies delivery requirements applicable to the surface finish of hot-rolled plates
rolled on reversing mills and wide flats, with a nominal thickness ≥3 mm and ≤400 mm.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6929, Steel products — Vocabulary
ISO 7452, Hot-rolled steel plates — Tolerances on dimensions and shape
ISO 9034, Hot-rolled structural steel wide flats — Tolerances on dimensions and shape
ISO 9606-1, Qualification testing of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: Steels
ISO 15607, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — General rules

3 Terms and definitions

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For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6929 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://​w ww​.iso​.org/​obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://​w ww​.electropedia​.org/​
3.1
imperfection
surface discontinuity other than cracks (3.10), shell and seams (3.11) with a depth and/or an area equal
to or less than a specified limiting value
Note 1 to entry: Discontinuities that are required to be repaired are regarded as defects.

3.2
defect
surface discontinuity with a depth and/or area greater than a specified limiting value and all cracks
(3.10), shell and seams (3.11), irrespective of their depth or/and area
3.3
rolled-in scale and pitting
marks on the rolled surface varying in shape, thickness and frequency resulting from the unsatisfactory
subsequent removal of scale from the stock before or during hot rolling and processing
Note 1 to entry: Rolled-in scale-pitting can be regarded as discontinuities.

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

3.4
indentations and roll marks
marks appearing at periodic intervals caused by damaged rolls or pinch rolls
Note 1 to entry: Indentations (depressions) or roll marks (protuberances) can be distributed at definite distances
apart or irregularly throughout the length and width of the stock. Indentations can be caused, among other
things, by protuberances on rolls or rollers.

Note 2 to entry: Indentations and roll marks can be regarded as discontinuities.

3.5
scratches and grooves
mechanical damages varying in width, depth and length at the surface, mostly parallel or at right angles
to the rolling direction
Note 1 to entry: They can be slightly rolled over and seldom contain scale. These damages are caused by friction
between the stock and parts of the equipment due to relative movements.

Note 2 to entry: Scratches and grooves can be regarded as discontinuities.

3.6
spills and slivers
minute surface discontinuities of an irregular and flake-like nature
Note 1 to entry: Spills and slivers are elongated in the direction of rolling, their extent depending on the degree of
reduction. They are still connected – as minute particles of shell – to the base metal at certain points.

Note 2 to entry: Spills and slivers can be regarded as discontinuities.

3.7
blisters
blow holes of varying size and shape located closely beneath the surface and appearing during hot
rolling

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Note 1 to entry: Blisters can be regarded as discontinuities.

3.8
hot tears
variably orientated material discontinuities in the surface region varying in length, width and depth
and occurring in preferred directions and/or distributed over a limited area
Note 1 to entry: Hot tears arise in the processing of slab ingots, roughed slabs and continuously cast slabs and are
associated with the steel, with stresses in the initial material or with adverse forming conditions.

Note 2 to entry: Hot tears can be regarded as discontinuities.

3.9
sand patch
non-metallic inclusion in the surface that varies in size and shape, elongated in the direction of rolling,
randomly localized and distinctly coloured, standing out from its background
Note 1 to entry: Sand patches can be regarded as discontinuities.

3.10
crack
localized discontinuity of varying length and varying orientation related to the rolling direction in the
region of the surface, and which can less frequently occur as crazing
Note 1 to entry: Cracks are due mainly to material stresses that arise during the cooling process.

Note 2 to entry: Cracks are always considered as defects, see 6.2.1.2.3.

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

3.11
shell and seams
overlapping material being irregularly distributed over areas of the rolled product and being only
partially connected with the base material
Note 1 to entry: The overlapping portions of the surface varying in shape and extent. There is a preponderance of
non-metallic inclusions and/or scale among the shell. Shell can originate during casting or because of the shifting
or sliding of layers of the material during hot rolling. Seams are caused mainly when defects in the semi-product
parallel to the rolling direction, for instance, flame-cutting burrs, are overlapped during rolling.

Note 2 to entry: To get information about other surface of defects on the flat products, refer to valid references,
including Reference [3].

Note 3 to entry: Shell and seams are always considered defects, see 6.2.1.2.3.

