A

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

ON
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN
SUPERIOR HI-TECH INFRA PROJECTS LLP
(SUBH NIKUNJ)

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of the

Bachelor of Technology

Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

(2022-2023)

Submitted To: Submitted by:

Mr. Hetram Sharma Abhinav Sharma

Asst. Professor & Dy. Head 20EJCCE004
III Year, V SEM

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JAIPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE & RESEARCH CENTRE

NOVEMBER 2022

1
Jaipur Engineering College and Research Centre

Department of Civil Engineering

Session 2022-23

Certificate

2
 ACKNOWLEDMENT
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. (Dr.) V. K. Chandna, Principal of Jaipur
Engineering College and Research Centre, Jaipur, Mr. Thomas Kurien, dean students
activities for permitting me to carry out my industrial training.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Krishan Kumar Saini, Head of the
Department, Department of Civil Engineering, Jaipur Engineering College and Research
Centre, Jaipur for permitting me. I sincerely express my deepest gratitude to Mr. Hetram
Sharma, Assistant Professor & Dy. Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Jaipur
Engineering College and Research Centre, Jaipur for his consistent guidance and
encouragement.

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the entire faculty member so the
department of civil engineering, Jaipur Engineering College and Research Centre, Jaipur for
helping me.

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all those people who have been directly and
indirectly with me during the competition of this project.

I acknowledge here out debt to those who contributed significantly to one or more steps. I
take full responsibility for any remaining sins of omission and commission.

Abhinav Sharma

20EJCCE004

B.Tech III Year

Civil Engineering

3
 ABSTRACT

CIVIL ENGINEERING training is the one of the requirement to be fulfilled in order to

obtain the bachelor’s degree in technology . Each student needs to do the software training in
a recognized company of their respective domain . The student are compulsory to do training
for duration of 45 days which is intended for their exposure to the software industry. A well
planned , properly excited and evaluated software training helps a lot in developing a
professional attitude . It develops an awareness of software approach to problem solving
,based on a broad understanding of process .Besides software training build self confidence
among student and students let student know the technical knowledge and professionalism.
During industrial training, most of the theoretical knowledge gained during the course of
studies was toput to test .various efforts and processes involved in designing of a components
was studied and understood during the training .In our training .I undertook courses of
bulding construction.

The training gave me good experience from the view of implementing my theoretical
knowledge in practical Aspects .it gave me firsthand experience of working as a engineering
professional .it helped me in improving m technical , interpersonal ,and communication skills
both oral and written, overall it is a great experience to have industrial training in such a
reputed firm. and I believe that it will help main building a successful career.

4
 List of tables

Name of table Page number

Reinforcement Concrete Work 45

List of Figure
S. no. Name of figure Page number

1.1 Entrance Subh 4

Nikunj

1.2 Cement bags 10

1.3 Bricks 11

1.4 Aggregates 12

1.5 Reinforcement steel 13

1.6 R.C.C. Structure 14

1.7 Method of RCC 15

design

1.8 Cement- Concrete 17

1.9 Water –cement ratio 19

1.10 Mixing of concrete 20

1.11 Retaining Wall 23

1.12 Types of slumps 24

1.13 Slumped Concrete 32

5
S. No. TITLE PAGE NO.

Certificate II

Acknowledgement III

Abstract IV

List of Table V

List of Figure V

1. Introduction 1

2. Introduction of project 2

3. About project 3

4. Location details 4

5. Technical details 5

6. Site plan and planning of building 6

7. Building Materials 9

8. The effect of aggregate properties on cement properties 15

R.C.C.
9. 16

10. Design policy 19

11. Cement concrete 20

12. Workability 22

13. Water cement ratio 23

6
14. Manufacturing of concrete 24

15. Formwork 26

16. Curing of concrete 27

17. Removal of formwork 28

18. Concrete mix design 28

19. Retaining wall 32

20. Slump Test 34

21. Concrete cube test 37

22. General notes 39

23. Conclusion 43

24. References 44

7
1. INTRODUCTION
The building is defined as any structure what so ever purpose and of whatsoever materials
constructed and ever part thereof whether used as human habitation or not .

For this practical training, I reported at SUPERIOR HI-TECH INFRA PROJECTS LLP, at
construction of SUBH NIKUNJ ( Residential Buildings , Tower & Non-Tower , in response
to Mr. Ashok Sharma (Managing Director) dated In connection with same, I have reported to
Mr. Ajay Sen (General Manager) at , furthers ordered me to join project site. The site
incharge meet me at the site and gives me brief introduction of this project as under

8
 Introduction of Project

The SUBH NIKUNJ project located at Mansarover Extension , Mohanpura is the latest
project launched by SHUBHAM GROUP boulevard and much more. The development will
be divided into various thematic districts offering commercial and residential facilities. The
Commercial zone will offer well defined areas for elaborate financial and civic centers, along
with this Residential Districts which will have a vast range of high rise apartment blocks,
with regular water supply and 24 hours electric power supply, to suit the requirements of all.
A new residential community of high rise apartments.

The luxurious apartments are set amidst a healthy and pollution free neighborhood with
numerous other facilities like, children play areas, yoga deck community hall, jogging track
etc. A home designed to value your own space, where style meets elegance and delights you
with a warm friendly living. Having a boulevard running along to soothen your senses,
Nikunj revolutionize your lifestyle with its unique architectural designs. It comes as a marvel
of living in style where homes are available in the option of 1/2/3 bedroom personal floors as
well as breathtaking duplex apartments.

Fig.1.1: Entrance of Subh Nikunj

9
About Project
Location:
Near kesar chouraha, mohanpura ,mansarover extension ,Jaipur
Concept:
The product has TROPICAL FEEL. The architecture style, landscaping is in sync with
the theme.

 TROPICAL style outer façade of the towers.

 Use of tropical flora like Palm trees, mangroves all over the community.

 All the apartment towers will be surrounded by palm trees or face a water body.
 Club House.

 Tropical architecture.

 Swimming pool designed with a tropical feel.

 Fully equipped fitness facility including a weight and cardio room and a trainer
studio.

 Aerobics and yoga room.

 Mini theatre for watching movies etc. 40-50 seats.

 Sports lounge.

 Community hall.

 Library

 Kids play area.

