FACULTY OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

UNIT – BSD 3106

FINAL YEAR PROJECT SRS DOCUMENT

MAY-AUGUST 2023

TITLE: Dental Booking Management System

BY: LINCOLN MOKI

Registration Number: 18/03023

EMAIL: [email protected]

SUPERVISOR: DR. RACHEL KIBUKU

A SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION DOCUMENT SUBMITTED TO THE

FACULTY OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A DEGREE IN

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT.

JULY 2023
 DECLARATION
This proposal is my original work and to the best of my knowledge has not been presented for a

degree in any other University, and where other people’s work or my own work has been used, this

has properly been acknowledged and referenced in accordance with the Kenya College of

Accountancy University’s requirements.

Signature ………………………………… Date …………………………...

LINCOLN MOKI

18/03023

This proposal has been submitted for review with my approval as the university supervisor.

Signature ……………………………… Date …………………………

DR. RACHEL KIBUKU

FACULTY OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

KENYA COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY UNIVERSITY

INTRODUCTION

The Software Design Specification (SDS) document presents the design considerations,
architectural strategies, and detailed system design for the Dental Booking Management System.
This document serves as a comprehensive guide for the development and implementation of the
system, focusing on delivering efficient and secure appointment booking and patient management
services for dental practices.

3. Document Description
3.1 Introduction
The Dental Booking Management System is a software solution designed to streamline appointment
booking and patient management processes for dental practices. Its primary purpose is to enhance
the overall patient experience and improve the efficiency of dental practice operations.
3.2 System Overview
The Dental Booking Management System is a comprehensive software solution designed to
streamline appointment booking and patient management processes for dental practices. It offers a
user-friendly and efficient platform for patients, dental staff, and administrators to access and
manage appointments, patient records, and billing information. The system aims to improve overall
patient experience and enhance the operational efficiency of dental practices.
Primary Features and Functionalities:
1. Online Appointment Booking: Patients can access the dental practice's website and view
real-time availability of appointment slots. They can conveniently schedule, reschedule, or
cancel appointments based on their preferences and availability.
2. Patient Registration and Profile Management: Patients can register themselves in the system
by providing their personal and contact information. They can manage their profile, update
contact details, and view their appointment history and treatment records.
3. Dental Staff Management: Dental staff members, such as dentists, dental hygienists, and
assistants, have access to the system to manage their appointment schedules, view patient
information, and update treatment records.
4. Appointment Calendar: Dental staff can access a centralized appointment calendar that
displays all scheduled appointments. This helps in avoiding scheduling conflicts and
optimizing staff availability.
5. Patient Records and Medical History: The system centralizes patient records, including
medical history, treatment details, and prescribed medications. This enables dental staff to
access comprehensive patient information for better treatment planning.
6. Automated Reminders and Notifications: The system sends automated reminders and
notifications to patients for upcoming appointments, reducing the likelihood of no-shows
and improving overall patient engagement.
7. Secure Payment Processing: The system integrates with secure payment gateways, allowing
patients to make online payments for dental services. It ensures secure and timely payment
collection for the dental practice.
 8. Reporting and Analytics: The system provides reporting and analytics features, allowing
dental practices to analyze appointment trends, patient preferences, and revenue patterns.
This data-driven approach supports informed decision-making and business growth.
User Groups Catered to:
1. Patients: Patients are the primary users of the Dental Booking Management System. They
can access the system through the dental practice's website to view available appointment
slots, schedule appointments and make online payments.
2. Dental Staff: Dental staff members, including dentists, dental hygienists, and assistants, use
the system to manage their appointment schedules, access patient records, update treatment
details, and view the appointment calendar.
3. Administrators: Administrators or office staff have access to the system to manage overall
system settings, configure user access levels, and generate reports for business analysis.