4 General
For plates with a nominal thickness greater than 400 mm and for special applications for which a
different surface condition is required, special agreements shall be made at the time of enquiry and
order.
Responsibility for the required surface condition, whether the product is delivered descaled or not,
rests with the material producer, who has to take the necessary precautions. The producer can only
take account of discontinuities that are visible to the naked eye. Rolling or heat-treatment scale can
conceal surface discontinuities.
If the purchaser needs to be sure that all discontinuities visible to the naked eye have been identified,
assessed and where necessary, repaired before delivery, products should be ordered descaled.
If, during the subsequent descaling or working operations by the user, the material is found to
be defective because of faulty rolling or processing by the producer, the producer shall be given
opportunity to repair the product, provided that this is not in conflict with the appropriate material or

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product standard.

5 Classification
The surface requirements and repair conditions are subdivided into 2 classes. Each class is further
subdivided into 3 subclasses (see also Annex B):
Class A: The surface condition shall conform to the requirements of 6.2.1 and 6.3.1.1. The remaining
thickness of the affected area (see 6.1.2) under the discontinuities and of the repaired ground areas
may be less than the minimum thickness as specified in the appropriate tolerance standard.
Class B: The surface condition shall conform to the requirements of 6.2.2 and 6.3.1.2. The remaining
thickness of the affected area under the discontinuities and of the repaired ground areas shall not be
less than the minimum thickness as specified in the appropriate tolerance standard.
Subclass 1: Repair by chipping and/or grinding followed by welding is permitted in accordance with
6.3.2.2.
Subclass 2: Repair by welding is only permitted if agreed at the time of the order and under agreed
conditions (see 6.3.2.3).
Subclass 3: Repair by welding is not allowed.
The required class and subclass are specified in the appropriate material or product standard. If this
is not the case, the class and subclass shall be class A and subclass 1 unless otherwise specified at the
time of order.

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

6 Requirements

6.1 Depth and affected area of discontinuities

6.1.1 Depth

To differentiate the surface discontinuities in terms of imperfections and defects, the depth of
representative surface discontinuities shall be measured when necessary. The measurement shall be
carried out from the surface of the product. The depth of the discontinuities chosen as the representative
ones shall be determined after the discontinuity has been removed by grinding.

6.1.2 Affected area

When necessary, areas affected by surface discontinuities shall be determined as follows:

a) For isolated discontinuities (Figure 1), the affected area is obtained by drawing a continuous line
that follows the circumference of the discontinuity at a distance of 20 mm or by drawing a rectangle
whose sides are 20 mm from the edges of the discontinuity.
b) For discontinuities appearing in a cluster (Figure 2), the affected area is obtained by drawing a
continuous line that follows the circumference of the cluster at a distance of 20 mm or by drawing a
rectangle whose sides are 20 mm from the continuous line that follows the cluster or by the product
edge if it is closer.
c) For discontinuities appearing in a line (Figure 3), the affected area is obtained by drawing a
rectangle whose sides are 20 mm in the longitudinal direction and 20 mm in the transverse
direction from the edge of the discontinuity or by the product edge if it is closer.
Multiple appearing discontinuities whose edges are closer together than 40 mm shall be considered as
one cluster.

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Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 horizontal line

Figure 1 — Determination of the affected area due to an isolated discontinuity

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 horizontal line

Figure 2 — Determination of the affected areas due to clustered discontinuities

Dimensions in millimetres

Figure 3 — Determination of the affected areas due to aligned single or multiple discontinuities University of Toronto User.

6.2 Repair requirements

The actions to undertake in function of the nature and the geometrical characteristics of discontinuities
can be found in Figure A.1 and Table A.1.

6.2.1 Class A

6.2.1.1 Imperfections

6.2.1.1.1 Typical imperfections are for example rolled in scale and pitting, indentations and roll
marks, scratches and grooves, spills and slivers, blisters, hot tears or sand patches.

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

Discontinuities other than cracks, shell and seams (see 6.2.1.2.3) not exceeding the limits of Table 1
are regarded as being inherent of the manufacturing process and are permissible irrespective of their
number.
A surface area with discontinuities within the limits of Table 1 but with a remaining thickness under the
discontinuities less than the minimum thickness as specified in ISO 7452 and ISO 9034 is permissible
with a maximum of 15 % of the inspected surface.

