Version 2024 FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND INFORMATICS, HUST

EXERCISES ON DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SERIES – MI1046

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Chapter 1: INFINITE SERIES

1.1. INFINITE SERIES OF NUMBERS

Ex. 1. In the following infinite series, which one is convergent? Then, determine its sum if any.
ˆ ˙
ř8 1 ř8 n ř8 1 p´1qn`1
a) c) sin e) `
n“1 npn ` 1q n“1 ˆn`1 ˙ n“1 2n 3n
8 9 8
ř ř 1 ř8 n
b) n d) ln 1 ` f)
n“1 10 n“1 n 2
n“1 p2n ´ 1q p2n ` 1q
2

Ex. 2 (Series of positive constants-Comparison Test/Quotient Test). Check the convergence/divergence

of the following series of positive constants:
ř8 2n ` 3 ř8 2 ř8 1´ 1 ¯
(1) (8) (15) 2 ´1
n

n“1 4n ` 5 n“2 ln n n“1 n

ř8 n ř8 ln n ř8 n3
(2) 2
(9) (16)
n“1 10n ` 1 n“2 ˆn2 ˙
n
n“1 3 ` 3n
8 n 8 8 n2 ` 2n
ř ř 1 1
(3)
ř
a (10) ´ sin (17)
n“1 ˆ n n ˙ n n
n“2
? pn ´ 1qpn?` 2q 8
n“1 3 ` 2
8 n`1´ n´1 ř 1 n`1 ř8 ´
1
¯2
(11) ´ ln (18)
ř
(4) n en ´ 1
n“1 ˆ
3
nn4 n“1 n n n“1 ´
8
˙ 8 1 n`1 nπ ¯ ?
ř n`1 (12)
ř
? ln 8 2 ` cos n
(5) nˆ n ´˙ 1 ř 2
n“1 n`2 n“2
n
(19) ? 5
8 1 ř8 1 n`1 n“1 n7 ` 5
(13)
ř
(6) sin 2 8 arctanp2n2 ` 3q
2
n“1 n n ř
n“1 n (20)
8 ? 8 π n“1 2n2 ` 3
n sin2 ?
ř
(14)
ř
(7) p n e ´ 1q 8 ? ?
2 n ř ` ˘
n“1 n“1 (21) ln 1 ` n ` 2 ´ n ´ 1
n“2

Ex. 3 (Series of positive constants-D’Alembert Test/Cauchy Test/Integral Test). In the follow-

ing series of positive constants, which one is convergent/divergent?
8 n10 ˆ ˙n2 8
ˆ ˙npn´1q
(1)
ř ř8 1 1 ř 2n ` 3
n (4) 1´ (7)
n“1 2 n“1 5
n n n“1 2n ` 1
8 2 2
ÿ n `5 8
ˆ
n`1
˙ n2 ř pn ` 1qn
8
(2) (5)
ř
(8)
n“1
2n n`2 n“1
2 n
nnˆ3
n“1 ˙n
8 p3n ` 1q! 8 ? n
ř n ´ 1 npn´1q
ř 8
ˆ ˙ ř
(3) (6) (9) n
n“1 n2 8n n`1 n“1 4n ´ 3
n“1

1
2

8
ř 1 8
ř 1 8
ř 1
(10) 2
(11) 3
(12) 2
n“2 nln n n“2 nln n n“3 n ln npln ln nq

Ex. 4 (Alternating series-Leibniz Test). In the following alternating series, which one is conver-
gent/divergent?
8 p´1qn n 8 ln n 8 2
n`1 ln n
ř
p´1qn
ř ÿ
(1) (4) (7) p´1q
2
n“2 n ` 1 n“1 n n
8 n“1
8 p´1qn´1 ÿ n`1 8 n`1
(2)
ř
(5) p´1qn´1 ln ř p´1q
np ? n (8)
n“1 n“1 n“2 n ` cos n
8 p´1qn n 8 8
ř ÿ ln n ř arctan n
(3) (6) p´1qn´1 ? (9) p´1qn 2
n“1 n ` 100 n n“1 n `1
n“2

