Electrical Power Sources

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
 This is a Li-Ion battery

Output voltage: 12V

Current depends on the

load

Currents shown (120 A)

is the maximum
current the battery can
supply (motorbike
engine start current)

This is a 12V DC voltage

source
ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,
Katubedda, Moratuwa
Energy = 24 Wh
 AC-DC adapter

Input: 100-240 V ~ 50/60 Hz

Output: 12V

Current depends on the load

Currents shown are the maximum

currents that the device can handle

This is a 12V DC voltage source

Power rating: 12𝑉 × 5𝐴 = 60 𝑊

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Diesel power generator is an AC voltage source; 230 V (1-phase), 400 V (3-phase)

Standby power: Limited duration during a power outage

Prime power: Long hours as the prime source with no or limited grid access

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,
Katubedda, Moratuwa
Resistors and Ohm’s Law
a

v = Ri
vab = Riab
For a resistor voltage and the current are always in
opposite directions. Resistors always absorb energy.
b Eg. Heating coil in an electric iron, Hot plate
2
2
𝑣
𝑝 = 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑖 𝑅 =
𝑅
ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,
Katubedda, Moratuwa
 A Linear Resistor
Voltage, (𝑣)
For a linear resistor, the
resistance, R, is always
constant. This means, 𝑣
versus 𝑖 plot is always a
𝑣 = 𝑅𝑖 straight line. Hence, we
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 say “a linear resistor”.

Current (𝑖)

Not all the resistors are linear. When voltage

increases, current increases. Due to excessive heating,
at higher voltages some resistors become non-linear
ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,
Katubedda, Moratuwa
 Conductance

1
G = (unit Siemens, ' S ')
R
i = Gv

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Resistance is Related to Physical Parameters
and the material properties

𝑙
𝑅=𝜌
𝐴

ρ is the resistivity of the material used to construct the resistor

Unit is Ohm-meter

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Consider the circuit shown below. Use Ohm’s law, KVL,
and KCL to find the supply voltage, Vx

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Use KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s law to find
𝒊𝒚 and 𝒊𝒙

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
 15 V
iy = = 3A
5

ix + 0.5ix = i y

ix = 2 A

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
 vx = 10ix = 20 V
Using 𝐾𝑉𝐿
15 + 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑉𝑠 = 0
Vs = 35 V

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Using KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law to
Solve a Circuit

Use
* Voltage/Current Division Rules
* KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law
* Transformation Theorems
(Norton, Thevenin)
* Superposition Theorem

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Series Resistances

v=v1+v2+v3=R1i + R2i + R3i

v=(R1+R2+R3)i , therefore Req= R1+R2+R3

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Parallel Resistances
In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each element is
the same..
i=i1+i2+i3, i=v/R1+ v/R2 +v/R3
therefore i=(1/R1+1/R2+1/R3)v

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Therefore the equivalent resistance is given as Req,
where 1 1 1 1
= + +
Req R1 R2 R3
1
Req =
1 R1 + 1 R2 + 1 R3
Similarly for two resistances, we have
1 R1 R2
Req = =
1 R1 + 1 R2 R1 + R2

1 1 1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯ = + + …
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
Example 2.2 Find the current, voltage, and power for
each element of the circuit shown in Fig 2.5a

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Example 2.2 Find the current, voltage, and power for
each element of the circuit shown in Fig 2.5a

Element Current (A) Voltage (V) Power (W)

R1=10Ω 3 30 90
R2=30Ω 2 60 120
R3=60Ω 1 60 60
Source 3 90 270
ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,
Katubedda, Moratuwa
Voltage Divider Rule

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Voltage Division

R1
v1 = R1i = v total
R1 + R2 + R3

R2
v2 = R2i = v total
R1 + R2 + R3

R3
v3 = R3i = vtotal
R1 + R2 + R3
ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,
Katubedda, Moratuwa
Current Divider Rule

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Current Division
v R2
i1 = = itotal
R1 R1 + R2

v R1
i2 = = itotal
R2 R1 + R2

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Example 2.5 Use the current-division principle to
find current i1 in Fig 2.12a

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Note: The current divider rule applies for two resistances
in parallel, therefore the first step is to combine R2 and R3

See Fig2.12(b)

R2 R3 30  60
Req = = = 20
R2 + R3 30 + 60

Req 20
i1 = is = 15 = 10A
R1 + Req 10 + 20

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Thevenin, Leon-Charles
(1857-1926) French telegraph engineer

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Thévenin Equivalent Circuits

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Consider the Thevenin equivalent with open-circuit terminals as
shown in following figure. Since no current flows through the
circuit, there is no voltage drop across the resistor (𝑣𝑅 = 0),
which give 𝑉𝑡 = 𝑣𝑜𝑐

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Now, consider the Thevenin equivalent with a short circuit
connected across its terminal as shown in following figure.
Vt Vt
The current flowing in this circuit is I sc = . Therefore Rt =
Rt I sc
Thévenin Equivalent Circuits

Vt = v oc

voc
Rt =
isc

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Example 2.14 Find the Thevenin equivalent Circuit for
the circuit shown in Fig 2.43a

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
First, we analyze the circuit with open-circuited terminal. This
is shown in Fig 2.43b.

vs 15
The current is i1 = = = 0.10 A
R1 + R2 100 + 50

The open-circuit voltage across R2,

voc = R2i1 = 50  0.10 = 5V

Thus,
Vt = 5V
Now, consider the circuit with a short circuit connected across its
terminal as shown in Fig 2.43c

We have,
vs 15
isc = = = 0.15 A
R1 100
Therefore, Thevenin resistance,

voc 5V
Rt = = = 33.3
i sc 0.15 A

The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig 2.43d

 Computer simulations
In the circuit in Fig. 2.32(b) in slide 86, if a light bulb
of 2Ω is connected across AB, find the power that
the bulb will draw. Use mesh current analysis and
Thevenin equivalent circuit method. Here, R1=R2=
… =R8=1Ω, and vA=100 V.
Now, verify your answer by solving the above
problem without using Thevenin equivalent circuit
but mesh current analysis and parallel circuits

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Exercise 2.22 Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for
the circuit shown in Fig 2.44

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
 𝑉𝑂𝐶
𝑉𝑂𝐶 = 10𝑋5 = 50 𝑉

𝑉𝑡 = 50𝑉

10
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 𝑋5 = 1 𝐴
40 + 10
𝐼𝑆𝐶
𝑉𝑂𝐶 50
𝑅𝑡 = = = 50Ω
𝐼𝑆𝐶 1

40𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 10 5 − 𝐼𝑆𝐶 ⇒ 𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 1𝐴

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,
Katubedda, Moratuwa
 𝐼 =?
Method 1: Current division
24
𝐼= 𝑋3 = 2𝐴
24 + 12
Method 2: Solve
𝑉𝑂𝐶 12𝐼 = 24 3 − 𝐼 ⇒ 𝐼 = 2𝐴
𝐼
24
𝑉𝑂𝐶 = 𝑋3 𝑋6 = 12 𝑉
24 + 12

𝐼𝑂𝐶 =?
𝐼𝑆𝐶 Using the current division rue
24
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 𝑋3 = 2.4
24 + 6

𝑎
𝑅𝑡
12
𝑉𝑡 𝑉𝑡 = 12 𝑉, 𝑅𝑡 = = 5Ω
2.4

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

𝑏
Katubedda, Moratuwa
 𝑉𝑂𝐶 𝑉
R=10//(15+30)

Obtain V using voltage divider rule

𝑅
𝑉= 32
10 + 𝑅

Apply voltage divider rule again to get 𝑉𝑂𝐶

30
𝑉𝑂𝐶 = 𝑉
30 + 15

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
𝐼

𝐼𝑆𝐶

32
𝐼=
10 + (10//15)

𝐼𝑆𝐶 can be found by applying current division rule

10
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 𝐼
10 + 15

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
 Finding the Thévenin Resistance Directly
for Independent Sources

- If the network contains independent sources, there

is an alternative way to find the Thevenin
resistance. First , we zero the sources in the
network, and then compute the resistance between
the terminals- see Fig 2.45

- When zeroing a voltage source, it becomes a short

circuit. When zeroing a current source, it becomes
an open circuit.

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,
Katubedda, Moratuwa
Example 2.15 Find the Thevenin resistance for the
circuit shown in Fig 2.46a. then find the short-circuit
current and Thevenin equivalent

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Exercise 2.24 Find the Thevenin resistance for each of
the circuits shown in Fig 2.47 by zeroing the sources

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa
Exercise 2.24 Find the Thevenin resistance for each of
the circuits shown in Fig 2.47 by zeroing the sources

Rth=30 Ohms
Rth=14 Ohms

Rth= 5 Ohms

ESOFT College of Engineering & Technology,

Katubedda, Moratuwa