3.3 Design Considerations

3.3.1 Assumptions and Dependencies
Assumptions made during the design process:
1. Internet Connectivity: The Dental Booking Management System assumes that both patients
and dental staff have access to reliable internet connectivity to access the system through the
dental practice's website.
2. Compatible Devices: It is assumed that users will access the system using compatible
devices such as desktop computers, laptops, tablets, or smartphones with modern web
browsers.
3. Third-Party Integrations: The design assumes the integration of third-party systems, such as
payment gateways for online payment processing and email/SMS services for automated
reminders and notifications.
4. Security Measures: The system assumes the implementation of standard security measures,
such as encryption, secure communication protocols (e.g., HTTPS), and access controls, to
safeguard sensitive patient information and payment data.
5. Data Privacy Compliance: It is assumed that the system will comply with relevant data
privacy regulations, such as GDPR or HIPAA, to protect patient data and ensure proper
handling of personal information.
Dependencies the system relies upon for proper functioning:
1. Payment Gateway: The system relies on a secure payment gateway to facilitate online
payment processing. It must integrate with a trusted payment gateway service provider to
securely handle financial transactions.
2. Email/SMS Service: The system depends on an email and/or SMS service to send automated
reminders and notifications to patients. It requires integration with a reliable messaging
service to deliver timely communications.
 3. Database Management System: The system relies on a database management system
(DBMS) to store and manage patient records, appointment schedules, and other relevant
data. The DBMS must be robust and capable of handling the expected data volumes.
4. Web Server: The system requires a web server to host the dental practice's website and serve
the system's web pages to users. The web server must have sufficient resources to handle
incoming requests and ensure smooth system performance.
5. Browser Compatibility: The system depends on web browsers to render and display its user
interface to patients, dental staff, and administrators. It relies on modern web standards and
compatibility with popular browsers.
6. Internet Service Provider (ISP): Both the dental practice and patients rely on a stable internet
connection provided by their respective ISPs. Reliable internet connectivity is crucial for
seamless access to the system.
7. Electronic Health Record (EHR) Integration (if applicable): If the system integrates with an
existing Electronic Health Record (EHR) system, it depends on the EHR's APIs and data
exchange protocols for synchronization of patient data and medical records.
8. Hardware Resources: The proper functioning of the system depends on the availability of
adequate hardware resources, including servers, storage, and network infrastructure, to
support the expected user load and data processing.
3.3.2 General Constraints
General Constraints and Limitations for the Dental Booking Management System:
1. Security and Data Privacy: The system must adhere to strict security measures to protect
patient data and ensure compliance with data privacy regulations. Any vulnerabilities in the
system's design or implementation could compromise sensitive patient information.
2. Scalability: The system must be designed to accommodate potential growth in user traffic
and data volume. It should be scalable to handle increasing numbers of patients,
appointments, and user interactions without compromising performance.
3. Performance: The system should be responsive and provide real-time availability of
appointment slots and patient information. Slow response times or delays in loading pages
can lead to a poor user experience and frustration for both patients and dental staff.
4. User Interface (UI) Design: The system's user interface must be intuitive, user-friendly, and
accessible across various devices and screen sizes. A well-designed UI is crucial for smooth
navigation, efficient appointment booking, and positive user interactions.
5. Integration with Third-Party Services: The successful integration with external services,
such as payment gateways and messaging systems, is essential for the system's functionality.
Any issues with third-party service integration could disrupt payment processing and
appointment reminders.
6. Internet Reliability: The system relies on internet connectivity for both patients and dental
staff to access and use the platform. Any internet disruptions or downtime can impact the
system's availability and functionality.
 7. Browser Compatibility: The system must be compatible with a wide range of modern web
browsers to ensure a consistent and reliable user experience. Compatibility issues may arise
when users access the system from different browsers or versions.
8. Hardware and Infrastructure Requirements: The system's design should consider the
hardware and infrastructure requirements, such as server capacity, storage, and network
resources, to support the expected user load and data processing.
9. Training and User Adoption: Training dental staff and patients on how to use the system
effectively is crucial for successful adoption. A user-friendly interface and clear instructions
can help mitigate potential challenges during the initial implementation phase.
10. Budget and Resource Constraints: The design and implementation of the system
should take into account budget limitations and available resources. Balancing functionality
and performance while managing costs is essential for the system's feasibility.
11. Maintenance and Support: The system requires regular maintenance and updates to
address bugs, security patches, and feature enhancements. Adequate support and resources
must be allocated to ensure the system's long-term stability and success.

3.3.3 Goals and Guidelines

Primary Goals and Design Guidelines for the Dental Booking Management System:
1. Enhanced Patient Experience: The primary goal of the Dental Booking Management
System is to provide patients with a seamless and convenient appointment booking
experience. The system should be user-friendly, intuitive, and accessible from various
devices, allowing patients to schedule, reschedule, or cancel appointments with ease.
2. Efficient Appointment Management: The system aims to streamline appointment
scheduling and management for dental staff. Dental practitioners and administrators should
be able to view real-time availability, manage appointment calendars, and avoid scheduling
conflicts, thereby optimizing their time and resources.
3. Centralized Patient Records: The system seeks to centralize patient records and medical
history in a secure database. This enables dental staff to access comprehensive patient
information, including treatment details and prescribed medications, facilitating better
treatment planning and continuity of care.
4. Secure Payment Processing: The system should integrate with secure payment gateways to
enable online payment processing for dental services. Ensuring the security and privacy of
patient payment information is a top priority to build trust and confidence in the system.
5. Automated Reminders and Notifications: Automated reminders and notifications via
email or SMS are essential to reduce the rate of no-shows and improve patient engagement.
Patients should receive timely reminders for their scheduled appointments, enhancing
communication and punctuality.
6. Scalability and Performance: The system should be designed with scalability in mind to
handle increasing user loads and growing data volumes as the dental practice expands.
 Ensuring optimal performance and responsiveness are critical to delivering a smooth user
experience.
7. Data Privacy and Compliance: The design must prioritize data privacy and compliance
with relevant regulations, such as GDPR or HIPAA. Patient information should be
encrypted and protected to safeguard sensitive data from unauthorized access.
8. User Authentication and Access Control: To maintain the security and confidentiality of
patient records, the system should implement robust user authentication mechanisms and
access controls. Different user roles (e.g., patients, dental staff, administrators) should have
appropriate levels of access.
9. Modularity and Maintainability: The system's design should emphasize modularity,
making it easier to maintain and update specific components without affecting the overall
system. This promotes efficient development and future scalability.
10. Integration with Existing Systems: If the dental practice already uses other
software systems (e.g., Electronic Health Records), the design should allow for seamless
integration to avoid data duplication and improve operational efficiency.
11. User Training and Support: The system's user interface should be designed with
clarity and simplicity to minimize the learning curve for both patients and dental staff.
Adequate user training and support resources should be provided to ensure successful
adoption.
12. Reporting and Analytics: The system should offer reporting and analytics
capabilities to provide insights into appointment trends, patient preferences, and revenue
patterns. Data-driven decision-making is valuable for optimizing business operations.

3.3.4 Development Methods

Development Method: Agile Development
Agile Development is the chosen methodology for the development of the Dental Booking
Management System. Agile is a customer-centric and iterative approach to software development
that promotes collaboration, flexibility, and continuous improvement. It emphasizes delivering
value to customers through incremental and frequent releases of software features.
3.4 Architectural Strategies

Architectural Strategies for the Dental Booking Management System:

The architectural strategies employed in designing the Dental Booking Management System
revolve around modularity, scalability, and separation of concerns. The chosen architecture is a
layered architecture, comprising presentation, application, and data layers. Each layer serves
specific functions, ensuring a clear separation of responsibilities and facilitating easier maintenance
and future enhancements. The primary architectural strategies include:
1. Layered Architecture:
 Presentation Layer: This layer is responsible for handling the user interface (UI) and
user interactions. It includes web pages, forms, and user interface components that
patients, dental staff, and administrators interact with. The rationale behind the
presentation layer is to provide a clean separation between the user interface and the
underlying business logic, making it easier to update the UI without affecting the
application's core functionality.
 Application Layer: The application layer contains the business logic and serves as
the intermediary between the presentation layer and the data layer. It processes user
requests, coordinates data retrieval and manipulation, and enforces business rules.
The rationale for this layer is to encapsulate the application's logic, enabling better
maintainability and reusability of code.
 Data Layer: The data layer is responsible for managing the persistence and retrieval
of data from the database. It includes the data access layer and database management
 components. The data layer's rationale is to centralize data management, allowing
multiple application components to access and update data in a consistent manner.
2. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA):
 The Dental Booking Management System employs a service-oriented architecture to
promote loose coupling between different components and facilitate integration with
third-party systems, such as payment gateways and messaging services. Services are
designed to be independent and communicate through well-defined interfaces,
ensuring flexibility and ease of integration.
3. Microservices (Optional):
 In certain scenarios, the Dental Booking Management System might adopt a
microservices architecture for specific components that require high scalability and
autonomy. For example, the appointment scheduling and patient management
functionalities could be designed as microservices to handle their respective
workflows independently. The rationale is to achieve better horizontal scaling, fault
isolation, and maintainability for specific components.
4. Security Considerations:
 Security is an essential architectural consideration in the Dental Booking
Management System. Proper authentication and authorization mechanisms are
implemented at various layers to ensure that only authorized users can access
sensitive data and perform specific actions. Additionally, encryption and secure
communication protocols are employed to protect patient information and payment
data.
5. Scalability and Performance:
 The architecture is designed to be scalable to handle increasing user loads and
growing data volumes. Horizontal scaling is employed to add more servers and
distribute the system's load, ensuring responsiveness and performance under
increased traffic.
6. Integration with Existing Systems:
 The chosen architecture facilitates seamless integration with existing systems, such
as Electronic Health Records (EHR) or third-party services. Properly defined
interfaces and integration patterns enable the system to communicate and share data
efficiently with other systems.

3.5 System Architecture

Overview of the Dental Booking Management System Architecture:
The overall system architecture of the Dental Booking Management System follows a layered and
service-oriented approach, promoting modularity, scalability, and maintainability. It consists of
several main components, each responsible for specific functionalities and interactions. The key
components and their interactions are as follows:
1. Presentation Layer:
 The Presentation Layer is the front-end of the system that users interact with through
a web-based user interface. It includes web pages, forms, and user interface
components accessible through a web browser.
 Patients, dental staff, and administrators access the system through the Presentation
Layer to perform various tasks, such as appointment booking, patient management,
and payment processing.
2. Application Layer:
 The Application Layer acts as the intermediary between the Presentation Layer and
the Data Layer. It contains the business logic, workflows, and application services
that process user requests and coordinate data interactions.
 Application services handle tasks such as appointment scheduling, patient
registration, billing, and appointment reminders.
 The Application Layer communicates with the Data Layer to retrieve and update
patient records, appointment details, and other relevant data.
3. Data Layer:
 The Data Layer is responsible for managing the system's data storage and retrieval. It
includes a Database Management System (DBMS) that stores patient information,
appointment details, and other relevant data.
 The Data Layer provides an interface to access and modify data, following proper
data access patterns and ensuring data integrity and security.
 The Application Layer interacts with the Data Layer to store and retrieve data as
needed for various system operations.
4. Services and APIs:
 The system employs service-oriented architecture (SOA), where specific
functionalities are encapsulated as services with well-defined interfaces. These
services include payment processing, email/SMS notifications, and third-party
integrations, such as electronic health records (EHRs).
 Services facilitate loose coupling between system components, allowing them to
interact independently, promoting flexibility and ease of integration.
5. Security Layer:
 The Security Layer is an integral part of the overall system architecture, responsible
for user authentication, authorization, and data protection.
 User authentication mechanisms ensure that only authorized users can access the
system, while role-based access control restricts access to specific functionalities
based on user roles (e.g., patient, dental staff, administrator).
 Encryption and secure communication protocols are implemented to protect sensitive
patient information and payment data.
 6. Integration with External Systems:
 The system integrates with external systems, such as payment gateways and
messaging services, to provide online payment processing and automated
appointment reminders to patients.
Interactions:
1. User Interaction: Users (patients, dental staff, and administrators) interact with the system
through the Presentation Layer, accessing web-based user interfaces to perform various
tasks and actions.
2. Data Retrieval and Storage: The Application Layer communicates with the Data Layer to
retrieve patient records, appointment details, and other data required to fulfill user requests.
It also stores updated information in the database.
3. Service Interactions: The system interacts with external services, such as payment
gateways and messaging services, through well-defined interfaces to facilitate secure
payment processing and appointment reminders.
4. Security and Authentication: The Security Layer ensures secure access to the system by
authenticating users and authorizing their actions based on their roles and permissions.