Ex. 5 (Series of sign-changing terms-Absolute/conditional convergence). In the following alter-

nating series, which one is absolutely convergent/conditionally convergent/divergent?
8 sin n 8
ˆ ˙n 8 p´1qn ` 2 cos n
n 2n ` 100
ř ř ř
(1) 2 (3) p´1q (5) 3
n“1 n n“1 3n ` 1 n“3 npln nq 2
n
ř8 p´1q ř8 p´1qn 8
ř 1
(2) ? n (4) ? (6) p´1qn arcsin
n“2 n ` p´1q n“1
n
n n“1 n

1.2. SERIES OF REAL FUNCTIONS

Ex. 6. Find the domain of convergence of the following series of functions:
˙n
xn
8 8
ˆ
ř x ř 8
ř xpx ` nq
(1) 2 n (4) 2n (7)
n“1 px ` 1q n“1 x ` 1 n“1 n
ř8 p´1q n
ř8 n x ` p´1qn ř8
(2) (5) (8) ne´nx
n“1 nx n“1 ˆ n ˙ n“1
n ` ˘
8
ř 1 ř8 1 8lnn x ` n1
(3) n (6) x` (9)
ř
?
n“1 x ` 1 n“1 n n“1 x´e

Ex. 7 (Weierstrass Test/Cauchy Test). Check the uniform convergence of the following series of
functions in the given intervals:
8 xn 8 sin nx
n , x P R; , x P R;
ř ř
(1) 2
(4) 2 2
n“1 px ˆ` 4q ˙n n“1 n ` x
8 1 8
3x ` 1 ř
, x P r´1, 1s; x2 e´nx , x P r0, 8q;
ř
(2) (5)
n
n“1 3 x`2 n“1
8 1 8 p´1qn´1
, x P r0, 8q;
ř ř
(3) ? (6) a , x P R.
n´1
n“1 2 1 ` nx n“1 x2 ` pn ` 1q2
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Ex. 8. Determine the domain of convergence of the power series below.

8 3n ` p´2qn
8 pn ` 2qxn 8
ˆ ˙n
n`1 2x ´ 1
px ` 1qn
ř ř ř
(1) 2
(5) (9) 2
n“1 ˆn ` 1 ˙ n“1 n n“1 n ` n ` 1 x`1
ř n`1 n n
8 ř8 p´1qn´1 x2n`3 ř8 lnn x
(2) x (6) (10) 2
n“1 n
2n ` 3 2n
n“1 n“1 3 p2n ` 3q
ř8 xn 8 p´1qn´1 x2n´3 ř npn ` 1q
8
(3) (11) px ´ 2qn
ř
(7) ? ?
n“1 n! n“1 3
2n 2n ` 3 n“1 3
5n ` n 2
ř8 xn 8 px ` 2q3n 8 n3
psin xqn
ř
(4) n n (8)
ř
? (12)
n“1 2 ` 3 n“1
3
n`1
2
n“1 pn ` 1q
2

Ex. 9. Calculate the sum of the following (function/constant) series:

8 8 x2n`5
nxn , x P p´1, 1q;
ř
, x P p´3, 3q;
ř
(1) (3) 2n
n“1 n“0 3 p2n ` 1q
8
ř
pn2 ` 3n ´ 1qxn , x P p´1, 1q;
8 x2n`2
(2) , x P p´1, 1q.
ř
(4)
n“1 n“0 p2n ` 1qp2n ` 2q

Ex. 10. Represent the following functions as a MacLaurin series:

2x ` 4 1 x3 ` x ` 1
(1) y “ (4) y “ (7) y “
x2 ´ 3x ` 2 x2 ` x ` 1 x2 ´ 4x ` 3
(2) y “ xsin2 x (5) y “ lnp1 ` x ´ 2x2 q (8) y “ px ` 1qe2x
1 (6) y “ arcsin x (9) y “ sin 3x ` x cos 3x.
(3) y “ ?
4 ´ x2
Ex. 11. Expand the following functions as a Taylor series about the given points x0 (in a neigh-
borhood of x0 ):

1 (4) f pxq “ lnpx2 ` 2x ` 3q, x0 “ ´1;

(1) f pxq “ , x0 “ 4;
2x ` 3 x3 ´ 3x2 ` 4x ´ 1
πx (5) f pxq “ , x0 “ 1;
(2) f pxq “ sin , x0 “ 1; x2 ´ 2x ` 2
? 3 1
(3) f pxq “ x, x0 “ 4; (6) f pxq “ 2 , x0 “ ´4.
x ` 3x ` 2
Ex. 12. Represent the below functions as a Fourier series of the period 2T “ 2π.

(1) y “ x, where x P p´π, πq; (2) y “ x2 , where x P p´π, πq.

Ex. 13. Expand the below functions as a Fourier series of the period 2T “ 2.

(1) f pxq “ x, where x P p´1, 1q; (2) f pxq “ |x|, where x P p´1, 1q.

Ex. 14. Plot the graph, find their corresponding Fourier series, and determine the sum of the
Fourier series at the points of discontinuity of the following functions:
#
3 if 0 ă x ă 2
(1) f pxq “ with period 4;
´3 if 2 ă x ă 4
4
#
2´x if 0 ă x ă 4
(2) f pxq “ with period 8.
x´6 if 4 ă x ă 8
Ex. 15. Find the corresponding Fourier series of the following functions:

&1 if 0 ď x ď π
$ #
0 if ´ 2 ă x ď 0
2 b) f pxq “ x
%0 if π ă x ď π;
a) f pxq “ if 0 ă x ă 2.
2 2

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Chapter 2: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

2.1. FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Ex. 16. Solve the first-order differential equations below.
1) Separable equations:

a) y1 “ x2 y; d) 1 ` x ` xy1 y “ 0;
b) 2ypx2 ` 4qdy “ py2 ` 1qdx; e) y1 “
? cos2 x cos2 p2yq;
c) y1 ` ey`x “ 0; f) y2 1 ´ x2 dy “ arcsin xdx, yp0q “ 0.

2) Homogeneous equations:
y x d) px ` 2yqdx ´ xdy “ 0;
a) y1 “ ` ` 1; y π
x y e) xy1 “ y ` 2x3 sin2 , yp1q “ ;
y x 2
b) xy1 “ x sin ` y; 2
´ y ¯2 x y y
f) y1 “ 2 ´ ` 1, yp1q “ 2.
1
c) 2y ` “ ´1; x x
x
3) Linear equations:

4 d) xy1 ´ y “ x2 cos x, ypπq “ π;

a) y1 ´ y “ 4x7 ;
x ? e) px2 ` 1qy1 ` 2xy “ e x ;
b) xy1 ` y “ x; f) p2xy ` 3qdy ´ y2 dx “ 0.
c) y1 “ x ´ y;

4) Bernoulli equations:
y 2
a) y1 ` “ x2 y4 , yp1q “ 2; 1
d) y ` xy “
xe´2x
;
x y
2 y3
b) y1 ` y “ 2 ; x2
x x e) 2xy1 ` y ´ 3 ;
c) xy1 ` y “ ´xy2 ; y
f) ydx ` px ` x2 y2 qdy “ 0.

5) Exact equations/Integrating factor

a) px2 ` yqdx “ p2y ´ xqdy; d) 2x cos2 ydx ` p2y ´ x2 sin 2yqdy “ 0;

b) p2xy ` 3qdy “ ´y2 dx; e) p2xy2 ´ 3y3 qdx “ p3xy2 ´ yqdy;
c) ey dx “ pxey ´ 2yqdy; f) p3xey ` 2yqdx ` px2 ey ` xqdy “ 0.

Ex. 17. (Applications: RL–circuit) An RL-circuit consists of a 100 Ohms resistor and a 2.5 Hen-
ries inductor connected in series to an electromotive force of 110 cos 314t. Find the current at any
time t.
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2.2. SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Ex. 18 (Linear equations with constant coefficients.). Solve the following second-order differ-
ential equations:

(1) y2 ´ 3y1 ` 2y “ 0 (8) y2 ` 2y1 ` 10y “ xe´x cos 3x

(2) y2 ´ 2y1 ` y “ 0, yp1q “ 2, y1 p1q “ ´2 (9) y2 ` 2y1 ` 2y “ 8 cos x ´ sin x
(3) y2 ` 2y1 ` 5y “ 0, yp0q “ 1, y1 p0q “ 3 (10) y2 ` y “ 2 cos x cos 2x
(4) y2 ´ 4y1 ` 3y “ p15x ` 37qe´2x (11) y2 ` y1 ´ 2y “ x ` sin 2x
(5) y2 ´ y “ 4px ` 1qe x (12) y2 ` 3y1 ´ 4y “ 200 sin2 x
(6) y2 ´ 2y1 ` y “ p12x ` 4qe x (13) y2 ´ 3y1 ` 2y “ e x ` sin x
(7) y2 ´ y1 ´ 2y “ xe x cos x (14) y2 ` 4y “ e3x ` x sin 2x.

Ex. 19 (Liouville’s formula.). Solve the following second-order differential equations:

1
(1) px ´ 1q2 y2 ` 4px ´ 1qy1 ` 2y “ 0, given a particular solution y1 “ ;
1´x
sin x
(2) xy2 ` 2y1 ` xy “ 0, given a particular solution y1 “ ;
1
x
2xy 2y
(3) y2 ´ 2 ` 2 “ 0 given a particular solution y1 “ x;
x ` 1 ˆ x ` 1˙
1 cos x
(4) x2 y2 ` xy1 ` x2 ´ y “ 0 with x ą 0, given a particular solution y1 “ ? .
4 x
Ex. 20 (Method of variation of parameters.). Solve the following second-order differential equa-
tions:

e2x 4
(1) y2 ´ 4y1 ` 4y “ ; (3) y2 ` 4y “ ;
x´x sin 2x
e 3
(2) y2 ` 2y1 ` y “ 2 ; (4) y2 ` 9y “ .
x `9 cos2 3x

Ex. 21. (Applications: Mass–spring system) A mass of 100 g stretches a spring 5 cm. If the mass
is set in motion from its equilibrium position with a downward velocity of 10 cm/sec and if there
is no damping, determine the position u of the mass at any time t. When does the mass first return
to its equilibrium position?
Ex. 22. (Applications: Mass–spring system) A mass weighted 500 g stretches a spring 10 cm.
The mass is acted on by an external force of 10 sin 2t N and moves in a medium that imparts a
viscous force of 2 N when the speed of the mass is 4 cm/sec. The mass is pulled down 3 cm from
its equilibrium position and released. Formulate the initial value problem describing the motion of
the mass.
2.3. LAPLACE TRANSFORM AND APPLICATIONS
Ex. 23. Find the Laplace transform of the following functions:

(1) f ptq “ t2 ` 3t (4) f ptq “ cos2 p2tq (7) f ptq “ 2 sin 3t cos 5t
(2) f ptq “ t ´ 2e3t (5) f ptq “ pt ` 1q 3
(8) f ptq “ sinh2 3t
(3) f ptq “ 1 ` cosh 5t
´ π¯ (9) f ptq “ 3e2t ` 2 sin2 3t.
(6) f ptq “ 2 sin t `
3
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Ex. 24. Determine the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions:

3 1 5 ´ 2s
(1) Fpsq “ (5) Fpsq “ (9) Fpsq “
s4 s2
´ 3s s2
` 7s ` 10
3 1 1
(2) Fpsq “ (6) Fpsq “ 2
(10) Fpsq “ 3
s´4 sps ` 4q s ´ 5s2
5 ´ 3s 1 1
(3) Fpsq “ 2 (7) Fpsq “ (11) Fpsq “ 4
s `9 sps ` 1qps ` 2q s ´ 16
10s ´ 3 3 s2 ´ 2s
(4) Fpsq “ (8) Fpsq “ (12) Fpsq “ 4 .
25 ´ s2 2s ` 4 s ` 5s2 ` 4

Ex. 25. Solve the following initial-value problems for differential equations:
# #
xp3q ´ x2 ´ x1 ` x “ e2t xp4q ´ 16x “ 240 cos t
(1) (3)
xp0q “ x1 p0q “ x2 p0q “ 0; xp0q “ x1 p0q “ x2 p0q “ xp3q “ 0;
# #
xp3q ´ 6x2 ` 11x1 ´ 6x “ 0 xp4q ` 8x2 ` 16x “ 0
(2) (4)
xp0q “ x1 p0q “ 0, x2 p0q “ 2; xp0q “ x1 p0q “ x2 p0q “ 0, xp3q p0q “ 1.

Ex. 26. Solve the following initial-value problems for systems of differential equations:
$ $
1 1 1
’
& x “ 2x ` y & x ` 2y ` x “ 0
’
(1) y1 “ 6x ` 3y (3) x1 ´ y1 ` y “ 0
’
% xp0q “ 2, yp0q “ 3; ’
% xp0q “ 1, yp0q “ 3;
$ $
’
’ x2 ` x1 ` y1 ` 2x ´ y “ 0 ’
’ x2 ` 2x ´ 4y “ 0
’
&y2 ` x1 ` y1 ` 4x ´ 2y “ 0 ’
&y2 ´ x ` 2y “ 0
(2) (4)
’
’ xp0q “ yp0q “ 1, ’
’ xp0q “ yp0q “ 0
’
% 1 ’
1 % 1
x p0q “ y p0q “ 3; x p0q “ 1, y1 p0q “ ´1.

Ex. 27 (Shifting operation with respect to s). Find the Laplace transform/inverse Laplace trans-
form of the following functions:

(1) f ptq “ t4 eπt 1

(8) Fpsq “
(2) f ptq “ e´2t sin
´ 3t π ¯ s3 `1
t
(3) f ptq “ e sin t ` s2 ` 1
(9) Fpsq “
4 s3 ´ 2s2 ` 8s
(4) f ptq “ pet ` tq2 s2 ` 3
(5) f ptq “ e2t cos 3t sin t (10) Fpsq “
ps2 ` 2s ` 2q2
1
(6) Fpsq “ 2 s3 ` 2
s ` 4s ` 4 (11) Fpsq “
3s ` 5 ps2 ` 1qps2 ´ 4s ` 5q
(7) Fpsq “ 2 2s ` 3
s ´ 6s ` 25 (12) Fpsq “ .
ps ´ 2s ` 2qps2 ` 2s ` 5q
2
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Ex. 28 (Shifting operation with respect to t). Solve the following initial-value problems for dif-
ferential equations:
# #
x2 ` x “ f ptq cos t if 0 ď t ă π
(1) where f ptq “
1
xp0q “ x p0q “ 0, 0 if t ě π;
# #
x2 ` 4x “ f ptq 1 if 0 ď t ă π
(2) where f ptq “
xp0q “ x1 p0q “ 0, t if t ě π;
# #
x2 ` 4x1 ` 4x “ f ptq t if 0 ď t ă 1
(3) 1
where f ptq “
xp0q “ 0, x p0q “ 1, 0 if t ě 1;
# #
x2 ` 4x1 ` 5x “ f ptq 1 if 0 ď t ă 2
(4) 1
where f ptq “
xp0q “ 1, x p0q “ 0, 0 if t ě 2.
Ex. 29. Find the Laplace transform/inverse Laplace transform of the following functions:

(1) f ptq “ t cos2 t cosh t ´ 1 s`3

(7) f ptq “ (11) Fpsq “ ln
(2) f ptq “ t2 sin kt t s´3
(3) f ptq “ te2t sin 3t 1 ´ cos 2t s2 ` 1
(8) f ptq “ (12) Fpsq “ ln
(4) f ptq “ pt ´ e2t q2 t ps ` 2qps˙´ 3q
sin t 2 ˆ
(9) Fpsq “ arctan 1
(5) f ptq “ s`3 (13) Fpsq “ ln 1 ` 2
t s
e2t ´ 1 s2 ` 2 ´3s
(6) f ptq “ (10) Fpsq “ ln 2 e
t s `5 (14) Fpsq “ .
s
Ex. 30. Solve the following initial-value problems for differential equations:
# #
tx2 ` pt ´ 2qx1 ` x “ 0 tx2 ` p4t ´ 2qx1 ` p13t ´ 4qx “ 0
(1) (3)
xp0q “ 0; xp0q “ 0;
# #
tx2 ´ p4t ` 1qx1 ` 2p2t ` 1qx “ 0 tx2 ´ tx1 ` x “ 2
(2) (4)
xp0q “ 0; xp0q “ 2, x1 p0q “ ´4.