Table 1 — Maximum permissible depth of imperfections

Nominal thickness of the product
Maximum permissible depth of imperfections
t
mm
mm
3≤t<8 0,2
8 ≤ t < 25 0,3
25 ≤ t < 40 0,4
40 ≤ t < 80 0,5
80 ≤ t < 250 0,7
250 ≤ t ≤ 400 1,3

6.2.1.1.2 Discontinuities other than cracks, shell and seams (see 6.2.1.2.3) with a depth exceeding the
limits of Table 1 but not exceeding the limits of Table 2 and of which the sum of affected areas does not
exceed 5 % of the inspected surface may be left unrepaired.

Table 2 — Maximum permissible depth of discontinuities

Nominal thickness of the product
Maximum permissible depth of discontinuities
t
mm
mm

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3≤t<8 0,4
8 ≤ t < 25 0,5
25 ≤ t < 40 0,6
40 ≤ t < 80 0,8
80 ≤ t < 150 0,9
150 ≤ t < 250 1,2
250 ≤ t ≤ 400 1,5

A surface area with a remaining thickness under the discontinuities less than the minimum thickness
as specified in ISO 7452 and ISO 9034 is permissible with a maximum of 2 % of the area of the inspected
surface.

6.2.1.2 Defects

6.2.1.2.1 Discontinuities with a depth exceeding the limits of Table 1 but not exceeding the limits of
Table 2, but with an affected surface area of more than 5 % of the inspected surface shall be repaired.

6.2.1.2.2 Discontinuities with a depth exceeding the limits of Table 2 shall be repaired, irrespective of
their number.

6.2.1.2.3 Discontinuities such as cracks, shell and seams, which are in general deep and sharp, and
therefore impair the use of the products, shall always be repaired irrespective of their depth and
number.

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

6.2.2 Class B

The requirements of 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.2 shall apply, except that the remaining thickness under the
discontinuities and repair ground areas shall not be less than the minimum permissible thickness as
specified in ISO 7452 and ISO 9034 (or in another agreed dimensional standard).

6.3 Repair procedures

The repair possibilities in function of the class and nominal thickness of the product are represented in
Figure A.2 and Table A.1.

6.3.1 Grinding

If a discontinuity must be repaired, it shall be removed completely by grinding to its full depth. The
ground areas shall have a smooth transition to the surrounding surface of the product. In case of
dispute, complete elimination of the defect may be demonstrated by magnetic particle or dye penetrant
test techniques.
The producer shall be allowed to repair the entire surface by grinding to the minimum thickness
specified in ISO 7452 and ISO 9034 (or in another agreed dimensional standard).
Grinding of defects shall be carried out subject to the following conditions.

6.3.1.1 Class A

6.3.1.1.1 The maximum permissible depth of ground areas is given in Tables 3 and 4.

Table 3 — Maximum permissible depth of ground areas with a maximum of 15 % of the

inspected area
Nominal thickness of the product Permitted grinding depth allowances below the minimum

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t thickness as specified in ISO 7452 and ISO 9034
mm mm
3≤t<8 0,3
8 ≤ t < 15 0,4
15 ≤ t < 25 0,5
25 ≤ t < 40 0,6
40 ≤ t < 60 0,7
60 ≤ t < 80 0,8
80 ≤ t < 150 1,0
150 ≤ t <250 1,2
250 ≤ t ≤ 400 1,4

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

Table 4 — Maximum permissible depth of ground areas with a maximum of 2 % of the

inspected area
Nominal thickness of the product Permitted grinding depth allowances below the minimum
t thickness as specified in ISO 7452 and ISO 9034
mm mm
3≤t<8 0,4
8 ≤ t < 15 0,5
15 ≤ t < 25 0,7
25 ≤ t < 40 0,9
40 ≤ t < 60 1,1
60 ≤ t < 80 1,3
80 ≤ t < 150 1,6
150 ≤ t <250 1,9
250 ≤ t ≤ 400 2,2

6.3.1.1.2 When the depth of the ground area is less than indicated in Table 3, a surface area with a
remaining thickness under the ground area less than the minimum thickness as specified in ISO 7452
and ISO 9034 is permissible with a maximum of 15 % of the inspected surface.

6.3.1.1.3 When the depth of the ground area exceeds the limits given in Table 3 but is less than
indicated in Table 4, the sum of all ground areas below the minimum permissible thickness of one side
of the product shall not exceed 2 % of the inspected surface area. For products of surface greater than
12,5 m2, the size of a single ground area below the minimum permissible thickness shall not exceed
0,25 m2.

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6.3.1.1.4 For the remaining thickness of two ground areas lying opposite to each other on both sides
of the product, Table 4 shall apply.

6.3.1.2 Class B

The remaining thickness of the repaired ground area shall not be under the minimum permissible
thickness as specified in ISO 7452 and ISO 9034.

6.3.2 Welding

Defects shall be completely eliminated before any weld repair is commenced. This procedure shall not
reduce the thickness of the product to less than 70 % of its nominal thickness.
Prior to weld repair of edges of flat products, the depth of the groove, measured from the edge inward,
shall not exceed the nominal thickness of the product with a maximum of 30 mm.
The welding shall be carried out by welders qualified in accordance with ISO 9606-1 using a procedure
appropriate to the grade of steel and acceptable to the purchaser. Welding procedures shall be carried
out in accordance with ISO 15607.
The weld shall be free of any lack of fusion, undercutting, cracks and other defects which could impair
the workability or use of the product in question as specified by the purchaser.
The deposited weld material shall reach above the plate surface and shall subsequently be ground
smooth and level with the product surface. After grinding smooth, ordered product thickness tolerances
shall apply to the ground area.
After repair, a post-weld heat treatment may be agreed between the producer and the purchaser.

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

Proper repair shall be verified by ultrasonic, radiographic, magnetic particle or dye penetrant
inspection. When the method has not been specified by the purchaser, the choice of the method is at the
manufacturer’s discretion.
If requested at the time of the order for every welding repair, the producer shall provide reports
containing a sketch, showing dimensions and location of the defect and full details of the repair
procedure, including the welding consumables, eventual post-weld heat treatment and non-destructive
testing.

6.3.2.1 General

The following conditions apply for the repair by welding of defects which cannot be repaired by grinding
in accordance with 6.3.1.

6.3.2.2 Subclass 1

A single welded area shall not exceed 0,125 m2 and the sum of the welded areas shall not exceed 0,125 m2
or 2 % of the surface area under inspection, whichever is the greater, for plates having a surface area
greater or equal to 6 m2 or 5 %, for plates having a surface area less than 6 m2.
Ground and welded areas that are separated by a distance less than their average width shall be treated
as a single area for the purpose of determining the limiting area.

6.3.2.3 Subclass 2

Repair by welding is only allowed if agreed at the time of the order. In this case, requirements different
from 6.3.2.2 can be specified.

6.3.2.4 Subclass 3

Repair by welding is not allowed.

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

Annex A
(informative)

Action to undertake in function of the depth of discontinuities and

nominal thickness of the products

Figure A.1 represents the action to undertake in function of the class, the depth of discontinuities and
nominal thickness of the product.
Dimensions in millimetres

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Key
t nominal thickness of the product
d depth of discontinuities measured from the actual plate thickness
imperfections inherent in the manufacturing process and always accepted (see 6.2.1.1.1)a
accepted imperfections in the limit of 5 % of the inspected surface (see 6.2.1.1.2)b
defects to repair (defects with an affected surface area of more than 5 % of the inspected surface) (see
6.2.1.2.1)
defects to repair or to reject (see 6.2.1.2.2)
a Maximum 15 % of the surface for class A and 0 % for class B can have a remaining thickness under the
discontinuities less than the minimum thickness as specified in ISO 7452 and ISO 9034.
b Maximum 2 % of the surface for class A and 0 % for class B can have a remaining thickness under the
discontinuities less than the minimum thickness as specified in ISO 7452 and ISO 9034.

Figure A.1 — Limits for discontinuities

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

Figure A.2 represents the repair possibilities in function of the class and nominal thickness of the
product, exemplary with the tolerances of ISO 7452 – Class A.
Dimensions in millimetres

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Key
t nominal thickness of the product
d depth of grinding below nominal thickness
1 grinding accepted over 100 % of the surface (see 6.3.1) for classes A and B
2 requirements for allowable under thickness tolerance (see ISO 7452 – Class A)
3 grinding limited to 15 % of the surface (see 6.3.1.1.1 and 6.3.1.1.2) for class A
4 grinding limited to 2 % of the surface (see 6.3.1.1.1 and 6.3.1.1.3) for class A

Figure A.2 — Repair of defects (grinding or grinding + welding)

Table A.1 represents the action to undertake in function of the nominal thickness of the product, the
class, the nature and the geometrical characteristics of discontinuities.

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 Table A.1 — Action to undertake in function of the nature and the geometrical characteristics of discontinuities
12

ISO 7788:2021(E)
Category Depth of discontinuity for nominal plate thickness of Thickness beneath Total area per Action
mm discontinuity less/ side a (see repair


<8 ≥8 ≥25 ≥40 ≥80 ≥150 ≥250 not less than that rules)
<25 <40 <80 <150 <250 ≤400 allowed by rolling
tolerances
Excluding cracks, shells, seams b
≤0,2 ≤0,3 ≤0,4 ≤0,5 ≤0,7 ≤0,7 ≤1,3 <c ≤15 % None
<c >15 % Repair
≥ Any None
6.2.1.1 ≤0,4 ≤0,5 ≤0,6 ≤0,8 ≤0,9 ≤1,2 ≤1,5 <c ≤2 % None
<c >2 % Repair
≥ ≤5 % None
≤0,4 ≤0,5 ≤0,6 ≤0,8 ≤0,9 ≤1,2 ≤1,5 ≥ >5 % Repair
6.2.1.2 >0,4 >0,5 >0,6 >0,8 >0,9 >1,2 >1,5 <c All Repair
≥
Cracks, shells, seams b


6.2.1.2.3 All depths — — Repair

a Area is that within a line 20 mm from and around each discontinuity or discontinuity cluster (or plate edge if closer), see 6.1.2.
b Or similar sharp, deep defects.
c Not permitted for Class B, see 6.2.2.
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ISO 7788:2021(E)

Annex B
(informative)

Classes and subclasses for surface conditions with their respective

requirements

In Table B.1 the classes and subclasses for surface conditions are given with their respective
requirements.

Table B.1 — Classes and subclasses for surface conditions with their respective requirements
Remaining thickness of repaired ground area in concordance with 6.3.1.1
Repair chipping/ Repair welding by Repair welding not
grinding followed by agreement allowed
welding
Sub-class 1 X
Class A Sub-class 2 X
Sub-class 3 X

Remaining thickness of repaired ground area not under tolerance standard in

concordance with 6.3.1.2
Repair chipping/ Repair welding by Repair welding not
grinding followed by agreement allowed
welding
Sub-class 1 X

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Class B Sub-class 2 X
Sub-class 3 X

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ISO 7788:2021(E)

Bibliography

[1] EN 10163-1, Delivery requirements for surface condition of hot-rolled steel plates, wide flats and
sections — Part 1: General requirements
[2] EN 10163-2, Delivery requirements for surface condition of hot-rolled steel plates, wide flats and
sections — Part 2: Plate and wide flats
[3] Fehlerkatalog Grobblech / Catalogue of Heavy Plates Defect, / Editor: Verein Deutscher
Eisenhuttenleute (VDEH), 1st Edition, Publisher: Stahleisen GmbH (November 12, 2015)

University of Toronto User.

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Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Techstreet LLC, subscriptions.techstreet.com, downloaded on 2022-02-26 15:40:56 +0000 by University of Toronto User.
No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.
Copyrighted material licensed to University of Toronto by Techstreet LLC, subscriptions.techstreet.com, downloaded on 2022-02-26 15:40:56 +0000 by University of Toronto User.
No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

ISO 7788:2021(E)

Price based on 14 pages

ICS 77.140.50