 Senior citizen area

10
Specification
Structure:
R.C.C Framed Structure
Air Conditioning:
Split AC as per design & apartment configuration
Living Room, Dining Room & Lounge:
Floors: Marble Flooring
External Doors and Windows: Window steel frame with wooden shutters doors.
Walls:
Internal: Oil Bound Distemper
External: Good Quality external grade paint
Internal Doors: Enamel painted Flush doors.
Bedrooms & Dress:
Floor: Marble Flooring.
External Doors and Windows: Window steel frame with wooden shutters Doors
Walls:
Internal: Oil Bound Distemper
External: Good Quality external grade paint.
Internal doors: Enamel painted Flush doors.
Wardrobes: Built-in wardrobe
Toilets:
Floors: Tiles
External Doors and Windows: Window steel frame with wooden shutters Doors
Fixture and Fittings: All provided of Standard Company make Exhaust fan.
Walls: Tiles in cladding up to 7’ in shower area and 3’6” in balance areas.
Internal doors: Enamel painted Flush doors.
Kitchens:
Floors: Marble Flooring
External Doors and Windows: Window steel frame with wooden shutters Doors
Fixture and Fittings: Stone Top with sink Exhaust fan
Walls: Ceramic Tiles 2’-6” above counter, Balance walls painted in oil bound
distemper.
Balconies & Verandah:
Floors: Tiles
Railings: MS Railing as per Design
Lift Lobbies & Corridors:
Floors: Ceramic / Mosaic Tiles / Marble / Kota or equivalent.

11
 Technical Report
1. GENERAL
1.1 Name of work Construction of Residential building (Tower & Non-Tower).
1.2 Name of zone Mansarovar Extension
1.3 Name of division Jaipur , Rajasthan

2. LOCATION OF THE LAND

2.1 Location iskon road , mohanpura.

3. BRIEF SPECIFICATION As received from Chief Architect

3.1 Foundation concrete: Design mix concrete M-25

3.2 Foundation: R.C.C. Raft foundation having slab thickness 700 mm.

3.3 Wall:
(a) Basement outer wall of R.C.C. Retaining type in cement concrete M-25.

(b) Ground floor & first floor other wall of R.C.C. in cement concrete M-25
&Brick masonry in cement mortar.
3.4 Structure
The complete structure is of RCC frame structure in M-25 concrete.

4. Other specifications
(a) Expansion &Contraction joint are provided.
(b) Bitumen treatment are provided at the roof.
(c) Water proofing is done by using chemical water proofing materials e.g.
Penybar etc.

5. ESTIMATED COST
The estimate cost of above Building comes to 80 crores of basements& Six floors

6. PLINTH AREA RATE 3200 per Sq. Ft

12
 SITE PLAN AND PLANING OF BUILDING
The planning of the building has the most important role in the civil engineering because well
designed building has the comfort and good working conditions for the people who live and
work in it .

The project on which I take training it is a construction of residential buildings. This building
is designed very carefully by keeping the following views:

 Swimming pool.

 Aerobics and yoga room.

 Media rooms for watching movies etc. 40-50 seats.

 Sports lounge.

 Community Hall.

 Library.

 Kids play area.

 Car Parking..

This building is situated in the mohanpur. There are the environmental condition is
sun shiny and hot arid zone, good rain fall, good neighboring conditions. The facing
of the building is north.

13
 BUILDING MATERIALS

A building structure is composed of different types of the material these materials are either
called as building material. The material use in the building on basis of the availability and
cost. For construct a building the essential.
building material are as follow:

Cement
The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material consisting of compound of
lime ,silica alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a paste which hardened and
bind the aggregates (sand, gravel ,crushed rock, etc.) together to form a durable mass called
the Concrete.
Cement is the binder that holds concrete and mortars together. Which is why it play the most
critical role in giving strength and durability to your building .Cement uses for domestic
building such as home are basically of three types
.
Portland Slag Cement:
Portland slag cement (PSC) conforming to IS: 455 A combination of good quality blast
furnace slag (from the iron steel industry)with clinker (which makes the OPC) and gypsum.
Portland Pozzolana Cement:

Portland pozzolana cement (PCC) conforming to IS: 1489 A combination of flyash (from
thermal power plant) with clinker and gypsum. pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding
Portland cement clinker with pozzolana. This type of cement is largely used in marine
structure.

Ordinary Portland Cement:

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 33 grade conforming to IS: 269, 43 grade conforming to IS:
8112 and 53 grade conforming to IS:12269 A combination of clinker and gypsum of good
quality. Ordinary Portland cement is manufactured by first burning at a very high temperature
the mixture of calcareous(mainly calcium carbonate) and argillaceous (mainly clay) and then
grinding the calcined product (i.e. clinker) with small amount of gypsum in to a fine power
known as ordinary Portland cement.
.
Good quality cement has the following features :
o Reduced water requirement
o Improve Workability
o Less permissible to moisture
o Improved resistance to acid and chlorides
o Reduced heat of hydration

14
  Easier to finish
 Reduced shrinkage
 Reduced leaching problems because it is low free lime.

Fig.1.2 cement bags on field

Sand
These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular, subangular or flat
fragments of more or less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90% of particles of size
greater than 0.06 mm and less than 2 mm.

Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion less particles of silica derived from the
disintegration of rock.

These are of three types:

Coarse sand : It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6mm and
less than 2 mm
.
Medium sand: It is one, which contains 90 & of particles of particles size greater than 0.2
mm and less than 0.6 mm

Fine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less
than 0.2 mm.

15
Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and performance of concrete mixture. It
should be:
 Clear, angular and hard
 Free from clay, mica and soft, flaky material
 Graded, which means it should be a mix of fine, medium and coarse sand
 Free from contaminates like sea salt
 Consistent in moisture (water) content which should not exceed 7%. When mixing
 concrete the moisture
 Content must be taken in to consideration

The price of sand includes three or four components- base cost, transportation, handling
and number of Intermediaries. Procuring sand in bulk directly from the source will be
cheaper. Your neighborhood dealer in this case is likely to be costlier, except when you
need smaller quantities.

Building Stone
Building stones are obtained from the rocks occurring in nature. The stones are used into
construct the foundation, super structure and many of the building components. The various
stones derived from these types of rocks are as follows:

Principal stones from igneous rocks: Granite, Basalt and Trap

Principal stones from sedimentary rocks: Sand stone, Shale ,Lime stone

Principal stones from metamorphic rocks: Quartzite, slate andmarble

Properties or requirement of good building stone:

A good building stone should posses several characteristics such as high strength (crushing
strength>1000kg/cm ), high durability, sufficient hardness(coefficient of hardness>14), high
resistance to wear, good fire resistance, specific gravity more than 2.7, crystalline structure,
high impact value(toughness index> 13) low water absorption (percentage absorption after
24hour less than 0.6), weather resistance and better appearance

Bricks
Bricks are distinguished by their base (row) material and size. Standard brunt clay bricks
come in the size 10" x 5" x 3". Modular bricks, rarely used because they are not easily
available, come in the size 200mm x 100mm x 100mm (including mortar thickness) Fly ash
bricks, sometimes also come in modular form.

