Real Numbers and the

3 Pythagorean Theorem

• Standard 7MG3.0 Know

the Pythagorean theorem
and understand plane and
solid geometric shapes by
constructing figures that
meet given conditions and
by identifying attributes of
figures.

Key Vocabulary
ordered pair (p. 173)
Pythagorean Theorem (p. 162)
real number (p. 155)
square root (p. 144)

Real-World Link
Buildings The Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco,
California, is 853 feet high. To determine the
approximate distance you can see from the top of the
tower, multiply 1.23 by √ 853 .

Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes.
_ 1
Begin with two sheets of 8 ” × 11” notebook paper.
2
1 Fold one sheet in half from 2 Fold the other sheet in half.
top to bottom. Cut along the Cut along the fold between
fold from edges to margin. the margins.

3 Insert the first sheet 4 Label each page with a >«ÌiÀÊÎ\

,i>Ê ՓLiÀÃ
through the second sheet lesson number and title. >˜`ÊÌ i
*ÞÌ >}œÀi>˜
and align the folds. / iœÀi“

142 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

Damir Frkovic/Masterfile
 GET READY for Chapter 3
Diagnose Readiness You have two options for checking Prerequisite Skills.

Option 2
Take the Online Readiness Quiz at ca.gr7math.com.
Option 1
Take the Quick Check below. Refer to the Quick Review for help.

Graph each point on a coordinate Example 1

plane. (Prior Grade) Graph the points P(-3, 4), M(2, -1),
1. A(-1, 3) R(4, 0), and W(-1, -3).
P y The first number in
2. B(2, -4)
an ordered pair tells
3. C(-2, -3) you to move left or
right from the origin.
4. D(-4, 0) R The second number
O x
tells you to move up
M
or down.
W

Evaluate each expression. Example 2

(Lesson 2-9) Find 6 2 + 4 2.
2 2 2 2
5. 2 + 4 6. 3 + 3 6 2 + 4 2 = 36 + 16 Evaluate 6 2 and 4 2.
7. 10 2 + 8 2 8. 7 2 + 5 2 = 52 Simplify.

9. AGES Find the sum of the squares

of Tina’s age and Warren’s age if
Tina is 13 years old and Warren is
15 years old. (Lesson 2-9)

Solve each equation. Check your Example 3

solution. (Lesson 1-9) Solve 49 + b = 72.
10. x + 13 = 45 11. 56 + d = 71 49 + b = 72 Write the equation.
12. 101 = 39 + a 13. 62 = 45 + m -49 -49
_____________ Subtract 49 from each side.
b = 23
14. MARBLES Barry has 18 more
marbles than Heidi. If Barry has
92 marbles, how many marbles
does Heidi have? (Lesson 1-9)

Chapter 3 Get Ready for Chapter 3 143

 3-1 Square Roots

Main IDEA Interactive Lab ca.gr7math.com

Find square roots of Continue the pattern of square tiles until

perfect squares. you reach 5 tiles on each side.
Standard 7NS2.4 1. Copy and complete the following table.
Use the inverse
relationship Tiles on a Side 1 2 3 4 5
between raising to a power Total Number of Tiles in
and extracting the root of a 1 4
the Square Arrangement
perfect square; for an integer
that is not square, determine
without a calculator the two 2. Suppose a square arrangement has 36 tiles. How many tiles are
integers between which its on a side?
square root lies and explain
why. 3. What is the relationship between the number of tiles on a side and
the number of tiles in the arrangement?
NEW Vocabulary
perfect square Numbers such as 1, 4, 9, 16, and 25 are called perfect squares
square root because they are squares of integers. Squaring a number and finding a
radical sign square root are inverse operations. A square root of a number is one
of its two equal factors. The symbol √ , called a radical sign, is
used to indicate a square root. Every positive number has both a
positive and a negative square root.

Find Square Roots

Find each square root.
1 √
64
64 indicates the positive square root. Since 8 2 = 64, √
√ 64 = 8.

2 - 
_
25
36

-_

25
indicates the negative square root of _
25
.
36 36
5 2 _
Since -_
6( ) 36
_
= 25 , - 
25
36
= -_
5
6
.

3 ± √
1.21
± √
1.21 indicates both the positive and negative square roots of 1.21.
Since 1.1 2 = 1.21 and (-1.1) 2 = 1.21, ± √
1.21 = ±1.1, or 1.1 and -1.1.
READING
in the Content Area Find each square root.
For strategies in reading
this lesson, visit a. _

9
b. - √
49 c. ± √
0.81
ca.gr7math.com. 16

144 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com
 By the definition of a square root, if n 2 = a, then n = ± √
a . You can use
this relationship to solve equations that involve squares.

Use Square Roots to Solve an Equation

4 ALGEBRA Solve t 2 = 169. Check your solution(s).

t 2 = 169 Write the equation.
t = ± √
169 Definition of square root
t = 13 and -13 Check 13 · 13 = 169 and (-13)(-13) = 169 ✓
The equation has two solutions, 13 and -13.

Solve each equation. Check your solution(s).

f. y 2 = _
4
d. 289 = a 2 e. m 2 = 0.09
25

In most real-world situations, a negative square root does not

make sense. Only the positive or principal square root is considered.

5 HISTORY The base of the Great Pyramid covers an area of about

562,500 square feet. Determine the length of each side of the base.

Words Area is equal to the square of the length of a side.

Variable Let s represent the length of a side.

Equation s 2 = 562,500

s 2 = 562,500 Write the equation.

Real-World Link s = ± √
562,500 Definition of square root
The Great Pyramid
of Khufu is the
To find √
562,500 , find two equal factors of 562,500.
largest of the 562,500 = 2 · 2 · 3 · 3 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 Find the prime factors.
ancient pyramids.
Source: infoplease.com = (2 · 3 · 5 · 5 · 5)(2 · 3 · 5 · 5 · 5) Regroup into two equal factors.
So, s = 2 · 3 · 5 · 5 · 5 or 750.
Since distance cannot be negative, the length of each side is 750 feet.

g. CONCERTS A concert crew needs to set up 900 chairs on the floor

level. If the chairs are placed in a square arrangement, how many
should be in each row?

Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

Lesson 3-1 Square Roots 145

CORBIS
 Examples 1–3 Find each square root.
(p. 144)
1. √
25 2. √
0.64 3. - √
1.69

4. -_ 6. ±_

16
5. ± √
100 
49
81 144

Example 4 ALGEBRA Solve each equation. Check your solution(s).

8. t 2 = _
(p. 145) 1
7. p 2 = 36 9. 6.25 = r 2
9
Example 5 10. GAMES A checkerboard is a large square that is made up of 32 small red
(p. 145) squares and 32 small black squares. How many small squares are along one
side of a checkerboard?

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find each square root.

For See 11. √
16 12. - √
81 13. - √
484 14. ± √
36
Exercises Examples
15. _

121
16. -_

64
17. ±_

9
18. -_

16
11–14 1 324 225 49 25
15–18 2
19–22 3 19. - √
2.56 20. ± √
1.44 21. √
0.25 22. ± √
0.0196
23–30 4
31, 32 5
ALGEBRA Solve each equation. Check your solution(s).
23. v 2 = 81 24. b 2 = 100 25. 144 = s 2 26. 225 = y 2

27. w 2 = _
36
28. _
9
= c2 29. 0.0169 = d 2 30. a 2 = 1.21
100 64

31. PHOTOGRAPHY A group of 169 students needs to be seated in a

square formation for a yearbook photo. How many students should
be in each row?

32. MARCHING BAND A marching band wants to form a square in the

middle of the field. If there are 81 members in the band, how many
should be in each row?

ALGEBRA Solve each equation. Check your solution(s).

x=5
33. √ 34. √y = 20  = 10.5
35. √z

MEASUREMENT The formula for the perimeter of a square is P = 4s, where s is

the length of a side. Find the perimeter of each square.
%842!02!#4)#% 36. 37. 38.
!REA 
See pages 682, 710.  SQUARE !REA 
!REA 
INCHES  SQUARE
 SQUARE
FEET
METERS
Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com

146 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

H.O.T. Problems 39. OPEN ENDED Create an equation that can be solved by finding the square
root of a perfect square.

40. CHALLENGE Find each value.

2
a. 36 )
( √ 2
( )
_
b. 
25
81
c. ( √
1.99 )
2
d. ( √x) 2
 > √
41. NUMBER SENSE Under what condition is √x 25 ?

42. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Analyze the cartoon. Create a cartoon of your own
(

*/
that uses the square root of a perfect square.

43. The area of each square is 4 square 44. Mr Freeman’s farm has a square
units. cornfield. Find the area of the
cornfield if the sides are measured
in whole numbers.
F 164,000 ft 2
G 170,150 ft 2
Find the perimeter of the figure. H 170,586 ft 2
A 8 units C 20 units J 174,724 ft 2
B 16 units D 24 units

45. SPACE The Alpha Centuari stars are about 2.5 × 10 13 miles from
Earth. Write this distance in standard form. (Lesson 2-10)

Write each expression using exponents. (Lesson 2-9)

46. 6 · 6 · 6 47. 2 · 3 · 3 · 2 · 2 · 2 48. s · t · t · s · s · t · s

49. What is the absolute value of -18? (Lesson 1-3)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Between which two perfect squares does each

number lie? (Lesson 2-2)
50. 57 51. 68 52. 33 53. 40

Lesson 3-1 Square Roots 147

Bill Amend/Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate
 3-2 Estimating Square Roots

Main IDEA
Estimate square roots. On dot paper, draw and cut out a
square like the one at the right. The
!
area of section A is _(2 · 2) or 2
Standard 7NS2.4 1
Use the inverse 2
relationship between square units. So, the shaded square
raising to a power and has an area of 8 square units.
extracting the root of a
perfect square; for an integer
that is not square,
Draw a number line on your dot
determine without a paper so that 1 unit equals the      
calculator the two integers distance between dots.
between which its square
root lies and explain why.
1. Place your square on the number line. Between what two
consecutive whole numbers is √
8 , the side length of the square,
located?
2. Between what two perfect squares is 8 located?
3. Estimate the length of a side of the square. Verify your estimate by
using a calculator to compute the value of √8.

