RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

BASIC PARTS OF CARTESIAN PLANE

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LOCATION OF POINTS ON A CARTESIAN PLANE
Plotting of points in the cartesian plane

Note:

1. Always start at the origin.

2. If the x-coordinate is positive, move to

the right and if it is negative, move to the
left.

3. If the y-coordinate if positive, move up

and if it is negative, move down.

DRILL AND PRACTICE

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GRAPHING LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

Linear equation in one variable, 𝑥, can be written in the form 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 = 0, where A and B are
constants, while a linear equation in two variables 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 can be written in the form 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 =
0, where 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are constants, with a and b not both equal to 0. In this lesson, you will graph
equations in two variables to see a mathematical picture of these relationships.

Linear Equation in Two Variables

- an equation that can be written in the form: 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶
- called a first-degree equation since the exponent of both x and y is 1.
- The graph of a linear equation is a line.

How do we define a linear equation?

You can graph linear equations in two ways, using table of values and using the intercepts. In using a
table of values, first, choose any three values for x then solve for y by substituting x to the given
equation. After which, we write the numbers in a table of values, and we plot the points in the
cartesian plane. Lastly, we draw a line through the points.

WEEK 2 Solutions of Systems of Linear Equation by Graphical Method

TYPES OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

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 To solve systems of equations or
simultaneous equations by the graphical
method, we draw the graph for each of the
equation and look for a point of intersection
between the two graphs. The coordinates of
the point of intersection would be the
solution to the system of equations.

Steps in Solving of Linear Equation by Graphical Method

1. Graph the first equation.
2. Graph the second equation on the same coordinate system as the first.
3. Find the solution.
4. Check the proposed ordered pair solution in BOTH equations.

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STEP 4: Check the proposed ordered pair solution to BOTH equations.

First equations, Second equations,

𝑥+𝑦 =3 𝑥−𝑦 =1

2+1=3 2−1=1

3=3 1=1

Therefore, the given equations are independent, and the solution of the system is (𝟐, 𝟏).

Step 3: Find the solution.

The answer is no; they do not intersect. We have two parallel lines.
Step 4: Check the proposed ordered pair solution to BOTH equations.
The given equations are inconsistent, therefore there is no solution.

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Step 3: Find the solution.
Based on the figure above, there are infinitely many solutions as two lines are coincident.
Step 4: Check the proposed ordered pair solution to BOTH equations.
The given equations are dependent, therefore, there are infinitely many solutions.

GENERALIZATION
The graph of a linear equation is a line. Coordinates of each point on the line are a solution to the equation. For a
system of simultaneous linear equations, we will graph two lines. Then we can see all the points that are
solutions to each equation. And by finding all the points that the lines have in common, we'll find the solution to
the system.
Most systems of simultaneous linear equations have one solution, but we saw in the previous lesson
that some equations have no solutions, and for other equations, all the points on the lines are solutions.

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WEEK 3 Solutions of Systems of Linear Equations Using Elimination Method

Math Trivia - Gaussian elimination is universally known as “the” method for solving simultaneous linear
equations. As Leonhard Euler remarked, it is the most natural way of proceeding. Because Gaussian
elimination solves linear problems directly, it is an important technique in computational science and
engineering, through which it makes continuing, albeit indirect, contributions to advancing knowledge
and to human welfare. What is natural depends on the context, so the algorithm has changed many
times with the problems to be solved and with computing technology.

• Elimination Method - The elimination method is where you actually eliminate one of the
variables by adding the two equations. In this way, you eliminate one variable so
you can solve for the other variable.

In eliminating a variable by addition/subtraction, you can use the following steps:

1. Determine which variable is to be eliminated. Multiply one or both equations
by a constant if necessary.
2. Perform addition/subtraction to eliminate the variable. This will result to a
new equation with just a single variable.
3. Solve the resulting equation to derive a value for one of the variables.
4. Substitute the value obtained from step 3 on one of the given equations to find
the value of the other variable.
5. Check the solution.
Example
Use elimination method to solve the system.
𝑥 – 𝑦 = −6 𝑥 + 𝑦=8

1. Perform addition to eliminate the y variable. This will result to a new equation with just a single variable.
𝑥 – 𝑦 = −6
+𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8
2x = 2

Solve the resulting equation to Substitute 𝑥 = 1 into one of the original

derive a value for one of the equations and solve for y.
variables.
𝑥+𝑦 = 8
2𝑥 2
= 1+𝑦 = 8
2 2
𝒙 = 1 𝑦 = 8−1
𝑦= 7

Checking:

Substitute the value of x and y to both equations.