16
 Conventional bricks have a frog (depressed / raised portion) on one of the larger surface
bearing the Manufacturer’s brand. These also provide a good mechanical key for bonding
(lock ability) with mortar.

The modular bricks do not have the frog on them. Fly ash bricks exhibit almost similar
mechanical properties as brunt clay bricks. Exposed brickwork with precise pointing is
possible if the shapes are perfect

Fig. 1.3 Bricks

Aggregate
Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive) material, which
when bounded together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used in this country are
naturally occurring aggregates such as Sand, crushed rock and gravel.

17
 Fig.1.4 Aggregates

Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories:

Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 150
micron.

Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes through 63 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 4.75
micron.

All in Aggregate: Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or riverbed. It is sometimes used
for unimportant work without separating into different sizes.

Properties of Natural Aggregates:

The properties should comply with the norms laid down in IS: 38-1970 Specification for C.A.
and F.A. from natural sources for concrete. Aggregates should be chemically inert, strong,
hard, durable, of limited porosity (water absorption when immersed in water for 24 hours
should not be more than 10%.),free from adherent coating, clay lumps, coal and coal residues
and should contain no organic or other admixture that may cause corrosion of the
reinforcement or impair the strength or durability of the concrete. The shape (rounded
,irregular, angular and flaky) and sizes of the aggregates should conform to the strength and
workability requirements.

Uses of the Aggregates:

1.Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can be used for producing any type of good
concrete or R.C.C. for construction purpose.

18
2. Broken brick aggregates is used to produce plain concrete but not suitable for R.C.C.
Which is lighter than broken stone aggregate.

3. Air- cooled blast furnace slag, which is a by- product in the process of pig iron ,forms a
stronger and durable concrete when mixed with sand, and has a high fire resistance.

Reinforcement Steel
RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load carrying capacity of the
concrete it is reinforced with steel bars of different diameters provided in an appropriate
manner. Such concrete is called reinforced concrete and the bars are called the reinforcement.
These bars are provided at various locations to resist the internal forces, which are developed
due to the loads acting on the structure.

Fig. 1.5 Reinforcement Steel

Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of the concrete. Concrete has low tensile,
but high compressive strength. The tensile deficiency is compensated by reinforcing the
concrete mass through insertion of plain or twisted mild steel bars. Both branded and
unbranded bars are available. It is wise to buy good brands the names of which are marked on
the steel. During construction make sure that steel reinforcement is provided exactly as the
engineering design specification.

Precautions:
 Steel bars/rods should be responsibly clean and free of rust.
 Bars that cannot be easily bent manually or mechanically should be rejected.
 Optimum length bars must not be chosen to reduce wastage in cutting.
 To avoid laps, shorter bars must not be accepted.
 Welded length of the bars should not be accepted.

19
 Water

The strength and durability of concrete depends also on the amount of water mixed with it.
Too much or too little Water can adversely affect the strength of concrete. After concrete is
cast, water is used to cure it so that the temperature is controlled and concrete matures slowly.

It is very important to use clean, potable water in quality concrete production. Brackish or
salty water must never be used. Contaminated water will produce concrete mortars with
lower durability, erratic set characteristics and inconsistent color.

THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE PROPERTIESON CEMENT CONCRETE

Concrete is a mixture of cementious material, aggregate and water. Aggregate is commonly

considered inert filler, which accounts for 60 to 80% of the volume and 70 to 85% of the
weight of the concrete. Although aggregate is considered inert filler, it is a necessary
component that defines the concrete s thermal and elastic properties and dimensional
stability.

Physical and mineralogical properties of aggregate must be known before mixing concrete to
obtain a desirable mixture. These properties include shape and texture, size gradation,
moisture content, specific gravity, reactivity, soundness, and bulk unit weight. These
properties along with water /cementitious material ratio determine the strength, workability
and durability of the concrete.
The shape and texture of the aggregate affects the properties of fresh concrete more than
hardened concrete. Concrete ids more workable when smooth and rounded aggregate is used
instead of rough angular or elongated aggregate. Crushed stone produces much more angular
and elongated aggregate, which have a higher surface to volume ratio better bond
characteristics but require more cement paste to produce a workable mixture.

The surface texture of the aggregate can be either smooth or rough. A smooth surface can
improve workability yet a rougher surface generates a stronger bond between the paste and
the aggregate creating a higher strength. The grading or size distribution of aggregate is an
important characteristic because it determines the paste requirement for workable concrete.
The required amount of the concrete paste is dependent upon the amount of void space that
must be filled and the total surface area that must be covered. When the particles are of
uniform size the spacing is the greatest but when a range of sizes is used the void spaces are
filled, the less workable the concrete becomes, therefore, a compromise between workability
and economy is necessary.

The moisture content of an aggregate is an important factor when developing the proper
water/cementitious material ratio. The density of the aggregate is required in mixture
proportioning to establish weight- volume relationships.

20
REINFORCEMENT CEMENT CONCRETE

Plain concrete is very strong in compression but its tensile strength is only about 1/10 of the
strength in the compression. So, the use of the plain concrete is limited to the structure in
pure compression. Steel being equally strong in compression and tension, is, therefore, used
to reinforce the concrete in a suitable way so that it can be used to build supporting structure
where tension also develops . Concrete, thus reinforced is known as reinforced concrete .

This combination is made because long steel bars can develops its full strength where it
cannot carry equal amount of compressive force due to its buckling which is caused by the
slenderness. Thus, the combination of concrete and steel bars has proved to be ideal, as the
two material are used to resist the stresses for which they are most suitable.

Fig:1.6 . Reinforcement Cement Concrete

21
Properties of the reinforced cement concrete:
1) The concrete develops very good bond with the surface of the steel bars and ,therefore the
stresses are transferred from one material to the other which Cannot resist individually.

2) The steel possesses a high tensile strength, a high modulus of elasticity and same
coefficients of expansion and contraction as concrete. Due to equal linear coefficients, no
internal stresses are set up within reinforced concrete due to variation in temperature.

3) The coating of cement grout or paste on the surface of the reinforcement protects it from
corrosion and at the same time it does not chemically react with the reinforcement.

Advantages of the reinforcement cement concrete:

 It is overall economical in ultimate cost.

 Its monolithic character provides more rigidity to the structure.

 It is highly durable and fire resisting. It is not affected by the vermins termites fungus
or
 Such other insects.

 Well-compacted R.C.C. structure is impermeable to moisture penetration.

 Care and cost of maintenance of R.C.C. structure are almost negligible.

 The fluidity of the concrete and flexibility of reinforcement make it to possible to

mould
 The R.C.C. members into variety of shapes desired.

22
 Design philosophy
R.C.C. design of building is being carried out mainly by three methods of design .They are
namely:

(1) Working stress method

(2) Ultimate load method and

(3) Limit state method.

The Limit state method is now is vogue in all government design offices and premier private
consulting firms.
The B.I.S. have published I.S.: 456-2000 incorporating the use of the Limit state method of
design. The designer should therefore get well versed with the theory of Limit state method.

Working Stress Method: In this method the design is based on the working load and
the criterion for the strength of the structure is its capacity to sustain the loads and forces
imposed on it

Fig:1.7. Method of RCC design

Limit State Method is a judicious amalgamation of Working Stress Method and Ultimate
Stress Method, removing the drawback of both of the method but retaining their good points.
It is also based on sound scientific principles and backed by 25 year of research .

The Limit State Method has proved to have an edge over the Working Stress Method from
the economic point of view. Consequently we need no stick to Working Stress Method any
more.

Besides analytical part of the structural design, following factors should also be kept in mind
while designing the structure

23
  Strength of structure.

 Durability of structure.

 Serviceability of structure during construction as well as during design lifetime of

structure.

 Economy in building material and ease of constructions.

 Economy in centering and form work.

 Aesthetics of structure.

Cement concrete
Cement concrete is a composite material used for construction of various civil engineering
structures. It is obtained by mixing the basic ingredients such as cement, Fine aggregate
(normally sand) and coarse aggregate (normally stone pieces) in required proportions. Water
is added in the required measure and the mixture is put into a mechanical mixer to achieve
concrete. Concrete is poured into the formwork (mould made up of plywood, steel plates and
timber) to get the desired shape. It is then vibrated to achieve proper compaction (uniform
denseness). High temperature is generated through chemical reaction in this process. Curing
(control of temperature) with water is essential to achieve the desired strength of the concrete.

Concrete gains compressive strength progressively with time. The strength achieved at the
end of the 28 days is called the Characteristics Compressive Strength of the concrete and is
designed as a Grade. About 60% of this strength is achieved at the end of the 7 days from the
date of casting. Concrete continues to gain strength even beyond 28 days, albeit marginally.
The form is subsequently removed. Different compressive strength of the concrete can be
achieved by mixing the basic ingredients in different proportions. Being a material moulded
at site, the durability of the concrete over a long period of time depends on its mixing,
placement, vibration and curing which together contribute to its workmanship.

Fig.1.8: Cement – Concrete

24
 Properties of Cement concrete

Strength of concrete:-
It should be have high compressive strength. The tensile and shear strengths are generally
about 8 to 12% and 8 To 10% of their compressive strength respectively .The compressive
strength of concrete is affected by several factors such as

(a) Quality of the material and grading of the aggregates

(b) Water

(c) Water cement ratio

(d) Cement content

(e) Age of the concrete

(f) Method of mixing placing compacting and curing

Workability of concrete
The concrete should have sufficient workability. The workability of the concrete indicates the
ease with which it can be mixed, placed and compacted. Generally the strength decreases
with increases of the workability.

Durability of concrete
The concrete possess a high durability value, as it is not much affected by atmospheric action.
On the contrary, with the age, the concrete goes on hardening, thereby increase in the
strength. It is this property, which gives This material a distinct place among the building
material.

Elasticity of concrete
The concrete is not a truly elastic material and elastic modulus is effect by the strength, age,
and moisture content of the concrete and the type of the aggregate used. The concrete
undergoes an extra strain in addition to instantaneous strain on application of a load or stress,
sufficient time. This extra strain is called creep of concrete and is permanent in character not
recovered on the removal of load.

25
Shrinkage of concrete
The concrete has a tendency to shrink under following conditions:-

(a) There is initial shrinkage of cement concrete, which is mainly due to loss of water
through forms, absorption by surface of forms.

(b) The shrinkage of cement concrete occurs as it is hardened. This tendency of shrinkage
on one-hand causes cracks in concrete, while on the other, it grips the reinforcement
tightly and hence proper bond between concrete and reinforcement when used in
R.C.C. work .

Fire resistance of concrete

Concrete is good insulator and has a fairly good fire resistance owing to the presence of pores
and also water.

Workability
Workability is the most elusive property of concrete. A concrete is said to be workable if it
can be easily mixed, handled , transported, placed in position and compacted. A workable
concrete should not show any segregation or bleeding.

The segregation is said to occur when the coarse aggregate tries to separate out from the finer
material and this result in concentration of coarse aggregate at one place and fine material at
another place in the mass concrete. The segregation creates larger void sand reduces the
durability and strength both.

The bleeding of concrete is said to occur when excess water comes up at the surface of the
concrete. This causes the undesirable small pores through the mass of the concrete.

The workability of the concrete effected by many factors: -

 Shape of the aggregates

 grading and size of the aggregates

 ratio and coarse and fine aggregates

 efficiency of mixing

 quantity of water and use of any mixture .

For maximum strength, the desired workability of fresh concrete can be attained by the
following measure:

26
 (i) The proportion of coarse aggregate may be reduced, because the finer is the
grading, the greater will be the workability.
(ii) The proportion of coarse aggregate may be reduced while on the other hand
Corresponding increases may be made in that of the finer aggregates.
(iii) The process of mixing concrete can be repeated second time by use of the
Vibrator

Water cement ratio

Water cement ratio is the ratio of the water in a mix (excluding water absorbed already by the
aggregate) to the weight of cement their in. water cement ratio is the most important factor
governing the strength of concrete. The strength of the concrete depend mainly open the
amount of cement and the amount of water in it. The correct quantity Of water cement ratio
required for a particular mix depends upon various factors such as mix proportions, type and
grading of aggregate, method of compaction applied and weather condition.

water/cement ratio
70

60

50

40

30 water/cement ratio

20

10

0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Fig. 1.9 Water- Cement Ratio

On the other hand workability of a concrete mix increases as the water content or water
cement ratio of mix increased, because the water lubricate the mixture. But, at the same time

27
increases in water content deceases the strength. Excess of water, further weaken the
concrete, produces shrinkage cracks and decreases density.

Manufacture of the concrete

In the manufacture of concrete, it is almost important to ensure that a concrete of
predetermined proportion is continuously placed in position in such a way that each batch
almost like the other batches as far as possible.

Batching of the concrete

After fixing the proportion of different ingredients of concrete for a particular work, the
material C.A., F.A., cement and water measured out in batches for mixing. The process is
known as Batching. This process of batching may be carried out by weight or by volume.
.
(i) Weight batching: - The unit of weight, for material of concrete, is usually Kilogram. The
batching of material by weight is absolutely straight forward, the cement, sand and coarse
aggregate being all weighed directly in Kilogram.

(ii) Volume batching: -In batching by volume, all ingredient i.e. water, cement, sand and
coarse aggregate are measured in liters, where the resulting concrete(being) solid measured in
cubic meters.

Mixing of concrete
Mixing of concrete may be carried out by hand or machine (by using a mechanical mixture)
but the mixing by machine is always preferred.

Mixing by hand :- In this, mixing carried out by hand on a clean, hard and water tight
platform. Firstly cement, sand, aggregate are mixed by hand with the help of the shovel and a
desired quantity of the water added to it and mix properly. This type of mixing carried out in
the small work and unimportant work.

Fig:1.10 Mixing of concrete

28
ii) Mixing in machine:- The machine used for mixing concrete is known as mechanical
concrete mixer. There are two main type of concrete mixer is commonly use namely:

 Continuous mixers are used in massive construction such as dams, bridges, etc.,
which involve the use of large masses of concrete and also required the continuous
flow of concrete.

 Batch mixer is most commonly used and consisting of a revolving drum with blades
or baffles inside it. In batch mixer, all the material of desired proportioned mix are fed
into the hopper of the revolving drum on being rotated at a certain speed mixes the
material with the aid of a series of blades providing inside, the resulting mix is finally
discharged from the drum and conveyed for used.

Transporting the concrete

Transporting the concrete mix is defined as the transferring of concrete from the mixing plant
to the construction site. Keep in mind that not all concrete is mixed on the actual construction
site and could require some significant travel. This is most common for ready mixed
concrete. The main objective in transporting concrete is to ensure that the water cement ratio,
slump or consistency, air content, homogeneity are not modified from there intended states.
The concrete transport commonly by the steel pipes

Placing and finishing of concrete

Mixing, transporting, and handling of concrete should be carefully coordinated with placing
and finishing operations. Concrete should not be deposited more rapidly than it can be spread,
struck off, consolidation, and bull floated. Concrete should be deposited continuously as near
as possible to its final position. In slab construction, placing should be started along the
perimeter at one end of the work with each batch placed against previously dispatched
concrete. Concrete should not be dumped in separate piles and then leveled and worked
together; nor should the concrete be deposited in large piles and moved horizontally into final
position.

Consolidation
In some types of construction, the concrete is placed in forms, and then consolidated. The
consolidation compacts fresh concrete to mold it within the forms and around embedded
items and reinforcement and to eliminate stone pockets, honeycomb and entrapped air. It
should not remove significant amount of intentionally entrained air.

Vibration either internal or external is the most widely used method for consolidating
concrete. When concrete is vibrated, the internal friction between the aggregate particles is
temporarily destroyed and the concrete behave like a liquid; it settles in the forms under the

29
action of gravity and the large entrapped air voids rise more easily to the surface. Internal
friction is reestablished as soon as vibration stops.

Finishing
Concrete that will be visible, such as slab like driveway, highway or patios often need
finishing. Concrete slabs can be finished in many ways, depending on the intended service
use. Options include various colors and textures, such as exposed aggregate or a patterned
stamped surface. Some surface may require only strike off and screeding to proper contour
and elevation, while for other surface a broomed, floated, or troweled finish may be specified.
In slab construction screeding or strike off is the process of cutting off excess concrete
tobring the top surface of the slab to proper grade. A straight edge is moved across the
concrete with a sawing motion and advanced forward a short distance with each movement.

Bull floating eliminates high and low spots and embeds large aggregate particles immediately
after strike off.

This look like a long handled straight edge pulled across the concrete. Joining is required to
eliminate unsightly random cracks. Construction joints are made with a groover or by
inserting strips of plastic, wood, metal, or performed joints material into the unhardened
concrete. Saw cut joints can be made after the concrete is sufficiently hard or strong enough
to prevent the reveling. After the concrete has been jointed it should be floated with a wood
or metal hand float or with a finishing machine using float blades. This embeds aggregate
particles just beneath the surface; removes slight imperfections, humps, and voids; and
compacts the mortar at the surface in preparation for addition finishing operations. Where a
smooth, hard, dense surface is desired, floating should be followed by steel troweling.

Troweling should not be done on a Surface that has not been floated; troweling after only bull
floating is not an adequate finish procedure. A slip resistant surface can be produced by
brooming before the concrete has thoroughly hardened but it should be sufficient hard to
retain the scoring impression

FORMWORK

‘Temporary Supporting Structure’ are those structures, which are temporarily required in
building construction, either for supporting the laying of concrete till it gets matured, such as?
formwork or forms or shuttering. As fresh concrete is in a plastic state, when it is placed
for construction purposes, so it becomes necessary to provide some temporary structure to
confine and support the concrete, till it gains sufficient strength for self supporting. The
temporary structure is known as formwork or shuttering.

30
Requirement of the formwork
Good forms for concrete structure should satisfy the following requirements ;

( 1) It should be strong enough to resist the pressure or the weight of the fresh concrete and
the superimposed loads due to equipment, men etc. This requires careful design of formwork,
because the consideration of overloads will affects the economy whereas of under loads may
cause failure of the forms work.

(2) It should be rigid enough to retain the shape without undue deformation.

(3) It must be made or constructed so light that it does not allow the cement paste to leak
through the joints.

(4) The inside surface of the formwork should be smooth so as to give good appearance to the
resulting concrete surface. To achieve this, the inside surface of formwork is usually applied
with crude oil or soft soap solution. This also facilitates the removal of the formwork.

(5) The entire formwork should be so made that it can be removed easily without causing the
least injury to the surface or edges of the concrete.

(6) It should be made economical by reducing the cost through proper design, construction
and use of formwork

Curing of concrete
Curing is one of the most important steps in concrete construction, because proper curing
greatly increase concrete strength and durability. Concrete hardened as a result of hydration:
the chemical reaction between cement and water. However, hydration occurs only if water is
available and if the concrete temperature stays within a suitable range. During the curing
period from five to seven days after placement for conventional concrete the concrete surface
needs to be kept moist to permit the hydration process. New concrete can be wet with soaking
hoses, sprinklers or covered with wet burlap, or can be coated with commercially available
curing compounds, which seal in moisture.

After concrete is placed, a satisfactory moisture contents and temperature (between 50º F
and75º F) must be maintained, process called curing. Adequate curing is vital to quality
concrete. Curing has a strong influence on the properties of hardened concrete such as
durability, strength, water tightness, abrasion resistance, volume, stability and resistance to
freezing and thawing and deicer salts. Exposed slab surfaces are especially sensitive to
curing. Surface strength development can be reduced significantly when curing is defective.

Curing the concrete aids the chemical reaction called hydration. Most freshly mixed concrete
contains considerably more water than is required for complete hydration of the cement;

31
however, any appreciable loss of water by evaporation or by otherwise will delay or prevent
the hydration. If temperature are favorable, hydration is relatively rapid the first few days
after concrete I s placed; retaining water during this period is important. Good curing means
evaporation should be prevented or reduced.

Removal of the formwork

The period for which forms should be left in place depends upon the temperature of air, the
shape and position of structural member (i.e. horizontal vertical or inclined), the nature of the
loads likely to come and the character of the cement and cement paste. Generally, the use of
rapid hardening cement, higher temperatures, low water cement ratio and lighter loads, will
permit early removal of formwork. Under normal conditions where temperature is above20ºC
and ordinary cement is use, forms may be removed after the expiry of the period given
below:

Particulars of the structural period of member removing of formwork .

 Vertical slides of slabs, beams 24 to 48 hours columns and wall.

 Slabs (props or vertical supporting 3 days member left under)

 Beams soffits (props left under) 7 days.

 Bottom of slabs up to a span 7 days of 4.5 m.

 Bottom of slabs above 4.5 m 14 days span, bottom of the beams up to 6 m span, and
 bottom of arch ribs up to 6 m span.

 Bottom of beams over 6 m span 21 days and bottom of arch ribs over 6

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

Introduction
Concrete is the basic engineering material used in most of the civil engineering structures. Its
popularity as basic building material in construction is because of, its economy of use, good
durability and ease with which it can be manufactured at site. The ability to mould it into any
shape and size, because of its plasticity in green stage and its subsequent hardening to achieve
strength, is particularly useful.

32
Concrete like other engineering materials needs to be designed for properties like strength,
durability, workability and cohesion. Concrete mix design is the science of deciding relative
proportions of ingredients of concrete, to achieve the desired properties in the most
economical way.

With advent of high-rise buildings and pre-stressed concrete, use of higher grades of
concrete is becoming more common. Even the revised IS 456-2000 advocates use of higher-
grade of concrete for more severe conditions of exposure, for durability considerations. With
advent of new generation admixtures, it is possible to achieve higher grades of concrete with
high workability levels economically. Use of mineral admixtures like fly ash, slag, met kaolin
and silica fume have revolutionized the concrete technology by increasing strength and
durability of concrete by many folds. Mix design of concrete is becoming more relevant in
the above-mentioned scenario.

However, it should be borne in mind that mix design when adopted at site should be
implemented with proper understanding and with necessary precautions .

During concrete mix design manual is an attempt to increase the awareness among the users,
about concrete mix design. It is made with intention of serving as ready reckoned for
personnel, implementing mix design at site.

Advantages of mix design

Mix design aims to achieve good quality concrete at site economically.

I. Quality concrete means

• Better strength

• Better imperviousness and durability

• Dense and homogeneous concrete

II. Economy

a) Economy in cement consumption

it is possible to save up to 15% of cement for M20 grade of concrete with the help of
concrete mix design. In fact higher the grade of concrete more are the savings. Lower
cement content also results in lower heat of hydration and hence reduces shrinkage
cracks’)

b) Best use of available materials:

Site conditions often restrict the quality and quantity of ingredient materials.
Concrete mix design offers a lot of flexibility on type of aggregates to be used
immixes design. Mix design can give an economical solution based on the

33
 available materials .If they meet the basic is a requirement. This can lead to saving
in transportation costs from longer distances’)

c) Other properties: Mix design can help us to achieve form finishes, high early strengths
for early deshuttering, concrete with better flexural strengths.

What is mix design?

Concrete is an extremely versatile building material because, it can be designed for strength
ranging from M10 (10Mpa) to M100 (100 Mpa) and workability ranging from 0 mm slump
to 150mm slump.

In all these cases the basic ingredients of concrete are the same, but it is their relative
proportioning that makes the difference.

Basic Ingredients of Concrete: -

1. Cement – It is the basic binding material in concrete.

2. Water – It hydrates cement and also makes concrete workable.

3. Coarse Aggregate – It is the basic building component of concrete.

4. Fine Aggregate – Along with cement paste it forms mortar grout and fills the voids in the
coarse aggregates.

5. Admixtures – They enhance certain properties of concrete e.g. gain of strength,

workability, setting properties, Imperviousness etc.

Concrete needs to be designed for certain properties in the plastic stage as well as in the
hardened stage.

Properties desired from concrete in plastic stage: -

• Workability

• Cohesiveness

• Initial set retardation

Properties desired from concrete in hardened stage: -

• Strength

• Imperviousness

34
• Durability

Concrete mix design is the method of correct proportioning of ingredients of concrete, in

order to optimize the above properties of concrete as per site requirements.

In other words, we determine the relative proportions of ingredients of concrete to achieve

desired strength & workability in a most economical way.

35
 Retaining Wall

Definition
A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil
when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the
soil.

A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall. But the term usually refers to a cantilever
retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure without lateral support at its top. These are
cantilevered from a footing and rise above the grade on one side to retain a higher level grade
on the opposite side. The walls must resist the lateral pressures generated by loose soils or, in
some cases, water pressures.

Fig.1.11 : Retaining Wall

Every retaining wall supports a “wedge” of soil. The wedge is defined as the soil which

36
extends beyond the failure plane of the soil type present at the wall site, and can be calculated
once the soil friction angle is known. As the setback of the wall increases, the size of the
sliding wedge is reduced. This reduction lowers the pressure on the retaining wall.

The most important consideration in proper design and installation of retaining walls is to
recognize and counteract the tendency of the retained material to move down slope due
to gravity. This creates lateral earth pressure behind the wall which depends on the angle of
internal friction (phi) and the cohesive strength (c) of the retained material, as well as the
direction and magnitude of movement the retaining structure undergoes.

Lateral earth pressures are zero at the top of the wall and - in homogenous ground - increase
proportionally to a maximum value at the lowest depth. Earth pressures will push the wall
forward or overturn it if not properly addressed. Also, any groundwater behind the wall that
is not dissipated by drainage system causes hydrostatic pressure on the wall. The total
pressure or thrust may be assumed to act at one-third from the lowest depth for lengthwise
stretches of uniform height.

Unless the wall is designed to retain water, it is important to have proper drainage behind the
wall in order to limit the pressure to the wall's design value. Drainage materials will reduce or
eliminate the hydrostatic pressure and improve the stability of the material behind the wall.
Drystone retaining walls are normally self-draining.

As an example, the International Building Code requires retaining walls to be designed to

ensure stability against overturning, sliding, excessive foundation pressure and water uplift;
and that they be designed for a safety factor of 1.5 against lateral sliding and overturning.

37
 Slump test
The slump test is the most well-known and widely used test method to characterize the
workability of fresh concrete. The inexpensive test, which measures consistency, is used on
job sites to determine rapidly whether a concrete batch should be accepted or rejected. The
test method is widely standardized throughout the world, including in ASTM C143 in the
United States and EN 12350-2 in Europe.

The apparatus consists of a mold in the shape of a frustum of a cone with a base diameter of 8
inches, a top diameter of 4 inches, and a height of 12 inches. The mold is filled with concrete
in three layers of equal volume. Each layer is compacted with 25 strokes of a tamping rod.
The slump cone mold is lifted vertically upward and the change in height of the concrete is
measured.

Four types of slumps are commonly encountered, as shown in Figure . The only type of
slump permissible under ASTM C143 is frequently referred to as the “true” slump, where the
concrete remains intact and retains a symmetric shape. A zero slump and a collapsed slump
are both outside the range of workability that can be measured with the slump test.
Specifically, ASTM C143 advises caution in interpreting test results less than ½ inch and
greater than 9 inches. If part of the concrete shears from the mass, the test must be repeated
with a different sample of concrete. A concrete that exhibits a shear slump in a second test is
not sufficiently cohesive and should be rejected.

Fig.1.12: Four Types of Slumps

The slump test is not considered applicable for concretes with a maximum coarse aggregate
size greater than 1.5 inches. For concrete with aggregate greater than 1.5 inches in size, such
larger particles can be removed by wet sieving.

38
Additional qualitative information on the mobility of fresh concrete can be obtained after
reading the slump measurement. Concretes with the same slump can exhibit different
behavior when tapped with a tamping rod. A harsh concrete with few fines will tend to fall
apart when tapped and be appropriate only for applications such as pavements or mass
concrete. Alternatively, the concrete may be very cohesive when tapped, and thus be suitable
for difficult placement conditions.

Slump is influenced by both yield stress and plastic viscosity; however, for most cases the
effect of plastic viscosity on slump is negligible. Equations have been developed for
calculating yield stress in terms of slump, based on either analytical or experimental analyses.
Since different rheometers measure different absolute values for the yield stress of identical
samples of concrete, the experimental equations are largely depended on the specific device
used to measure yield stress.

SLUMP TEST PROCEDURE (FIELD TESTING)

1. To obtain a representative sample, take samples from two or more regular intervals
throughout the discharge of the mixer or truck. DO NOT take samples at the beginning or the
end of the discharge.

2. Dampen inside of cone and place it on a smooth, moist, non-absorbent, level surface large
enough to accommodate both the slumped concrete and the slump cone. Stand or, foot pieces
throughout the test procedure to hold the cone firmly in place.

3. Fill cone 1/3 full by volume and rod 25 times with 5/8-inchdiameter x 24-inch-
longhemispherical tip steel tamping rod. (This is a specification requirement which will
produce nonstandard results unless followed exactly.) Distribute rodding evenly over the
entire cross-section of the sample.

4. Fill cone 2/3 full by volume. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into, but not
through first layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of the layer.

5. Fill cone to overflowing. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into but not through,
second layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of this layer.

6. Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone, using tamping rod as a screed. Clean
overflow from base of cone.

7. Immediately lift cone vertically with slow, even motion. Do not jar the concrete or tilt the
cone during this process. Invert the withdrawn cone, and place next to, but not touching the
slumped concrete. (Perform in 5-10 seconds with no lateral or torsional motion.)

39
8. Lay a straight edge across the top of the slump cone. Measure the amount of slump in
inches from the bottom of the straight edge to the top of the slumped concrete at a point over
the original center of the base. The slump operation shall be completed in a maximum
elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes. Discard concrete. DO NOT use in any other tests.

Fig. 1.13 Slumped concrete

Advantages:
• The slump test is the most widely used device worldwide. In fact, the test is so well known
that often the terms workability and slump are used interchangeably, even though they have
different meanings.

• The slump test is simple, rugged, and inexpensive to perform. Results are obtained
immediately.

• The results of the slump test can be converted to yield stress in fundamental units based
On various analytical treatments and experimental studies of the slump test.

• Compared to other commonly used concrete tests, such as for air content and
compressive strength, the slump test provides acceptable precision.

Disadvantages:
• The slump test does not give an indication of plastic viscosity.

40
• The slump test is a static, not dynamic, test; therefore, results are influenced by concrete
thixotropy. The test does not provide an indication of the ease with which concrete can be
moved under dynamic placing conditions, such as vibration.

• The slump test is less relevant for newer advanced concrete mixes than for more
conventional mixes.

CONCRETE CUBE TEST

Making cubes
Collect a composite sample to the standard method described above. Concrete sampled using
the alternative spot method must not be used to make cubes.

Step 1

• Check that the moulds are clean and lightly oiled with all bolts tightened so that there will
be no leakage

• Ensure that the correct halves of the moulds are used and that the corner lifting pins are
correctly located

•Thoroughly remix the sample as described for the slump test.

Fig. 1.14: Checking the mould’s bolts.

Step 2

• Fill the mould with concrete in 50mm layers using the tamping bar, compact the concrete

41
 with no fewer than 25 tamps for each of the two layers in a 100mm mould and no fewer
than 35 tamps for for each of the three layers in a 150mm mould

• For very high workability concrete you may not need the minimum number of tamps

Step 3

• After tamping of each layer, tap the sides of the mould with the hide hammer until large
bubbles of air cease to appear on the surface and the holes left by the tamping bar are
closed .

Step 4

• Remove surplus concrete and smooth over with a float

• Wipe clean the mould edges

• Number the moulds for identification and record details and immediately place where they
are to be stored overnight.

Step 5

• Cover each mould with a damp cloth and plastic sheet

• Store inside at room temperature (15-250C) e.g. on top of the curing tank

• Protect the cube moulds at all times from high and low temperature (especially sub-zero
temperatures) and drying winds

• Complete the sampling and cube making certificates

Fig.1.15

42
 GENERAL NOTES

The general notes specify the quantities and quantities of materials, the proportion of the
mortar, workmanship. The method of preparation and execution and the methods of the
measurement. The company prepares the general notes of various items of work, and gets
them printed in the book from under the name of general notes. Some of the general notes are
given below related to Building Construction.
.
1. Earthwork in excavation in foundation:-

Excavation- Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of the foundation
concrete and the sides shall be vertical. If the soil is not good and does not permit vertical
sides, the sides should be sloped back or protected with timber shoring.

Finish and Trench- The bottom of the foundation trenches shall be perfectly leveled both
longitudinally and transversally and the sides of the trench shall be dressed perfectly vertical
from bottom up to least thickness of lose concrete may be laid to the exact width as per
design. The bed of the trench shall be tightly watered and well rammed. Soft or defective
spots shall be dug out excess digging if done through mistake shall be filled with concrete.

Measurement- The measurement of the excavation shall be taken in cu m as for rectangular

trench, bottom width of concrete multiplied by the vertical depth of the foundation from
ground level and multiplied by the length of the trench.

2. Foundation

 The foundation of the building should be so planned and the layout of the foundation
should be on the ground should be correct in the measurement.

 Should not place the concrete in the foundation before checked by the Engineer-in
charge.

 If building has the basement more than two raft foundations should be provided.

 In the P.C.C. it should be in the ratio of 1:4:8 and 75 mm thick 75 mm projected

beyond raft foundation.

 The concrete provided in the raft foundation should be M-25 grade conforming to
IS456.

 The design and thickness of the raft foundation provided by the soil testing.

43
3. Reinforcement Concrete Work

 All reinforcement shall be of tested quality high yield strength deformed bars
conforming to IS 1786 shall be used as reinforcement steel.

 The lap length of bars shall be equal to Ҟ (splice factor) X Dia of small bar. The
value of Ҟ shall be as per following table:-

 Grade of the value of the splice factor concrete for column for other

M-20 40 50
M-25 35 45
M30 35 45
M-35 30 40
M-40 30 40

Lapping of bars shall be suited staggered and in no case more than 50% bars shall be
lapped at any section.

 The chair to support the raft foundation bars can be provided at the distance of the one
meter.

 The length of the anchorage should be 300mm

 The reinforcement should be as per the detailed drawing specification.

 The bars of the reinforcement should straight not be in the zigzag manner.

 Check the slump of the concrete when concrete is placing.

 Clean cover to the main reinforcement shall be as follows:

Structural element Top Bottom Sides

1. Footing/Raft 50 50 50
2 Column Dimension up to - - 25
230
3. R.C.C wall up to 150 thk. 25 25 25
4. Beams 25 25 25
5. Lintels up to 200 depth 15 15 15
6. lintel above 200 depth 25 25 40
7. Slab and Chajja 15 15 25

44
4. Plastering
 The joints of the brick work shall raked out to a depth of 12 mm and the surface of the
wall washed and clean and kept wet for the two days before plastering. The material
of mortar should be of standard specification.

 The thickness of the plastering shall be of 12mm to ensure uniform thickness of

plaster; patches of 15 cm shall be applied first at about 2 m apart to act as guide. First
mortar shall be dashed and pressed over the surface and then brought to a true smooth
and uniform surface by means of float and trowel.

 Wall plastering shall be started from top and worked down towards floor,. Ceiling
plastering shall be completed before starting of wall plaster.

 All corner and edge shall be rounded. The plastered surface shall be kept wet for
10days the surface should be protected from rain, sun, frost, etc.

 For wall plastering 1:5 cement mortar and for ceiling plastering 1:3 cement mortar
with coarse sand is used.

5. Cement Concrete floor

 The cement concrete shall be of proportion 1:2:4 cement shall be fresh Portland
cement of standard specification. The coarse aggregate shall be hard and tough of 3cm
gauge, well graded and free from dust, dirt, etc. the sand shall be coarse of 5 mm
maximum size and down, well graded, clean and free from dust, direct and organic
matters.

 The floor shall be leveled and divided into panels or bays of maximums size or
1.2mx1.2m and the sides of the panels shall be bounded with teak wood battens 2. cm
thick and 5 cm wide or flat iron of same thickness and fixed with weak mortar, or
with nails or hooks. Required camber or slope should be given in floor for draining
wash water.

 Mixing of concrete shall be down by measuring with boxes to have the required
proportion as specified. First cement and sand mixed dry and the dry mix of cement
and sand mixed with ballast dry, and the mixed by adding water slowly and gradually
to the required quantity, and mixed thoroughly to have a uniform plastic mix.

 Base – In ground floor the c.c. floor shall be laid on a 7.5cm base of weak cement
concrete as per standard specifications.

45
6. White washing
Fresh white lime slaked at site of work should be mixed with sufficient water to make a thin
cream. It shall then be screened through a coarse cloth, and gum in proportion of 100 gms of
gums to 16 liters of wash shall be added.

The surface should be dry and thoroughly cleaned from dust and dirt. The wash shall be
applied with Moonj or jute brush, vertically and horizontally. And the wash kept stirred in
container while using. Two or three coats shall be applied as specified, and each coat shall
perfectly dry before the succeeding coat is applied over it. Dry before the succeeding coat
shall be applied as specified, and each coat shall be perfectly dry before the succeeding coatis
applied as specified, and each coat shall be perfectly dry before the succeeding coat is applied
over it. After finishing the surface shall be of uniform color. In old surface, the surface should
be cleaned and repaired with cement mortar where necessary and allowed toddy before white
wash is applied.

Fig. 1.16:

46
 CONCLUSION

The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure is constructed
within its desired properties. We get knowledge about the basic & advanced techniques of
building construction as well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer have to face during
construction i.e. labor problems, cost management, environmental challenges etc.

We cleared our many doubts regarding building construction. We had seen dewatering
system at project site for construction which is not used at our state anymore, so it was a new
thing for us...Although are subjects more important for technicians, in the project we have
been Studied some mechanic or electro-mechanic machinery such as the ready mix plant
because basic knowledge about their working is important for an engineer but also because
was the opportunity to see and understand them. Overhaul it must be said that the
construction methods and quality control on a highway Project needs a very good
coordination and large quantities of man power, equipment and funds .During the period of
one & half month all the company staff helped us a lot to provide all their formation about
any query. So we are grateful to all the staff of Subham Group , as well as we are so thankful
to our Civil engineering for their kind support.

47
REFRENCES

1) Basic Schedule of Rates (BSR),2019

2) Kazimieras, et al. "Sustainable decision-making in civil engineering, construction and

building technology." Sustainability 10.1 (2017): 14.

3) Tiwari, Piyush. "Energy efficiency and building construction in India." Building and

Environment 36.10 (2001): 1127-1135.

4) Basic construction materials - Course (nptel.ac.in)

5) Sushil Kumar. (1988). Building Construction. (Pp-). New Delhi: Standard Publishers
Distributors.

6) Rangwala , S. C. (1980). Building Construction. (pp-).New Delhi: R. C. Patel Charotar

Bookstall and Anand.

7) Mohanty A.B. (1985). Guide to House Building. (Pp-101-103,103-105). New Delhi: Inter
India Publications

48