In the Mini Lab, you found that √

8 is not a whole number since 8 is not
a perfect square.
The number line shows that √8 is  
between 2 and 3. Since 8 is closer
to 9 than 4, the best whole number Ȗе

Ȗе

Ȗе


estimate for √8 is 3.

Estimate Square Roots

1 Estimate √
83 to the nearest whole number.
• The largest perfect square less than 83 is 81. √
81 = 9
• The smallest perfect square greater than 83 is 100. √
100 = 10
Plot each square root on a number line.  

READING Math Then estimate √83 . е

е
Ȗ е

е
Ȗ е

ее
Ȗ
Inequalities 81 < 83 < 100 Write an inequality.
81 < 83 < 100 is read 2 2
81 is less than 83 is less 9 < 83 < 10 81 = 9 2 and 100 = 10 2
than 100 or 83 is between
81 and 100.
√ 83 < √
9 2 < √ 10 2 Find the square root of each number.
9 < √
83 < 10 Simplify.

So, √  is closer to √
83 is between 9 and 10. Since √83 81 than √
100 ,
the best whole number estimate for √ 83 is 9.

148 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

 2 Estimate √
23.5 to the nearest whole number.
• The largest perfect square less than 23.5 is 16. √
16 = 4
Mental Math It is
important to • The smallest perfect square greater than 23.5 is 25. √
25 = 5
memorize common
perfect squares. 16 < 23.5 < 25 Write an inequality.
12 = 1 22 = 4 4 2 < 23.5 < 5 2 16 = 4 2 and 25 = 5 2
2 2
3 =9 4 = 16 √ 23.5 < √
4 2 < √ 52 Find the square root of each number.
2
5 = 25 6 2 = 36
4 < √
23.5 < 5 Simplify.
7 2 = 49 8 2 = 64
9 2 = 81 10 2 = 100 So, √
23.5 is between 4 and 5. Since  
11 = 121 12 2 = 144
2
23.5 is closer to 25 than 16, the best
е

е
Ȗ Ȗе

ее
 е

е
Ȗ
whole number estimate for √ 23.5 is 5.

Estimate to the nearest whole number.

a. √
35 b. √
44.8 c. √
170
Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

3 ART The Parthenon is an

example of a golden rectangle.
The length of the longer side
divided by the length of the 2 units

shorter side is equal to _

1 + √
5
.
2
Estimate this value.
(1 ⫹ 兹5) units
First estimate the value of √5.
4 < 5 <9 4 and 9 are the closest perfect squares.
2 2
2 < 5 <3 4 = 2 2 and 9 = 3 2
√
2 2 < √5 < √
32 Find the square root of each number.
2 < √5 < 3 Simplify.

Since 5 is closer to 4 than 9, the best whole number estimate

for √5 is 2. Use this value to evaluate the expression.
1 + √
_ 5
≈ _ or 1.5
1+2
2 2

d. BASEBALL In Little League, the bases

are squares with sides of 14 inches.  IN  IN
The expression √
(s 2 + s 2) represents
the distance across a square of side
length s. Estimate the distance across
a base to the nearest inch.

Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 3-2 Estimating Square Roots 149

Charles O’Rear/CORBIS
 Examples 1, 2 Estimate to the nearest whole number.
(pp. 148–149)
1. √
28 2. √
60 3. √
135
4. √
13.5 5. √
38.7 6. √
79.2

Example 3 7. SCIENCE The number of swings back and forth of a pendulum of length L,
in inches, each minute is _
375
(p. 149)
. About how many swings will a 40-inch
√L

pendulum make each minute?

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Estimate to the nearest whole number.

For See 8. √
44 9. √
23 10. √
125 11. √
197
Exercises Examples 12. √
15.6 13. √
23.5 14. √
85.1 15. √
38.4
8–15 1, 2
16. GEOMETRY The radius of a circle with area A is approximately _ .
16, 17 3 
A
3
If a pizza has an area of 78 square inches, estimate its radius.

√h

17. CAVES The formula t = _ represents the time t in seconds that it takes an
4
object to fall from a height of h feet. Suppose a rock falls from a 200-feet
high cave ceiling. Estimate how long will it take to reach the ground.

Estimate to the nearest whole number.

18. 5_

1
19. 21_
7
20. 17_
3
5 10 4

Order from least to greatest.

21. 7, 9, √
50 , √
85 22. √
91 , 7, 5, √
38 62 , 6, √
23. √ 34 , 8

ALGEBRA Estimate the solution of each equation to the nearest integer.

24. y 2 = 55 25. d 2 = 95 26. p 2 = 6.8

27. FIND THE DATA Refer to the California Data File on pages 16–19.
Choose some data and write a real-world problem in which you
would estimate a square root.

28. GEOMETRY Egyptian mathematician Heron  CM

created the formula A = √s(s 
- a)(s - b)(s - c)  CM
to find the area A of a triangle. In this formula,
%842!02!#4)#% a, b, and c are the measures of the sides, and s is  CM
one-half of the perimeter. Use this formula to
See pages 683, 710.
estimate the area of the triangle at the right.
Self-Check Quiz at 29. NUMBER SENSE Without a calculator, determine which is greater, √
94 or 10.
ca.gr7math.com
Explain your reasoning.

150 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

H.O.T. Problems 30. OPEN ENDED Find two numbers that have square roots between 7 and 8.
One number should have a square root closer to 7, and the other number
should have a square root closer to 8. Justify your answer.

31. FIND THE ERROR Josephina and Dario are estimating √

50 . Who is correct?
Explain your reasoning.

√
50 ≈ 7 √
50 ≈ 25

Josephina Dario

32. CHALLENGE If x 3 = y, then x is the cube root of y. Explain how to estimate

the cube root of 30. Find the cube root of 30 to the nearest whole number.

33. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Explain how to graph √

(

*/ 78 on a number line.

34. A whole number is squared. The result 35. Point N on the number line best
is between 950 and 1,000. The number represents which square root?
is between N
A 26 and 28. C 30 and 32.
9 10 11 12 13
B 28 and 30. D 32 and 34.
F √
140 H √
116
G √
121 J √
126

36. ALGEBRA Find a number that, when squared, equals 8,100. (Lesson 3-1)

37. GEOGRAPHY The Great Lakes cover about 94,000 square miles. Write this
number in scientific notation. (Lesson 2-10)

Multiply or divide. (Lesson 1-6)

38. (-5)(-13) 39. (-2)(5)(7) 40. 72 ÷ (-2) 41. -80 ÷ (-16)

42. PREREQUISITE SKILL To attend a field trip to an art museum, each student
will have to pay $6.50 for transportation and $10.00 for admission and
lunch. Find the total amount of money to be collected for a class of 240
students. (Lesson 1-1)

Lesson 3-2 Estimating Square Roots 151

(l)Janie Airey/Getty Images, (r)Michelle D. Bridwell/PhotoEdit
 3-3 Problem-Solving Investigation
MAIN IDEA: Use a Venn diagram to solve problems.
STANDARD 7MR2.5 Use a variety of methods, such as words, numbers, symbols, charts, graphs, tables, diagrams, and models,
to explain mathematical reasoning. STANDARD 7NS1.2 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers (integers,
fractions, and terminating decimals) and take positive rational numbers to whole-number powers.

e-Mail: USE A VENN DIAGRAM

YOUR MISSION: Use a Venn diagram to solve the
problem.

THE PROBLEM: How many students are not involved

in either music or sports?

▲
Amy: Of the 12 students who ate lunch
with me today, 9 are involved in music
activities and 6 play sports. Of these
students, 4 are involved in both music and
sports.

EXPLORE You know how many students are in involved in each activity and how many are
involved in both activities. You want to organize the information.
PLAN Make a Venn diagram to organize the information.
SOLVE Draw two overlapping circles to represent the
two different activities. Since 4 students are
involved in both activities, place a 4 in the ÕÈV -«œÀÌÃ
section that is a part of both circles. Use
subtraction to determine the number for each   
of the other sections.

only music: 9 - 4 = 5
only sports: 6 - 4 = 2
neither music nor sports: 12 - 5 - 2 - 4 = 1
CHECK Check each circle to see if the appropriate number of students is represented.

1. Describe how to determine the number of students who are in either music or
sports but not both using the above Venn diagram.
2. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Explain what each section of the Venn diagram above
(

*/
represents and the number of students that belong to that category.

152 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and The Pythagorean Theorem

John Evans
Use a Venn diagram to solve Exercises 3–5. 7. MONEY The soccer team sponsored a car
3. MASCOTS Nick conducted a survey of wash to pay for their new uniforms. They
85 students about a new school mascot. charged $3 for a car and $5 for an SUV.
The results showed that 40 students liked During the first two hours they washed 19
Tigers, and 31 students liked Bears. Of those vehicles and earned $71. How many of each
students, 12 liked both Tigers and Bears. type of vehicle did they wash?
How many students liked neither Tigers
8. ALGEBRA Emilio created a graph of the data
nor Bears?
he collected for a science project. If the
4. MARKETING A survey showed that 70 pattern continues, about how far will the
customers bought white bread, 63 bought marble roll if the end of the tube is raised to
wheat bread, and 35 bought rye bread. Of an elevation of 3_
1
feet?
2
those who bought exactly two types of
bread, 12 bought wheat and white, 5 bought -ARBLE %XPERIMENT
white and rye, and 7 bought wheat and rye.


$ISTANCE -ARBLE
Two customers bought all three. How many 

2OLLED FT

customers bought only wheat bread? 
    
5. HEALTH Dr. Bagentose is an allergist. Her
%LEVATION OF 4UBE FT
patients had the following symptoms. How
many patients had only watery eyes?
9. SPORTS Student Council surveyed a
group of 24 students. The results showed
Number of
Symptom(s) that 14 students liked softball, and 18 liked
Patients
basketball. Of these, 8 liked both. How
runny nose 22
many students liked just softball and how
watery eyes 20
many liked just basketball?
sneezing 28
runny nose and watery eyes 8
runny nose and sneezing 15
watery eyes and sneezing 12 For Exercises 10 and 11, select the appropriate
runny nose, watery eyes, and sneezing 5 operation(s) to solve the problem. Justify your
selection(s) and solve the problem.
10. JOBS Three after-school jobs are posted on
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 6–9. Some the job board. The first job pays $5.15 per
strategies are shown below. hour for 15 hours of work each week. The
second job pays $10.95 per day for two
G STRATEGIES hours of work, 5 days a week. The third job
PROBLEM-SOLVIN
tep plan. pays $82.50 for 15 hours of work each week.
• Use the four-s
rn. If you want to apply for the best-paying job,
• Look for a patte
ag ram. which job should you choose? Explain your
• Use a Venn di
reasoning.

11. ROLLER COASTERS The Silver Streak roller

6. ALGEBRA What are the next two numbers in coaster can accommodate 1,296 people in
the pattern? one hour. The coaster has 12 vehicles. If each
vehicle carries 4 passengers, how many runs
864, 432, 216, 108, , are made in one hour?

Lesson 3-3 Problem-Solving Investigation: Use a Venn Diagram 153

 Standard 7AF1.4
The Language of Mathematics Use algebraic
terminology (e.g.
The language of mathematics is very specific. But many of the words variable, equation, term,
you use in mathematics are also used in everyday language as well as coefficient, inequality,
expression, constant) correctly.
scientific language. Sometimes the everyday or scientific usage can give
you clues to the mathematical meaning. Here are some examples.

Usage Example

Some words are used in English

and in mathematics, but have
distinct meanings.
i}

Some words are used in science x + 4 = -2

and in mathematics, but the x = -6
meanings are different.
solution

Þ«œÌi˜ÕÃi
Some words are used only in
mathematics.

Explain how the mathematical meaning of each word compares to its

everyday meaning.
1. factor 2. leg
3. rational 4. root

Explain how the mathematical meaning of each word compares to its

meaning in science.
5. radical 6. variable

Some words are used in English and in mathematics, but the

mathematical meaning is more precise. Explain how the mathematical
meaning of each word is more precise than the everday meaning.
7. similar 8. real

154 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

 3- 4 The Real Number System

Main IDEA
Identify and classify SPORTS Most sports
numbers in the real have rules for the size
number system. 2EAR 3PIKERS
of the field or court ,INES
  FT
Standard where the sport is  FT    FT

 FT
7NS1.4 Differentiate played. A diagram of  IN FT A
between rational  !RE
a volleyball court is ING
and irrational numbers.  IN 3ERV
shown. q  FT
1. The length of the court is 60 feet. Is 60 a rational number? Explain.
NEW Vocabulary
2. The distance from the net to the rear spikers line is 7_ feet. Is 7_
1 1
irrational number 2 2
real number a rational number? Explain.
3. The diagonal across the court is √
4,500 feet. Can this square root
be written as a rational number? Explain.

It is known that √ 4,500 has a decimal value of 67.08203932... . Although

this continues on and on, it does not repeat. Since the decimal does not
terminate or repeat, √ 4,500 cannot be written as a fraction. Therefore,
REVIEW Vocabulary it is not a rational number. Numbers that are not rational are called
rational number any irrational numbers. The square root of any number that is not a perfect
number that can be expressed
_ a
in the form , where a and b
square number is irrational.
b
are integers and b ≠ 0
(Lesson 2-1)
+%9 #/.#%04 Irrational Numbers

Words An irrational number is a number that cannot be expressed

as the quotient _a , where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0.
b
Examples √
2 ≈ 1.414213562… - √
3 ≈ -1.732050807…

The set of rational numbers and the set of irrational numbers together
make up the set of real numbers. Study the diagram below.

2EAL .UMBERS

2ATIONAL .UMBERS )RRATIONAL

.UMBERS
)NTEGERS

7HOLE
.UMBERS

Lesson 3-4 The Real Number System 155

 Classify Numbers

Classifying Name all sets of numbers to which each real number belongs.
Numbers
Always simplify
1 0.252525… The decimal ends in a repeating pattern. It is a rational
numbers before number because it is equivalent to _
25
.
classifying them. 99
2 √
36 Since √36 = 6, it is a whole number, an integer, and a
rational number.

3 - √
7 - √7 ≈ -2.645751311… Since the decimal does not
terminate or repeat, it is an irrational number.

b. -2_
2
a. √
10 c. √
100
5

Real numbers follow the properties that are true for whole numbers,
integers, and rational numbers.

#/.#%04 3UMMARY Real Number Properties

Property Arithmetic Algebra
Commutative 3.2 + 2.5 = 2.5 + 3.2 a+b=b+a
5.1 · 2.8 = 2.8 · 5.1 a·b=b·a
Associative (2 + 1) + 5 = 2 + (1 + 5) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(3 · 4) · 6 = 3 · (4 · 6) (a · b) · c = a · (b · c)
Distributive 2(3 + 5) = 2 · 3 + 2 · 5 a(b + c) = a · b + a · c
Identity √
8 + 0 = √8 a+0=a
√
7 · 1 = √
7 a·1=a
Additive Inverse 4 + (-4) = 0 a + (-a) = 0
Multiplicative _2 · _3 = 1 _a · _b = 1, where a, b ≠ 0
Inverse 3 2 b a

Graph Real Numbers

4 Estimate √
6 and - √3 to the nearest tenth. Then graph √
6 and
- √
3 on a number line.
√
6 ≈ 2.449489742… or about 2.4 Use a calculator.

- √
3 ≈ - 1.7320508075… or about -1.7 Use a calculator.

– 3 6
Real Numbers
The graph of all real –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
numbers is the entire
number line without Estimate each square root to the nearest
any “holes.”
tenth. Then graph the square root on a number line.
d. √
5 e. - √7
 f. √
22

156 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

 Compare Real Numbers
Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence.
Mental Math 7 ● 22
5 √ _
Remember that a 3
negative number is Write each number as a decimal. 
always less than a  
positive number. √
7 ≈ 2.645751311…
Therefore, you can  
determine that - √3 2_
2
= 2.666666666…
3
Since 2.645751311…is less than 2.66666666…, √7 < 2_
is less than 1.7 2
without computation. .
3
−
6 1.5 ● √
2.25
2.25 1.5
Write √
2.25 as a decimal.
√
2.25 = 1.5 1.5 1.6
−
1.5 = 1.555555555…
−
Since 1.555555555… is greater than 1.5, 1.5 > √2.25
.

11 ● 3_
g. √
1
17 ● 4.03
h. √ 6.25 ● 2_
i. √
1
3 2

7 SKYSCRAPERS On a clear Los Angeles Skyscrapers

day, the number of miles 1200 1,018
a person can see to the 1000 858
horizon is about 1.23 times 699 750
the square root of his or 800

her distance from the 600

ground, in feet. Suppose
400
Real-World Career Domingo is at the top of
How Does an Architect Bank of America Tower 200
Use Math?
Architects design and
and Jewel is at the top of 0
draw plans for buildings. Two California Plaza. Bank of Two Aon US Bank
America California Center Tower
They use math to ensure How much farther can Tower Plaza
the buildings are
structurally sound. Jewel see than Domingo? Source: National Park Service

Use a calculator to approximate the distance each person can see.

For more information,
go to ca.gr7math.com. Domingo: 1.23 √
699 ≈ 32.52 Jewel: 1.23 √
750 ≈ 33.68
Jewel can see about 33.68 - 32.52 or 1.16 miles farther than Domingo.

j. MEASUREMENT How much greater is the perimeter of a square with

area 250 square meters than a square with area 125 square meters?
Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 3-4 The Real Number System 157
Artiga Photo/CORBIS
 Examples 1–3 Name all sets of numbers to which each real number belongs.
4. -3_
(p. 156) 1
1. 0.050505… 2. - √
64 3. √
17
4
Example 4 Estimate each square root to the nearest tenth. Then graph the square root on
(p. 156) a number line.
5. √
2 6. - √
18

Examples 5, 6 Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence.

−−
2.25 ● 1_
(p. 157) 1
15 ● 3.5
7. √ 8. √ 9. 2.21 ● √
5.2
2
Example 7 10. MEASUREMENT The area of a triangle with all three sides
(p. 157)
_s 2 √3 6 in. 6 in.
the same length is , where s is the length of a side.
4
Find the area of the triangle.
6 in.

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Name all sets of numbers to which each real number belongs.
11. 14 12. _2 13. - √
16 14. - √
20
For See 3
Exercises Examples − _
12
15. 4.83 16. 7.2 17. - √
90 18.
11–18 1–3 4
19–22 4
Estimate each square root to the nearest tenth. Then graph the square root on
23–28 5,6
a number line.
29–30 7
19. √
6 20. √8
 21. - √
22 22. - √
27

Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence.

25. 6_ ● √
1
10 ● 3.2
23. √ 12 ● 3.5
24. √ 40
3
− −
26. 2_
2
● √
5.76 27. 5_
1
● 5.16 6.2 ● 2.4
28. √
5 6

29. LAW ENFORCEMENT Police can use the

 to estimate the
formula s = 5.5 √0.75d
speed of a vehicle, where s is the speed
of the vehicle in miles per hour, and d 125 ft
is the length of the skid marks in feet.
How fast was the vehicle going for
the skid marks at the right?

30. FOOTBALL The time t in seconds that a football remains in the air is

t=

2y
_ , where y is the initial height in meters of the football. Find the
9.8
time to the nearest hundredth of a second that a football remains in the air
if the initial height is 2 meters.

158 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

%842!02!#4)#% 31. ALGEBRA In the sequence 4, 12, , 108, 324, the missing number can
See pages 683, 710. be found by simplifying √ ab where a and b are the numbers on
either side of the missing number. Find the missing number.
Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com Order each set of numbers from least to greatest.
− − −−
32. √
5 , √
3 , 2.25, 2.2 33. 3.01, 3.1, 3.01, √9
−
34. -4.1, √17 , -4.1, 4.01 35. - √5, √6 , -2.5, 2.5

H.O.T. Problems 36. OPEN ENDED Give a counterexample for the statement all square
roots are irrational numbers. Explain your reasoning.

CHALLENGE Tell whether the following statement is always,

sometimes, or never true. If a statement is not always true, explain.
37. Integers are rational numbers. 38. Rational numbers are
integers.
39. The product of a rational number and an irrational number is an
irrational number.

40. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Write a real-world problem in which you

(

*/
would need to approximate a square root. Then, solve the problem.

41. Which is an irrational number? 42. Which number represents the point
A -6 graphed on the number line?
B _
2
3      
C √
9
F - √
12 H - √
15
D √
3
G - √
10 J - √8

43. SPORTS Students were surveyed about the sports in which they
participate. Thirty-five play baseball, 31 play basketball, and 28 play
soccer. Of these, 7 play baseball and basketball, 9 play basketball and
soccer, 6 play baseball and soccer, and 5 play all three sports. How many
students were surveyed? Use a Venn diagram. (Lesson 3-3)

44. Order 7, √
53 , √
32 , and 6 from least to greatest. (Lesson 3-2)

ALGEBRA Solve each equation. (Lesson 3-1)

46. y 2 = _
1
45. t 2 = 25 47. 0.64 = a 2
49

PREREQUISITE SKILL Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 2-9)

48. 3 2 + 5 2 49. 6 2 + 4 2 50. 9 2 + 11 2 51. 4 2 + 7 2

Lesson 3-4 The Real Number System 159

 APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
3 Lessons 3-1 through 3-4

Find each square root. (Lesson 3-1) 18. STANDARDS PRACTICE Point P on the
1. √
1 2. ± √
81 3. ± √
36 number line best represents which
square root? (Lesson 3-2)
5. -_
4. - √
121 
1
6. √
0.09
25 P

7. MEASUREMENT What is the length of a side 7 8 9 10 11

of the square? (Lesson 3-1)

F √
85
G √
81
!REA 
 M  H √
98
J √
79

19. MARKETING A survey showed 83 customers

8. STANDARDS PRACTICE The area of a bought wheat cereal, 83 bought rice cereal,
square picture frame is 529 square and 20 bought corn cereal. Of those who
centimeters. How long is each side of the bought exactly two boxes of cereal, 6 bought
frame? (Lesson 3-1) corn and wheat, 10 bought rice and corn,
A 26 cm and 12 bought rice and wheat. Four
customers bought all three. How many
B 25 cm
customers bought only rice cereal? (Lesson 3-3)
C 23 cm
D 21 cm
20. FOOD Napoli’s pizza conducted a survey
of 75 customers. The results showed that
9. FOOTBALL A group of 121 football players 35 customers liked mushroom pizza, 41
needs to be in a square formation for liked pepperoni pizza, and 11 liked both
practice. How many players should be mushroom and pepperoni pizza. How many
in each row? (Lesson 3-1) liked neither mushroom nor pepperoni
pizza? Use a Venn diagram. (Lesson 3-3)
Estimate to the nearest whole number.
(Lesson 3-2)
Name all sets of numbers to which each real
10. √
90 11. √
28 12. √
226 number belongs. (Lesson 3-4)
13. √
17 14. √
21 15. √
75 _2
21. 22. √
25
3
23. - √
15 24. √3

16. ALGEBRA Estimate the solution(s) of x 2 = 50
to the nearest integer. (Lesson 3-2) 25. 10 26. - √4


17. MEASUREMENT The radius of a circle with Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true
_
area A is approximately 
A
. If a pie has an sentence. (Lesson 3-4)
3
15 ● 4.1
27. √ 28. 6.5 ● √
45
area of 42 square inches, estimate its radius. −
(Lesson 3-2) 35 ● 5.75
29. √ 30. 3.3 ● √
10

160 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

 Explore Geometry Lab
3-5 The Pythagorean Theorem
Four thousand years ago, the ancient Egyptians
Main IDEA used mathematics to lay out their fields with
Find the relationship square corners. They took a piece of rope and 5
among the sides of a 4
right triangle.
knotted it into 12 equal spaces. Taking three
stakes, they stretched the rope around the stakes
Standard to form a right triangle. The sides of the triangle 3
7MG3.3 Know and had lengths of 3, 4, and 5 units.
understand the
Pythagorean theorem and
its converse and use it to
find the length of the
missing side of a right
BrainPOP® ca.gr7math.com
triangle and the lengths of
other line segments and, in
some situations, empirically
On centimeter grid paper, draw a
verify the Pythagorean triangle as shown at the right.
theorem by direct Cut out the triangle.
measurement.
Standard 7MR2.4 Make
and test conjectures by Measure the length of the longest
using both inductive and side in centimeters. In this case,
deductive reasoning.
it is 5 centimeters.

Cut out three squares: one with

3 centimeters on a side, one with
4 centimeters on a side, and one
with 5 centimeters on a side.
REVIEW Vocabulary
Place the edges of the
right triangle a triangle with
one angle that measures 90° squares against the
corresponding sides
of the right triangle.

Find the area of each square.

ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. What relationship exists among the areas of the three squares?

Repeat the activity for each right triangle whose two shorter sides
have the following measures. Write an equation to show your
findings. Use a ruler to verify your measures.
2. 6 cm, 8 cm 3. 5 cm, 12 cm
4. Write a sentence or two summarizing your findings.

5. MAKE A CONJECTURE Determine the length of the third side of a right

triangle if the legs of the triangle are 9 inches and 12 inches long.

Explore 3-5 Geometry Lab: The Pythagorean Theorem 161

 3-5 The Pythagorean Theorem

Main IDEA
Use the Pythagorean SPORTS When viewed from the
Theorem. side, the shape of some wooden
skateboarding ramps is a right
Standard
7MG3.3 Know and triangle. The dimensions of four
understand the possible ramps of this type are
Pythagorean theorem and
its converse and use it to
given in the table. Copy this table. Ramp height, H base, B
Design (ft) (ft)
find the length of the
missing side of a right
Draw a side-view model A 3 4
triangle and the lengths of of each ramp on grid B 6 8
other line segments and, in paper, letting the width C 5 12
some situations, empirically D 7 24
verify the Pythagorean of one grid equal 1 foot.
theorem by direct
measurement. Cut each ramp out and use your grid paper to find the length
Standard 7MR3.2 Note the
method of deriving the
of the ramp, which is the longest side of your model. Write
solution and demonstrate a these measures in a new column labeled length, L (ft).
conceptual understanding
of the derivation by solving Finally, add a column labeled H 2 + B 2. Calculate each of
similar problems.
these values and place them in your table.

NEW Vocabulary 1. What is the relationship between the values in the H 2 + B 2 column
legs and the values in the L column?
hypotenuse 2. How could you use a value in the H 2 + B 2 column to find a
Pythagorean Theorem
corresponding value in the L column?
converse

REVIEW Vocabulary A right triangle is a triangle with one right angle.

right angle an angle with a 4HE SIDES THAT FORM THE RIGHT
measure of 90° 4HE HYPOTENUSE IS THE SIDE
ANGLE ARE CALLED LEGS
OPPOSITE THE RIGHT ANGLE )T IS
THE LONGEST SIDE OF THE TRIANGLE
4HE SYMBOL INDICATES
A RIGHT ANGLE

The Pythagorean Theorem describes the relationship between the

lengths of the legs and the hypotenuse for any right triangle.

+%9 #/.#%04 Pythagorean Theorem

Words In a right triangle, the square of Model

the length of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares c
a
of the lengths of the legs.
Symbols c2 = a2 + b2
b

162 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

 You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of a side of a
right triangle when you know the other two sides.

Find the Length of a Side

Write an equation you could use to find the length of the missing
side of each right triangle. Then find the missing length. Round to
the nearest tenth if necessary.

1
c in.
12 in.

9 in.

c2 = a2 + b2 Pythagorean Theorem
2 2 2
c = 9 + 12 Replace a with 9 and b with 12.
2
c = 81 + 144 Evaluate 9 2 and 12 2.
c 2 = 225 Add 81 and 144.
c = ± √
225 Definition of square root
c = 15 or -15 Simplify.

The equation has two solutions, 15 and -15. However, the length of a
side must be positive. So, the hypotenuse is 15 inches long.

2 b

8m
24 m

a2 + b2 = c2 Pythagorean Theorem
2 2
8 + b2 = 24 Replace a with 8 and c with 24.
64 + b 2 = 576 Evaluate 8 2 and 24 2.
64 - 64 + b 2 = 576 - 64 Subtract 64 from each side.

Check for
b 2 = 512 Simplify.
Reasonableness b = ± √
512 Definition of square root
The hypotenuse is
always the longest b ≈ 22.6 or -22.6 Use a calculator.
side in a right
triangle. Since 22.6 is The length of side b is about 22.6 meters.
less than 24, the
answer is reasonable.

a. b. 3 mi c.
17 cm a cm
c yd
24 yd 8 mi b mi

20 cm
18 yd

Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

Lesson 3-5 The Pythagorean Theorem 163

 If you reverse the parts of the Pythagorean Theorem, you have formed its
converse. The converse of the Pythagorean Theorem is also true.

+%9 #/.#%04 Converse of Pythagorean Theorem

If the sides of a triangle have lengths a, b, and c units such that

c 2 = a 2 + b 2, then the triangle is a right triangle.

Identify a Right Triangle

3 The measures of three sides of a triangle are 15 inches, 8 inches,
and 17 inches. Determine whether the triangle is a right triangle.
Draw a Picture
When solving a c2 = a2 + b2 Pythagorean Theorem
problem, it is often
helpful to draw a 17 2  15 2 + 8 2 c = 17, a = 15, b = 8
picture to represent
the situation. 289  225 + 64 Evaluate 17 2, 15 2, and 8 2.
289 = 289  Simplify.
The triangle is a right triangle.

Determine whether each triangle with

sides of given lengths is a right triangle. Justify your answer.
d. 36 mi, 48 mi, 60 mi e. 4 ft, 7 ft, 5 ft

Write an equation you could use to find the length of the missing side of
each right triangle. Then find the missing length. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
Example 1 1. 16 m 2.
(p. 163) c mm
100 mm
12 m
cm

200 mm

Example 2 3. 25 ft 4. 8 yd
(p. 163) 7 ft

b ft a yd
12 yd

Example 1 5. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 12 inches, and one of its legs is
(p. 163) 7 inches. Find the length of the other leg. Round to the nearest tenth
if necessary.

Example 3 Determine whether each triangle with sides of given lengths is a right
(p. 164) triangle. Justify your answer.
6. 5 in., 10 in., 12 in. 7. 9 m, 40 m, 41 m

164 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write an equation you could use to find the length of the missing side of
each right triangle. Then find the missing length. Round to the nearest tenth
For See
Exercises Examples if necessary.
8, 9 1 8. 9. c in. 10. 10 cm
c ft 5 in.
10–13 2
27 ft
14–19 3 12 in. a cm
15 cm
36 ft

11. 51 yd 12. 30 mm 13. bm

a yd
60 yd 8m
80 mm b mm 18 m

Determine whether each triangle with sides of given lengths is

a right triangle. Justify your answer.
14. 28 yd, 195 yd, 197 yd 15. 30 cm, 122 cm, 125 cm
16. 24 m, 143 m, 145 m 17. 135 in., 140 in., 175 in.
18. 56 ft, 65 ft, 16 ft 19. 44 cm, 70 cm, 55 cm

20. KITES Paulo is flying a kite as 21. GEOGRAPHY Calculate the length
shown below. Find the length of of the diagonal of the state of
the kite string. Wyoming.
 MI

c ft
40 ft
79/-).'  MI

30 ft

Write an equation you could use to find the length of the missing side of
each right triangle. Then find the missing length. Round to the nearest tenth
if necessary.
22. b, 99 mm; c, 101 mm 23. a, 48 yd; b, 55 yd
24. a, 17 ft; c, 20 ft 25. a, 23 in.; b, 18 in.
26. b, 4.5 m; c, 9.4 m 27. b, 5.1 m; c, 12.3 m
50

%842!02!#4)#%
Durham
28. TRAVEL The Research Triangle in North 12 mi 98

Carolina is formed by Raleigh, Durham, 147

24 mi
See pages 684, 710. Raleigh 401
and Chapel Hill. Is this triangle a right Chapel
triangle? Explain. Hill 29 mi 40

Self-Check Quiz at 761 55

54

ca.gr7math.com NORT H 1

CA ROL I NA 70

Lesson 3-5 The Pythagorean Theorem 165

H.O.T. Problems 29. OPEN ENDED State three measures that could be the side measures of a right
triangle. Justify your answer.

30. FIND THE ERROR Catalina and Morgan are finding

the length of the third side of the right triangle.  IN
 IN
Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.

a2 = 52 + 82 82 = a2 + 52

Catalina Morgan

31. CHALLENGE The whole numbers 3, 4, and 5 are called Pythagorean triples
because they satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem. Find three other sets of
Pythagorean triples.

32. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Explain why you can use any two sides of a right
(

*/
triangle to find the third side.

33. What is the perimeter of the triangle 34. The base of a ten-foot ladder stands six
ABC? feet from a house.
A

10 in.
 FT
C 24 in. B

 FT
How many feet up the side of the
A 26 in. C 60 in.
house does the ladder reach?
B 34 in. D 68 in.
F 4.0 ft H 8.0 ft
G 5.8 ft J 11.7 ft

Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make each a true sentence. (Lesson 3-4)
− 17 −
35. √12 ● 3.5 36. √41 ● 6.4 37. 5.6 ● _ 38. √55 ● 7.4
3
39. ALGEBRA Estimate the solution of x 2 = 77 to the nearest integer. (Lesson 3-2)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 1-9)
40. 57 = x + 24 41. 82 = 54 + y 42. 71 = 35 + z 43. 64 = a + 27

166 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

(l)First Light/ImageState, (r)age fotostock/SuperStock
 3-6 Using The Pythagorean
Theorem
Main IDEA
Solve problems using the PARASAILING In parasailing, a
Pythagorean Theorem. towrope is used to attach a
parasailor to a boat. vertical towrope (t )
Standard
height
7MG3.3 Know and 1. What type of triangle is formed (h)
understand the
Pythagorean theorem and by the horizontal distance, the horizontal distance (d )
its converse and use it to vertical height, and the length
find the length of the
missing side of a right
of the towrope?
triangle and the lengths of 2. Write an equation that can be used
other line segments and, in
some situations, empirically to find the length of the towrope.
verify the Pythagorean
theorem by direct
measurement. The Pythagorean Theorem can be used to solve a variety of problems.

1 PARASAILING Find the height of the

parasailor above the surface of the water.
Notice that the vertical and horizontal 200 ft a
distances, along with the length of the
rope form a right triangle. Use the 135 ft
Pythagorean Theorem.
c2 = a2 + b2 Pythagorean Theorem
2 2 2
200 = a + 135 Replace c with 200 and
b with 135.
40,000 = a 2 + 18,225 Evaluate 200 2 and 135 2.
40,000 - 18,225 = a 2 + 18,225 - 18,225 Subtract 18,225 from each side.
2
21,775 = a Simplify.
Square Roots ± √
21,775 = a Definition of square root
In most real-world
situations, only the 148 or -148 ≈ a Simplify.
positive square root
is considered. The parasailor is about 148 feet above the surface of the water.

a. AVIATION Write an equation that can

be used to find the distance between d
the planes. Then solve. Round to the 7 mi
nearest tenth.
10 mi

Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 3-6 Using the Pythagorean Theorem 167
Profimedia.CZ s.r.o./Alamy Images
 2 A circular lawn sprinkler with a range View from Above
of 25 feet is placed 20 feet from the x x
edge of a lawn. Find the length of the
section of the lawn’s edge that is within
20 feet
the range of the sprinkler. 25 feet

A 15 ft
Sprinkler
B 20 ft
C 25 ft
D 30 ft

Read the Item

From the diagram, you know that the distance of the sprinkler
from the lawn’s edge, the sprinkler’s range, and a section of the
lawn’s edge all form a right triangle. The section of the lawn’s edge
within the range of the sprinkler is twice the section forming the
right triangle.

Solve the Item

Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
Pythagorean
Triples Look for a2 + b2 = c2 Pythagorean Theorem
measures that are 2 2
20 + x = 25 2
a = 20, b = x, and c = 25.
multiples of a 3-4-5
right triangle. 400 + x 2 = 625 Evaluate 20 2 and 25 2.
25 = 5 · 5
20 = 4 · 5 400 - 400 + x 2 = 625 - 400 Subtract 400 from each side.
x = 3 · 5 or 15
x 2 = 225 Simplify.
x = ± √
225 Definition of square root
x = 15 or -15 Simplify.

The length of the section of the lawn’s edge within the sprinkler’s
range is x + x or 15 + 15 = 30 feet. Therefore, choice D is correct.

b. If the “rise” of the stairs of a building is 5 feet and the “run” is 12

feet, how long is it from point A to point B?
B

5 ft

A 12 ft

F 13 ft H 11 ft
G 12 ft J 10 ft
Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

168 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

 Example 1 Write an equation that can be used to answer the question. Then solve.
(p. 167) Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
1. How long is each rafter? 2. How high does the ladder reach?

r r
9 ft
15 ft
h
12 ft 12 ft

3 ft

3. GEOMETRY An isosceles right triangle is a right triangle in

which both legs are equal in length. If one leg of an isosceles
triangle is 4 inches long, what is the length of the hypotenuse?
 IN
Example 2 4. STANDARDS PRACTICE Abigail designed a
(p. 168) stained glass window in the shape of a
 IN
kite. What is the perimeter of the window?
A 108 in. C 162 in.
 IN  IN
B 114 in. D 168 in.

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write an equation that can be used to answer the question. Then solve.
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
For See
Exercises Examples 5. How long is the 6. How far is the 7. How high is the ski
5–10 1 kite string? helicopter from ramp?
21, 22 2 the car?
15 ft
h
s 95 yd 14 ft
150 yd d

40 yd
60 yd

8. How long is 9. How high is the wire 10. How high is the
the lake? attached to the pole? wheel chair ramp?
ᐉ
10 ft
h
9.5 ft
18 mi
24 mi
13 m h

3.5 m

Lesson 3-6 Using the Pythagorean Theorem 169

 11. VOLLEYBALL Two ropes and two
stakes are needed to support each
pole holding the volleyball net. 8 ft
Find the length of each rope.
3.5 ft

12. GEOGRAPHY Suppose Greenville,

85
Rock Hill, and Columbia form a 80 mi
Rock Hill
Greenville
right triangle. What is the distance 77
26
from Columbia to Greenville? 385
68 mi

South Carolina
Columbia

13. ENTERTAINMENT Connor loves to watch movies in the widescreen format

Real-World Link on his television. He wants to buy a new television with a screen that is at
Televisions are least 25 inches by 13.6 inches. What diagonal size television meets Connor’s
advertised by their
diagonal measure. requirements?
The most common
sizes are 27–32 14. CONSTRUCTION Home builders 1
Each board is 1 2 in. wide.
inches.
add corner bracing to give
strength to a house frame. How 16 in. 16 in.
long will the brace need to be
for the frame shown? 8 ft
16 in.

15. GEOMETRY Find the length of the A

−−
diagonal AB in the rectangular
prism at the right. (Hint: First find 8 cm
−− C
the length of BC.)
%842!02!#4)#% 5 cm
12 cm B
See pages 684, 710.
16. FIND THE DATA Refer to the California Data File on pages 16−19.
Self-Check Quiz at Choose some data and write a real-world problem in which you
ca.gr7math.com
would use the Pythagorean Theorem.

H.O.T. Problems 17. OPEN ENDED Write a problem that can be solved by using the Pythagorean
Theorem. Then explain how to solve the problem.

18. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Each set of numbers represents the side measures
of a triangle. Identify the set that does not belong with the other three.
Explain your reasoning.

5–12–13 10–24–26 5–7–9 8–15–17

170 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

worldthroughthelens/Alamy Images
 19. CHALLENGE Suppose a ladder 100 feet long is a
placed against a vertical wall 100 feet high.
How far would the top of the ladder move
down the wall by pulling out the bottom of 100 ft 100 ft
the ladder 10 feet? Explain your reasoning.

20. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( The length of the

(

*/
10 ft
hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle is
√
288 units. Explain how to find the length of
a leg.

21. Ms. Johnson designed a rectangular 22. A hot air balloon is tethered to the
garden. She plans to build a walkway ground as shown.
through the garden as shown.

 M

 M  FT

Which measure is closest to the length

of the walkway?  FT

A 8m How high above the ground is the

balloon?
B 11 m
F 55.0 ft H 123.0 ft
C 17 m
G 95.3 ft J 163.5 ft
D 23 m

23. GEOMETRY Determine whether a triangle with sides 20 inches, 48 inches,

and 52 inches long is a right triangle. Justify your anwer. (Lesson 3-5)

−
24. Order √
45 , 6.6, 6.75, and 6.7 from least to greatest. (Lesson 3-4)

Add or subtract. Write in simplest form. (Lesson 2-6)

25. -3_ + -5_

2
3 ( 34 ) 26. -1_ - 7_
1
8
3
4
27. _3 - 4_1
5 2
28. 4_ + -6_
7
8 ( 56 )
29. ARCHAEOLOGY Stone tools found in Ethiopia are estimated to be
2.5 million years old. That is about 700,000 years older than similar
tools found in Tanzania. Write and solve an addition equation to find
the age of the tools found in Tanzania. (Lesson 1-9)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Graph each point on the same coordinate plane. (Page 688)

30. T(5, 2) 31. A(-1, 3) 32. M(-5, 0) 33. D(-2, -4)

Lesson 3-6 Using the Pythagorean Theorem 171

 Extend Geometry Lab
3-6 Graphing Irrational Numbers
Main IDEA In Lesson 3-2, you found approximate locations for irrational numbers
Graph irrational numbers. on a number line. You can also accurately graph irrational numbers.

Standard
7MG3.2 Understand
and use coordinate
graphs to plot simple figures, Graph √
34 on a number line as accurately as possible.
determine lengths and areas
related to them, and
determine their image under Find two numbers with squares that have a sum of 34.
translations and reflections. 34 = 25 + 9 The hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs that
Standard 7MR2.5 Use a
variety of methods such as
34 = 5 2 + 3 2 measure 5 and 3 units will measure √ 34 units.
words, numbers, symbols,
charts, graphs, tables, Draw a
diagrams, and models, to number line
explain mathematical
reasoning. on grid paper.
3 5 units
Then draw a units
right triangle
whose legs 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
measure
5 and 3 units.

Adjust your
compass to the
length of the
hypotenuse.
Place the
compass at
0 and draw 34 
an arc that 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7        
intersects the
number line.
The point of intersection
corresponds to the number √ 34 .

Graph each irrational number.

a. √
10 b. √
13 c. √
17 d. √
8

ANALYZE THE RESULTS

1. Explain how you decide what lengths to make the legs of the right
triangle when graphing an irrational number.
2. Explain how the graph of √
2 can be used to graph √
3.

3. MAKE A CONJECTURE Do you think you could graph the square root of
any whole number? Explain your reasoning.

172 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

 3-7 Geometry: Distance on the
Coordinate Plane
Main IDEA
Graph rational numbers
on the coordinate plane. ARCHAEOLOGY An archaeologist sets up a y Necklace
3
Find the distance between
two points on the
grid with string to keep careful record (2 , 2_
1
2 )
coordinate plane. of the location of objects she finds at a
2
dig. She finds a ring at _
1 _
(2 2)
, 1 1 and a
Standard 7MG3.2
Understand and use necklace at 2, 2_
( 1
2
. ) 1 (_12 , 1_12 )
coordinate graphs to Ring
plot simple figures, 1. What does each colored line on the x
determine lengths and 0 1 2 3
areas related to them, and
graph represent?
determine their image under 2. What type of triangle is formed by the lines?
translations and reflections.
3. What are the lengths of the two red lines?

Recall that you can locate a point by using a coordinate system similar
to the grid used by the archaeologist. It is called a coordinate plane.
y
The point of intersection The vertical number
of the two number lines Quadrant II Quadrant I line is the y-axis.
is the origin, (0, 0).
NEW Vocabulary
coordinate plane O x
origin Quadrant III Quadrant IV
The number lines
y-axis The horizontal number (⫺2, ⫺4) separate the
x-axis line is the x-axis. coordinate plane
quadrants into four sections
ordered pair called quadrants.
x-coordinate
abscissa
Any point on the coordinate plane can be graphed by
y-coordinate using an ordered pair of numbers. The first number
ordinate in the ordered pair is the x-coordinate or abscissa.
The second number is the y-coordinate or ordinate.

Name an Ordered Pair

1 Name the ordered pair for point P. y

2
P
• Start at the origin.
• Move right to find the x-coordinate 1

of point P, which is 3_
1
.
2 ⫺1 O 1 2 3 x
• Move up to find the y-coordinate, ⫺1
which is 2.
⫺2
So, the ordered pair for point P is 3_
1
(
,2 . )
2

Lesson 3-7 Geometry: Distance on the Coordinate Plane 173

 2 Name the ordered pair for point Q. y

• Start at the origin. 2

• Move left to find the x-coordinate 1

of point Q, which is -4_

1
.
2 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 O x
• Move down to find the y-coordinate, ⫺1
Q
which is -1_
1
.
2 ⫺2
So, the ordered pair for point Q
is -4_
( 1
, -1_
1
. )
2 2

Name the ordered pair for each point. y

J 2
a. J
b. K 1
K
c. L
⫺2 ⫺1 O 1 L
x
d. M ⫺1

⫺2
M

Graphing Ordered Pairs

y
Graph and label each point. A(0.5, 1.75)
1.5
3 A(0.5, 1.75)
1
• Start at the origin and move 0.5 unit
0.5
to the right. Then move up 1.75 units.
Look Back You can
review graphing • Draw a dot and label it A(0.5, 1.75). ⫺0.5 O 0.5 1 1.5 x
integers on the ⫺0.5
coordinate plane on
page 668.
(
4 B -2, -3 1 _)
4 y
• Start at the origin and move 2 units 4

to the left. Then move down 3_

1
2
4
or 3.25 units.
• Draw a dot and label it B -2, -3_ . ( )
1 ⫺4 O 2 4 x
4
⫺2

B ⫺2, ⫺3_1
( )
4

Graph and label each point.

e. R 2_, 3_
( ) g. T -_, -3_
( )
1 1 1 3
f. S(-1.5, 3)
4 2 2 4

You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two
points on the coordinate plane.

174 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com
 Find Distance on the Coordinate Plane
5 Graph the ordered pairs (3, 0) and (7, -5). y
(3, 0)
Then find the distance c between the O x
two points.
c
c2 = a2 + b2 Pythagorean Theorem 5

c2 = 42 + 52 Replace a with 4 and b with 5.

4 (7, ⫺5)
c 2 = 41 4 2 + 5 2 = 16 + 25 or 41
√c2 = ± √41 Definition of square root
c ≈ ±6.4 Use a calculator.
The points are about 6.4 units apart.

Graph each pair of ordered pairs. Then

find the distance between the points. Round to the nearest tenth.
h. (2, 0), (5, -4) i. (1, 3), (-2, 4) j. (-3,-4), (2, -1)

6 MAPS On the map, each unit !LBANY


represents 45 miles. West Point, "OSTON

New York, is located at 1 1 , 2

2 (_ ) 7EST
0OINT (ARTFORD

and Annapolis, Maryland,
( _2 _2 )
is located at -1 1 , -1 1 .
(ARRISBURG 4RENTON

7ASHINGTON
What is the approximate $# $OVER
distance between West Point !NNAPOLIS 
and Annapolis?
2ICHMOND
Let c represent the distance 
between West Point and
    
Annapolis. Then a = 3 and b = 3.5.
c2 = a2 + b2 Pythagorean Theorem
2 2 2
c = 3 + 3.5 Replace a with 3 and b with 3.5.
Real-World Link 2
The United States c = 21.25 3 2 + 3.5 2 = 9 + 12.25 or 21.25
Military Academy, also √
known as West Point,
c 2 = ± √
21.25 Definition of square root
graduates more than c ≈ ±4.6 The map distance is about 4.6 units.
900 officers each year.
The same is true for the Since each map unit equals 45 miles, the distance between the cities is
United States Naval
Academy, which is
4.6 · 45 or about 207 miles.
located in Annapolis.
Source: www.usma.edu

k. SPORTS On a University of Southern California map, Cromwell

field is located at (2 _
1, 3 _
1 ) and Dedeaux Field at (1 _
1, 4 _
1 ). Graph
2 2 2 2
these points. If each map unit is 0.1 mile, about how far apart are
the fields?
Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com
Lesson 3-7 Geometry: Distance on the Coordinate Plane 175
Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images
 Examples 1, 2 Name the ordered pair for each point. y
(pp. 173–174) A
1. A 2. B B
1
3. C 4. D

Examples 3, 4 Graph and label each point. ⫺1 O 1 x

(p. 174) D C
5. J(_14 , 3_12 ) 6. K -1, -2_
( 3
4 ) ⫺1

7. L(4.5, -2.25) 8. M(-2.5, 2.5)

Example 5 Graph each pair of ordered pairs. Then find the distance between the points.
(p. 175) Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
9. (1, 5), (3, 1) 10. (-1, 0), (2, 7) 11. (-5.5, -2), (2.5, 3)

12. GEOMETRY Square ABCD is graphed on the

coordinate plane. What is the length of each y
B
side? What is the area? Round to the nearest
tenth.
A C
Example 6 13. PARKS On a park map, the ranger station is x
O
(p. 175) located at (2.5, 3.5) and the nature center is
located at (0.5, 4). Each unit in the map is D
equal to 0.5 mile. Graph the ordered pairs.
What is the approximate distance between
the ranger station and the nature center?

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Name the ordered pair for each point. y

R 1
For See 14. P 15. Q T
Exercises Examples Q
16. R 17. S W
14–21 1
18. T 19. U
22–27 2, 3 ⫺1 O 1 x
28–33 4, 5 20. V 21. W
U S
34–35 6 P
⫺1
V
Graph and label each point.
22. E(_34 , 2_14 ) 23. F (_25 , 1_12 ) 24. G -3, 4_
( 2
3 )
25. H(-2_, 3_)
1 4
26. J(4.3, -3.1) 27. K(-3.75, -0.5)
4 5
Graph each pair of ordered pairs. Then find the distance between the points.
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
28. (4, 5), (2, 2) 29. (6, 2), (1, 0) 30. (-3, 4), (1, 3)
31. (-5, 1), (2, 4) 32. (2.5, -1), (-3.5, -5) 33. (4, -2.3), (-1, -6.3)

176 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

 34. NAVIGATION A ferry sets sail from an island y

located at (4, 12) on the map at the right. 16

Its destination is Ferry Landing B at (6, 2).
12
How far will the ferry travel if each unit
on the grid is 0.5 mile? 8

4
A
35. GEOGRAPHY On a map of Florida, Clearwater B C
is located at (3, 2.5), and Jacksonville is O 4 8 12 16 x
located at (8.5, 14.5). Each unit on the map
equals 16.5 miles. Graph the ordered pairs.
What is the approximate distance between
the cities?

Find the area of each rectangle.

36. y 37. y
A

F
O
x
B G
D J

H
O x
C

38. TRAVEL Rochester, New York, has a longitude 80 W˚ ˚

77 W

of 77° W and a latitude of 43° N. Pittsburgh,

%842!02!#4)#% Pennsylvania, is located at 80° W and 40° N. At Rochester, NY
See pages 684, 710. this longitude/latitude, each degree is about ˚
43 N

53 miles. Find the distance between Rochester

Self-Check Quiz at and Pittsburgh. ?
ca.gr7math.com
39. GEOMETRY If one point is located at (-5, 4)
˚
40 N
and another point is located at (-8, -2), Pittsburgh, PA
find the distance between the points.

H.O.T. Problems 40. CHALLENGE Apply what you have learned about distance on the coordinate
plane to determine the coordinates of the endpoints of a line segment that
is neither horizontal nor vertical and has a length of 5 units.

41. SELECT A TOOL Kendra needs to find the distance between the points
A(-2.4, 3.7) and B(4.6, -1.3). Which of the following tools will be
most useful to Kendra? Justify your selection(s). Then use the tool(s)
to solve the problem.

calculator paper and pencil real objects

42. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( In your own words, explain how to find the length
(

*/
of a non-vertical and a non-horizontal segment whose endpoints are
(x 1, y 1) and (x 2, y 2).

Lesson 3-7 Geometry: Distance on the Coordinate Plane 177

 43. The map shows the location of the 44. Rectangle ABCD is graphed on the
towns of Springfield, Centerville, and coordinate plane.
Point Pleasant. A y
y

20 D

Springfield
24 mi O x
10
10 mi B
Centerville

Point Pleasant C
O 10 20 30 x

Find the area of rectangle ABCD.

What is the shortest distance between F 30 units 2
Centerville and Point Pleasant?
G 50 units 2
A 14 mi C 26 mi
H 60 units 2
B 22 mi D 34 mi
J 100 units 2

45. HIKING Hunter hikes 3 miles south and then turns and hikes 7 miles east.
How far is he from his starting point? (Lesson 3-6)

GEOMETRY Find the missing side of each right triangle. Round to the nearest tenth
if necessary. (Lesson 3-5)
46. a, 15 cm; b, 18 cm 47. b, 14 in.; c, 17 in. 48. a, 36 km; b, 40 km

49. ENERGY Electricity costs 6_¢ per kilowatt-hour. Of that cost, 3_¢ goes
1 1
2 4
toward the cost of the fuel. What fraction of the cost goes toward fuel?
(Lesson 2-4)

ALGEBRA Write and solve an equation to find each number. (Lesson 1-10)
50. The product of a number and 8 is 56.
51. The quotient of a number and 7 is -14.

Math and Geography

Bon Voyage! It’s time to complete your project. Use the information and data you have
gathered about cruise packages and destination activities to prepare a video or brochure.
Be sure to include a diagram and itinerary with your project.

Cross-Curricular Project at ca.gr7math.com

178 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

 APTER
CH

Study Guide
3 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Review from ca.gr7math.com

Key Vocabulary
coordinate plane (p. 173)
Be sure the following >«ÌiÀÊÎ\

Key Concepts are noted ,i>Ê ՓLiÀà hypotenuse (p. 162)

>˜`ÊÌ i
*ÞÌ >}œÀi>˜
in your Foldable. / iœÀi“ irrational number (p. 155)
legs (p. 162)
perfect square (p. 144)
Key Concepts Pythagorean Theorem (p. 162)
Square Roots and Irrational Numbers radical sign (p. 144)
(Lessons 3-1, 3-2, and 3-4)
real number (p. 155)
• A square root of a number is one of its two equal
factors. square root (p. 144)
Venn diagram (p. 152)
• An irrational number is a number that cannot be
a _
expressed as , where a and b are integers and
b
b ≠ 0.
Vocabulary Check
Pythagorean Theorem (Lessons 3-5 to 3-7) State whether each sentence is true or false.
• In a right triangle, the square of the length of the If false, replace the underlined word or
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of number to make a true sentence.
the lengths of the legs.
1. The number 11 is a perfect square.
Hypotenuse 2. The symbol that is used to indicate a
c square root is the radical sign.
a
3. A real number is a number that cannot be
expressed as the quotient of two integers.
b 4. If the measures of the sides of a triangle
Legs
are 6 inches, 8 inches and 10 inches, then
• If the sides of a triangle have lengths a, b, and the triangle is a right triangle.
c units such that c 2 = a 2 + b 2, then the triangle
5. The opposite of squaring a number is
is a right triangle.
finding a converse.
6. A Venn diagram uses overlapping
rectangles to organize information and
solve problems.
7. The hypotenuse is the shortest side of a
right triangle.
8. The Pythagorean Theorem states that the
sum of the squares of the lengths of the
legs of a right triangle equals the square of
the length of the hypotenuse.

Vocabulary Review at ca.gr7math.com Chapter 3 Study Guide and Review 179

 APTER
CH

3 Study Guide and Review

Lesson-by-Lesson Review
3-1 Square Roots (pp. 144–147)

Find each square root. Example 1 Find √36

.
9. √ 10. ± √ 2
81 225 Since 6 = 36, √
36 = 6.
11. - √
64 12. √
6.25
Example 2 Find - √
169 .
13. FARMING Pecan trees are planted in Since (-13)(-13) = 169, - √
169 = -13.
square patterns to take advantage of
land space and for ease in harvesting. Example 3 Find ± √
1.21 .
For 289 trees, how many rows should Since (1.1) = 1.21 and (-1.1)2 = 1.21,
2

be planted and how many trees should ± √

1.21 = ±1.1.
be planted in each row?

3-2 Estimating Square Roots (pp. 148–151)

Estimate to the nearest whole number. Example 4 Estimate √135 to the

14. √
32 15. √
42 nearest whole number.
16. √
230 17. √
96 121 < 135 < 144 Write an inequality.
18. √
150 19. √
8 11 2 < 135 < 12 2 121 = 11 2 and 144 = 12 2
11 < √
135 < 12 Take the square root of
20. √
50.1 21. √
19.25 each number.
Since 135 is closer to 144 than to 121, the
22. ALGEBRA Estimate the solution of best whole number estimate is 12.
b 2 = 60 to the nearest integer.

3-3 PSI: Use a Venn Diagram (pp. 152–153)

23. APARTMENTS An apartment complex Example 5 The Venn diagram shows

offers 15 apartments with a view of the number of dog and cat owners.
the river, 8 with two bedrooms, and 6
that have both selections. How many œ}à >ÌÃ
have only a view of the river?
24. LANGUAGE At Madison Middle School,   
95% of the students speak English
fluently, 65% speak Spanish fluently,
and 60% speak both English and
Spanish fluently. What percent of the
students speak only Spanish fluently? So, 34 people own only dogs, 26 people
own only cats, and 12 own both.

180 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

 Mixed Problem Solving
For mixed problem-solving practice,
see page 710.

3-4 The Real Number System (pp. 155–159)

Name all sets of numbers to which each Example 6 Name all sets of numbers to
real number belongs. which - √
33 belongs.
−
25. - √
19 26. 0.3 - √
33 ≈ -5.744562647
27. 7.43 28. -12 Since the decimal does not terminate or
29. √
32 30. 101 repeat, it is an irrational number.

31. MEASUREMENT The area of a square

vegetable garden is 360 square meters.
To the nearest hundredth meter, what
is the perimeter of the garden?

3-5 The Pythagorean Theorem (pp. 162–166)

Write an equation you could use to find Example 7 Write an equation you
the length of the missing side of each could use to find the length of the
right triangle. Then find the missing hypotenuse of the right triangle. Then
length. Round to the nearest tenth if find the missing length.
necessary.
32. 33. cm
16 m 3m
18 in. c in.
am 5m
20 m

24 in.
c2 = a2 + b2 Pythagorean Theorem
c2 = 32 + 52 Replace a with 3 and b with 5.
34. 35. c 2 = 9 + 25 Evaluate 3 2 and 5 2.
5 ft
9.5 m c 2 = 34 Simplify.
4m
c = ± √34 Definition of square root
8 ft c ft
bm c ≈ ±5.8 Use a calculator.

The hypotenuse is about 5.8 meters long.

36. a, 5 in.; c, 6 in. 37. a, 6 cm; b, 7 cm

38. GEOMETRY Lolita drew a right triangle

where the hypotenuse was 17 inches
and one of the legs was 8 inches. What
was the length of the third side?

Chapter 3 Study Guide and Review 181

 APTER
CH

3 Study Guide and Review

3-6 Using the Pythagorean Theorem (pp. 167–171)

Write an equation that can be used to Example 8 Write an equation that can
answer the question. Then solve. Round be used to find the height of the tree.
to the nearest tenth if necessary. Then solve.
39. How tall is the 40. How wide is the
light? window?
53 ft
h
25 ft 60 in.
h 30 in.

20 ft w 25 ft
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to write the
41. How long is 42. How far is the equation 53 2 = h 2 + 25 2. Then solve the
the walkway? plane from the equation.
airport?
53 2 = h 2 + 25 2
2,809 = h 2 + 625
ᐉ
5 ft
d 2,809 - 625 = h 2 + 625 - 625
10 km
8 ft
2,184 = h 2
 = h
± √2,184
18 km ±46.7 ≈ h Use a
calculator.
43. GEOMETRY A rectangle is 12 meters by
7 meters. What is the length of one of The height of the tree is about 47 feet.
its diagonals?

3-7 Geometry: Distance on the Coordinate Plane (pp. 173–178)

Graph each pair of ordered pairs. Then Example 9 Graph the ordered pairs
find the distance between the points. (2, 3) and (-1, 1). Then find the distance
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. between the points.
44. (0, -3), (5, 5) 45. (-1, 2), (4, 8) y (2, 3)c2 = a2 + b2
46. (-2, 1.5), (2, 3.6) 47. (-6, 2), (-4, 5) c c2 = 32 + 22
2
48. (3, 4.2), (-2.1, 0) 49. (-1, 3), (2, 4) c2 = 9 + 4
(⫺1, 1) 3 c 2 = 13
O x
50. GEOMETRY The coordinates of points R c = √ 13
and S are (4, 3) and (1, 6). What is the c ≈ 3.6
distance between the points? Round to The distance is about 3.6 units.
the nearest tenth if necessary.

182 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

 APTER
CH

Practice Test
3
Find each square root. Determine whether each triangle with sides
1. √
225 2. - √
0.25 3. ±_

36 of given lengths is a right triangle. Justify
49 your answer.
4. STANDARDS PRACTICE Which list shows 16. 12 in., 20 in., 24 in.
the numbers in order from least to 17. 34 cm, 30 cm, 16 cm
greatest?
18. 15 ft, 25 ft, 20 ft
− 1
A 2.2, 2_ , 2.25, √ 5
5 19. 7 yd, 14 yd, 35 yd
−
B 2_1
, 2.2, √ 5 , 2.25
5 20. STANDARDS PRACTICE Justin is flying
1 −
C √ 5 , 2.25, 2_ , 2.2 a kite.
5
− 1
D 2.25, √5, 2.2, 2_
5

Estimate to the nearest whole number.  YD

5. √
67 6. √
118 7. √
82
 YD
Name all sets of numbers to which each real
number belongs. Which is closest to the length of the string?
−−
8. - √
64 9. 6.13 10. √
14 F 70 yd H 108 yd
G 92 yd J 146 yd
11. FOOD Gino’s Pizzeria conducted a survey
of 50 customers. The results showed that 21. MEASUREMENT Find the perimeter of a right
15 people liked cheese pizza and 25 liked triangle with legs of 10 inches and 8 inches.
pepperoni. Of those customers, 4 people
22. SURVEYING A survey team calculated the
liked both cheese and pepperoni pizza.
distance across a river from point A to point
How many people liked neither cheese
B. How wide is the river at this point?
nor pepperoni pizza? Use a Venn diagram.
Round to the nearest tenth.

Write an equation you could use to find each Bridge

length of the missing side of each right 72 m
21 m
triangle. Then find the missing length. Round A B
to the nearest tenth if necessary.
12. 13. a
Graph each pair of ordered pairs. Then find
5 cm the distance between points. Round to the
10 cm
8 yd
c nearest tenth if necessary.
23. (-2, -2), (5, 6)

6 yd
24. (_13 , 1), (-1_13 , 1_23 )
14. a, 55 in.; b, 48 in. 15. b, 12 ft; c, 20 ft 25. (-0.5, 0.25), (0.25, -0.75)

Chapter Test at ca.gr7math.com Chapter 3 Practice Test 183

 APTER
CH

3 California Standards
Cumulative, Chapters 1–3
Practice

Read each question. Then fill in the 5 The proposed location of a new water tower
correct answer on the answer intersects a section of an existing service
document provided by your teacher or road. Find x, the inside length of the section
on a sheet of paper. of road that is intersected by the water
tower.
1 Erin jogged along the track around the outer x
road
edge of a park. She ran two miles along the
one edge and then 3 miles along the other
edge. She then cut across the park as shown 64 ft
80 ft
by the dotted line. How far did she jog to
get back to her starting point?
Water Tower
3 mi

2 mi
A 36 ft C 96 ft
B 48 ft D 112 ft

A 3 miles C 5.2 miles

Question 5 Remember that the
B 3.6 miles D 13 miles hypotenuse of a right triangle is
always opposite the right angle.

2 Michelle had to choose the number closest

6 Zack, Luke, and Charlie ordered a large
to 5. Which irrational number should she
pizza for $11.99, breadsticks for $2.99, and
choose?
chicken wings for $5.99. If the three friends
F √30
 agree to split the cost of the food evenly,
G √27
 about how much will each friend pay?
H √
20 F $20.79 H $7.32
J √
18 G $7.93 J $6.99

7 Out of 100 students surveyed at Central

3 The Moon is about 3.84 × 10 5 kilometers Middle School, 48 are in the band, 52 play a
from Earth. Which of the following sport, and 50 are in the drama club. Sixteen
represents this number in standard students are in both the band and the drama
notation? club, 22 students are in the drama club and
A 38,400,000 km C 384,000 km play a sport, and 18 students are in the band
and play a sport. Six students are in the
B 3,840,000 km D 38,400 km band, play a sport, and are in the drama
club. How many students are only in the
4 The square root of 250 is between drama club?
F 14 and 15. H 16 and 17. A 20 students C 6 students
G 15 and 16. J 17 and 18. B 12 students D 0 students

184 Chapter 3 Real Numbers and the Pythagorean Theorem

 More California
Standards Practice
For practice by standard,
see pages CA1–CA39.

8 Molly multiplied her age by 3 and 12 On Monday, the high temperature in Las
subtracted 2 from the product. She then Vegas, Nevada, was 101°F, and the high
divided the difference by 4, and added 7 to temperature in Columbus, Ohio, was 76°F.
the quotient. The result was 14. Which could How much warmer was it in Las Vegas than
be the first step in finding Molly’s age? Columbus?
F Add 14 and 7. F 25°F H -25°F
G Subtract 7 from 14. G -15°F J 15°F
H Multiply 14 by 4.
13 Which fraction is between _
4
and _
5
?
J Divide 14 by 3. 5 6
A _
1
C _
6
5 7
9 The diameter of a red blood cell is about
0.00074 centimeter. Which expression B _
7
D _
9
8 11
represents this number in scientific
notation? 14 Which of the following expressions results
in a positive number?
A 7.4 × 10 4 C 7.4 × 10 -3
F 2(-6) H -2 + (-6)
B 7.4 × 10 3 D 7.4 × 10 -4
G 2 + (-6) J 2 - (-6)
10 Which point on the number line best
15 Student admission to the movies is $6.25.
represents √8?
What is the total cost of tickets for you and
four other students?
F G H J
A $18.75 C $31.25
1 2 3 4 5
B $25.00 D $35.50

F point F H point H Pre-AP

G point G J point J Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
Show your work.
11 Ms. Leigh wants to organize the desks in 16 Use a grid to graph and answer the
the study hall into a square. If she has 64 following questions.
desks, how many should be in each row?
a. Graph the ordered pairs (3, 4) and
A 7 (-2, 1).
B 8 b. Describe how to find the distance
C 9 between the two points.
D 10 c. Find the distance between the points.

NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Go to Lesson... 3-6 3-2 2-10 3-2 3-6 1-1 3-3 1-7 2-10 3-2 3-1 1-5 2-2 1-6 1-6 3-7
For Help with Standard... MG3.3 NS2.4 NS1.1 NS2.4 MG3.3 NS1.2 MR2.5 AF1.1 NS1.1 NS2.4 NS2.4 NS1.2 NS1.1 NS1.2 NS1.2 MG3.2

California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com Chapters 1–3 California Standards Practice 185