3.5.1 Subsystem Architecture

Architecture of Each Subsystem within the Dental Booking Management System:
1. User Interface Subsystem:
 The User Interface Subsystem is responsible for presenting the system's web-based
user interface to patients, dental staff, and administrators. It enables users to interact
with the system and perform various actions through a user-friendly and intuitive
interface.
 The user interface is designed using modern web technologies, such as HTML, CSS,
django and JavaScript, to ensure cross-platform compatibility and responsiveness
across different devices.
 The subsystem communicates with the Application Layer to process user inputs and
trigger corresponding actions, such as appointment booking, patient registration, and
viewing patient records.
2. Appointment Management Subsystem:
 The Appointment Management Subsystem handles all functionalities related to
appointment scheduling and management.
 It includes components for displaying the availability of appointment slots in real-
time, allowing patients to schedule, reschedule, or cancel appointments through the
user interface.
 Dental staff members can view and manage their appointment calendars, ensuring
smooth scheduling and avoiding conflicts.
  The subsystem communicates with the Application Layer to retrieve appointment
data, update schedules, and notify patients about upcoming appointments through
automated reminders.
3. Patient Management Subsystem:
 The Patient Management Subsystem focuses on maintaining and managing patient
records and related information.
 It provides features for patient registration, allowing new patients to create accounts
and enter their personal details, medical history, and contact information.
 Existing patient records can be accessed and updated by dental staff members to
ensure accurate and up-to-date medical information.
 The subsystem interacts with the Application Layer to store and retrieve patient
records from the Data Layer, facilitating efficient patient data management.
4. Payment Processing Subsystem:
 The Payment Processing Subsystem facilitates secure online payment processing for
dental services.
 It integrates with third-party payment gateways to handle payment transactions
securely.
 Patients can make online payments for appointments or dental services through the
system's user interface.
 The subsystem communicates with the Application Layer to process payment
requests, record payment information, and update billing details in the system's
database.

3.6 Policies and Tactics

Security Policies and Tactics:
1. User Authentication and Authorization: The system enforces robust user authentication
mechanisms to ensure that only authorized users can access the system. It requires users to
provide valid credentials (username and password) to log in. Role-based access control
(RBAC) is implemented to restrict access to specific functionalities based on user roles (e.g.,
patient, dental staff, administrator).
2. Encryption of Sensitive Data: Sensitive data, such as patient information and payment
details, are encrypted during transmission and storage. Secure communication protocols,
such as HTTPS, are used to protect data while being transmitted over the internet.
3. Data Privacy and Compliance: The system adheres to data privacy regulations, such as
GDPR or HIPAA, to protect patient data and ensure proper handling of personal
 information. Consent mechanisms are in place to obtain explicit permission from patients for
data processing.
4. Audit Trails and Logging: The system maintains audit trails and logs of user activities and
system events. These logs help monitor system behavior, detect potential security breaches,
and facilitate compliance audits.
5. Threat Detection and Response: Intrusion detection systems and security monitoring tools
are employed to detect and respond to potential security threats or suspicious activities in
real-time.
Scalability Policies and Tactics:
1. Horizontal Scaling: To ensure system responsiveness as user traffic increases, the system is
designed to support horizontal scaling. Load balancers distribute incoming requests across
multiple servers, allowing the system to handle higher user loads effectively.
2. Caching Mechanisms: Caching commonly accessed data, such as appointment availability
and patient records, reduces the need for frequent database queries, improving system
performance and responsiveness.
3. Asynchronous Processing: Long-running tasks, such as generating reports or sending bulk
notifications, are handled asynchronously. This approach frees up server resources to handle
concurrent user interactions, enhancing system responsiveness.
4. Microservices (Optional): Certain subsystems, such as appointment management and
payment processing, may be implemented as microservices. This allows these components
to scale independently based on their specific workloads.
5. Distributed Database Systems: The system may use distributed database systems to
distribute data across multiple servers, enhancing data availability and read/write
performance.
6. Cloud Infrastructure: Leveraging cloud-based infrastructure, such as serverless computing
or auto-scaling features, enables the system to automatically adjust resources based on
demand, ensuring scalability.

3.7 Detailed System Design

3.7.1 Detailed Subsystem Design
Detailed Design of Each Subsystem in the Dental Booking Management System:
1. User Interface Subsystem:
Functionality:
 The User Interface Subsystem provides a web-based interface for patients, dental staff, and
administrators to interact with the system.
 It includes pages for appointment scheduling, patient registration, viewing patient records,
and making online payments.
  The UI enables users to view available appointment slots, select preferred time slots, and
manage their appointments.
Data Handling Mechanisms:
 The User Interface Subsystem collects user inputs (e.g., appointment details, patient
information) through web forms and sends the data to the Application Layer for processing.
 It receives data from the Application Layer, such as appointment availability and patient
records, to display relevant information to users.
Interactions with Other Components:
 The User Interface Subsystem communicates with the Application Layer to process user
inputs and trigger corresponding actions (e.g., appointment booking, patient registration).
 It interacts with the Security Layer for user authentication and authorization to ensure secure
access to the system.
2. Appointment Management Subsystem:
Functionality:
 The Appointment Management Subsystem handles all functionalities related to appointment
scheduling and management.
 It provides real-time availability of appointment slots for patients to book appointments.
 Dental staff can view their appointment calendars, manage appointments, and
reschedule/cancel appointments when needed.
Data Handling Mechanisms:
 The subsystem retrieves appointment data from the Data Layer to display available time
slots and appointment details to patients and dental staff.
 It updates the Data Layer with new appointment information, ensuring accurate and up-to-
date appointment schedules.
Interactions with Other Components:
 The Appointment Management Subsystem interacts with the User Interface Subsystem to
receive appointment booking requests from patients and display appointment details to
dental staff.
 It communicates with the Data Layer to retrieve and update appointment data.
 Automated appointment reminders are triggered through the Service-Oriented Architecture
(SOA) to notify patients of upcoming appointments.
3. Patient Management Subsystem:
Functionality:
 The Patient Management Subsystem is responsible for maintaining and managing patient
records and registration.
  It provides patient registration forms for new patients to create accounts and enter personal
details, medical history, and contact information.
 Dental staff members can view and update patient records, ensuring accurate medical
information and treatment history.
Data Handling Mechanisms:
 The subsystem stores patient data in the Data Layer, including personal information,
medical history, and contact details.
 It retrieves patient records from the Data Layer to display patient information to dental staff
for patient management.
Interactions with Other Components:
 The Patient Management Subsystem interacts with the User Interface Subsystem for patient
registration and to display patient records to dental staff.
 It communicates with the Data Layer to store and retrieve patient records.
 The Security Layer ensures that only authorized users can access and update patient
information.
4. Payment Processing Subsystem:
Functionality:
 The Payment Processing Subsystem facilitates secure online payment processing for dental
services.
 It integrates with third-party payment gateways to handle payment transactions securely.
 Patients can make online payments for appointments or dental services through the system's
user interface.
Data Handling Mechanisms:
 The subsystem interacts with the Data Layer to record payment details, linking them to the
relevant appointment or service.
Interactions with Other Components:
 The Payment Processing Subsystem communicates with the User Interface Subsystem to
receive payment requests from patients.
 It interacts with third-party payment gateways through the Service-Oriented Architecture
(SOA) to process payment transactions securely.
 The Security Layer ensures the confidentiality and integrity of payment data during
transmission and storage.
3.8 Glossary
1. SDS: Software Design Specification - A document that outlines the detailed design of the
software system, including its architecture, components, and interactions.
2. Agile Development: An iterative and customer-centric approach to software development
that focuses on collaboration, frequent feedback, and adaptability to changing requirements.
3. User Interface (UI): The graphical or textual elements through which users interact with the
software system.
4. Application Layer: The intermediate layer between the user interface and the data layer,
containing the system's business logic and application services.
5. Data Layer: The layer responsible for managing data storage and retrieval, typically
involving a database management system (DBMS).
6. SOA: Service-Oriented Architecture - An architectural style that promotes loose coupling
between system components by encapsulating functionalities as independent services with
well-defined interfaces.
7. RBAC: Role-Based Access Control - A method of managing user permissions based on their
assigned roles within the system.
8. CI/CD: Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery - A development practice that
involves frequently integrating code changes and delivering new features to production in an
automated and reliable manner.
9. Sprint: A short and fixed-length iteration in Agile Development, typically lasting 1 to 4
weeks, where a working increment of the system is delivered.
10. Backlog: A prioritized list of user stories and tasks that need to be addressed during
the development process.
11. User Stories: Concise and user-focused descriptions of system functionality,
capturing specific features from the user's perspective.
12. EHR: Electronic Health Records - Digital records of a patient's medical history and
health-related information.
13. API: Application Programming Interface - A set of protocols and tools that allow
different software applications to communicate and interact with each other.
14. CI: Continuous Integration - A development practice where code changes are
frequently integrated into the main codebase, and automated tests are run to ensure code
quality.
15. CD: Continuous Delivery - The practice of continuously delivering software updates
to production in a reliable and automated manner.
16. HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure - A secure version of HTTP that uses
encryption to protect data during transmission over the internet.
 17. GDPR: General Data Protection Regulation - A regulation in EU law on data
protection and privacy for individuals within the European Union and the European
Economic Area.
18. HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act - A US law that sets
the standards for protecting sensitive patient health information.
19. UI: User Interface - The graphical or textual elements through which users interact
with the software system.
20. API: Application Programming Interface - A set of protocols and tools that allow
different software applications to communicate and interact with each other.
21. EHR: Electronic Health Records - Digital records of a patient's medical history and
health-related information.

3.9 Bibliography
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Professional.
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6. Highsmith, J. (2002). Agile Software Development Ecosystems. Addison-Wesley
Professional.
7. Martin, R. C. (2003). Agile Software Development: Principles, Patterns, and Practices.
Prentice Hall.
8. Cockburn, A. (2001). Agile Software Development. Addison-Wesley Professional.
9. Fowler, M. (2004). Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture. Addison-Wesley
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10. Sutherland, J. (2014). Scrum: The Art of Doing Twice the Work in Half the Time.
Crown Business.
11. Schwaber, K., & Sutherland, J. (2017). The Scrum Guide. Scrum.Org.
12. Bass, L., Clements, P., & Kazman, R. (2012). Software Architecture in Practice (3rd
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