5 Percent

• Standard 7NS1.0 Know

the properties of, and
compute with, rational
numbers expressed in a
variety of forms.

Key Vocabulary
percent (p. 252)
percent equation (p. 279)
percent of change (p. 284)
percent proportion (p. 263)

Real-World Link
Agriculture In 2004, California’s income from
agriculture was $31.8 billion. Of that income, 30% came
from the production of fruits and nuts. You can use
percents to determine the income from fruits and nuts
produced in California.

Percent Make this Foldable to help you organize your notes. Begin with five sheets
of 8_" × 11" paper.
1
2
1 Draw a large circle on one of 2 Stack the sheets of paper. Place
the sheets of paper. the one with the circle on top.
Cut all five sheets in the shape
of a circle.

3 Staple the circles on the left side. 4 Turn the circle to the back side
,ESSON
Write the chapter title on the front 0ERCENT so that the staples are still on the 
and the four lesson titles on the left. Write the last four lesson titles
inside right pages. on the front and right pages of
the journal.

250 Chapter 5 Percent

Stephen Saks/Getty Images
 GET READY for Chapter 5
Diagnose Readiness You have two options for checking Prerequisite Skills.

Option 2
Take the Online Readiness Quiz at ca.gr7math.com.
Option 1
Take the Quick Check below. Refer to the Quick Review for help.

Compute each product mentally. Example 1

(Lesson 2-3)
Compute 1 · 820 mentally. _
1. _ · 303
1 2. 644 · _
1 4
3 2 _1 · 820 is one-fourth of 820, or 205.
3. 0.1 · 550 4. 64 · 0.5 4

Write each fraction as a decimal. Example 2

(Lesson 2-1) _
Write 5 as a decimal.
5. _ _7
2 6. 8
5 8 To change _
5
to a decimal, divide 5 by 8.
8
7. _ 8. _
3 3
4 8 0.625

8 
5.000
9. SCHOOL Andrea answered 18 -48
_____
out of 20 questions correctly on 20
a math quiz. Write her score as - 16
_____
a decimal. (Lesson 2-1) 40
- 40
_____
0
So, _
5
= 0.625.
8

Solve each equation or proportion. Example 3

(Lessons 2-7 and 4-3)
Solve w = 5 . _ _
10. 0.25d = 130 11. 48r = 12 12 6
_
w
=_
5
Write the proportion.
12. 0.4m = 22 13. 0.02n = 9 12 6
6 · w = 12 · 5 Find cross products.
x =_
_ 3 _4 = _
14
14. 15. 6w = 60 Simplify.
10 5 9 b
_
6w
=_
60
Divide each side by 6.
16. RECIPES Ruben’s chocolate chip 6 6
cookie recipe uses 2 eggs for w = 10 Simplify.
2 dozen cookies. How many
eggs does Ruben need to make
72 cookies? (Lesson 4-3)

Chapter 5 Get Ready for Chapter 5 251

 5 -1 Ratios and Percents

Main IDEA
Write ratios as percents POPULATION The table shows the Ratio of People Under
and vice versa. State
ratio of people under 18 years of 18 to Total Population
age to the total population for Arkansas 1 out of 4
Standard 7NS1.3
Convert fractions to various states. Hawaii 6 out of 25
decimals and Mississippi 27 out of 100
percents and use these 1. Name two states from the table
representations in that have ratios in which the Utah 8 out of 25
estimations, computations,
and applications.
second numbers are the same. Source: Time Almanac

2. How can you determine which of the four states has the greatest
ratio of people under 18 to total population?
NEW Vocabulary
percent Ratios such as 27 out of 100 or 8 out of 25 can be written as percents.

+%9 #/.#%04 Percent

Words A percent is a ratio that compares a number to 100.

Percent Ratio Fraction
Numbers 27% 27 out of 100 _27
100
Algebra x% x out of 100 _ x
100

Write Ratios as Percents

Write each ratio as a percent.
1 POPULATION In a recent census, 26 out of every 100 people living in
Illinois were younger than 18.
26 out of 100 = 26% Definition of percent

2 SPORTS At a recent triathlon, 180 women competed for every

100 women who competed ten years earlier.
Large Percents
Notice that some 180 per 100 = 180% Definition of percent
percents, such as
180%, are greater
than 100%. Since
percent means
hundredths or per Write each ratio as a percent.
100, a percent like
180% means 180 a. BASEBALL During his baseball career, Babe Ruth had a base hit
per 100. about 34 out of every 100 times he came to bat.
b. TECHNOLOGY In a recent year, 50.5 out of 100 households in the
United States had access to the Internet.

252 Chapter 5 Percent

 To write a fraction as a percent, find an equivalent fraction with a
denominator of 100.

Write Fractions as Percents

Write each ratio or fraction as a percent.
3 CARS About 1 out of 5 sport utility vehicles manufactured in the
United States is white.
_1 = _
x
5 100
× 20

Real-World Link
_1 = _
20
5 100 1 20
The first law regulating 5 100
the speed of cars was × 20
passed in the state
of New York in 1904. So, 1 out of 5 equals 20%.
It stated that the
maximum speed was _
4 TRAVEL About 1 of travelers use scheduled buses.
10 miles per hour in 200
populated areas and
20 miles per hour in
_1
=_x
the country. 200 100
Source: The World ÷2
Almanac
_
1
=_
0.5
200 100 1 0.5
200 100
÷2

So, 1 out of 200 equals 0.5%.

Small Percents Write each ratio or fraction as a percent.

In Example 4, notice
that 0.5% is less c. TECHNOLOGY In Finland, almost 3 out of 5 people have cell phones.
than 1%. Percents
d. ANIMALS About _ of the mammals in the world are bats.
1
can be even smaller,
such as 0.001%,
4
which is equal Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com
to _.
1
100,000
You can express a percent as a fraction by writing it as a fraction with a
denominator of 100. Then write the fraction in simplest form.

Write Percents as Fractions

5 ENVIRONMENT The circle graph shows /À>à ʈ˜Ê>˜`vˆÃ
an estimate of the percent of each type
of trash in landfills. Write the percent *>«iÀ
for paper as a fraction in simplest form. Îä¯ *>Ã̈V
Ó{¯
Paper: 30% = _
30
Definition of percent "Ì iÀÊ œœ`Ê>˜`
100 /À>Ã 9>À`Ê7>ÃÌi
_
= 3 Simplify.
Îx¯ ££¯
10
Source: Franklin Associates, Ltd.
Write as a fraction in simplest form.
e. food and yard waste f. other trash g. plastic

Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 5-1 Ratios and Percents 253

Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
 Examples 1, 2 Write each ratio as a percent.
(p. 252)
1. 17 out of 100 2. 237 per 100
3. TAXES In Illinois, the sales tax rate is 6.25 cents for every 100 cents spent.

Examples 3, 4 Write each ratio or fraction as a percent.

(p. 253)
4. 7 : 10 5. _
9
6. 1 out of 500
20
Example 5 Write each percent as a fraction in simplest form.
(p. 253)
7. 19% 8. 50% 9. 18%

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write each ratio or fraction as a percent.

10. 23 out of 100 11. 110 per 100 12. _
17
13. _
7
For See 50 20
Exercises Examples 14. 8 out of 25 15. 54 out of 300 16. 2 : 5 17. 9 : 10
10, 11 1, 2
12–19 3, 4 18. TRAVEL One out of every 50 visitors to the United States is from France.
20–27 5 Write this ratio as a percent.

19. PETS Three out of 25 households in the United States have both a dog and a
cat. Write this ratio as a percent.

Write each percent as a fraction in simplest form.

20. 29% 21. 43% 22. 40% 23. 70%
24. 45% 25. 28% 26. 64% 27. 65%

28. ENERGY Germany uses about 4% of the world’s energy. Write this percent
as a fraction in simplest form.

29. MUSIC The influences in the purchase #$ 0URCHASE )NFLUENCES

of CDs by buyers ages 12–44 are
shown in the graphic. Write each -OVIE
percent as a fraction in simplest form. 3OUNDTRACK
 2ADIO
30. POPULATION According to a recent 
census, the population of Houston, 3AW IN 3TORE

Texas, is about _
7
of the United States
1,000
population. Write this fraction as a
%842!02!#4)#% -USIC 6IDEO &RIENDS2ELATIVES
percent. #HANNEL 
See pages 688, 712. 
31. TEETH Humans have _ more teeth as
8
5
Self-Check Quiz at
ca.gr7math.com
adults than when they are children. Source: Edison Media Research
Write this fraction as a percent.

254 Chapter 5 Percent

H.O.T. Problems 32. CHALLENGE Explain how a student can receive an 86% on a test with
50 questions.

33. OPEN ENDED Find a percent that is between _ and _. Justify your answer.
1 3
2 4
34. Which One Doesn’t Belong? Identify the ratio that does not belong with the
other three. Explain your reasoning.

2 out of 5 40% 2 : 10 _
10
25

35. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Refer to the opener for this lesson. Express all of the
(

*/
ratios as percents. Explain how doing so helps determine which state has
the greatest portion of its total population under 18.

36. What percent of the circle is shaded? 37. A soccer team played twenty games,
of which they won fourteen. What
percent of the games did they win?
F 30%
G 60%
H 70%
A 10% C 30% J 80%
B 20% D 40%

ALGEBRA Determine whether the relationship between the two quantities

described in each table is linear. If so, find the constant rate of change. If
not, explain your reasoning. (Lesson 4-10)
38. Pages Printed
39. Cost of Bagels
Page 5 10 15 20 Bagels 6 12 18 24
Time (min) 1 2 3 4 Cost ($) 3 5 8 10

40. CARS After driving 150 miles, Mr. Ruiz has used 5 gallons of gasoline.
He uses 3 gallons of gas driving another 100 miles. Find the rate of
change in miles per gallon for the given distances. (Lesson 4-9)

41. Write 1.8, 1.07, 1_, and 1_ in order from least to greatest. (Lesson 2-2)
8 1
9 2

PREREQUISITE SKILL Write each fraction as a decimal. (Lesson 2-1)

42. _3 43. _3 44. _5 45. _1

5 4 8 3

Lesson 5-1 Ratios and Percents 255

 5-2 Comparing Fractions,
Decimals, and Percents
Main IDEA
Write percents as fractions PETS The table gives the percent of Households with Pets
and decimals and vice households with various pets. Percent of
versa. Pet
Households
1. Write each percent as a fraction.
Standard 7NS1.1 Do not simplify the fractions. dog 39%
Read, write, and cat 34%
compare rational 2. Write each fraction in Question 1
numbers in scientific notation freshwater fish 12%
as a decimal.
(positive and negative powers bird 7%
of 10), compare rational 3. How could you write a percent
numbers in general. small animal 5%
Standard 7NS1.3 Convert
as a decimal without writing the
Source: American Pet Products
fractions to decimals and percent as a fraction first? Manufacturers Association
percents and use these
representations in
estimations, computations,
and applications.
Fractions, percents, and decimals are all _
39
fraction
different ways to represent the same ratio. 100
Remember that percent means per hundred.
In Lesson 5-1, you wrote percents as fractions 0.39 39%
with 100 in the denominator. Similarly, you
can write percents as decimals by dividing
decimal percent
by 100.

Percents and
Decimals To divide
by 100, move the
#/.#%04 3UMMARY Percents and Decimals
decimal point two Percent Decimal Decimal Percent
places to the left.
To write a percent as a decimal, To write a decimal as a percent,
divide by 100 and remove the multiply by 100 and add the
percent symbol. percent symbol.
39% = 39% = 0.39 0.39 = 0.39 = 39%

Percents as Decimals
Write each percent as a decimal.
1 35% 2 115%
35% = 35% Divide by 100. 115% = 115% Divide by 100.
= 0.35 Remove the = 1.15 Remove the
percent symbol. percent symbol.

Write each percent as a decimal.

a. 27% b. 145% c. 0.2%

256 Chapter 5 Percent Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

Cydney Conger/CORBIS
 Decimals as Percents
Write each decimal as a percent.
3 0.2 4 1.66
Decimals Greater 0.2 = 0.20 Multiply by 100. 1.66 = 1.66 Multiply by 100.
Than One Notice
that decimals greater = 20% Add the percent = 166% Add the percent
than 1 are equivalent symbol. symbol.
to percents greater
than 100.
Write each decimal as a percent.
d. 0.83 e. 1.764 f. 0.005

You have learned to write a fraction as a percent by finding an

equivalent fraction with a denominator of 100. This method works well
if the denominator is a factor of 100. If the denominator is not a factor of
100, you can solve a proportion or you can write the fraction as a
decimal and then write the decimal as a percent.

Fractions as Percents
5 Write _
3
as a percent.
8

METHOD 1 Use a proportion. METHOD 2 Write as decimal.

_3 = _x First write as a decimal.

8 100 Then write as a percent.
3 · 100 = 8 · x _3 = 0.375 0.375
8 8 
3.000
300 = 8x = 37.5% -2 4
_____
_
300
=_
8x
60
8 8
-56
____
37.5 = x 40
-40
____
0

So, _
3
=_
37.5
or 37.5%.
8 100

_
6 Write 2 as a percent.
3
Percents
In real-world
_2 = 0.66−6 0.66…
− 3 − 3 
2.0
situations, 66.6% will
usually be rounded = 66.6% -1 8
_____
to 67% or 66.7%. 20
-18
____
2
−
So, _
2
= 66.6%.
3

Write each fraction as a percent.

g. _
7
h. _
3
i. _1
25 16 9
Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

5-2 Comparing Fractions, Decimals, and Percents 257

 Compare Numbers
7 TAXES In a recent survey, 0.6 of the people said they will use their
tax refund to pay bills, and 7% said they will just spend it. Do more
people pay bills or spend their refund?
Since 0.6 = 60% and 60% > 7%, more people plan on using their tax
refund to pay bills than for spending.

j. GEOGRAPHY About _ of Earth’s land is covered by desert. North

3
20
Real-World Link America is about 16% of Earth’s total land surface. Is the area of
The average tax refund Earth’s deserts more or less than the total area of North America?
in 2005 was $2,144.
Source: irs.gov

Order Numbers
__
8 Order 30%, 3 , 7 , and 0.33 from least to greatest.
100 20
_3
= 3% _
7
=_
35
or 35% 0.33 = 33%
100 20 100
From least to greatest, the percents are 3%, 30%, 33%, and 35%.
So, from least to greatest, the numbers are _
3
, 30%, 0.33, and _
7
.
100 20

Order each set of numbers from least to greatest.

k. 22%, _, _, 0.25 _1 , 40%, 0.401, _
1 3 4
l.
10 25 5 25

Examples 1, 2 Write each percent as a decimal.

(p. 256)
1. 40% 2. 18% 3. 0.3%

Examples 3, 4 Write each decimal as a percent.

(p. 257)
4. 0.725 5. 1.23 6. 0.3

Examples 5, 6 Write each fraction as a percent.

(p. 257)
7. _
11
8. _
13
9. _5
25 40 6
Example 7 10. HOMEWORK At Hancock Middle School, 57% of the eighth-grade students
(p. 258) spend at least 30 minutes a day on math homework. Of the seventh-grade
students, 0.5 study this long. In which grade do a greater percent of
students spend at least 30 minutes a day on math homework?

Example 8 Order each set of numbers from least to greatest.

(p. 258)
11. _
17
, 60%, 0.062, _
13
12. 0.99, _, 9%, _
9 19
25 20 10 20

258 Chapter 5 Percent

David Forbert/SuperStock
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write each percent as a decimal.
For See 13. 90% 14. 80% 15. 172% 16. 245%
Exercises Examples 17. 0.4% 18. 84.2% 19. 7% 20. 5%
13–22 1, 2
23–32 3, 4 21. ENERGY A recent study indicated that 8.4% of the United States’ energy
33–42 5, 6 comes from nuclear power. Write this number as a decimal.
43–46 7
47–52 8 22. WATER Only about 0.5% of the world’s water resources are drinkable by
humans, animals, and plants. Write this number as a decimal.

Write each decimal as a percent.

23. 0.62 24. 0.94 25. 0.475 26. 0.832
27. 0.007 28. 0.009 29. 2.75 30. 1.38

31. PETS If 0.21 of adults own a cat, what percent of adults own a cat?

32. SURVEYS In a survey, 0.312 of teens said that their favorite sport was soccer
or basketball. What percent of the teens chose soccer or basketball as their
favorite sport?

Write each fraction as a percent.

33. _
17
34. _
12
35. _8 36. _7
20 25 5 4
37. _ 38. _ 39. _ 40. _
1 1 4 2
40 125 9 3

41. TIME Research shows that _ of Americans set their clocks five minutes
8
25
ahead to keep from being late. What percent of Americans set their clocks
five minutes ahead?

42. FOOD About _ of Americans prefer cold pizza over hot pizza.
3
20
What percent of Americans prefer cold pizza?

ANIMALS For Exercises 43 and 44, use the

information about lions shown below.
43. What percent of a day does a lion
spend resting?
44. What percent of a day does a lion
spend doing activities?

45. CAMPING About 17% of kids will

attend an overnight summer camp, A Day in the Life of a Lion
_
11
will attend a day camp, and Activities 4 hours
50
0.59 will attend no summer camp at all. Resting 20 hours
Which group of kids is the greatest?

Lesson 5-2 Comparing Fractions, Decimals, and Percents 259

Daryl Benson/Masterfile
 46. BAND At Jeremy’s high school, about _ of the students are in the band,
3
16
0.31 of high school students play at least one sport, and 13% are in the
drama club. Of these three, which type of extra-curricular activity is most
popular among students at Jeremy’s high school?

Order each set of numbers from least to greatest.

47. _3 , 0.8, 8%, _
7
48. 0.2, _, 2%, _
1 3
49. _
1
, 7%, 0.09, _
2
4 10 4 20 20 25
50. 84%, 0.88, _, _ 51. 31%, _, _, 0.305 52. 6.5%, _, 0.556, _
41 4 3 3 3 1
50 5 10 13 5 6
53. BASEBALL In 2004, Major League Baseball player Jack Wilson’s batting
average was 0.308. Melvin Mora hit safely 17 out of every 50 at-bats and
Bobby Abreu hit safely 30.1% of the time. Find Mora’s and Abreu’s batting
averages and order all three averages from least to greatest.

Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true sentence.

54. 0.035 ● 3_% _ ●_ _7 ● 1_1 %
1 1 3
55. % 56.
2 250 4 4 4
Real-World Link
A batting average is 57. ANALYZE TABLES A nutrition label
ÕÌÀˆÌˆœ˜Ê>VÌÃ
found by dividing the from a popular brand of soda is 3ERVING 3IZE  CAN M,
number of hits a shown at the right. Would more or
batter has by the
“œÕ˜ÌÊ*iÀÊ-iÀۈ˜}

number of times the less than _

1
of a person’s daily value >œÀˆiÃÊ
batter is at bat, not 5
 $AILY 6ALUE
including times when of carbohydrates come from this /œÌ>Ê>ÌÊG 
a batter is walked or can of soda? Explain your reasoning. -œ`ˆÕ“ÊMG 
hit by a pitch.
/œÌ>Ê >ÀLœ Þ`À>ÌiÊG 
Source: ehow.com
58. TRAVEL The projected number of 3UGARS G
*ÀœÌiˆ˜ÊG 
household trips in 2010 is 50,000,000.
About 14,000,000 of these trips will 0ERCENT $AILY 6ALUES ARE BASED ON A  
CALORIE DIET
involve air travel. What percent of
the trips will involve air travel?

SELECT A FORM For Exercises 59 and 60, use the following information.
Lisa ate _
1
of the cookies, gave 0.25 to her friend Kaitlyn, and gave 37.5% to her
8
%842!02!#4)#% sister. To solve each problem below, select the form of number (fraction,
See pages 688, 712. decimal, or percent) that would be easiest to use. Explain your reasoning. Then
use that form to solve the problem.
Self-Check Quiz at 59. Did Lisa eat more cookies than she gave to Kaitlyn?
ca.gr7math.com
60. Who was given more cookies, Kaitlyn or Lisa’s sister?

H.O.T. Problems 61. FIND THE ERROR Kristin and Neva are changing 0.7 to a percent. Who is
correct? Explain your reasoning.

0. 7 = 7% 0. 7 = 70%

Kristin Neva

260 Chapter 5 Percent

(tl)CORBIS, (cr)Doug Martin, (bl)Bill Aron/PhotoEdit, (br)Masterfile
 62. CHALLENGE Write 1_ as a percent. Justify your answer.
3
5
63. OPEN ENDED Write a percent that is between _ and _.
3 2
5 3
64. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Is 0.04 less than or greater than 40%? Explain your
(

*/
reasoning.

66. Between which two percents is _?

7
65. Mr. Lee asked his students how many
40
hours they watched public television F 15% and 16%
last week. The responses are shown in
G 16% and 17%
the table. Which number represents
the portion of students who said they H 17% and 18%
watched more than 1 hour? J 19% and 20%
Number of Hours % of
67. What percent of the square is shaded?
Watched Students
Less than or equal to 1 hour 92.5% A 20%  IN
Between 1 and 2 hours 5% B 31.25%
More than 2 hours 2.5%
C 44%
 IN
A 0.75 C _5
D 62.5%
100
 IN
B _
75
D 0.075
100
 IN

Write each ratio as a percent. (Lesson 5-1)

68. 27 out of 100 69. 0.6 out of 100 70. 9 : 20 71. 33 : 50

72. ALGEBRA Determine whether the relationship Data Transferred

between the two quantities described in the Megabits 375 750 1,125 1,500
table is linear. If so, find the constant rate of
Time (s) 1 2 3 4
change. If not, explain your reasoning (Lesson 4-10)

73. FOOD Three-fourths of a pan of lasagna is to be divided equally among

6 people. What part of the lasagna will each person receive?
(Lesson 2-4)

Order the integers in each set from least to greatest. (Lesson 1-3)
74. {-12, 5, -5, 13, -1} 75. {42, -56, -13, 101, 13} 76. {64, -58, -65, 57, -61}

PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each proportion. (Lesson 4-3)

77. _5 = _
x
78. _
a
=_
2
79. _2 = _5 80. _3 = _
10
6 24 12 15 7 t n 8

Lesson 5-2 Comparing Fractions, Decimals, and Percents 261

 Standard 7AF1.4
Comparing Data Use algebraic
terminology (e.g.
When you are solving a word problem that involves comparing data, variable, equation, term,
look for words such as more than, times, or percent. They give you a coefficient, inequality,
expression, constant) correctly.
clue about what operation to use.
For example, the table shows the final standings for the Western
Conference of the United Soccer League’s W-League for the 2005 season.

W-League Western Conference

Team Games Wins Losses Ties Points
Vancouver 14 13 1 0 39
Arizona 14 10 3 1 31
Mile High 14 10 4 0 30
Denver 14 7 6 1 22
Seattle 14 5 8 1 16
Fort Collins 14 2 11 1 7
San Diego 14 0 14 0 0
Source: United Soccer Leagues

You can compare the data in several ways.

Difference Vancouver had 17 more points than Denver.

39 - 22 = 17

Ratio Mile High won 5 times as many games as Fort Collins.

10 ÷ 2 = 5

Percent Arizona lost about 21% of the games they played.

(3 ÷ 14) × 100 ≈ 21

Determine whether each problem asks for a difference, ratio, or percent.

Write out the key words in each problem. Then solve each problem.
1. How many more games did Arizona win than lose or tie?
2. What percent of the time did Vancouver win its games?
3. How many times as many games did Mile High win than Seattle?

4. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Write three statements comparing the data in the
(

*/
table. One comparison should be a difference, one should be a ratio,
and one should be a percent.

262 Chapter 5 Percent

Josh Devins Photography
 5-3 Algebra: The
Percent Proportion
Main IDEA
Solve problems using the You can use a proportion model to determine
percent proportion. the percent represented by 3 out of 5.
Standard Draw a 10-by-1 rectangle on
7NS1.3 Convert grid paper. Label the units on
fractions to decimals
the right from 0 to 100.
and percents and use these
representations in
estimations, computations, On the left side, mark equal
and applications. units from 0 to 5, because 5
represents the whole quantity.
NEW Vocabulary Draw a horizontal line from 3 on the left side of the model.
percent proportion The number on the right side is the percent.

For Questions 1–3, use the model above.

1. What is 40% of 5? 2. 4 is 80% of what number?
3. Draw a model and find what percent 7 is of 20.

In a percent proportion, one ratio

compares part of a quantity to the whole 3 out of 5 is 60%.
quantity, also called the base. The other part
whole
_
_3 = 60 ⎬⎫ percent
ratio is the equivalent percent written as 5 100 ⎭
a fraction with a denominator of 100.

Find the Percent

1 22 is what percent of 110?
Since 22 is being compared to 110, 22 is the part and 110 is the whole.
You need to find the percent. Let n represent the percent.
n ⎫
_ =_
part 22
whole
⎬ percent Write the percent proportion.
110 100
⎭
22 · 100 = 110 · n Find the cross products.
2,200 = 110n Multiply.
2,200
_ = ,_
110n
Divide each side by 110.
110 110
20 = n Simplify.
READING 22 is 20% of 110.
in the Content Area
For strategies in reading
this lesson, visit
ca.gr7math.com a. 17 is what percent of 68? b. 41.4 is what percent of 92?

Lesson 5-3 Algebra: The Percent Proportion 263

 Find the Part
READING Math 2 What number is 80% of 500?
Percents The whole usually The percent is 80 and the whole is 500. You need to find the part.
follows the word of. Let p represent the part.
part _p _80 ⎫
whole
= ⎬ percent Write the percent proportion.
500 100
⎭
p · 100 = 500 · 80 Find the cross products.
100p = 40,000 Multiply.
100p 40,000
,_ = _ Divide each side by 100.
100 100
p = 400 Simplify.
400 is 80% of 500.

c. What number is 35% of 48? d. Find 12.5% of 88.

Find the Whole

3 14.4 is 32% of what number?
The percent is 32 and the part is 14.4. You need to find the whole.
Let w represent the whole.
part _
14.4 _32 ⎫
whole = ⎬ percent Write the percent proportion.
1w 100
⎭
14.4 · 100 = 32 · w Find the cross products.
1,440 = 32w Multiply.
1,440
_ =,_
32w
Divide each side by 32.
32 32
45 = w Simplify.
14.4 is 32% of 45.

e. 23.4 is 30% of what number? f. 19 is 62.5% of what number?

#/.#%04 3UMMARY Types of Percent Problems

Type Example Proportion
_ =_
Find the Percent 7 is what percent of 10? 7 n
10 100
Find the Part What number is 70% of 10? _
p
=_
70
10 100
_ =_
Find the Whole 7 is 70% of what number? 7 70
w 100

264 Chapter 5 Percent Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

 Percents Greater than 100
4 6 is what percent of 5?
6 is being compared to 5, so 5 is the whole, and 6 is the part. You need
to find the percent. Let n represent the percent.
part _6 = _n ⎫
whole
⎬ percent Write the percent proportion.
5 100
⎭
Check for 6 · 100 = 5 · n Find the cross products.
Reasonableness
Since the part is 600 = 5n Multiply.
greater than the _
whole, 6 > 5, it
600
=_
5n
Divide each side by 5.
5 5
makes sense that the
percent would be
120 = n Simplify.
greater than 100. 6 is 120% of 5.

g. 12 is what percent of 6? h. Find 175% of 18.

5 HISTORY The Lewis and Clark Expedition reported that it rained

94 days, which was about 89% of their days in Oregon. How many
days did the Lewis and Clark Expedition spend in Oregon?
The percent is 89, and the part is 94 days. You need to find the whole
number of days.

Words 94 days is 89% of what number of days?

Variable Let w represent the whole.

Proportion
part _
94
= _
89
⎫
⎬ percent
whole w 100 ⎭
_
94
=_
89
Write the percent proportion.
Real-World Link
1w 100
The members of the 94 · 100 = w · 89 Find the cross products.
Lewis and Clark
Expedition spent the 9,400 = 89w Multiply.
winter of 1805–1806 9,400
in Oregon. _ =_
89w
Divide each side by 89.
Source: Kids Discover
89 89
105.6 ≈ w Simplify.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition spent 106 days in Oregon.

i. SCHOOL Carmila answered 23 questions correctly on her science

test and received a grade of 92%. How many questions were on
the test?
Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

Lesson 5-3 Algebra: The Percent Proportion 265

Joseph Sohm/Vision of America/CORBIS
 Write a percent proportion and solve each problem. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
Examples 1, 2 1. 70 is what percent of 280? 2. What percent of 49 is 7?
(pp. 263–264)
3. What number is 60% of 90? 4. Find 72% of 200.
Examples 3, 4 5. 151.5 is 75% of what number? 6. 126 is 30% of what number?
(pp. 264–265)
7. 48 is what percent of 30? 8. Find 118% of 19.

Example 5 9. ANIMALS A tiger can eat food that weighs up to about 15% of its body
(p. 265) weight. If a tiger can eat 75 pounds of food, how much does a tiger weigh?

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Write a percent proportion and solve each problem. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
For See
Exercises Examples 10. 3 is what percent of 15? 11. 120 is what percent of 360?
10, 11 1 12. What is 15% of 60? 13. What is 17% of 350?
12, 13 2
14. 18 is 45% of what number? 15. 95 is 95% of what number?
14, 15 3
16, 17 4 16. 15.12 is what percent of 12? 17. Find 250% of 57.
18, 19 5
18. BRACES In a recent survey, 34% of kids said they will get dental braces.
If nearly 28,800 kids were surveyed, about how many will get braces?

19. PETS There are about 68 million owned dogs in the United States. Of these,
13.6 million were adopted from an animal shelter. About what percent of
owned dogs were adopted from an animal shelter?

Write a percent proportion to solve each problem. Then solve. Round to the
nearest tenth if necessary.
20. What is 2.5% of 95? 21. 4 is what percent of 550?
22. 98 is 22.5% of what number? 23. Find 5.8% of 42.
24. What percent of 110 is 1? 25. 57 is 13.5% of what number?

GAMES For Exercises 26–28, use the following information.

At the start of a game of chess, each player
has the pieces listed at the right.
Chess Pieces
26. What percent of each player’s
%842!02!#4)#%
1 king
pieces are knights?
1 queen
See pages 689, 712. 27. The king is what percent of
2 bishops
each player’s pieces?
2 knights
Self-Check Quiz at 28. What piece is 50% of each
ca.gr7math.com 2 rooks
player’s total pieces?
8 pawns

266 Chapter 5 Percent

Pascal Perret/Getty Images
H.O.T. Problems 29. CHALLENGE Choose any two numbers, x and y. Find x% of y and y% of x.
Will the results always be the same? Explain.

30. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Roberto made 56% of his free throws in the first half
(

*/
of the basketball season. If he makes 7 shots out of the next 13 attempts,
will it help or hurt his average? Explain your reasoning.

31. A baseball stadium manager expects 32. A pattern of equations is shown below.
that 60% of the fans at a game will buy
at least $3.00 in concessions. If there 1% of 100 = 1
are 5,600 fans at a game, which 2% of 50 = 1
4% of 25 = 1
statement does not represent the
8% of 12.5 = 1
manager’s expectation?
16% of 6.25 = 1
A 3,360 fans each will buy at least
$3.00 in concessions. Which statement best describes this
B 2,240 fans each will buy fewer than pattern?
$3.00 in concessions. F If the percent is doubled and the
C More than _
1
of the fans each will whole is doubled, the answer is 1.
2
buy at least $3.00 in concessions. G If the percent is doubled and the
whole is halved, the answer is 1.
D Less than _
2
of the fans each will
5 H If the percent is increased by 2 and
buy fewer than $3.00 in the whole is halved, the answer is 1.
concessions.
J If the percent remains the same and
the whole is halved, the answer is 1.

33. Order the set of numbers _, 16%, and 0.016 from least to greatest. (Lesson 5-2)
1
6
34. LUNCH Forty-eight percent of first period class buys a school lunch. Write
this percent as a fraction in simplest form. (Lesson 5-1)

MEASUREMENT Complete each conversion. Round to the nearest hundredth if

necessary. (Lesson 4-6)
35. 8 lb ≈ _____
? kg 36. 14 mi ≈ _____
? km
37. GEOMETRY Find the perimeter 24 in.
of the right triangle. (Lesson 3-5)

10 in.

PREREQUISITE SKILL Compute each product mentally. (Lesson 2-3)

38. _1 · 422 39. 639 · _

1
40. 0.1 · 722 41. 0.5 · 680
2 3

Lesson 5-3 Algebra: The Percent Proportion 267

 5-4 Finding Percents Mentally

Main IDEA
Compute mentally with SCHOOL The table lists
percents. the enrollment at Roosevelt
Middle School by grade level.
Standard 7NS1.3
Convert fractions to 1. 50% of the eighth-grade class
decimals and
percents and use these are girls. How could you find
representations in 50% of 104 mentally?
estimations, computations,
and applications. 2. Use mental math to find
the number of girls in the
eighth-grade class.
Roosevelt Middle School Enrollment
3. 25% of the sixth-grade class
Grade Level Number of Students
play basketball. Use mental
Sixth 84
math to find the number of
Seventh 93
students in the sixth grade
who play basketball. Eighth 104

When you compute with common percents like 50% or 25%, it may be
easier to use the fraction form of the percent. This number line shows
some fraction-percent equivalents.
0% 12.5% 25% 37.5% 50% 62.5% 75% 87.5% 100%

1 1 3 1 5 3 7
0 1
8 4 8 2 8 4 8

+%9 #/.#%04 Percent-Fraction Equivalents

25% = _ 20% = _ _2 _1 _1 _1 _
1 1 1
16 % = 12 % = 10% =
4 5 3 6 2 8 10
Percents and
Fractions Some 50% = _1 40% = _2 _1
33 % = _1 _1
37 % = _3 30% = _
3
percents are used 2 5 3 3 2 8 10
more frequently than
others. So, it is a 75% = _3 60% = _3 _2
66 % = _2 _1
62 % = _5 70% = _
7
good idea to be 4 5 3 3 2 8 10
familiar with these
percents and their 100% = 1 80% = _4 _1
83 % = _5 _1
87 % = _7 90% = _
9
equivalent fractions. 5 3 6 2 8 10

Use Fractions to Compute Mentally

1 Compute 20% of 45 mentally.
20% of 45 = _
1
· 45 or 9 Use the fraction form of 20%, which is . _1
5 5

268 Chapter 5 Percent

Stephen Simpson/Getty Images
 _
2 Compute 33 1 % of 93 mentally.
3
33_
1
% of 93 = _
1
· 93 or 31 _1
Use the fraction form of 33 %, which is ._1
3 3 3 3

Compute mentally.
b. 12_% of 160
1
a. 25% of 32 c. 80% of 45
2

You can also use decimals to find percents mentally. Remember that
10% = 0.1 and 1% = 0.01.

Use Decimals to Compute Mentally

Compute mentally.
Multiplying by 3 10% of 98 4 1% of 235
Decimals To multiply by
0.1, move the decimal 10% of 98 = 0.1 · 98 or 9.8 1% of 235 = 0.01 · 235 or 2.35
point one place to the
left. To multiply by 0.01,
move the decimal point Compute mentally.
two places to the left.
d. 10% of 65 e. 1% of 450 f. 3% of 22

5 ELECTIONS At Madison Middle School, 60% of the students voted in

an election for student council officers. There are 1,500 students.
How many students voted in the election?

METHOD 1 Use a fraction.

60% of 1,500 = _
3
of 1,500 THINK _1 of 1,500 is 300. So, _3 of 1,500
5 5 5
60% of 1,500 is 900. is 3 · 300 or 900.

Real-World Link METHOD 2 Use a decimal.

In the 2004
presidential election, 60% of 1,500 = 0.6 of 1,500 THINK 0.1 of 1,500 is 150. So, 0.6 of 1,500
about 55% of the is 6 · 150 or 900.
nearly 174.8 million 60% of 1,500 is 900.
registered voters in the
U.S. turned out to vote.
Source: infoplease.com
There were 900 students who voted in the election.

g. TIPPING Alan and his brother ate lunch at the local café. They left a
tip that was 20% of the bill. If the bill was $15.50, how much did
Alan and his brother leave for the tip?
Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 5-4 Finding Percents Mentally 269

Patti McConville/ImageState
 Examples 1–4 Compute mentally.
2. 33_% of 60 3. 37_% of 72
(pp. 268–269) 1 1
1. 50% of 120
3 2
4. 1% of 52 5. 10% of 350 6. 2% of 630

Example 5 7. BOOKS An author receives a payment, or commission, equal to 25% of the

(p. 269) total sales of her book. Determine the amount of money she will receive if
the total sales are $48,000.

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Compute mentally.

10. 12_% of 64 11. 16_% of 54
1 2
For See 8. 25% of 44 9. 50% of 62
2 3
Exercises Examples
14. 66_% of 120 15. 62_% of 160
2 1
8–15 1–2 12. 40% of 35 13. 60% of 15
3 2
16–23 3–4 16. 10% of 57 17. 10% of 125 18. 1% of 81 19. 1% of 28.3
24, 25 5
20. 3% of 130 21. 7% of 210 22. 10% of 17.1 23. 10% of 10.2

24. PEOPLE The average person has about 100,000 hairs on his or her head.
However, people with red hair average only 90% of this number. What is
the average number of hairs on the head of a person with red hair?

25. TRAVEL About 10% of travel trips in the United States include a visit to an
amusement park. If there were 920 million travel trips in the United States,
how many of those included a visit to an amusement park?

Replace each ● with <, >, or = to make a true statement.

26. 66_% of 18 ● 60% of 15
2
27. 1% of 150 ● 10% of 15
3
28. MEASUREMENT The Amazon is the second longest river in the world with a
length of about 4,000 miles. If the longest river in the world, the Nile, is
about 104% of the length of the Amazon, find the length of the Nile River.

BASEBALL For Exercises 29 and 30, use the following information.

The graphic shows the results of a survey asking women 7OMENS )NTEREST IN
about their interest in Major League Baseball. Suppose -AJOR ,EAGUE "ASEBALL
1,000 women were surveyed.
29. How many women said they were interested in Major .OT

League Baseball? )NTERESTED )NTERESTED

%842!02!#4)#%
30. How many women said they were not interested
in Major League Baseball?
See pages 689, 712.
31. FIND THE DATA Refer to the California Data File on Source: ESPN
Self-Check Quiz at pages 16–19. Choose some data and write a real-world
ca.gr7math.com
problem in which you could mentally compute a percent.

270 Chapter 5 Percent

H.O.T. Problems 32. CHALLENGE Find two numbers, a and b, such that 10% of a is the same as
30% of b. Explain your reasoning.

33. OPEN ENDED Suppose you wish to find 33_% of x. List two values of x for
1
3
which you could do the computation mentally. Explain your reasoning.

34. FIND THE ERROR Candace and Pablo are finding 10% of 95. Who is correct?
Justify your choice.

10% of 95 = 0.95
10% of 95 = 9.5

Candace Pablo

35. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Explain how to find 75% of 40 mentally.

(

*/

36. Allison, Raul, and Theo drove from 37. Etu bought the items listed below.
Austin, Texas, to Los Angeles, How much money did he save if each
California, a distance of 1,224 miles. item was 20% off the regular price?
Allison drove _
1
of the total distance, Item Regular Price ($)
3
Raul drove 40%, and Theo drove the Shirt 19
remainder. How many miles were Ties 9
driven by the person who drove the Belt 8
greatest distance? Shoes 29

A 330.5 C 489.6 F $52 H $24

B 408 D 734.4 G $36 J $13

38. FOOTBALL Eleven of the 48 members of the football team are on the field.
What percent of the team members are on the field? (Lesson 5-3)

Write each fraction as a percent. (Lesson 5-2)

39. _
9
40. _7 41. _
3
42. _2
20 8 500 9

43. MEASUREMENT A snail travels one mile in about 30 hours. At this rate,
how far can a snail travel in 1 day? (Lesson 2-4)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Draw the next three figures in the pattern. (Lesson 2-8)

44.

Lesson 5-4 Finding Percents Mentally 271

(l)Darren Modricker/CORBIS, (r)SW Productions/Getty Images
 5-5 Problem-Solving Investigation
MAIN IDEA: Determine a reasonable answer.
STANDARD 7MR3.1 Evaluate the reasonableness of the solution in the context of the original situation.
STANDARD 7NS1.3 Convert fractions to decimals and percents and use these representations in estimations,
computations, and applications.

e-Mail: REASONABLE ANSWERS

YOUR MISSION: Determine a reasonable answer to
solve the problem.

THE PROBLEM: Will Carla have to pay more or less

than $25?

▲
Carla: Because I work at the Jean Shack,
I can buy a $50 jacket there for 60% of
its price.

EXPLORE You know the cost of the jacket. Carla can buy the jacket for 60% of the price. You
want to know if the jacket will cost more or less than $25.
PLAN Use mental math to determine a reasonable answer.
SOLVE
THINK _
25
= _ or 50%
1
50 2
Since Carla will pay 60% of the cost, she will have to pay more than $25.
CHECK Find 60% of $50.

60% of 50 = _3 of 50
5
Since _ of 50 is 10, _ of 50 is 3 × 10 or 30.
1 3
5 5
Carla will pay $30, which is more than $25.

1. Explain why determining a reasonable answer was an appropriate strategy

for solving the above problem.
2. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Explain why mental math skills are important when
(

*/
finding the reasonable answers.

272 Chapter 5 Percent

Laura Sifferlin
For Exercises 3–5, determine a reasonable 8. GEOMETRY What percent of the large
answer. rectangle is green?
3. SCHOOL There are 750 students at Monroe
Middle School. If 64% of the students have
 IN
purchased yearbooks, would the number of
yearbooks purchased be about 200, 480, or  IN  IN  IN  IN  IN
700? Explain.
9. CARS Seth is saving to buy a car. He wants
4. MONEY Spencer took $40 to the mall. He to have a down payment of 10% for a car
spent $12.78 at the music store. He wants to that costs $13,000. So far he has saved $850.
buy two items at the bookstore for $7.25 and If he saves $75 each week for the down
$15.78. Does he have enough money with payment, how soon can he buy the car?
him to make these two purchases? Explain.
10. PETS In a recent survey, 44% of students at
5. BABY-SITTING Cameron is paid $8.50 an Davison High School own a cat. If there are
hour to watch his nephew. If he is saving to 1,532 students in the school, is 600, 675, or
buy a new skateboard that costs $325, 715 a reasonable estimate for the number of
should he baby-sit for about 20, 30, or 40 students who own a cat? Explain.
hours? Explain.
11. POPULATION About 12.25% of the people
in the U.S. live in California. If the U.S.
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 6–11. Some
population is about 297,000,000, estimate the
strategies are shown below.
population of California.

G STRATEGIES
PROBLEM-SOLVIN
• Use the four-s
tep plan.
• Work backward
.
• Look for a pa tte rn. For Exercises 12 and 13, select the appropriate
operation(s) to solve the problem. Justify your
selection(s) and solve the problem.
6. BAKING Desiree spilled 1_ cups of sugar,
1 12. MEASUREMENT Juanita is designing isosceles
2 triangles for a mosaic. The sides of the larger
which she discarded. She then used half of
the remaining sugar to make cookies. If she triangle are 1_
1
times larger than the sides of
2
had 4_
1
cups left, how much sugar did she the triangle shown. Find the perimeter of
2
have initially? the larger triangle.

7. NUMBER THEORY Study the pattern.

5 cm 5 cm

1×1 =1
6.5 cm
11 × 11 = 121
111 × 111 = 12,321 13. MEASUREMENT The entrance of a new
convention center will need 2.3 × 10 5 square
1111 × 1111 = 1,234,321 feet of ceramic tile. The tiles measure 2 feet
by 2 feet and are sold in boxes of 24. How
Without doing the multiplication, find many boxes of tiles are needed to tile the
1111111 × 1111111. entrance?

Lesson 5-5 Problem-Solving Investigation: Reasonable Answers 273

 APTER
CH
Mid-Chapter Quiz
5 Lessons 5-1 through 5-5

Write each ratio or fraction as a percent. Write a percent proportion to solve each
(Lesson 5-1) problem. Then solve. Round to the nearest
1. 3 out of 16 2. 8 : 10 tenth if necessary. (Lesson 5-3)
_
13 _
7 12. 63 is what percent of 84?
3. 4.
25 20
13. Find 41% of 700.

5. STANDARDS PRACTICE Fifteen percent 14. 294 is 35% of what number?

of the dogs at a show were Labrador 15. What number is 134% of 62?
retrievers. Which is not true? (Lesson 5-1)
A _
3
of the dogs were Labrador retrievers.
20 16. STANDARDS PRACTICE A study showed
B 15 out of every 100 dogs were Labrador that 37.5% of residents in a certain
retrievers. neighborhood use public transportation. If
C 85% of the dogs were not Labrador there are 168 residents in the neighborhood,
retrievers. which statement is not supported by
D 1 out of every 15 dogs was a Labrador this study? (Lesson 5-3)
retriever. F More than half the residents do not use
public transportation.
Write each decimal or fraction as a G Less than 62.5% of the residents do not
percent. (Lesson 5-2) use public transportation.
6. 0.325 7. _
3
8. _
4
9. 1.72 H 63 residents use public transportation.
200 15
J Less than _
2
of the residents use public
5
10. SCHOOL Santos answered 37 out of 40 transportation.
questions correctly on an English exam.
On the same exam, Chantal scored 87.5% Compute mentally. (Lesson 5-4)
and David correctly answered _
9
of the 17. 25% of 64 18. 1% of 58.5
10
19. 66_% of 45
questions. Which student correctly 2
20. 3% of 600
answered the most questions? (Lesson 5-2) 3

21. HOMEWORK Sean has 192 pages of reading

11. TIME Use the graph below. Does Leah spend to do in the next three days. He wants to
more of her day sleeping or at school? complete 33_
1
% of the reading tonight.
3
Explain your reasoning. (Lesson 5-2)
Compute mentally how many pages Sean
i> ½ÃÊ >Þ should read tonight. Explain your
reasoning. (Lesson 5-4)

-V œœ
-ii«ˆ˜} Î
Îί £ä 22. FOOD In one month, the Schaffer family
spent $121.59, $168.54, $98.67, and $141.78
7œÀŽ -ÌÕ`ވ˜} on groceries. If their grocery budget is $500
"Ì iÀ £Ç¯ Ó
Î Óx
per month, did they stay within their
Óx budget? Explain. (Lesson 5-5)

274 Chapter 5 Percent

 5-6 Percent and Estimation

Main IDEA BrainPOP® ca.gr7math.com

Estimate by using GEOGRAPHY The total area

equivalent fractions and of Earth is 196,800,000 square  OF %ARTH
percents.
miles. The graphic shows the IS LAND

Standard 7NS1.3 percent of the area of Earth

Convert fractions to that is land and the percent
decimals and
percents and use these
that is water.  OF %ARTH
representations in IS WATER
1. Round the total area of
estimations, computations,
Earth to the nearest hundred Source: World Book
and applications.
million square miles.

NEW Vocabulary 2. Round the percent of Earth that is land to the nearest ten percent.

compatible numbers 3. Use mental math to estimate the area of the land on Earth.

When an exact answer is not needed, you can estimate a percent of a

number by using compatible numbers. Compatible numbers are two
numbers that are easy to divide mentally.

Estimate Percents of Numbers

1 Estimate 19% of 30.
READING Math 19% ≈ 20% or _
1
. 5 and 30 are compatible numbers.
5
≈ is approximately equal to _1 of 30 is 6. So, 19% of 30 is about 6.
5

2 25% of 41
25% is _
1
, and 41 is about 40. _1 and 40 are compatible numbers.
4 4
_1 of 40 is 10. So, 25% of 41 is about 10.
4

3 Estimate 65% of 76.

65% ≈ 66_
2
% or _
2
, and 76 is about 75. 3 and 75 are compatible numbers.
3 3
_1 of 75 is 25, and _2 of 75 is 2 · 25 or 50. So, 65% of 76 is about 50.
3 3

Estimate. Justify your answer.

a. 24% of 44 b. 40% of 49 c. 13% of 65

Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 5-6 Percent and Estimation 275

 Sometimes estimation provides the best answer to a real-world problem.

4 LEFT–HANDEDNESS About 11% of the population is left-handed. If

there are about 36 million people in California, about how many
Californians are left-handed?
11% of 36 million ≈ 10% or _
1
of 36 million 11% is about 10%.
10
= 3.6 million _
1
× 36 = 3.6
10
So, about 3.6 million Californians are left-handed.

d. MONEY A circulating $5 bill in the United States lasts about 22% as

long as a $100 bill. If a $100 bill lasts nine years, estimate how long
a $5 bill lasts.
Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

You can use similar techniques to estimate a percent.

Estimate Percents
Estimate each percent.
5 8 out of 25
_
8
≈_
8
or _
1
25 is close to 24.
25 24 3
_1 = 33_1 %
3 3
So, 8 out of 25 is about 33_
1
%.
3
6 14 out of 25
Estimation When
_
14
≈_
15
or _
3
14 is close to 15.
estimating, estimate 25 25 5
so that you change _3 = 60%
the ratio the least. 5
So, 14 out of 25 is about 60%.

7 89 out of 121
_
89
≈_
90
or _
3
89 is close to 90, and 121 is close to 120.
121 120 4
_ = 75%
3
4
So, 89 out of 121 is about 75%.

Estimate each percent. Justify your answer.

e. 7 out of 57 f. 9 out of 25 g. 7 out of 79

276 Chapter 5 Percent

 Examples 1–3 Estimate.
2. 66_% of 20
(p. 275) 2
1. 49% of 160 3. 73% of 65
3
Example 4 4. SCHOOL Math is the favorite subject of about 28% of students, according to
(p. 276) a recent study. If there are 30 students in your class, estimate the number of
students who would pick math as their favorite subject.

Examples 5–7 Estimate each percent.

(p. 276)
5. 6 out of 35 6. 8 out of 79 7. 14 out of 19

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Estimate.

For See 8. 29% of 50 9. 67% of 93 10. 20% of 76 11. 25% of 63
Exercises Examples 12. 21% of 71 13. 92% of 41 14. 48% of 159 15. 73% of 81
8–15 1–3
16–23 5–7 Estimate each percent.
24–25 4
16. 7 out of 29 17. 6 out of 59 18. 2 out of 15 19. 5 out of 36
20. 8 out of 23 21. 7 out of 11 22. 4 out of 21 23. 9 out of 55

24. MEASUREMENT The length of an object, in inches, is about 39% of its

length in centimeters. Estimate the length, in inches, of an object
50 centimeters long.

25. SPORTS A place kicker made 73% of his field goal attempts last season. If he
had 46 attempts, estimate the number of field goals that he made.

26. ANIMALS In 2003, 1,072 species of animals were endangered or threatened.

Of these species, 342 were mammals. Estimate the percent of endangered or
threatened animals that were mammals.

27. ANALYZE TABLES Estimate the percent of the

population of each state that lives in each city.
Then determine which city has the greatest
percent of its state’s population.
2003 Population
City Entire State
City
Population Population
New York, NY 8,085,742 19,190,115
%842!02!#4)#% Los Angeles, CA 3,819,951 35,484,453

See pages 690, 712. Chicago, IL 2,869,121 12,653,544

Source: World Almanac

Self-Check Quiz at Estimate.

ca.gr7math.com
28. 26.5% of 123 29. 124% of 41 30. 249% of 119

Lesson 5-6 Percent and Estimation 277

Purestock/SuperStock
H.O.T. Problems 31. NUMBER SENSE Use mental math to determine which is greater: 24% of 240
or 51% of 120. Explain your reasoning.

CHALLENGE Determine whether each statement about estimating percents of

numbers is sometimes, always, or never true. Explain.
32. If both the percent and the number are rounded up, the estimate will be
greater than the actual answer.
33. If the percent is rounded up and the number is rounded down, the estimate
will be greater than the actual answer.

34. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Explain how you could use fractions and compatible
(

*/
numbers to estimate 26% of $98.98.

35. Rick took his father to dinner for 36. There are 150 students who participate
his birthday. When the bill came, in athletics at Southland High School.
Rick’s father reminded him that it is If there are 325 total students, about
customary to tip the server 15% of the what part of the student body
bill. If the bill was $19.60 and Rick participates in athletics?
estimated the tip to be $3, which of the F 40%
following shows his method of
G 45%
estimation?
H 50%
A 15% of $19.60 ≈ 15% of $15.
J 55%
B 15% of $19.60 ≈ 10% of $20.
C 15% of $19.60 ≈ 20% of $20.
D 15% of $19.60 ≈ 15% of $20.

37. LIFE EXPECTANCY The average life expectancy in the United States is about
77 years of age. In 1901, the average life expectancy was about 63% of this
number. Would 30, 48, or 60 years of age be a reasonable life expectancy
for the year 1901? Explain. (Lesson 5-5)

38. BUSES Of the 840 students at Moyer Middle School, 75% ride the bus. Use
mental math to find the number of students who ride the bus. (Lesson 5-4)

39. SEATING A teacher would like to make a square seating chart. If there are
25 students in the class, how many students should be in each row?
(Lesson 3-1)

PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. (Lesson 2-7)

40. 0.2a = 7 41. 20s = 8 42. 0.35t = 140 43. 30n = 3

278 Chapter 5 Percent

 5-7 Algebra: The
Percent Equation
Main IDEA
Solve problems using a GEOGRAPHY The approximate area of New York
percent equation. is 55,000 square miles. Of this area, 13% is water.
Standard 7NS1.3 Total Area (sq mi) Percent of Area Occupied by Water
Convert fractions to 55,000 13%
decimals and
percents and use these Source: infoplease.com
representations in 1. Use a percent proportion to find the area of water in New York.
estimations, computations,
and applications. 2. Express the percent for New York as a decimal. Multiply the total
Standard 7NS1.7
Solve problems that involve area of New York by this decimal.
discounts, markups,
commissions, and profit and 3. How are the answers for Exercises 1 and 2 related?
compute simple and
compound interest.

A percent equation is an equivalent form of a percent proportion in

NEW Vocabulary which the percent is written as a decimal.
percent equation
part
_ = percent The percent is written as a decimal.
whole
part
_
REVIEW Vocabulary · whole = percent · whole Multiply each side by the whole.
whole
equation a mathematical
sentence that contains part = percent · whole This form is called the percent equation.
two expressions separated
by an equals sign (Lesson 1-2)

Find the Part

1 Find 6% of 525.
Estimate 1% of 500 is 5. So, 6% of 500 is 6 · 5 or 30.

The percent is 6. The whole is 525. You need to find the part.
Let p represent the part.
part = percent · whole

p = 0.06 · 525 Write the percent equation. Note that the percent
has been written as a decimal.
p = 31.5 Multiply.
Check for Reasonableness 31.5 ≈ 30 ✓

Write a percent equation to solve each problem. Then solve. Round

to the nearest tenth if necessary.
a. What number is 35% of 88? b. Find 15% of 275.

Lesson 5-7 Algebra: The Percent Equation 279

David Muench/CORBIS
 In some instances the percent or the whole are unknown. Solve the
percent equation for the missing value.

Find the Percent

2 420 is what percent of 600?
Decimals and Estimate
_
420
≈ _ or 66 _%
400 2
600 600 3
Percents
When finding the The part is 420. The whole is 600. You need to find the percent.
percent, be sure to Let n represent the percent.
place the decimal
point correctly when part = percent · whole
writing your answer.
420 = n · 600 Write the percent equation.
_
420 _
= n · 600 Divide each side by 600.
600 600
0.7 = n Simplify.
Since 0.7 = 70%, 420 is 70% of 600. Note that the answer, a decimal,
must be converted to a percent.
Check for Reasonableness 70% ≈ 66_% ✓
2
3

Write a percent equation to solve each problem. Then solve. Round

to the nearest tenth if necessary.
c. 62 is what percent of 186? d. What percent of 750 is 6?

Find the Whole

3 65 is 52% of what number?
Estimate 65 is 50% of 130.

The part is 65. The percent is 52. You need to find the whole.
Let w represent the whole.
part = percent · whole

65 = 0.52 · w Write the percent equation. Note that the percent

has been written as a decimal.
_
65
=_
0.52w
Divide each side by 0.52.
0.52 0.52
125 = w Simplify.
So, 65 is 52% of 125.

Check for Reasonableness 125 ≈ 130 ✓

Write a percent equation to solve each problem. Then solve. Round

to the nearest tenth if necessary.
e. 210 is 75% of what number? f. 54 is 18% of what number?

280 Chapter 5 Percent Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

 #/.#%04 3UMMARY The Percent Equation
Type Example Equation
Find the Part What number is 25% of 60? p = 0.25(60)
Find the Percent 15 is what percent of 60? 15 = n(60)
Find the Whole 15 is 25% of what number? 15 = 0.25w

4 SALES TAX A television costs $350. If a 7% sales tax is added, what is

the total cost of the television?

METHOD 1 Find the amount of tax first.

The whole is $350. The percent is 7%. You need to find the amount
of the tax, or the part. Let t represent the amount of tax.
part = percent · whole
Real-World Link
State sales tax rates
t = 0.07 · 350 Write the percent equation, writing 7% as a decimal.
range from 0% in t = 24.5 Multiply.
Alaska, Delaware,
Montana, New The tax is $24.50. The total cost of the television is $350.00 + $24.50
Hampshire, and
Oregon, to 7.25%
or $374.50.
in California.
Source:
www.taxadmin.org
METHOD 2 Find the total percent first.
Find 100% + 7% or 107% of $350 to find the total cost, including tax.
Let t represent the total cost.
part = percent · whole

t = 1.07 · 350 Write the percent equation, writing 107% as a decimal.

t = 374.5 Multiply.
The total cost of the television is $374.50.

g. PROFIT Mrs. Dunn bought a house for $275,000. Three years

later, she sold it for a 35% profit. What was the sale price of
the house?
h. PAYCHECKS Paige earned $250 before taxes working at a movie
theater. If 23% of her pay is withheld for taxes, how much is her
take-home pay?
Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

Lesson 5-7 Algebra: The Percent Equation 281

Juan Silva/Getty Images
 Examples 1–3 Solve each problem using a percent equation.
(pp. 279–280)
1. Find 85% of 920. 2. What number is 4% of 30?
3. 25 is what percent of 625? 4. What percent of 800 is 2?
5. 680 is 34% of what number? 6. 25% of what number is 10?

Example 4 7. PROFIT A dealership sets car prices so that there is a 40% profit. If the
(p. 281) dealership paid $5,300 for a car, for how much should they sell the car?

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Solve each problem using a percent equation.

For See 8. Find 60% of 30. 9. What is 40% of 90?
Exercises Examples 10. What percent of 90 is 36? 11. 45 is what percent of 150?
8, 9, 14, 15 1
12. 75 is 50% of what number? 13. 15% of what number is 30?
10, 11,
16, 17 2 14. What number is 13% of 52? 15. Find 24% of 84.
12, 13,
18, 19 3 16. 6 is what percent of 3,000? 17. What percent of 5,000 is 6?
20–23 4 18. 3% of what number is 9? 19. 50 is 10% of what number?

20. CLOTHING A sweater costs $45. If a 6.5% sales tax is added, what is the total
cost of the sweater?
21. FUEL MILEAGE A car can travel 32 miles per gallon of gasoline. When the
tires are under-inflated, the car gets 15% fewer miles per gallon. What is the
fuel mileage of the car with under-inflated tires?
22. REAL ESTATE A commission is a fee paid to a salesperson based on a percent
of sales. Suppose a real estate agent earns a 3% commission. How much
commission would be earned on the sale of a $150,000 house?
23. BASKETBALL In a recent National Basketball Association season, LeBron
James made about 47.18% of his field-goal attempts. If he made 386 field
goals, about how many attempts did he make?
24. MUSEUMS Which museum uses the greater percent of its area for exhibits?

%842!02!#4)#%
See pages 690, 712.

Guggenheim Museum in New York Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain

Self-Check Quiz at
Total area: 79,600 square feet Total area: 257,000 square feet
ca.gr7math.com
Exhibition space: 49,600 square feet Exhibition space: 110,000 square feet

282 Chapter 5 Percent

(l)R. Kord/Robertstock.com, (r)Steve Vidler/SuperStock
 Solve each problem using a percent equation.
25. Find 6_% of 150.
1
26. 360 is what percent of 270?
4
H.O.T. Problems 27. CHALLENGE Determine whether a% of b is sometimes, always, or never equal
to b% of a. Explain your reasoning.

28. CHALLENGE Mrs. McGary budgeted a certain amount of money for new
shoes. Before she could buy them, there was a 20% increase in price. She
waited for a month, and the store discounted the shoes 20%. She bought
the shoes, thinking that they would cost less than the original price. Was
she correct? Explain your reasoning.

29. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Explain, using an example, how a 5% discount plus
(

*/
5% sales tax on an item does not result in the original price of the item.

30. Mr. Dempsey receives a 7% 31. Shirley purchased an antique dresser

commission for every appliance he for $350. She restored the dresser and
sells. If he sells a refrigerator for sold it for a 50% profit. For how much
$1,299, what is his commission? did Shirley sell the dresser?
A $9.09 C $92.93 F $175 H $525
B $90.93 D $909.30 G $367.50 J $700

32. FOOTBALL A quarterback completed 19 out of 30 attempts to pass the

football. Estimate his percent of completion. (Lesson 5-5)

Compute mentally. (Lesson 5-4)

33. 20% of $200 34. 62.5% of 96 35. 75% of 84 36. 6% of 150

GEOMETRY Find the distance between each pair of points. Round to the nearest tenth, if
necessary. (Lesson 3-7)
37. S(2, 3), T(0, 6) 38. E(-1, 1), F(3, -2) 39. W(4, -6), V(-3, -5)
40. WEATHER Ruben read that the low temperature for the day was expected to be -5°F
and the high temperature was expected to be 8°F. What was the difference in the
expected high and low temperatures? (Lesson 1-5)

ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if f = -9, g = -6, and h = 8. (Lesson 1-2)

41. -5fg 42. 2gh 43. -10fh

PREREQUISITE SKILL Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-3)

44. ⎪17 - 24⎥ 45. ⎪340 - 253⎥ 46. ⎪531 - 487⎥ 47. ⎪352 - 581⎥

Lesson 5-7 Algebra: The Percent Equation 283

 5-8 Percent of Change

Main IDEA
Find and use the percent MONEY MATTERS Over the years, some prices increase. Study the
of increase or decrease. change in gasoline prices from 1930 to 1960.
Standard Price of a Gallon of Gasoline
7NS1.6 Calculate
the percentage of Year Price (¢)
increases and decreases 1930 10
of a quantity.
Standard 7NS1.7 1940 15
Solve problems that involve 1950 20
discounts, markups,
commissions, and profit and 1960 25
compute simple and Source: Senior Living
compound interest.

1. How much did the price increase from 1930 to 1940?

NEW Vocabulary
2. Write the ratio __. Then write the ratio as a percent.
amount of increase
percent of change price in 1930
percent of increase
3. How much did the price increase from 1940 to 1950? Write the
percent of decrease
markup ratio __
amount of increase
. Then write the ratio as a percent.
price in 1940
selling price
discount 4. How much did the price increase from 1950 to 1960? Write the
ratio __
amount of increase
. Then write the ratio as a percent.
price in 1950

5. MAKE A CONJECTURE Why are the amounts of increase the same but
the percents different?

The percent that an amount changes from its original amount is called
the percent of change.

+%9 #/.#%04 Percent of Change

Words A percent of change is a ratio that compares the change in

quantity to the original amount.

Symbols percent of change = __

amount of change
original amount

To find the percent of change, do the following:

Step 1 Subtract to find the amount of change.

Step 2 Write the ratio __

amount of change
as a decimal.
original amount
Step 3 Write the decimal as a percent.

284 Chapter 5 Percent

Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS
 When the new amount is greater than the original, the percent of change
is a percent of increase. When the new amount is less than the original,
the percent of change is called a percent of decrease.

Find Percent of Change

1 CLUBS The Science Club had 25 members. Now it has 30 members.
Percent of Change Find the percent of change. State whether the change is an increase
When finding percent or decrease.
of change, always
use the original Step 1 The amount of change is 30 - 25 or 5.
amount as the
whole. amount of change
percent of __ Definition of
Step 2 change = original amount percent of change

=_
5 The amount of change is 5.
25 The original amount is 25.

= 0.2 Divide.

Step 3 The decimal 0.2 written as a percent is 20%. So, the percent
of change is 20%.

Since the new number of members is greater than the original, it is a

percent of increase.

2 COMIC BOOKS Consuela had 20 comic books. She gave some to her
friend. Now she has 13 comic books. Find the percent of change.
State whether the percent of change is an increase or a decrease.
Step 1 The amount of change is 20 - 13 or 7.

amount of change
percent of = __ Definition of
Step 2
change original amount percent of change

=_
7 The amount of change is 7.
20 The original amount is 20.

= 0.35 Divide.
Real-World Link
In 1940, the average
comic book sold for Step 3 The decimal 0.35 written as a percent is 35%. So, the
$0.10, but today it is percent of change is 35%.
worth more than $700.
That’s a 6,999% The new amount is less than the original. It is a percent of decrease.
increase in value!
Source: antiqueweb.com

Find each percent of change. Round to the nearest tenth if

necessary. State whether the percent of change is an increase
or a decrease.
a. original: 6 hours b. original: 80 water bottles
new: 10 hours new: 55 water bottles
c. original: 15 meters d. original: 1.25 hours
new: 6 meters new: 3.5 hours
Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

Lesson 5-8 Percent of Change 285

Ted Streshinsky/CORBIS
 A store sells an item for more than it paid for that item. The extra money
is used to cover the expenses and to make a profit. The increase in the
price is called the markup. The percent of markup is a percent of
increase. The amount the customer pays is called the selling price.

Find the Selling Price

3 MARKETING Shonny is selling some embroidered jackets on a Web
site. She wants to price the jackets 25% over her cost, which is $35.
Find the selling price for a jacket.

METHOD 1 Find the amount of the markup first.

Check for The whole is $35. The percent is 25. You need to find the amount
Reasonableness
To estimate the of the markup, or the part. Let m represent the amount of
selling price, think the markup.
25% of 35 is about _
1
4 part = percent · whole
of 36 or 9. The selling
price should be m = 0.25 · 35 Write the percent equation.
about $35 + $9, or
$44. m = 8.75 Multiply.
Add the markup $8.75 to Shonny’s cost $35 to find the selling price.
$35 + $8.75 = $43.75

METHOD 2 Find the total percent first.

The customer will pay 100% of Shonny’s cost plus an extra 25% of
the cost. Find 100% + 25% or 125% of Shonny’s cost. Let p represent
the price.
part = percent · whole

p = 1.25 · 35 Write the percent equation.

p = 43.75 Multiply.
The selling price of the jacket is $43.75.

Find the selling price for each item given the percent of markup.
e. digital camera: $120, f. sunglasses: $7,
55% markup 30% markup

g. SHIPPING Cheng-Yu ordered a book that cost $24 from an online

store. Her total with the shipping charge was $27. What was the
percent of markup charged for shipping?

The amount by which a regular price is reduced is called the discount.

The percent of change is a percent of decrease.

286 Chapter 5 Percent Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com

 Find the Sale Price
4 SHOPPING The Sport Chalet is having a sale. A snowboard has an
original price of $95. It is on sale for 35% off the original price. Find
the sale price of the snowboard.

METHOD 1 Find the amount of the discount first.

The percent is 35, and the whole is 95. We need to find the amount
of the discount, or the part. Let d represent the amount of discount.
part = percent · whole

d = 0.35 · 95 Write the percent equation.

d = 33.25 Multiply.
Subtract the amount of the discount from the original price to find
the sale price. $95 - $33.25 = $61.75.
Real-World Link
Snowboarding is one
of the fastest growing
sports with over 7.2
METHOD 2 Find the percent paid first.
million participants. If the amount of the discount is 35%, the percent paid is 100% - 35%
Source: about.com
or 65%. Find 65% of $95. Let s represent the sale price.
part = percent · whole

s = 0.65 · 95 Write the percent equation.

s = 61.75 Multiply.
The sale price of the snowboard is $61.75.

Find the sale price of each item to the nearest cent.

h. CD: $14.50, 10% off i. sweater: $39.95, 25% off

Examples 1–2 Find each percent of change. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. State
(p. 285) whether the percent of change is an increase or a decrease.
1. original: $40 2. original: 25 CDs 3. original: 325 miles
new: $32 new: 32 CDs new: 400 miles

Example 3 Find the selling price for each item given the percent of markup.
(p. 286)
4. roller blades: $60, 35% markup 5. coat: $87, 33% markup

Example 4 6. BICYCLES Find the sale price of a bicycle that is regularly $140 and is on sale
(p. 287) for 40% off the original price.

Lesson 5-8 Percent of Change 287

blickwinkel/Alamy Images
(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find each percent of change. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. State
whether the percent of change is an increase or a decrease.
For See
Exercises Examples 7. original: 6 tickets 8. original: 27 guests 9. original: $80
7–14 1, 2 new: 9 tickets new: 39 guests new: $64
15–18 3 10. original: $560 11. original: 68°F 12. original: 150 e-mails
19–22 4 new: $420 new: 51°F new: 98 e-mails

13. TELEVISION On Tuesday night, 17.8 million households watched a popular

television show. On Wednesday night, 16.6 million households watched the
same show. Find the percent of decrease in the number of households
watching the show from Tuesday to Wednesday.

14. STOCK Patrice invested $300 into a particular stock. The amount doubled
within a few weeks. Find the percent of increase.

Find the selling price for each item given the cost to the store and the
markup.
15. computer: $700, 30% markup 16. CD player: $120, 20% markup
17. jeans: $25, 45% markup 18. baseball cap: $12, 48% markup

Find the sale price of each item to the nearest cent.

19. video game: $75, 25% off 20. trampoline: $399, 15% off
21. skateboard: $119.95, 30% off 22. earrings: $19.50, 35% off

23. INTERNET An Internet service provider offers connection speed that is 35%
faster than dial-up. If it takes Brad 8 seconds to connect to the Internet
using dial-up, how long would it take using this provider?

24. ANIMALS At birth, a giraffe was 62 inches tall and grew at the highly
unusual rate of 0.5 inch per hour. By what percent did the height of the
giraffe increase in the first 24 hours?

25. FIND THE DATA Refer to the California Data File on pages 16–19.
Choose some data and write a real-world problem in which you
would need to find the percent of change.

26. BUSINESS The table gives the price of milk for Price of a Gallon of Milk
various years. During which ten-year period Year Price ($)
did the price of milk have the greatest percent
1970 1.23
of increase?
1980 1.60
%842!02!#4)#% 1990 2.15
27. ALGEBRA Students receive a 20% discount
See pages 690, 712. off the price of an adult ticket at the theater. 2000 2.78
If a student ticket is $6.80, find the price of Source: Senior Living
Self-Check Quiz at an adult ticket. (Hint: Let p represent the
ca.gr7math.com
part and p + 6.80 represent the whole.)

288 Chapter 5 Percent

H.O.T. Problems 28. CHALLENGE Blake bought a computer listed for $x at a 15% discount. He
also paid a 5% sales tax. After 6 months, he decided to sell the computer for
$y, which was 55% of what he paid originally. Express y in terms of x.

29. FIND THE ERROR Jared and Sidney are solving the following problem:
The price of a school play ticket rose from $5.75 to $6.25. What is the percent of
increase for the price of a ticket? Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.

percent 0.50
of change = 5.75
_
= 0.087 or 8.7%

percent _
0.50
of change = 6.25
= 0.08 or 8%
Jared Sidney

30. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Write and solve a real-world problem involving a 25%
(

*/
increase or decrease in some quantity.

31. A television originally cost $1,250. 32. Grace and her two brothers shared the
Samuel bought it at 30% off. How cost of a new video game system
much was deducted from the original equally. The original price of the
amount? system was $179. They received a 15%
A $875 discount off the original price and paid
7.5% sales tax on the discounted price.
B $675
Find the approximate amount that
C $425 each paid for the video game system.
D $375 F $51 H $60
G $55 J $66

33. TAXES An average of 40% of the cost of gasoline goes to state and federal
taxes. If gasoline sells for $2.15 per gallon, how much goes to taxes? (Lesson 5-7)

Estimate. (Lesson 5-6)

34. 21% of 60 35. 25% of 83 36. 12% of 31 37. 34% of 95

Express each rate as a unit rate. (Lesson 4-1)

38. $36 in 3 hours 39. 1.5 inches of rain in 5 months

PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. (Lesson 2-7)

40. 45 = 300 · a · 3 41. 24 = 200 · 0.04 · y 42. 21 = 60 · m · 5

Lesson 5-8 Percent of Change 289

First Light
 5-9 Simple Interest

Main IDEA
Solve problems involving COLLEGE SAVINGS
simple interest.
Rates for Investments
Hector received $1,000
from his grandparents. 5
Standard 4.5 4.45%
7NS1.7 Solve He plans to save it for
4
problems that college expenses. The 3.25%

Rate as a Percent
3.5
involve discounts, markups,
commissions, and profit and
graph shows rates for 3 2.5%
compute simple and various investments 2.5
compound interest. for one year. 2
1.5
1. If Hector puts his 1
NEW Vocabulary
money in a savings 0.5
interest account, he will 0
principal
receive 2.5% of $1,000 Savings Money Certificate of
Market Deposit (CD)
in interest for one
Type of Investment
year. Find the interest
Hector will receive.
2. Compare the interest Hector can receive in one year from a money
market and from a certificate of deposit.

Interest is the amount of money paid or earned for the use of money.
For a savings account, you earn interest from the bank. For a credit card,
you pay interest to the bank. To solve problems involving simple
interest, use the following formula.
Interest is the amount of The annual interest rate is
money paid or earned. expressed as a decimal.

I = prt
The principal is the amount of The time is written in years.
money invested or borrowed.

Find Simple Interest

1 Find the simple interest for $500 invested at 6.25% for 3 years.
I = prt Write the simple interest formula.
Reading Math
I = prt is read I = 500 · 0.0625 · 3 Replace p with 500, r with 0.0625, and t with 3.
interest equals
principal times rate I = 93.75 The simple interest is $93.75.
times time.

Find the simple interest to the nearest cent.

a. $400 at 3.67% for 2 years b. $770 at 16% for 6 months

290 Chapter 5 Percent

 Find the Total Amount
2 What is the total amount of money in dollars in an account where
$95 is invested at a simple interest rate of 7.5% for 8 months?

A $152.50 B $152 C $142.50 D $99.75

Read the Item

You need to find the total amount in an account.
Converting Units Solve the Item
When using the
formula I = prt, I = prt Simple interest formula
remember that time is
in years. Eight months I = 95 · 0.075 · _
2
p = 95, r = 0.075, t = _2
3 3
is _ or _ year.
8 2
12 3 I = 4.75 Simplify.
The amount in the account is 95 + 4.75 or $99.75.
The answer is D.

c. What is the total amount of money owed on a credit card with a

balance of $1,500 at a simple interest rate of 22% after 1 month?
F $1,502.75 G $1,527.50 H $1,533 J $1,830

Personal Tutor at ca.gr7math.com

Find the Interest Rate

3 CAR SALES Tonya borrowed $3,600 to buy a used car. She will be
paying $131.50 each month for the next 36 months. Find the simple
interest rate for her loan.
Use the formula I = prt. First find the total that Tonya will pay.
$131.50 · 36 = $4,734
She will pay $4,734 - $3,600 or $1,134 in interest. So, I = 1,134.
Real-World Career The principal is $3,600. So, p = 3,600.
How Does a Car The loan will be for 36 months or 3 years. So, t = 3.
Salesperson Use Math?
A car salesperson must I = prt Write the simple interest formula.
calculate the price of a
car including any 1,134 = 3,600 · r · 3 Replace I with 1,134, p with 3,600, and t with 3.
discounts, dealer
preparation cost, and
1,134 = 10,800r Simplify.
state taxes. They may 1,134 10,800r
also help customers by
_ =_ Divide each side by 10,800.
determining the amount
10,800 10,800
of their car payments. 0.105 = r The simple interest rate is 0.105 or 10.5%.

For more information,

go to ca.gr7math.com
d. SAVINGS BOND Louie purchased a $200 savings bond. After 5 years,
it is worth $232.50. Find the simple interest rate for his bond.

Extra Examples at ca.gr7math.com Lesson 5-9 Simple Interest 291

Aaron Haupt
 Example 1 Find the simple interest to the nearest cent.
(p. 290)
1. $300 at 7.5% for 5 years 2. $230 at 12% for 8 months

Example 2 Find the total amount in each account to the nearest cent.
(p. 291)
3. $660 at 5.25% for 2 years 4. $385 at 12.6% for 9 months

5. STANDARDS PRACTICE Nina invested $100 in a savings account for

4 years. Find the total amount in her account if it earns a simple
interest of 2.75%.
A $109 B $110 C $111 D $112
6. LOANS Jose’s brother paid off his $5,000 student loan in 1_ years. If he paid
1
Example 3
(p. 291)
2
a total of $5,225, what was the simple interest rate for the loan?

(/-%7/2+ (%,0 Find the simple interest to the nearest cent.

For See 7. $250 at 6% for 3 years 8. $725 at 4.5% for 4 years
Exercises Examples 9. $834 at 7.25% for 2 months 10. $3,070 at 8.65% for 24 months
7–10 1
11–14 2 Find the total amount in each account to the nearest cent.
15, 16 3 11. $2,250 at 5% for 3 years 12. $5,060 at 7.2% for 5 years
13. $575 at 4.25% for 6 months 14. $950 at 7.85% for 10 months

15. INVESTMENTS Over the summer, Booker earned $1,200, which he invested
in stocks that increased in value to $1,335 in only 9 months. Find the simple
interest rate for the investment.
16. HOUSING The prices of a ranch in Levittown, Year Price ($)
New York, are given at the right. Determine the 1947 9,500
simple interest rate for the investment of a
2007 280,000
ranch in Levittown from 1947 to 2007.
17. CARS Felicia took out a 5-year loan for $15,000 to buy a car. If the simple
interest rate was 11%, how much total will she pay including interest?
Find the simple interest to the nearest cent.
18. $1,000 at 7_% for 30 months 19 $5,200 at 13_% for 1_ years
1 1 1
2 5 2
20. CREDIT CARDS The balance on a credit card was $500. Mr. Cook paid the
minimum monthly payment of $25. The remaining balance was charged
a simple interest rate of 18%. If no additional purchases were made, what
%842!02!#4)#% was the balance the next month?
See pages 691, 712.
21. HOUSING The Turners need to borrow $100,000 to purchase a home. The
credit union is offering a 30-year mortgage loan at 5.38% interest while the
Self-Check Quiz at community bank has a 25-year mortgage loan at 6.12% interest. Assuming
ca.gr7math.com
simple interest, which loan will result in less total interest?

292 Chapter 5 Percent

H.O.T. Problems 22. CHALLENGE What will be the monthly payments on a loan of $25,000 at
9% interest so that it will be paid off in 15 years? How much will the total
interest be?

23. OPEN ENDED Give a principal and interest rate where the amount of simple
interest earned in two years would be $50. Justify your answer.

24. 83 *5*/( */

-!4( Explain what each variable in the simple interest
(

*/
formula represents.

25. Mr. and Mrs. Owens placed $1,500 in a 26. Dave borrowed $4,000 at 9% simple
college savings account with a simple interest for one year. He made no
interest rate of 4% when Lauren was payments during that year. How
born. How much will be in the account much interest is owed at the end of
in 18 years when Lauren is ready to go the year?
to college? Assume no more deposits F $90
or withdrawals were made.
G $180
A $1,080
H $270
B $2,580
J $360
C $10,800
D $12,300

27. SALES What is the sale price of a $200 cell phone on sale at 10% off the
regular price? (Lesson 5-8)

Solve each problem using a percent equation. (Lesson 5-7)

28. What percent of 70 is 17.5? 29. 18 is 30% of what number?

30. HEALTH Shashawn’s heart beats 18 times in 15 seconds. Write and solve a
proportion to determine how many times her heart beats in 1 minute or
60 seconds. (Lesson 4-3)
31. Express 0.000084 in scientific notation. (Lesson 2-10)

Math and Art

It’s a Masterpiece It’s time to complete your project. Use the information and data you
have gathered about your artist and the Golden Ratio to prepare a Web page or poster.
Be sure to include your reports and calculations with your project.

Cross-Curricular Project at ca.gr7math.com

Lesson 5-9 Simple Interest 293

 Spreadsheet Lab
Extend
5-9 Compound Interest
Simple interest, which you studied in Lesson 5-9, is paid only on the
Main IDEA initial principal of a savings account or a loan. Compound interest is
Find compound interest. paid on the initial principal and on interest earned in the past. You can
use a spreadsheet to investigate the growth of compound interest.
Standard
7NS1.7 Solve
problems that
involve discounts, markups,
commissions, and profit and
compute simple and
SAVINGS Find the value of a $2,000 savings account after four years
compound interest. if the account pays 8% interest compounded semiannually.
Standard 7MR2.2 Apply
strategies and results from 8% interest compounded semiannually means that the interest is paid
simpler problems to more twice a year. The interest rate is 8% ÷ 2 or 4% for each 6 months.
complex problems.
#OMPOUND )NTERESTXLS
NEW Vocabulary ! " # $
compound interest  2ATE 

The interest rate is entered  0RINCIPAL )NTEREST .EW 0RINCIPAL 4IME 92
as a decimal.     
    
    
The spreadsheet evaluates     
the formula A4 × B1.     
    
    
The interest is added to the     
principal every 6 months.     
The spreadsheet evaluates     
the formula A4 + B4.     
    

3HEET  3HEET  3HEET 

The value of the savings account after four years is $2,737.14.

EXERCISES
1. Use a spreadsheet to find the value of a savings account if $2,000 is
invested for four years at 8% interest compounded quarterly.
2. Suppose you leave $1,000 in each of three bank accounts paying 6%
interest per year. One account pays simple interest, one pays interest
compounded semiannually, and one pays interest compounded
quarterly. Use a spreadsheet to find the amount of money in each
account after three years.
3. MAKE A CONJECTURE How does the amount of interest change if the
compounding occurs more frequently? Explain your reasoning.

294 Chapter 5 Percent

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Study Guide
5 and Review
Download Vocabulary
Review from ca.gr7math.com

Key Vocabulary
compatible numbers percent of change (p. 284)
Be sure the following (p. 275) percent of decrease (p. 285)
Key Concepts are noted 0ERCENT
compound interest (p. 294) percent equation (p. 279)
in your Foldable.
discount (p. 286) percent of increase (p. 285)
interest (p. 290) percent proportion (p. 263)
Key Concepts markup (p. 286) principal (p. 290)
Percent (Lessons 5-1 and 5-2) percent (p. 252) selling price (p. 286)
• A percent is a ratio that compares a number
to 100.
• To write a percent as a decimal, divide by 100
and remove the percent symbol.
• To write a decimal as a percent, multiply by 100 Vocabulary Check
and add the percent symbol.
Choose the correct term or numbers to
complete each sentence.
Percent Proportion (Lesson 5-3)

• A percent proportion is _
part
= percent, where 1. A (proportion, percent) is a ratio that
whole compares a number to 100.
the percent is written as a fraction.
2. (Percents, Compatible numbers) are
Percent–Fraction Equivalents numbers that are easy to divide mentally.
25% = _ 50% = _ 75% = _
1 1 3
100% = 1 3. A (markup, discount) is an increase in
4 2 4

20% = _ 40% = _ 60% = _ _4

1 2 3 price.
80% =
5 5 5 5
4. 25% of 16 is (4, 40).
16 % = _
_ 33 % = _
_ 66 % = _
_ 83 % = _
_
2 1 1 1 2 2 1 5
3 6 3 3 3 3 3 6 5. The (interest, principal) is the amount
_
1
12 % = _
1 _
1
37 % = _
3 _
1
62 % = _
5 _
1
87 % = _7 borrowed.
2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8
6. In the proportion _ = _, the (part,
6 120
10% = _
1
30% = _
3
70% = _
7
90% = _9
5 100
10 10 10 10 whole) is 6.
7. A (markup, discount) is a decrease in
Percent Equation (Lesson 5-7) price.
• A percent equation is part = percent · whole,
8. The interest formula is (I = prt, p = Irt).
where the percent is written as a decimal.
9. The number 0.015 written as a percent is
Percent of Change (Lesson 5-8) (0.15%, 1.5%).
• A percent of change is a ratio that compares the 10. The (interest, principal) is the money paid
change in quantity to the original amount. for the use of money.

Vocabulary Review at ca.gr7math.com Chapter 5 Study Guide and Review 295

 APTER
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5 Study Guide and Review

Lesson-by-Lesson Review
5-1 Ratios and Percents (pp. 252–255)

Write each ratio or fraction as a percent. Example 1 _

Write 1 as a percent.
4
11. _4 12. 16.5 out of 100 × 25
5
_1 = _
25
So, _
1
= 25%.
13. WEATHER There is a 1 in 5 chance of 4 100 4
rain tomorrow. Write this as a percent. × 25

Example 2 Write 35% as a fraction in

Write each percent as a fraction in
simplest form.
simplest form.
35% = _
35
or _
7
14. 90% 15. 120% 100 20

5-2 Comparing Fractions, Decimals, and Percents (pp. 256–261)

Write each percent as a decimal. Example 3 Write 24% as a decimal.

16. 4.3% 17. 147% 18. 0.7% 24% = 24% Divide by 100 and remove
= 0.24 the percent symbol.
Write each decimal as a percent.
19. 0.7 20. 0.015 21. 2.55 Example 4 Write 0.04 as a percent.

Write each fraction as a percent. 0.04 = 0.04 Multiply by 100 and add the

_
3 _
24 _1 = 4% percent symbol.
22. 23. 24.
40 25 6
Example 5 _
Write 9 as a percent.
25
25. CELL PHONES Adam used _ of his total
7
8
_
9
= 0.36 Write as a decimal.
25
monthly minutes while Andrea used
= 36% Change the decimal to percent.
88%. Which friend used the greater
part of his or her minutes?

5-3 Algebra: The Percent Proportion (pp. 263–267)

Write a percent proportion and solve each Example 6 18 is what percent of 27?
problem. Round to the nearest tenth if The whole is 27, and the part is 18. Let n
necessary. represent the percent.
26. 15 is 30% of what number? _
18
= _
n
Percent proportion
27 100
27. Find 45% of 18.
18 · 100 = 27 · n Find the cross products.
28. 75 is what percent of 250?
1,800 = 27n Multiply.
29. SCHOOL A band charges $3,000 and _
1,800
= _
27n
Divide each side by 27.
requires a 20% deposit to play at a 27 27
school. How much money does the 66.7 ≈ n Simplify.
school need for the deposit? So, 18 is 66.7% of 27.

296 Chapter 5 Percent

 Mixed Problem Solving
For mixed problem-solving practice,
see page 712.

5-4 Finding Percents Mentally (pp. 268–271)

Compute mentally. Example 7 Compute 50% of 42

30. 90% of 100 31. 10% of 18.3 mentally.
32. 66_
2
% of 24 33. 6% of 200 50% of 42 = _
1
of 42 or 21 50% = _1
2 2
3
34. ANIMALS Compute mentally the
number of hours a day a Koala bear
sleeps if it spends 83_
1
% of a day asleep.
3

5-5 PSI: Reasonable Answers (pp. 272–273)

Determine a reasonable answer. Example 8 Philip’s flight departed at

9:10 A.M. and arrived at 3:15 P.M., Eastern
35. ECOLOGY In a survey of 1,413
Standard Time. While in flight, Philip
consumers, 6% said they would be
checked his watch and estimated that he
willing to pay more for recycled
had completed about 63% of the trip. Is
products in order to protect the
11 A.M., 12 P.M., or 1 P.M. a reasonable
environment. Is 8.4, 84, or 841 a
estimate for the time that Philip checked
reasonable estimate for the number
his watch?
of consumers willing to pay more?
Explain. The total duration of the trip is
365 minutes, or 6 hours and 5 minutes.
36. PIZZA Twelve friends share three large One half, or 50%, of the trip would be
pizzas. If they split the cost evenly 3 hours and 2_
1
minutes after departure,
2
among themselves, and each pizza cost
or about 12:12 P.M. Since 63% is greater
$11.95, will each person pay about $2,
than 50%, 1 P.M. is the only reasonable
$3, or $4? Explain.
answer.

5-6 Percent and Estimation (pp. 275–278)

Estimate. Example 9 Estimate 8% of 104.

37. 67% of 60 38. 41% of 39 104 is about 100.
Estimate each percent. 8% of 100 is 8.
So, 8% of 104 is about 8.
39. 33 out of 98 40. 19 out of 52

41. MEASUREMENT The average

temperature of Earth is about 8% of
Venus’ average temperature of 850°F.
Estimate Earth’s average temperature.

Chapter 5 Study Guide and Review 297

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5 Study Guide and Review

5-7 Alegebra: The Percent Equation (pp. 279–283)

Solve each problem using the percent Example 10 70 is 25% of what number?
equation. The part is 70, and the percent is 25. You
42. What is 66% of 7,000? need to find the whole. Let n represent
43. Find 15% of 82. the whole.
44. 25 is what percent of 125?
70 = 0.25n Write the percent equation.
_
70
=_
0.25n
Divide each side by 0.25.
45. MOVIES India produces an average of 0.25 0.25
1,000 movies each year. The United 280 = n Simplify.
States averages 63.3% of this amount.
So, 70 is 25% of 280.
On average, how many movies are
produced in the United States yearly?

5-8 Percent of Change (pp. 284–289)

Find each percent of change. Round to Example 11 Find the percent of change
the nearest tenth if necessary. State if the original amount is 900 and the new
whether the percent of change is an amount is 725. Round to the nearest
increase or a decrease. tenth.
46. original: 10 47. original: 8 The amount of change is 900 - 725 or 175.
new: 15 new: 10 amount of change
percent of change = __
48. original: 37.5 49. original: 18 original amount
new: 30 new: 12 =_
175
900
50. HOBBIES Mariah collects comic books. ≈ 0.194 or 19.4%
Last year she had 50 comic books. If
she now has 74 comic books, what is
the percent of increase?

5-9 Simple Interest (pp. 290–293)

Find the simple interest to the nearest Example 12 Find the simple interest
cent. for $250 invested at 5.5% for 2 years.
51. $100 at 8.5% for 2 years I = prt Simple interest formula
52. $350 at 5% for 3 years I = 250 · 0.055 · 2 Write 5.5% as 0.055.

53. $260 at 17.5% for 18 months I = 27.50 Simplify.

54. RETIREMENT At age 20, Mark invested

The simple interest is $27.50.
$500 into a retirement account with a
simple interest rate of 6.5%. He makes
no more deposits or withdrawals. Find
the account value at age 65.

298 Chapter 5 Percent

 APTER
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Practice Test
5
Write each ratio or fraction as a decimal and as 16. TAXES Sandra estimated that about 35% of
a percent. her $420 paycheck was deducted for taxes
3. _
4 and insurance. Did about $100, $150, or $200
1. 74 per 100 2. 3:50
22 get deducted from her pay?
4. FIELD TRIPS Seventeen students brought
Write a percent proportion and solve each
their permission slips to go to the zoo. If
problem. Round to the nearest tenth.
there are 18 students in the class, what
percent of the class brought their permission 17. What is 2% of 3,600?
slip? Round to the nearest tenth. 18. 62 is 90% of what number?

Express each percent as a decimal. Solve using the percent equation.

5. 135% 6. 14.6% 7. 0.97% 19. Find 45% of 600.

8. Order the set of numbers 38%, _, and 0.038

3 20. 75 is what percent of 30?
8
from least to greatest.
21. MEDICINE About 37% of the people in the
Compute mentally. United States have type O + blood. If there
are 250 million people in the United States,
9. 30% of 60 10. 1% of 99
how many have type O + blood?
11. 33_% of 90 12. 62_% of 48
1 1
3 2
Find each percent of change and state whether
13. STANDARDS PRACTICE The figure below it is an increase or decrease. Round to the
shows 8 shaded isosceles triangles nearest tenth if necessary.
formed by the diagonals of three adjacent 22. original: $15 23. original: 40 cars
squares. new: $12 new: 55 cars

24. BUSINESS A sporting goods store prices

items at a 30% markup rate. If the store
purchases a tennis racket for $165, find the
selling price of the racket.

If the total area of the figure is 12 square 25. STANDARDS PRACTICE Kevin invested
feet, which statement is true? $125 into a savings account that earns
A The shaded area is more than 75% of the 5.2% simple interest annually. If he does not
area of the figure. deposit or withdraw any money for 18
B The unshaded area is _2
of the area of the months, which statement is not supported
3
figure. by this information?
C The shaded area is 6 square feet. F The interest earned will be $117.
D The unshaded area is 4 square feet. G The interest earned will be $9.75.
H The total amount will be $134.75.
Estimate. J The interest earned in this time will be
14. 23% of 16 15. 9% of 81 greater than 5.2% of the principal.

Chapter Test at ca.gr7math.com Chapter 5 Practice Test 299

 APTER
CH

5 California Standards Practice

Cumulative, Chapters 1–5

Read each question. Then fill in the 5 Jeanne’s grandfather gave her money for her
correct answer on the answer birthday. She bought 4 CDs at $12.99 each
document provided by your teacher and a sweater for $25.99. Then she spent
or on a sheet of paper. $2.70 on an ice cream cone. She had $4.35
left over. Which expression can be used to
1 If a pair of inline skates is on sale for 35% off
find how much money Jeanne received from
the regular price of $120, what is the sale
her grandfather?
price of the skates?
A 4(12.99 + 25.99 + 2.70 + 4.35)
A $48
B 12.99 + 25.99 + 2.70 + 4.35
B $78
C 4(12.99) + 25.99 + 2.70 + 4.35
C $94
D 4(12.99) + 4(25.99) + 4(2.70) + 4(4.35)
D $140
6 Find the height, in feet, of the skateboarding
ramp shown below.
2 Alan is buying a television that is regularly
priced at $149.99. It is on sale for _
1
off the
5
original price. Which expression can he use  FT
to estimate the discount on the television?
F 0.02 × $150
G 0.05 × $150
H 0.2 × $150  FT
J 0.5 × $150 F 10 ft H 25 ft
G 22 ft J 34 ft
3 Andrew purchased a coat for $67.20 that
regularly sells for $84.00. What was the 7 Rosa can read about 21 pages in about
percent discount that Andrew received? 20 minutes. If she continues to read at this
A 16.8% C 25% rate, about how many pages can she read in
4 hours?
B 20% D 80%
A 220 C 240
B 230 D 250
8 Eliza purchased a dress off the clearance
Question 3 To find the percent of rack. The original cost for the dress was $35.
discount, you can use the proportion
percent discount amount of discount The dress had been marked down 50%, but
___ = ____.
100% regular price the sign on the rack said to take an
additional 20% off the discounted price.
What was the final sale price Eliza paid for
4 Find -17 - (5). the dress?
F -22 H 22 F $3.50 H $14.00
G -12 J 85 G $10.50 J $17.50

300 Chapter 5 Percent California Standards Practice at ca.gr7math.com

 More California
Standards Practice
For practice by standard,
see pages CA1–CA39.

9 Adrian swam 75 meters in 45 seconds, 12 The widths of a race track are shown below.
and Carlos swam 125 meters in 75 seconds. What is the percent of increase in the track
Based on these rates, which statement is width from the straightaway to the turn?
true?
Part of Track Width (feet)
A Adrian’s average speed was 2 meters per straightaway 50
second faster than Carlos’ average speed. turn 60
B Carlos’ average speed was equal to
F 8.3% H 16.7%
Adrian’s average speed.
G 10% J 20%
C Carlos’ average speed was 2 meters per
second faster than Adrian’s average
speed. 13 If m = 7 and n = 4, then 3(2m – 3n) =

D Adrian’s average speed was 3 meters per A 2

second faster than Carlos’ average speed. B 6
C 12
10 In 2003, a new planet was discovered
D 30
beyond Pluto. This new planet is 10 10 miles
from the sun. Which of the following
represents this number in standard
notation? Pre-AP
F 10,000,000,000 mi Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
G 10,000,000 mi Show your work.
H 10,000 mi 14 The Dow Jones Average is used to measure
J 100 mi changes in stock values on the New York
Stock Exchange. Three major drops in the
Dow Jones Average for one day are listed in
11 Martin and his sister agreed to split the cost
the table.
of a new board game. They received a 25%
discount on the board game and paid 5.5% Date Opening Closing
sales tax on the discounted price. If the 10-29-1929 261.07 230.07
original price of the board game was $30, 10-19-1987 2246.74 1738.74
how much did Martin and his sister each 9-17-2001 9605.51 8920.70
put toward the cost of the board game?
a. Which day had the greatest decrease in
A $20.57
amount?
B $11.87
b. Did this decrease represent the biggest
C $10.29 percent of decrease of the three drops?
D $9.77 Explain your reasoning.

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