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Example

Use elimination to solve for x and y. Solution:

𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟒
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 14
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 16
− 𝑥 = −2
Multiply both sides by -1.

Substitute 𝑥 = 2 into
one of the original
equations and solve
for y.

4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 14
4(2) + 2𝑦 = 14
8 + 2𝑦 = 14
2𝑦 = 6
𝒚 = 3

Example
-3x = 7 – y 4x = 3 + 2y

Since the numerical coefficients in either x or y are not equal, then multiply the first equation by a suitable
number (2) so that the two equations have the same leading coefficient for the variable 𝑦.
2(-3x + y = 7)
4x = 3 + 2y

-6x + 2y = 14
4x – 2y = 3
-2x = 17

Solve the resulting equation to derive a value for one of the variables.
−𝟏𝟕
𝒙 =
𝟐
Substitute 𝑥 = 2 into one of the original equations and solve for y.

−3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 51
𝑦 = 7−
2
−17
−3 ( )+𝑦 = 7 14 − 51
2 𝑦 =
51 2
+𝑦 =7
2 −𝟑𝟕
𝒚 =
𝟐
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Drill and Practie
Find the solution of the given systems of linear equation.

-2x + 3y = -1 2x + y = 12 2x + 3y = 8
2x + 5y = 25 -3x + y = 2 3x + 2y = 7

Answer Key: (5,3) (2,8) (1,2)

WEEK 4 Solutions of Systems of Linear Equations Using Substitution Method

• Substitution Method
Steps:
1. Using one of the equations, express one variable in terms of the other.
2. Substitute the value of the variable (in step 1) in the other equation. Then, solve the new equation.
3. Find the corresponding value of the other variable.
4. Check if the ordered pair solution satisfies both equations.

• Elimination Method
Solve the resulting equation to derive a value for one of the variables.
Substitute the value obtained from step 3 on one of the given equations to find the value of the other
variable.
Check the solution.

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TRY: Use substitution method to solve the system.
2𝑥 + y = 5 and 3𝑥 + 4 y = 0

WEEK 5 RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS AND EQUATIONS

• Rational Expression - a fraction (ratio) in which the numerator and denominator are both polynomials
and the denominator is not equal to 0.

Our goal in simplifyi9ng rational expression is to rewrite the rational expression in its lowest terms by
canceling all common factors from the numerator and denominator.

𝟓 𝟒 𝒙−𝟕 𝟐𝒂𝟐 +𝟓𝒂+𝟕

EX. 𝟗 , − 𝟏𝟕, 𝒙𝟑 ,𝟔
, 𝒂−𝟏

What does it mean to cancel factors?

Just like we would simplify or reduce a numerical fraction by canceling off factors common to both the
top and bottom, we will simplify (reduce) a polynomial fraction by crossing out any factor(s) they have
in common.
NOTE:
-Cancel factors not terms
-monomials cancel monomials; binomials cancel binomials;
trinomials cancel trinomials, etc.

STEPS:
1. Factor completely the numerator and the denominator separately.
2. Look for factors that are common to the numerator & denominator. And always remember that we can only
cancel factors, not terms!
3. Cancel all the common factor(s).
𝟏𝟒 𝟐.𝟕 𝟐
EX. 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟑.𝟕 = 𝟑

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WEEK 6 OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
1. ADDING
2. SUBSTRACTING

• Adding and Subtracting with Common Denominators

Adding and subtracting rational expressions is similar to adding and subtracting fractions.
Recall that if the denominators are the same, we can add or subtract the numerators and write
the result over the common denominator.

IF THE DENOMINATORS ARE THE SAME,

add or subtract the numerators and place the result over the common denominator.

IF THE DENOMINATORS ARE NOT THE SAME,

find the LCD. Change the expressions according to the LCD and add or subtract numerators. Place the
result over the common denominator.

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When working with rational expressions, the common denominator will be a polynomial. In general,
given polynomials P, Q, and R, where Q≠0, we have the following:

𝑃 𝑅 𝑃±𝑅
± =
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄

HOW TO ADD AND SUBTRACT RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

1. Factor, if necessary
2. Find a common denominator and rewrite each fraction with the common denominator
3. Add or subtract the numerators of the two rational expressions with the common denominator
4. Factor again, if possible
5. Write the final answer in simplified form

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Just a heads up that this file is just a summary of your lesson. It includes important terms and
definitions, sample problems are also provided, but it doesn’t cover everything that might be on
the exam. Basically, use this reviewer to refresh your memory, but make sure to study the full
course material that were provided on the genyo for the best preparation.

GOOD LUCK AND GOD BLESS, LOUISIAN!

- Alliance of Math Enthusiasts President

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