LECTURE NOTES / LAB HANDOUTS

PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS (312-313) WEEK. 5

OBJECT: To understand Relational Operators and Loops

RELATIONAL OPERATORS SUMMARY
Two expressions can be compared using relational and equality operators. For example, to know if two values
are equal or if one is greater than the other. The result of such an operation is either true or false (i.e., a
Boolean value).

> Greater Than < Less Than

== Equal To != Not Equal To
>= Greater Than or Equal To < Less Than or Equal To

THE FOR LOOP

for ( initialization ; Test Condition ; increment or decrement )
{
Body of the Loop;
}

This loop runs as long as the condition in the center is true. Note that there is no semi colon after the “for”
statement. If there is only one statement in the “for” loop then the braces may be removed. If we put a
semicolon after the for loop instruction then that loop will not work for any statement.

THE WHILE LOOP

while ( condition is true )
{
Body of the Loop;
}

This loop runs as long as the condition in the parenthesis is true. Note that there is no semicolon after the
“while” statement. If there is only one statement in the “while” loop then the braces may be removed.

THE DO-WHILE LOOP

do
{
Body of the Loop;
}
while(condition is true);

This loop runs as long as the condition in the parenthesis is true. Note that there is a semicolon after the
“while” statement. The difference between the “while” and the “do-while” statements is that in the “while”
loop the test condition is evaluated before the loop is executed, while in the “do” loop the test condition is
evaluated after the loop is executed. This implies that statements in a “do” loop are executed at least once.
However, the statements in the “while” loop are not executed if the condition is not satisfied.

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 1/5

Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES / LAB HANDOUTS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS (312-313) WEEK. 5

PROGRAM 1: Demonstrating the simple for loop

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{

for (int k = 1 ; k <= 10 ; k++ )

cout << "Name" <<endl;

return 0;
}

PROGRAM 2: Demonstrating the simple for loop

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{

for (int k = 1 ; k <= 1000 ; k+=10 )

cout << k << " ";

return 0;
}

PROGRAM 3: Demonstrating the simple for loop

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{

for (int k = 10 ; k >= 0 ; k-- )

cout << k << " ";

return 0;
}

PROGRAM 4: Demonstrating the simple for loop

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{

for (int k = 1 ; k <= 10000 ; k = (k+k)*10 )

cout << k << " ";

return 0;
}

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 2/5

Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES / LAB HANDOUTS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS (312-313) WEEK. 5

PROGRAM 5: Demonstrating the simple for loop

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int k, num;
cout << "Enter Table Number" ; cin >> num;
for (k = 1 ; k <= 10 ; k++ )
cout << num << " * " << k << " = " << num*k << endl;
return 0;
}

PROGRAM 6: Demonstrating the simple for loop

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int m, k = 0;
for ( ; k <= 10 ; )
{
cout << "Enter Marks" ; cin >> m;
cout << "Marks = " << m;
k++;
}
return 0;
}

PROGRAM 7: Demonstrating the nested for loops

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
const int N = 5;
int i,j;
for (i=1; i<=N; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=i; j++)
cout << "* ";
cout << endl;
}

for (i=N; i>=1; i--)

{
for (j=1; j<=i; j++)
cout << "* ";
cout << endl;
}

return 0;
}

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 3/5

Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES / LAB HANDOUTS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS (312-313) WEEK. 5

PROGRAM 8: Demonstrating the simple while loop

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;

int main() {
char ch = ‘y’;
double number, answer;
while (ch == ‘y’)
{
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> number;
answer = sqrt(number);
cout << "Square root is "<< answer << endl;
cout << "Do you want the square root of another number?" << endl;
cout << "Press y for yes... " << endl << endl;
ch = getche();
}
return 0;
}

PROGRAM 9: Demonstrating the simple do-while loop

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;

int main() {
char ch;
double number, answer;
do
{
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> number;
answer = sqrt(number);
cout << "Square root is "<< answer << endl;
cout << "Do you want the square root of another number?" << endl;
cout << "Press y for yes... " << endl << endl;
ch = getche();
}
while (ch == ‘y’);
return 0;
}

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 4/5

Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES / LAB HANDOUTS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS (312-313) WEEK. 5

Exercise 1:
Write a program that prints the values by using for loop
1, 7, 49, 343, 2401, 16807, 117649, 823543, 5764801, 40353607

Exercise 2:
Write a program to calculate the sum of digits of a given number. Ask the user to enter a number.
Enter a number: 12345
The sum of digits of 12345 is 15.

Use a while loop to extract digits from number until number becomes 0. In loop use number % 10 to
get and save the last digit of the number (For example 12345 % 10, which equals 5). Then, we remove
the last digit from the number by dividing num by 10 (For example by performing integer division
12345 / 10 which equals 1234). Now, we repeat the process until number becomes 0, extracting each
digit one by one.

Exercise 3:
Write a program to find the factorial of a number.
The factorial function (symbol: !) says to multiply all whole numbers from our chosen number down
to 1.
Examples:
4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
7! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5040
1! = 1

The program should have following output:

Enter a number to calculate Factorial: 9

9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 362880

Exercise 4:
Write a program which takes a 3 numbers from users
1. Table number
2. Starting values of table
3. Ending value of table
Then it displays the table of the given number from starting value till ending value. For Example:
Enter Table Number: 7
Enter Starting Value: 6
Enter Ending Value: 12

7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
7 x 10 = 70
7 x 11 = 77
7 x 12 = 84

Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 5/5

Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh.